文档库 最新最全的文档下载
当前位置:文档库 › Indoor broadcasting via white LEDs and OFDM

Indoor broadcasting via white LEDs and OFDM

Indoor broadcasting via white LEDs and OFDM
Indoor broadcasting via white LEDs and OFDM

Contributed Paper

Manuscript received July 14, 2009 0098 3063/09/$20.00 ? 2009 IEEE

Indoor Broadcasting via White LEDs and OFDM

Hany Elgala, Student Member, IEEE , Raed Mesleh, Member, IEEE and Harald Haas, Member, IEEE

Abstract — Recently, visible light communication (VLC) technology has been gaining attention in both academia and industry. This is driven by the progress of white light emitting diode (LED) technology for solid-state lighting (SSL) and the potential of simultaneously using such LEDs for illumination and indoor wireless data transmission. This paper provides an overview about the technology and describes the physical layer implementation of a VLC system based on a modified version of the classical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation technique. Besides, the paper presents a hardware prototype for short-range broadcasting using a white LED lamp. The OFDM system runs on DSP development boards. Off-the-shelf 9 LEDs and a single photodiode (PD) are utilized to build the analog frontends. The prototype allows investigating the influence of the electrical signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), constellation order, and channel coding on the bit-error performance. Theoretical and experimental results on optical path loss show close match. In this context, the influence of the LED beam angle on the horizontal coverage is highlighted 1.

Index Terms — Visible light communication, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, light emitting diodes, photodiodes.

I. INTRODUCTION

Optical wireless (OW) technology is an intriguing alternative for radio frequency (RF) wireless technology. This technology offers a huge, unregulated, and unlicensed bandwidth to cope with the future demand of indoor wireless access to real-time bandwidth-intensive applications such as Voice over IP (VoIP), streaming video and music, and network attached storage (NAS) [1]. The infrared (IR) and the visible light regions are mostly used for OW indoor applications. Both line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) link configurations exist [2]. Indoor links can be realized using low cost, power efficient, and reliable optical components, namely LEDs and PDs. The majority of IR

1

We gratefully acknowledge support for this work from Airbus Germany. In

addition, we acknowledge the support from the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi) under grant 20K0806G as part of the Lufo 2nd Call project SINTEG.

H. Elgala is with the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759-Bremen, Germany (h.elgala@jacobs-university.de).

R. Mesleh is with the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759-Bremen, Germany (r.mesleh@jacobs-university.de).

H. Haas is with the Institute for Digital Communications, Joint Research Institute for Signal and Image Processing, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK (h.haas@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/01294093.html,).

systems use the near IR band as a transmission medium due to the availability of effective, low-cost sources and detectors [2]. Blue chip white LEDs are typically found in most white LED bulbs available in the market and are considered by most visible light communication (VLC) researchers [3].

White LED bulbs posse clear advantages over conventional incandescent and fluorescent bulbs, which makes them a strong candidate for future illumination equipments. For example, the European Commission has decided recently to prohibit the sale of particularly energy-intensive lamps for household use in a series of stages up to 2016 [4]. As soon as high efficient white LED bulbs are manufactured cheap enough to overtake the currently favored compact fluorescent (CFLs) bulbs, an OW communications network infrastructure will be available. The fast response of the LEDs enables them to realize high-speed wireless links; thus, white LED bulbs can be utilized simultaneously as optical access points (OAPs). The maximum reported modulation bandwidth achieved is approximately 20MHz [3]. If indoor base stations (BSs) are merged with LED illumination devices and hooked into local data servers or combined with other communication networks in a way that illumination and high-speed data supply are intelligently combined, spectrally and power efficient indoor communication can be achieved.

VLC technology has been pioneered by the VLCC (visible light communication consortium) in Japan and has witnessed significant interest within the research community. This has led to the formation of an IEEE study group for VLC standardization, IEEE 802.15 WPAN Visual Light Communication Interest Group (IGvlc). In addition, VLC is considered as a candidate for broadband and electro-smog-free wireless home networking (WHN) [5].

The fast-developing VLC technology offers several benefits, among of which are the following: no interference with RF circuits electronics, which allows acceptance in airplanes and hospitals, no health concerns as long as eye and skin safety regulations are fulfilled, and significantly reduced carbon-dioxide footprint due to its low energy consumption. Further on, inter-cell interference (ICI) can effectively be limited as the optical signals do not penetrate through walls and, thus, high degree of privacy and security against eavesdropping is inherently offered.

It is predictable that indoor OW applications will most likely be based on white LEDs rather than on IR LEDs [6]. VLC offers many advantages over IR transmission:

? Data transmission along with the illumination of rooms and different interior spaces.

? The installation of a wireless network based on an existing interior lighting infrastructure would probably be easier and cost effective than setting up a separate IR network.

?The signal is less likely to be obstructed and the LOS

component is dominate in most positions in the room

(the effect of multipath is small) because of the

distributed ceiling installations [3].

?High signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is obtainable [3],

which is an indirect consequence of the illumination

requirements.

?Especially for OFDM, a dc bias that carries no

information is necessary for both IR and VLC.

However, in VLC, it is required for illumination and is

not causing any severe power efficiency loss [7].

A possible scenario of future wireless communication is depicted in Fig. 1. Service is established through a combination of wired and wireless technologies. The wired BSs are merged with the LED based illumination equipment to provide wireless network access. Data broadcasting through a ceiling bulb realizes a point-to-multipoint connection and a focused spotlight realizes a point-to-point connection. User requests are sent through an uplink channel with offers mobility compared to a fixed terminal scenario as shown in Fig. 1. The power over Ethernet (PoE) technology can be used to transport data traffic and supply the BSs as well as the lamps with the required power. The function of illumination is not affected by the envisaged piggy-backed communication as the blinking rate of the intensity modulated light is sufficiently rapid and cannot be detected by the human eyes.

Fig. 1. Future broadband wireless networking scenario.

VLC communication has large potentials in many applications. Local information points in public areas, e.g. shops, airports, and train stations, are considered as potential areas where this technology can be used. In addition, VLC can grant wireless access to broadband services using the LED reading lamps in airplane cabinets, passenger trains, and coach buses.

This paper presents an experimental measurements obtained using a VLC hardware broadcasting prototype based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) [8]. The prototype is developed to investigate the bit-error performance for different electrical SNR values ranging from 0dB to 45dB. Several modulation schemes with different channel coding rates are considered. Finally, theoretical analysis validates the measured optical path loss results for two coverage scenarios.

The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section II, optical carrier modulation and demodulation techniques are introduced and the advantages of OFDM over single carrier (SC) pulsed-modulation techniques are highlighted. In Section III, the system model including the optical OFDM, hardware prototype and the optical channel is introduced. Theoretical analysis and experimental measurements are presented in Section IV. Finally, Section V concludes the paper.

II.MODULATION AND DEMODULATION

A.Optical Carrier Modulation and Demodulation Schemes Generally, RF receivers are coherent receivers which employ a heterodyne or homodyne down-converters comprised of a local oscillator and a mixer. The efficient operation of this mixer relies upon the frequency stability of the carrier and the local oscillator. Similarly, optical coherent receivers detect the optical carrier phase. Such optical receiver requires a local oscillator, optical mixer and optical filter. Coherent receivers are experimentally evaluated using a laser diode as coherent light source [9]. In contrast, LEDs emit incoherent light. Therefore, it is very difficult to collect appreciable signal power in a single electromagnetic mode. This incoherent reception does not provide a stable carrier, which makes it impossible to construct an efficient coherent receiver.

For optical wireless links, the most viable modulation is intensity modulation (IM) in which the desired waveform is modulated onto the instantaneous power of the optical carrier. The most practical down-conversion technique is direct detection (DD) in which a photo detector produces a current proportional to the received instantaneous power. DD is much simpler to implement than coherent detection. It detects only the intensity of the optical wave, i.e. no frequency or phase information. Therefore, indoor optical applications use intensity modulation with direct detection (IM/DD) as a practical transmission to achieve simple and low-cost optical modulation and demodulation [2].

B.Electrical Modulation Techniques

The choice of the modulation scheme can significantly affect system performance. Several modulation schemes with their inherent advantages and disadvantages are considered for use in OW systems. SC pulsed modulation schemes such as on-off keying (OOK) and pulse position modulation (PPM) are widely used modulation formats in IR wireless communications [10]. In the presence of a LOS component, OOK can be used to achieve high-speed transmission beyond 100Mbits/s [11]. However, the channel delay spread is a major challenge that limits the achievable data rates in a multipath environment. For example, a non-directional IR link in a room having a dimension (5m×7.1m) is studied in [12]. The measured delay spread produces inter-symbol interference (ISI) that potentially renders OOK at bit rates above 10Mbits/s impossible, or at least poses a significant challenge. To overcome this challenge, additional receiver complexity is required.

Alternatively, OFDM as a practical implementation of multi-subcarrier modulation (MSM) techniques can effectively mitigate multipath induced ISI [13]. OFDM offers high bandwidth efficiency, and allows for simple equalization at the receiver. The possibility to apply higher order digital modulation schemes to provide high data rates and the possibility to easily combine OFDM with multiple access schemes such as TDMA (time division multiple access) and FDMA (frequency division multiple access), makes it a promising choice for indoor OW communications. For broadcasting applications, different broadcasting channels can be easily realized through assigning the OFDM symbols and the subcarriers to each channel based on the required data rate and quality of service (QoS).

III. SYSTEM MODEL

A. Optical OFDM

The building blocks of the physical layer are depicted in Fig. 2. The system uses a forward error correction (FEC) coding algorithm for data protection, namely a convolutional encoder. In addition, burst error protection is realized through time and frequency interleaving algorithms. One of several modulators (phase-shift keying (PSK) or multi-level quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM)), modulates the encoded bit stream into symbols. The generated serial stream of symbols at the modulator output is mapped into parallel streams; each is transmitted on a separate subcarrier.

So far the model is identical to that of a classical OFDM system and the first difference appears with the IFFT (inverse fast Fourier transform) operation and is related to the optical carrier IM technique. The OFDM baseband signal is used to modulate the LED intensity; hence, any complex values must be avoided. A real value OFDM baseband signal can be generated by constraining the input to the IFFT operation to

have Hermitian symmetry (e.g.*

n N n X X ?=). Half the available subcarriers are used to carry the complex conjugate of the data symbols as illustrated in Fig. 2. Given that a large optical bandwidth is available, this loss in spectrum efficiency can be tolerated. The use of IFFT in OFDM system eliminates the complexity involved in using a large number of oscillators as proposed in discrete multiple tone (DMT) optical transmitters [14]. The IFFT operation modulates and multiplexes the subcarriers and is mathematically described as follows:

21

1exp N j nk N k n n x X N π

??

?????==∑ (1)

Where, ,0,,1k x k N =?" are the N time-domain output samples and the values ,0,,1n X n N =?" are the input

data symbols.

After generating the OFDM symbol, a CP (cyclic prefix) is added as a guard interval to avoid multipath induced ISI (crucial for NLOS links) and to convert the linear convolution of the channel with the OFDM signal to a circular convolution. As a result, simple frequency domain equalizer can be used [8].

The generated OFDM signal envelope is bipolar and optical intensity cannot be negative. Therefore, the LED should be biased before applying the OFDM modulating signal [7]. The LED linearity is particularly important when the OFDM signal envelope variations are utilized to intensity modulate an LED with its nonlinear characteristics. Therefore, the bias current must be carefully set to consider the maximum allowable forward current of the LED, to reduce magnitude distortion, and to control signal clipping [15].

At the receiver, time synchronization and symbol equalization can be realized using the well-known training sequences and pilot carriers [16]. However, the complex conjugate requirements must be fulfilled while generating the training sequences and assigning the pilot carriers. After the

Fig. 2. The building blocks of the optical OFDM physical layer, and the subcarriers assignment. The dc and the –N/2 subcarriers are set to zero to ensure that the output consists of only real values.

CP removal, the OFDM signal is converted back to the frequency domain by applying the fast Fourier transform (FFT) operation. In this model, the OFDM frame consists of one OFDM symbol forming the training sequence and 20 OFDM symbols with data sub-carriers. Using the training sequence, the channel is estimated and frequency domain equalization is realized using a conventional OFDM zero-forcing (ZF) equalizer. The estimated bit stream is deinterleaved and then decoded by a hard decision Viterbi algorithm.

B. Hardware Prototype

The transmitter includes two parts: the digital, which is a DSP development board 2 to generate the OFDM analog signal and interfaces with the transmitter computer, and the analog, which includes the 9 LEDs array and the driver electronics. The receiver includes an analog part, which is the PD, a transimpedance amplifier, dc blocking stage, and a preamplifier stage. A second DSP development board is used to decode the OFDM signal and interface with the receiver computer (see Fig. 3). The analog frontends are shown in Fig. 4. The lamp consists of low cost 9 LEDs which are 1cm separated and the optical receiver circuit employs a single silicon PD 3.

The DSP board has an on-board 32-bit stereo codec with 96kHz maximum sampling frequency. Therefore, the OFDM signal bandwidth is limited to 45kHz. Clearly, this low bandwidth limits the achievable data rate. However, the target of the conducted study is not to showcase high data rates; rather to study via a simple proof-of-concept hardware demonstrator achievable rates for phase-incoherent optical OFDM and to investigate performance for different electrical SNRs.

C. Optical Channel

The bandwidth of the optical channel in a LOS configuration is reported higher than 88MHz [5]. Therefore, the optical pass loss is the most important quantity to characterize the channel and relates the transmitted and received optical powers via [2],

(0)r t P H P =(W) (2)

where t P is the transmitted optical power, r P is the received optical power, and (0)H is the optical path loss. This approximation is particularly accurate in directed-LOS links. Considering the LOS link geometry shown in Fig. 5, the LOS channel path loss is defined as [2],

()()()02

(0)cos LOS s A

H R T g d

φψψψ=

(3) where d is the distance between the transmitter and the

2 DSP development board TMS320C6713. 3

Photodiode SLD-70BG2.

receive, φ is the angle with respect to the transmitter, ψ is the angle with respect to the receiver, ()s T ψ is the filter gain, ()g ψ is the concentrator gain, and ()0R φ is the transmitter radiant intensity given by [2],

()01cos 2m

m R φφπ+??

=???? (W/sr) (4)

()

ln 2

ln cos m α=

(5)

where α is the transmitter beam angle.

Fig. 3. A simplex optical link focusing on short-range indoor broadcasting applications. The demonstrator consists of two DSP evaluation boards.

Fig. 4. The lamp with 9 LEDs and the PD receiver circuit.

IV. RESULTS

A. Transmitted Optical Power

Most data sheets of white LEDs provide only the photometric power, namely luminous flux F in lumens or the luminous intensity v I measured in candles, which are useful

metrics for illumination design. However, the radiometric

power in watts is more relevant parameter for wireless transmission. Therefore, measurements are conducted to determine the transmitted optical power t P in watts for the

considered LED. The LED operates with 20mA bias current

and dissipates 62mW of electrical power.

An optical power meter 4 is used to measure the spectral

power distribution ()p λ in steps of 10nm (starting 400nm to 750nm) [20]. The optical power meter is limited to 400nm minimum wavelength and its photo detector 5 has an active

area of 1cm 2. The obtained values are used to determine t P

and F using the following equations [2], 750400()nm n t m

P p λλ=Δ∑

(W) (6)

750400()()nm

nm F p V γλλλ

=Δ∑(lm) (7)

where λΔ is 10nm, ()V λ denotes the CIE 1931 (international commission on illumination) eye sensitivity function in the photonic vision regime and 683γ=lm/W is the peak luminous efficacy based upon the sensitivity of the eye at 555nm [17]. A conversion factor ξ relating the photometric power to the radiometric power can be obtained by using (6) and (7),

t

F P ξ=

(W/lm) (8) The values for v I and the beam angle αcan be obtained from the data sheet and used to calculate F as follows [18],

(1cos(0.5))2 απΩ=?×(sr)

(9) v F I =×Ω(lm) (10)

where Ω is the LED solid angle in steradian.

A conversion factor 5.4ξ=mW/lm is calculated by using (6), (7), and (8). From the data sheet, α and v I are 20 degree and 11cd, respectively. A 1.05lm was calculated by using (9)

and (10), and the corresponding t P is 5.7mW. This corresponds to 51mW total transmitted power from 9 LEDs.

B. Received Optical Power and Path loss

Two coverage scenarios, namely vertical and horizontal scenarios, are considered, as shown in Fig. 5. Experimental measurements are conducted to explore the received optical 4

Power meter 1916-C. 5

Photo detector 918D-SL-OD3.

power and the path loss for these coverage scenarios. The Tx is directed downwards and emitting towards the floor. The Rx is directed upwards towards the ceiling. The Tx-Rx separation distance is denoted by d . In a vertical coverage scenario, the Rx is moving vertically away from the Tx (d =50→225cm, in

25cm steps). In a horizontal coverage scenario, the vertical

distance between Tx and Rx is fixed (b =1m) and the Rx is

moving horizontally (a =0→50cm, in 10cm steps).

A PD with 9.8mm 2 active area is considered. The optical

filter and the concentrator gain are set to 1.0. The average received optical power is obtained through measuring ()p λ and substituting in (6). The obtained values are scaled to correspond to the optical power on the 9.8mm 2 active area.

The calculated and the measured received optical power

for the vertical coverage scenario are depicted in Fig. 6. Theoretical and measured results match closely. Along the vertical separation, a path loss variation of more than 12dB is observed. The received average optical power at 50cm is

around -24dBm and reduces to -36dBm (12dB loss) at 2m.

Theoretical and measured results for the horizontal

coverage scenario are shown in Fig. 7. A -30dBm optical

power is measured when the Rx is directly located under the Tx. A 50cm horizontal displacement yields -37dBm (7dB loss) optical power. It can be seen that there is only a

relative minor attenuation up to 20cm away from the initial

position (~1dB loss). A more pronounced attenuation is

observed between 20cm to 40cm horizontal displacement

(~ 4dB loss). This can be attributed to the FOV mismatch between TX and RX at d >20cm. With 20 degree LED beam

angle, the horizontal coverage is calculated to be 17.6cm as

indicated in Fig. 5. A horizontal displacement further above

17.6cm from the initial position (at a =0cm) places the PD

out of the illumination coverage. This explains the aforementioned path loss behavior. Therefore, a proper

setting of the LED beam angle, the number of LEDs

forming the array, the array geometry, and the FOV of the photodiode is essential to optimize the coverage. This also highlights that these effects have to be taken into account when considering co-channel interference (CCI) in such a cellular network.

Fig. 6. The vertical coverage scenario.

Fig. 7. The horizontal coverage scenario.

C.Bit-error Performance

All measurements are taken in a medium-sized office room and ambient daylight through windows is considered. The electrical SNR is measured over one OFDM symbol. At least ten data blocks of 106 bits each are sent to measure the system bit-error performance. The BER below 10?6is not recorded and that is why some graphs consist of fewer measurement points.

Table I, outlines the important prototype parameters.

TABLE I

U NITS AND C ORRESPONDING S YMBOLS

OFDM model

IFFT length 64

Data sub-carriers 31

CP length

16 [samples]

The BER performance versus distance for the vertical coverage scenario is presented in Fig. 8. The additional y-axis at the right shows the measured electrical SNR at different receiver positions. For broadcasting applications using a reading lamp, it is practically valid to consider the target Tx-Rx separation distance to be around 1m, and 10?5 as the target

BER for video broadcasting. For example, MPEG-4 video transmission has slight visible degradation at 10?5BER [19]. Low order modulation schemes (BPSK and QPSK) can

achieve these requirements even without any channel coding. For high order modulation schemes, namely 16-QAM and 64-QAM, the 16-QAM with 3/4 channel coding rate can achieve the required targets and BER less than 10?6 up to 2m (18dB SNR). However, the 64-QAM with 2/3 channel coding rate can only achieve the 10?5 BER target with higher SNR value (33dB SNR). Finally, the 64-QAM 1/2 channel coding rate fulfils the requirements and achieves BER less than 10?6 up to 1.75m (18dB SNR). The uncoded modulation curves are included as references.

Fig. 8. The vertical coverage scenario for different modulation schemes and channel coding rates.

Fig. 9. The horizontal coverage scenario measurements using QPSK modulation.

The BER performance of QPSK modulation versus distance for the horizontal coverage scenario is depicted in Fig. 9. A horizontal displacement of 50cm is considered to examine the cell coverage edge of an LED reading lamp. At 20cm (25dB SNR), BER less than 10?6 is achieved even without introducing any channel coding. However, at 30cm the SNR

value drops drastically to reach 9dB and even with 2/3 coding rate, the maximum BER that can be achieved is 3×10?4. To maintain the required BER performance ones has to resort to half rate coded QPSK modulation.

Although a LOS link configuration is considered, the obtained BER vs. SNR is generally valid for OFDM based VLC systems because the illumination requirements results in a dominant LOS component in most positions in the room [3]. Even when multipath components exist, OFDM inherently combat multipath induced ISI with a proper CP length.

D.Illumination Requirements

The illuminance is measured and compared with the minimum required values according to lighting standards. The minimum illuminance required for different work spaces ranges from several hundred to thousand lux [20]. Therefore, for VLC, a high SNR is obtainable, which is an indirect consequence of the illumination requirements. In order to determine the illuminance achieved using the square array of 9 LEDs lamp, measurements are conducted using a lux meter6. The obtained illuminance for the vertical coverage scenario is shown in Fig. 10. At the target distance of 1m, only 20lx are measured. From the obtained values, it is expected that with the appropriate number of LEDs to achieve sufficient illuminance, high SNR values can be achieved.

Fig. 10. Illuminance measurements – the interpolated curve using the measured data (Tungsten/Sun) is plotted.

V.CONCLUSION

Visible light data broadcasting based on OFDM has been demonstrated. The hardware prototype uses low cost commercial LEDs and PDs. Preliminary measurements showed promising results with 9 LEDs producing illuminance of about 5 times below that required for work spaces. Using bigger array structures or using several lamps to simultaneously transmit the same signal, the SNR can be boosted and the coverage area can be extended without any

6 Lux meter 72 6693. ISI. The current bandwidth is sufficient for messaging or information services, several audio channels, low quality video streaming applications.

For a 1m typical distance of an object (and hence a receiver) from a reading lamp, with faster data converters and analog frontends supporting 20MHz signal bandwidth, and 20dB SNR, which is easily achieved with illuminance that is in the required range, clearly, a throughput of greater than 80Mbits/s (using 2/3 coded 64-QAM) is feasible and would be sufficient

for high quality audio and video broadcasting. It also has been found that the coverage and the CCI in a cellular network can

be controlled by proper setting of the LED beam-angle.

A CKNOWLEDGMENT

We gratefully acknowledge support for this work from Airbus Germany. In addition, we acknowledge the support from the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi) under grant 20K0806G as part of the Lufo 2nd Call project SINTEG.

R EFERENCES

[1]BROADCOM Corporation. 802.11n: Next-Generation Wireless LAN

Technology. White paper. [Online]. Available: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/01294093.html,/docs/WLAN/802-11n-WP100-R.pdf

[2]J. Kahn and J. Barry, “Wireless Infrared Communications,” Proc. IEEE,

vol. 85, no. 2, pp. 265–298, Feb. 1997.

[3]J. Grubor, S. Randel, K. Langer, and J. Walewski, “Bandwidth Efficient

Indoor Optical Wireless Communications with White Light emitting

Diodes,” in Proc. of the 6th International Symposium on

Communication Systems, Networks and Digital Signal Processing, Graz,

Austria, vol. 1, Jun. 23–25, 2008, pp. 165–169.

[4]European Commission. Technical briefing. Phasing out Incandescent

Bulbs in the EU. [Online]. Available: http://ec.europa.eu

[5]K.-D. Langer et al., “Optical Wireless Communications for Broadband

Access in Home Area Networks,” in Proc. of the 10th Anniversary

International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON),

Athens, Greece, vol. 4, Jun. 22–26, 2008, pp. 149–154.

[6]M. Kavehrad, “Broadband and Room Service by Light”, Scientific

American, pp. 82–87, July, 2007.

[7]H. Elgala, R. Mesleh, and H. Haas, “Practical Considerations for Indoor

Wireless Optical System Implementation using OFDM,” presented at the

IEEE 10th International Conference on Telecommunications (ConTEL),

Zagreb, Croatia, June 8–10, 2009.

[8]Y. Li and G. Stüber, Eds., Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

for Wireless Communications. Springer, 2006.

[9]S. Yamakawa and N. Takata, “Coherent Lightwave Receivers with a

Laser Diode Local Oscillator for Interorbit Optical Communication,” in

Proc. SPIE, G. S. Mecherle, Ed., vol. 4975, pp. 69–79, Jul. 2003.

[10] C. Singh, J. John, Y. N. Singh, and K. K. Tripathi, “A Review of Indoor

Optical Wireless Systems,” IETE Technical Review, vol. 19, pp. 3–17,

Jan.–Apr. 2002.

[11]M. Akbulut, C. Chen, M. Hargis, A. Weiner, M. Melloch, and J.

Woodall, “Digital Communications Above 1 Gb/s Using 890-nm

Surface-Emitting Light-Emitting Diodes,” IEEE Photonics Technology

Letters, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 85–87, Jan. 2001.

[12]J. Kahn, J. Barry, W. Krause, M. Audeh, J. Carruthers, G. Marsh, E.

Lee, and D. Messerschmitt, “High–Speed Non– Directional Infrared

Communication for Wireless Local-Area Networks,” in Proc. of the 26th

Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, vol. 1,

California, USA, Oct. 26–28, 1992, pp. 83–87.

[13]H. Elgala, R. Mesleh, H. Haas, and B. Pricope, “OFDM Visible Light

Wireless Communication Based on White LEDs,” in Proc. of the 64th

IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC), Dublin, Ireland, Apr.

22–25, 2007, pp. 2185-2189.

[14]T. Ohtsuki, “Multiple–Subcarrier Modulation in Optical Wireless

Communications,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 41, no. 3, pp.

74–79, Mar. 2003.

[15]H. Elgala, R. Mesleh, and H. Haas, “A Study of LED Nonlinearity

Effects on Optical Wireless Transmission using OFDM,” in Proc. of the

IEEE 6th IEEE International Conference on Wireless and Optical

Communications Networks - The Next Generation Internet (WOCN),

Cairo, Egypt, Apr. 28–30, 2009, pp. 1–5.

[16] A.R.S. Bahai, B. R. Saltzberg, Multi-carrier digital communications:

theory and applications of OFDM, Kluwer Academic/Plenum, 1999. [17]The International Commission on Illumination (CIE). CIE 1931

Standard Colorimetric Observer. [Online]. Available: http://www.cie.co.at

[18]XeVision. Xenon Metal Halide H.I.D. Lamps as Aircraft Landing

Lights. Article. [Online]. Available: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/01294093.html,

[19]3GPP TS 23.107, 3rd generation partnership project; technical

specification group services and system aspects; quality of service (QoS)

concept and architecture (release 7).

[20]European standard EN 12464-1, Lighting of indoor work places, 2003.

Hany Elgala (S’02) is currently a Research

Associate/PhD Student at the Department of Electrical

Engineering and Computer Science at Jacobs University

Bremen, Germany. He received the BSc degree in

Electronics and Communications from Ain-shams

University, Cairo, Egypt in 2000 and completed his

MSc degree on Microsystems Engineering from

University of Applied Sciences Furtwangen,

Furtwangen, Germany in 2003. Since 2005 he has been conducting research on optical wireless communication.

Raed Mesleh (S’00-M’08) received the BSc degree in

communication engineering from Yarmouk University,

Irbid, Jordan in 2000, the MSc degree in communication

technology from Ulm University, Ulm, Germany in

2004 and the PhD degree in electrical engineering from

Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany in 2007. He

received the best student award in both BSc and MSc

studies. Since September 2007, he has been with the

School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany where he currently works as a postdoctoral fellow. His main research interests are in the areas of MIMO and optical wireless communication. Harald Haas (S’98–A’00–M’03) received the PhD degree from the University of Edinburgh in 2001. His main research interests are in the areas of wireless system engineering and digital signal processing, with a particular focus on interference aware MAC protocols, multiuser access, link adaptation, scheduling, dynamic resource allocation, multiple antenna systems and optical wireless communication. He joined International University Bremen (Germany), now Jacobs University

Bremen, in September 2002 where he has since been Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering. In June 2007, he joined the University of Edinburgh (Scotland/UK) where he is Reader in the Institute for Digital Communications (IDCOM). Haas received a best paper award at the International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC) in Osaka/Japan in 1999 and holds more than 15 patents in the area of wireless communications. Haas contributed a chapter to the "Handbook of Information Security" entitled "Air Interface Requirements for Mobile Data Services" by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. He co-authors a book entitled "Next Generation Mobile Access Technologies: Implementing TDD" with Cambridge University Press. His work on optical wireless communication was selected for publication in "100 Produkte der Zukunft (100 Products of the Future)" authored by Nobel Laureate T. W. H?nsch. Since 2007 Haas is a Regular High Level Visiting Scientist supported by the Chinese “111 program” at

Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications.

中国石油大学计算机网络原理-第一次在线作业

第一次在线作业 单选题 (共40道题) 展开 收起 1.( 2.5分)在OSI模型中,提供路由选择功能的层次是__________ ? A、物理层 ? B、应用层 ? C、数据链路层 ? D、网络层 我的答案:D 此题得分:2.5分 2.(2.5分)以下没有采用存储转发机制的交换方式有() ? A、电路交换 ? B、报文交换 ? C、分组交换 ? D、信元交换 我的答案:A 此题得分:2.5分 3.(2.5分) Internet最早起源于( ) ? A、ARPAnet ? B、以太网 ? C、NFSnet ? D、环状网 我的答案:A 此题得分:2.5分 4.(2.5分)根据报文交换的基本原理,可以将其交换功能概括为

? A、存储系统 ? B、转发系统 ? C、存储-转发系统 ? D、传输—控制系统 我的答案:C 此题得分:2.5分 5.(2.5分)通信子网中的最高层是 ? A、数据链路层 ? B、传输层 ? C、网络层 ? D、应用层 我的答案:C 此题得分:2.5分 6.(2.5分) ISO颁布的开放系统互连基本参考模型简写为 ? A、IOS ? B、IP ? C、TCP ? D、OSI 我的答案:D 此题得分:2.5分 7.(2.5分)网络层是OSI七层协议中的 ? A、第二层 ? B、第三层 ? C、第四层 ? D、第五层 我的答案:B 此题得分:2.5分 8.(2.5分) TCP/IP网络类型中,提供端到端的通信的是 ? A、应用层 ? B、传输层 ? C、网络层

? D、网络接口层 我的答案:B 此题得分:2.5分 9.(2.5分)加密和解密属于OSI参考模型中第()层功能。 ? A、4 ? B、5 ? C、6 ? D、7 我的答案:C 此题得分:2.5分 10.(2.5分)在TCP/IP参考模型中,TCP协议工作的层次是( ) ? A、应用层 ? B、传输层 ? C、网络层 ? D、网络接口层 我的答案:B 此题得分:2.5分 11.(2.5分) _________物理拓扑将工作站连接到一台中央设备 ? A、总线 ? B、环型 ? C、星型 ? D、树型 我的答案:C 此题得分:2.5分 12.(2.5分)管理计算机通信的规则称为__________。 ? A、协议 ? B、服务 ? C、ASP ? D、ISO/OSI 我的答案:A 此题得分:2.5分

2021中国海洋大学计算机技术考研真题经验参考书

政治的复习以李凡老师的资料为主,我用的是《政治新时器》一套书。其他考研机构的资料是又大又厚一本,事实证明,还是让我选对人了。建议大家跟着谁就跟到底,不要乱用资料,浪费时间不说,你会发现,不同的人出题思路是不一样的。 声明一下,看书的时候,用探索理解的态度去看,可以辩驳,但是最好不要一直对着干。很多同学一谈起政治,就是洗脑工具啊,杯弓蛇影,我觉得这些属于莫须有。没有深入了解,何来发言权。说到底,用一个接受的姿态去复习政治,我觉得还挺重要的,将政治的理论思想内化掉。可能我复习时越看越有感觉,是因为政治传达的价值观和自己的是一样的吧,而且有的地方比自己更先进,所以还有种相识恨晚的兴奋感觉。我是坚持科学的唯物论,坚持集体利益大于个人的。当然既然选择了考研,就要认同这种理论武器对么,对新自由主义意识形态感兴趣的,以后可以继续研究嘛,先把考研这关过了。 我本人英语基础比较差,所以英语准备的比较早,从寒假就开始背单词,做真题了。英语阅读建议只做真题,不要买什么模拟题。 单词从开始准备到考研那天,每天都在背,有时候几十个,有时候一两百个不定,我用的是《一本单词》词汇书背诵。真题从1月份就开始带着做了,用的《木糖英语真题手译版》。下面是各时间段的复习工作: 1-9月:1994-2004年英语阅读。由于时间充裕,而且主要是为了打基础,一般一天一篇阅读,或者两天一篇,大概总共做了3遍。第一遍做一遍,对答案,看解析;第二遍,超精读。标记不认识的单词,解析长难句,分析答案;第三遍,再做一遍,争取没有不认识的单词和看不懂的句子和答案。 9-11月:05-10年真题。阅读增加到一天三到四篇,还是像之前的做法一样,也刷了大概三遍。而且也开始做完形填空和翻译。11月份开始背作文,然后我还看了蛋核英语的各题型相关的课程,大家也可以关注“木糖英语”和“蛋核英语”的微信,课程的讲解是非常详细的。 11-12月:11年往后真题,两遍,依旧是做一遍加一遍超精读。每天背两篇作文。进入12月份,做真题开始严格按照考试时间进行,逐步形成做题手感。 英语阅读是重中之重,需要花费大量时间和精力去练习,熟记单词,搞定长难句,攻克阅读的难关,翻译题、新题型就会比较简单,不用多花时间去练习,

中国石油大学计算机应用基础在线作业3套

第一次在线作业 单选题(共40道题) 1.( 2.5分)冯·诺伊曼体系结构的核心设计思想是()。 ?A、存储程序原理 ?B、计算机中的数据以二进制表示 ?C、计算机硬件由五大部件组成 ?D、程序设计 我的答案:A 此题得分:2.5分 2.(2.5分)计算机中用来保存程序和数据,以及运算的中间结果和最后结果的装置是()。 ?A、RAM ?B、ROM ?C、内存和外存 ?D、高速缓存 我的答案:C 此题得分:2.5分 3.(2.5分)下列各数中最小的是()。 ?A、十进制数25 ?B、二进制数10101 ?C、八进制数26 ?D、十六进制数1A 我的答案:B 此题得分:2.5分 4.(2.5分)以下字符的ASCII码值最大的是()。 ?A、5 ?B、6 ?C、A ?D、a 我的答案:D 此题得分:2.5分

5.(2.5分)衡量计算机的主要技术指标有()。 ?A、外设、内存容量、体积 ?B、语言、外设、速度 ?C、软件、速度、重量 ?D、主频、字长、内存容量 我的答案:D 此题得分:2.5分 6.(2.5分)利用计算机来模仿人的高级思维活动称为()。 ?A、数据处理 ?B、过程控制 ?C、计算机辅助设计 ?D、人工智能 我的答案:D 此题得分:2.5分 7.(2.5分)关于Windows文件名叙述错误的是()。 ?A、文件名允许使用汉字 ?B、文件名中允许使用多个圆点分隔符 ?C、文件名中允许使用空格 ?D、文件名中允许使用竖线(“|”) 我的答案:D 此题得分:2.5分 8.(2.5分)以下不能打开资源管理器的是()。 ?A、单击“开始”按钮,再从“所有程序”选项的级联菜单中单击“资源管理器” ?B、双击桌面的“资源管理器”快捷方式 ?C、用鼠标右键单击“开始”按钮,出现快捷菜单后,单击“资源管理器”命令 ?D、单击桌面的“资源管理器”快捷方式 我的答案:D 此题得分:2.5分 9.(2.5分)在Windows中不属于控制面板操作的是()。 ?A、更改桌面背景

2018年中国人民银行直属单位招聘考试笔试 历年考试真题

中国人民银行招聘考试历年真题汇总整理人行根据专业不同报考经济金融、会计、法律、计算机、管理、统计和英语专业的人员按报考专业进行单科专业科目考试和行政职业能力测验,报考其他专业(理工科、安全保卫、中文和小语种)的人员只进行行政职业能力测验,不考专业科目。人行考试题目其实不是特别难,但要有针对性的复习准备,多练题目是肯定的!之前有前辈给推荐了考佳卜上面的复习资料,比较有针对性,建议大家可以去了解一下! 人民银行笔试经验分享一: 一、单选 索洛模型、古典货币理论(托宾)、GDP&GNP、公共物品总需求线、托宾Q效应、汇率直接标价法、CAPM、利率决定理论、货币政策操作目标及其中介目标、有效市场假说、金融工具&金融市场、贴现率、货币政策及财政政策搭配 二、多选 完全竞争、瓦尔拉斯需求函数、利率互换、派生存款、远期&期货&期权、资产证券化、漏损率、表外业务、AK模型、非合作博弈、特别提款权SDR、欧洲债券、抵补利率评价理论、拆借市场 三、简答论述(主观题部分) 利率市场化 中等收入陷阱 人民银行笔试经验分享二: 1、财务报告目标有哪两种观点?新企业会计准则倾向哪种? 2、什么是资本保全?会计学上的资本保全主要有哪些种类? 3、试述经营杠杆和财务杠杆的经济含义,公司应如何平衡经营杠杆和财务杠杆对公司收益和风险的影响? 4、根据COSO报告,应如何理解内部控制?内部控制整体框架包括哪些要素? 5、一般物价水平会计和现时成本会计各有什么特征及各自的优缺点? 6、衍生金融工具包括的主要类别,衍生金融工具的出现对传统财务会计模式有哪些冲击?

7、列举企业管理的财务目标,各有什么优缺点? 8、普通股筹资的利弊何在? 9、公司债融资的利弊。 10、公司债券融资的特征及其普通股筹资的比较。 11、EVA的实质是什么?EVA与会计利润的区别。 12、制度基础审计与风险导向审计风险及处理的比较 人民银行笔试经验分享三: 一、20道判断对错题,部分考点比较细致,有宪法题,其他的还有刑法,行政法题。二、单选题,30道。涉及的部门法挺广的,有一题国私的。三、10道多选题,有司考原题。有问人行的职能,有刑诉题。四、简答题,问一般法律解释方法。五、两道案例分析题,第一题民法题,涉及合同法,预告登记,房屋买卖面积,种类物特定化风险转移。第二题,刑法题,问定罪量刑,还有阐述案例中的刑法概念。 人民银行笔试经验分享四: 行测分为:和公务员考试题型一致,时长一个小时,一共70题。 计算机专业知识:(计算机网络、数据结构、操作系统、计算机组成)。 单选多选和前几年的考点有些重合的地方,比如“稳定和不稳定的查找方式有哪些” 简答题:在链表中删除一个key=N的结点,用伪代码实现,并写出时间复杂度论述题:cpu未来的发展方向,还有分析cpu性能提高的原因 人民银行笔试经验分享五: 整本试卷考的都是高等数理统计(高教版)那本书,各种充分完备统计量,UM,UMVUE,UMPT,umpt,UMVUE,指数族,渐进分布,秩检验。。。。 居然别的都不考,呵呵呵。。。然后我就淡然了,速速填完答题卡。 在这里说一下最后有三题简答题,第一题:简要回答参数统计与非参数统计的本质,以及非参数统计的特点。 第二题是求渐进分布的,具体我不记得了,反正也不会做 第三题求UMPT还是UMVUE,也记不清了。。。

中科院计算机经验贴

中国科学院大学计算机考研经验 1.专业基本情况(含报考人数,录取人数,报录比;) 专业基本情况:对于咱们报考中科院计算机的考生来说,毋容置疑是考863计算机学科综合考试的,其中包含数据结构、计算机网络、计算机操作系统、计算机组成原理四门课,也是我们常说的四大门。 简介:计算所拥有"计算机科学与技术"、"网络空间安全"两个一级学科,包括计算机系统结构、计算机软件与理论、计算机应用技术、信息安全等多个专业方向。可研究大数据、人工智能、计算机视觉、机器学习、图形图像处理、移动计算和可持续计算、并行处理体系结构、分布式操作系统等众多研究方向。 报考人数比例:对于报考中科院计算所的考生每年大约三四百人,如果没有意外,每年进入复试的人数大约是八十人左右,最后录取人数大约五十人左右。根据这个数字,按每年报考三百人,录取五十人计算,报录比为6:1,进入复试的比例为3.75:1。整体来说有点难度,但难度不大。 2. 每年录取分数线是多少,近三年为例; 2019年 复试线总分为:322 录取最低分数线:322 2018年 复试线总分为:304 录取最低分数线:309 2017年 复试线总分为:320 录取最低分数线:321

3. 写出公共课与专业课的官方参考书目; 4. 公共课与专业课的备考经验,今年专业课更改的情况与复习方式; 对于公共课: 数学:是考研的一大关,我们要及早进入数学的复习,第一轮:数学的复习过程是先把课本过一遍,基本知识点弄会,课后习题要做一遍;第二轮:买一本数学复习全书,跟着全书把知识点弄一遍,对应全书的习题要弄懂,特别是例题讲解;第三轮:要做真题,做真题,一定要多做真题,把近十年的真题全做一遍,做懂,做会。 英语:是个长久战,也要尽早进入复习,英语可以报个辅导,跟着老师的步伐走,英语重点在作文和阅读,要多练习,前提肯定是要先过单词的关,多做真题。政治:非常建议报个班,政治是最不好复习的,尤其是自己复习,根本抓不住重点,有老师跟着,可以帮我们提取重点,分析热点。 对于专业课: 首先是复习顺序:建议顺序为数据结构、操作系统、计算机组成原理、计算机网络 对于数据结构是注重逻辑理解,将逻辑结构和物理结构理解透彻,对于每一种数据结构要知道怎么通过顺序存储和链式存储实现,对于涉及数据结构的算法,要理解过程中的每一步;后面三科比较偏文,所以需要识记,操作系统是最为简单的一个科目,需要对操作系统的线程、进程、临界区保护等热点热考的考点理解透彻,识记东西较多;组成原理中需要逻辑理解的内容较多,主要偏重计算机硬件内部结构,以及在硬件上怎么进行计算机执行的,主要还是抓住重点,进行结构和内容的识记;计算机网络虽然内容多,但是能考的考点比较少,所以重点比较突出。 5. 复试的过程与经验。

2018中国海洋大学计算机技术01初试和复试大纲

910高级程序设计 一、考试性质 高级程序设计是计算机技术(01方向)硕士研究生入学考试的专业课程。 二、考察目标 本考试旨在三个层次上测试考生对顺序、选择与循环程序设计、数组、函数、指针、结构体、文件操作等知识掌握的程度和运用能力。三个层次的基本要求分别为: 1、熟悉记忆:对基于C语言的高级程序设计方法所涉及的基本定义、语法规则等进行忆方面的考核。 2、分析判断:重点考核考生用高级程序设计知识来分析判断程序语句或程序片段存在的问题; 3、综合运用:运用所学的高级程序设计知识编写程序,综合分析并解决具体实践问题。 三、考试形式 本试卷满分为150分,考试时间为180分钟 答题方式为闭卷、笔试。试卷由试题和答题纸组成,答案必须写在答题纸相应的位置上。 试卷结构:填空题约20分,判断题约10分,选择题约20分,程序分析约30分,程序填空约30分,程序设计约40分。 四、考试内容 (一)顺序、选择及循环程序设计 内容包括数据的表现形式及其运算、语句、数据的输入输出、选择结构和条件判断、关系运算符和关系表达式、逻辑运算符和逻辑表达、条件运算符和条件表达式、多分支选择结构、循环的实现等。 (二)数组 内容包括一维和二维数组的定义和引用、字符数组的定义、输入输出及处理函数等。

(三)基于函数的模块化程序设计 主要包括函数的定义、调用、对被调用函数的声明和函数原型、嵌套调用、递归调用、数组作为函数参数的使用、局部变量和全局变量、变量的存储方式和生存期、变量的声明和定义、内部函数和外部函数等。 (四)指针 内容包括指针变量的定义、引用、作为函数参数的使用、通过指针引用数组、数组元素的指针、指针的运算、用数组名作函数参数、通过指针引用多维数组、通过指针引用字符串、字符指针作函数参数、指向函数的指针、返回指针值的函数、指针数组和多重指针等 (五)自定义数据类型 包括定义和使用结构体变量、使用结构体数组、结构体指针、用指针处理链表、使用枚举类型、用typedef声明新类型名等。 (六)文件的输入输出 内容包括打开与关闭文件、顺序读写数据文件、随机读写数据文件、文件读写的出错检测等。 五、是否需使用计算器 否。 程序设计实践 一、考试性质 程序设计实践是海大计算机科学与技术与保密科学与技术相关专业的硕士入学复试考试的专业实践课程。 二、考察目标 本考试旨在三个层次上测试考生对C/C++语言设计、数据结构与算法设计、面向对象的软件开发技术等知识掌握的程度和运用能力。三个层次的基本要求分

中国石油大学计算机文化基础第一阶段在线作业参考答案

当前用户:朱德义 单选题 已批阅未批阅 单选题123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434 4454647484950 试卷要求: 本阶段在线作业占在线作业成绩的25%,含单选题50道,答题时间60分钟,3次作答机会。 一、单选题 答题要求: 每题只有一个正确答案。 窗体顶端 1(2.0分) 某型计算机峰值性能为数千亿次/秒,主要用于大型科学与工程计算和大规模数据处理,它属于____。 A) 巨型计算机 B) 小型计算机 C) 微型计算机 D) 专用计算机 参考答案:A 收起解析 解析: 无 窗体底端 窗体顶端

2(2.0分) 通常所说的“裸机”是指计算机仅有____。 A) 硬件系统 B) 软件 C) 指令系统 D) CPU 参考答案:A 收起解析 解析: 无 窗体底端 窗体顶端 3(2.0分) 计算机系统应包括硬件和软件两部分,软件又必须包括____。 A) 接口软件 B) 系统软件 C) 应用软件 D) 支撑软件 参考答案:B 收起解析 解析: 无 窗体底端 窗体顶端 4(2.0分) 计算机进行数值计算时的高精确度主要决定于____。

计算速度 B) 内存容量 C) 外存容量 D) 基本字长 参考答案:D 收起解析 解析: 无 窗体底端 窗体顶端 5(2.0分) 在计算机领域,数据是____。 A) 客观事物属性的表示 B) 实际存在的数字 C) 一种连续变化的模拟量 D) 由客观事物得到的、使人们能够认知客观事物的各种消息、情报、数字、信号等所包括的内容 参考答案:A 收起解析 解析: 无 窗体底端 窗体顶端 6(2.0分) 在计算机领域中,通常用大写英文字母B来表示____。 A) 字 B)

2017中国人民银行校园招聘考情分析及备考建议【计算机专业】

2017中国人民银行校园招聘考情分析及备考建议【计算机专业】 【考试题型、题量及变化】 本次考试计算机部分涉及到的题型主要包括判断题、单选题、多选题、程序填空题、论述题等几类。较2016人民银行校园招聘考试来讲,增加了程序填空题;于2015年考试来讲,题型没有什么变化。就整题量来讲,今年总共64题,与前两年的题量相比变化不大。 【考试内容及变化】 本次考试计算机部分内容主要包括:组成原理、计算机网络、数据结构、C语言程序等几部分。与2016年考试内容相比,减少了操作系统这部分;与2015年考试相比,减少了操作系统、数据库两部分。由此可见,计算机这部分的考试内容在逐渐"集中化"。这样有利于大家在后面的备考过程中的复习。 【难度变化】 本次考试组成原理、C语言程序这两部分的内容难度为中等水平,而计算机网络、数据结构难度相对偏难;在近几年的考试过程中,C语言基本都是中等难度,其他部分都相对偏难。所以,中公金融人温馨提示:考试的内容范围虽然在减小,但是难度有可能hi增加。所以,计算机专业的同学们在备考的过程中,一定要注意细节,在平时一定要多加练习。 【中公金融人建议】 综上,本次考试过程中:组成原理部分试题的变化量不是很大,在考核中对数值的算法部分和存储部分也都有考核,所以复习时注意组成原理的重点知识;数据结构部分今年的考试试题比率比较大,所以同学们在复习时注意重点,今年的数据结果的考核与离散数学结合靠,有很多真题都是来源于离散数据的考试试卷;C语言主要是考核程序的填空,对各种算法的考核;操作系统占有的比例越来越少,今年考试中没有涉及。(2015年的考试中占有比率较大);数据库在最近两年考试中占有的比率很小,(2016年没有考核,2015年知识考核了很少一部分计算机试题)。

中国海洋大学954计算机基础综合考研真题

中国海洋大学954计算机基础综合复习材料 (第三版,2021年考研必备) 初试资料目录 1 计算机科学与技术学硕考研必读纸质 2 官方专业课大纲纸质 3 海大教授数据结构视频视频 4 数据结构视频配套题目纸质 5 数据结构重难点提纲笔记(精编第3版)纸质 6 软件工程重难点高分笔记(背诵第3版)纸质 7 软件工程重难点作图与应用21类纸质 8 海大数据结构期末试卷12套纸质 9 数据结构期末试卷标准答案纸质 10 海大软件工程期末试卷16套纸质 11 软件工程期末试卷标准答案纸质 12 计算机组成原理精选应用大题纸质 13 海大数据结构考研真题2000~2012(超前搜集版)纸质 14 海大978考研真题2010~2018 纸质 15 海大978考研真题参考答案纸质 16 海大954考研真题2018~2020 纸质 17 海大954考研真题参考答案纸质 18 海大数据结构PPT 电子 19 数据结构配套代码电子 20 海大软件工程PPT 电子 21 海大软件工程PPT(新版)电子 22 软件工程作者原版PPT 电子 23 软件工程作者课本和学习辅导电子 24 组成原理作者课本电子 25 软件工程视频课程视频 复试资料目录 1 复试大纲电子 2 复试参考书目电子 3 个人简历模板电子 4 导师生涯简介电子 5 面试提问集锦电子 6 复试科目PPT 电子 7 复试科目试卷电子 8 学长复试经验文档电子 纸质版书籍->快递; 电子版->百度网盘 需要复习资料或订阅考研动态的同学,请联系学长扣扣 626997175 学长寄语:

1、计算机学硕954材料今年是第三版,此版修正了一些问题,新增加了137页知识与题目。 重构了材料的逻辑结构,修订篇幅高达68%。新增了多套数据结构和软件工程海大期末试卷;新增了978和954真题和答案;新增了海大视频课程与课程同步题目。为了扩大练习范围,新增2000~2012年数据结构真题;同时,为了学弟学妹们更好地复习,我们将材料所有配图重绘成风格统一的高清透明插图,以便高效复习。 2、新增的数据结构视频课程可以让海大教授带你更有针对性地复习本门课程,搭配上视频 配套题目中的课堂测验、自主思考、课后作业、课程结业测验对考研学习也大有帮助。 3、数据结构重难点知识点拨抛开课本的官方讲述,以更通俗的语言和图片示例突出数据结 构课程的重难点知识,并加以总结;软件工程重难点知识与简答题是学姐在海大时的听课笔记,并根据海大考研大纲修订精编而来,所有简答题答案标准,可直接背诵,再也不用花费大量时间担心简答题怎么整理?背哪个版本?哪些需要背了。 4、软件工程重难点计算与应用题有极高的原题或改编题再现概率,命题教授撰写的题目必 在这21种类型之中,从本专业招收研究生以来,从未脱离过本资料的范围,非常管用! 5、关于期末试卷,数据结构是2005~2014年的部分试卷,部分年份分AB卷;软件工程是 2005~2015年的部分试卷,部分年份分AB卷。其中新增试卷是2020版资料独家首发! 6、954与978区别在15分值的组成原理,虽然分值不大,但也不可忽视,今年针对中央处 理器与指令流水线,新增了12类经典题目,希望对后续考试有指引和预测作用。 7、对于真题,是复习考研的最佳材料,最全题目配上答案,能直观地感受到历年真题出题 的微妙变化,从而更好地应对本门专业课考试。本材料包含了2012年之前的数据结构试卷,也包含954和978历年题目和答案,供大家参考研究。 8、本科目的各种PPT非常齐全,授课PPT最能反映出本校老师对于这门课的侧重方向、难 度把握,是考研复习不可或缺的基础性材料;同时配有视频,基础不佳的同学可以观看视频,稳打基础。 9、复试资料该有的都有,也会根据每年的实际情况进行及时调整,只要好好复习相关内容, 认真对待,会上岸的!

中国海洋大学大学计算机基础上机考试题目

《大学计算机基础》上机考试试卷 场次:1 考试日期: 二、Word 操作题(30分) 原始文字: 国内笔记本品牌关注排行榜解析 全球笔记本品牌在30个左右,而国内的活跃品牌在15个左右,显然它们经历过市场洗礼之后,这些品牌都体现出了他们的过人之处。从我们最近的一次品牌关注排行榜中可以看到,国内笔记本品牌形成了以欧美台系为第一梯队、日韩为第二梯队、国产品牌为第三梯队的市场格局,这种三足鼎立格局的出现并非偶然,而是与各品牌产品、市场策略、推广方式有着密切的联系。 第一梯队:欧美老大地位依然 第一梯队中,排名第一到第四的分别为惠普、宏碁、戴尔、联想,这四大品牌在不仅在国内甚至在全球笔记本市场中都已经成为绝对的主力,惠普、戴尔作为全球PC品牌的领军,获得如此高的用户关注并不意外,而宏碁和联想两大国产品牌在这两年的发展非常迅速,而且分别成为奥运会赞助商,其实力有目共睹。但我们仔细分析这四个品牌,可以很显然的发现,其中的三个品牌均进行过收购或者并购其他品牌,而这一举动也多少促成了他们成为全球顶尖笔记本品牌。 第二梯队:日韩品牌共发展 在第二梯队中的品牌关注度比较接近,但它们却是发展最快、最具市场潜力的品牌,这其中以日韩品牌为代表。东芝、索尼、富士通是目前国内仅有的3个日系笔记本品牌,应该说它们的发展过程都十分类似。日系产品向来以优秀的设计、出色的品质而著称,不过最初进入中国时日系笔记本价格普遍偏高,与国内市场的购买能力明显不符,而且产品种类也偏少,与欧美及国产品牌相比竞争力非常低。但也是从2007年开始,由索尼牵头,日系品牌纷纷顺应中国市场而进行转型,推出了多款低价机型,虽然低价机型的配置上要低于其他品牌同价位产品,但是个性的外观设却计俘获了不少女性消费者的心,这以索尼和东芝为甚。应该说中国消费者对日系笔记本仍有着特殊的情节,三大日系品牌如此接近的品牌就说明了一些问题。 第三梯队:国产品牌夹缝中求发展 国产笔记本先天发展不足,无论是在技术还是市场上,虽然过程品牌在近两年开始找到感觉,但是市场环境已经十分饱和,对外有惠普、戴尔这样的欧美大牌,在内有华硕、宏碁、联想这样的国际品牌,市场竞争异常激烈。虽然国内品牌有政府及国家行业采购大单,但在市场经济下国内品牌发展依然艰难,进入第三梯队也是理所当然。 要求:(对照样张) 1.请将上面的原始文字复制到Word文档中,以“排行榜”为文件名保存在考试文件夹下。 (2分) 2.将文档的题目“国内笔记本品牌关注排行榜解析”设置为黑体、二号字、加粗、红色并居中。(2分) 3.将原始文字中黑体显示的三个段落设置为标题1样式,并使用自动编号添加编号。(5分)4.在“在第一梯队”内容中插入下面的图片,设置为四周型环绕,如样张所示。(3分)

计算机测控中国石油大学

实验记录本 六组 组长:张奥翔 组员:张春虎、张强、陈兴佩、吕为康、刘智 ——注: 图像经ps调色处理,未改变图像内容 实验一 现象: 实验记录如下: 1、当信号发生器输出波形为方波时:(左侧示波器,右侧pc机) 2、当信号发生器输出波形为三角波时:(左侧示波器,右侧pc机)

3、 当信号发生器输出波形为正弦波时:(左侧示波器,右侧pc 机) 实验二 现象: 1、 当程序设置输出波形为0~5V 正弦波时:

2、当程序设置输出波形为0~10V正弦波时: 3、当程序设置输出波形为-5V~5V正弦波时: 实验数据:

实验三 现象: 设置驱动器和程序细分值均为32,再次连接好电源、驱动器、采集卡、步进电机后,启动程序,在键盘上输入转速和转向后,电机转动。 获得的数据如下表所示: 圈数/r 所用时间 /s 实测转速/rpm 程序设定转速/rpm 绝对误差相对误差 150 60.66 148.3679525 150 1.63204747 8 0.01088031 7 150 60.51 148.7357462 150 1.26425384 2 0.00842835 9 150 60.42 148.9572989 150 1.04270109 2 0.00695134 1 50 30.13 99.56853634 100 0.43146365 7 0.00431463 7 50 30.19 99.37065253 100 0.62934746 6 0.00629347 5

50 30.09 99.70089731 100 0.29910269 2 0.00299102 7 50 60.13 49.89190088 50 0.10809911 9 0.00216198 2 50 60.03 49.97501249 50 0.02498750 6 0.00049975 50 60.21 49.82561036 50 0.17438963 6 0.00348779 3 25 60.02 24.99166944 25 0.00833055 6 0.00033322 2 25 60.16 24.93351064 25 0.06648936 2 0.00265957 4 25 60.11 24.95425054 25 0.04574945 9 0.00182997 8 由上表发现,速度越大,误差越大,误差可能来源于数圈数带来的误差。设定的转速和实际转速基本吻合。 实验四 现象: 1、连接好电路后,用万用表进行检测,控制线悬空时,测得各点电压

中国石油大学(北京)计算机应用基础在线考试

在线考试(客观题) 单选题 (共50道题) 展开 收起 1.( 2.0分)冯·诺伊曼体系结构的核心设计思想是()。 ? A、存储程序原理 ? B、计算机中的数据以二进制表示 ? C、计算机硬件由五大部件组成 ? D、程序设计 我的答案:A 此题得分:2.0分 2.(2.0分)计算机的发展阶段通常是按计算机所采用的()来划分的。 ? A、内存容量 ? B、电子器件 ? C、程序设计语言 ? D、操作系统 我的答案:B 此题得分:2.0分 3.(2.0分)表示6种状态的二进制数至少需要()位二进制编码。 ? A、3 ? B、4 ? C、5 ? D、6 我的答案:A 此题得分:2.0分 4.(2.0分)某飞机场的机场定票系统程序属于()。 ? A、系统软件 ? B、工具软件 ? C、应用软件 ? D、字处理软件 我的答案:C 此题得分:2.0分 5.(2.0分)二进制数1101011101.100101转化成十六进制数是()。 ? A、35D.94

? B、35D.91 ? C、3514.94 ? D、35D.91 我的答案:A 此题得分:2.0分 6.(2.0分)在下列有关回收站的说法中,正确的是()。 ? A、扔进回收站的文件,仍可再恢复 ? B、无法恢复进入回收站的单个文件 ? C、无法恢复进入回收站的多个文件 ? D、如果删除的是文件夹,只能恢复文件夹名,不能够恢复其内容 我的答案:A 此题得分:2.0分 7.(2.0分)在资源管理器中,选定多个连续文件的操作为()。 ? A、按住SHIFT键,单击每一个要选定的文件图标 ? B、按住CTRL键,单击每一个要选定的文件图标 ? C、先选中第一个文件,按住SHIFT键,再单击最后一个要选定的文件图标 ? D、先选中第一个文件,按住CTRL键,再单击最后一个要选定的文件图标 我的答案:C 此题得分:2.0分 8.(2.0分) Windows中更改任务栏上时间的显示方式,可以使用控制面板中的()。 ? A、区域和语言选项 ? B、外观和主题 ? C、时间和日期 ? D、系统 我的答案:A 此题得分:2.0分 9.(2.0分)在Word的“字体”对话框中,可设定文字的()。 ? A、缩进 ? B、间距 ? C、对齐 ? D、行距 我的答案:B 此题得分:2.0分 10.(2.0分) Word中以下有关“拆分表格”说法中,正确的是()。 ? A、可以把表格拆分为左右两部分

最新aefezpm中国人民银行2007招考笔试类、经济金融,计算机、会计等汇总

A e f e z p m中国人民银行2007招考笔试管理类、经济金融,计算机、会计等

生命是永恒不断的创造,因为在它内部蕴含着过剩的精力,它不断流溢,越出时间和空间的界限,它不停地追求,以形形色色的自我表现的形式表现出来。 --泰戈尔 中国人民银行2007招考笔试(管理类) 1.首先也是判断15*1 内容前面是关于行政管理的大概5~6个,接着便是10个人力资源方面的 2.单项选择25*1 内容全是人力资源管理,包括招聘,绩效评估,有效控制,考核,培训等等方面。包括人 力方面的技术和手段。 3.多项选择10*1.5 还是人力资源方面的,包括企业文化,内部培训,外部培训之类的等等。记不全了。 3.简答10*2 第一题什么是有效控制,要求是什么 第二题什么是领导者,什么是被领导者。有些人认为上级就是领导者,下级就是被领导者 。对吗?为什么?

4.论述20*1 现代组织的社会责任日益重要,有些人赞同,有些人反对,请说出各自的论据?你认为现 代组织的社会责任是什么? 个人认为时间很充裕,我提前40分钟交卷。因为我实在不会,因为我不是学人力资源的 ,如果是学人力资源的,估计会很简单。大家要是复习的话,可以找些这方面的材料。 呼唤会计和统计以及英语类笔试~~~~ 人民银行管理类笔试 试题分5部分,考试时间为150分钟 1.单项选择题(20分,1题1分,共20题) 2.多项选择题(30分,1题1分,共30题) 3.判断题(10分,1题1分,共10题) 4.材料分析题(10分,1题2分,共5题) 5.作文(30分,给材料议论文,标题自拟) 内容: 虽然是管理类,但是考题内容侧重于行政能力 例如: 北京市政府发送给国务院各部委的公文(主送方)属于: a. 上行公文 b. 下行公文 c.平行公文 d(记不清了) 再如:

中科院计算机研究所考研必看的经验

经过一年多的复习艰辛,初试的失望,等待成绩的焦躁不安,复试的忐忑,最终终于如愿以偿考上自己向往的中科院,心中有喜悦也有感恩。一路走来真的不容易,在这里把自己的一些经验和感悟给大家说一下,希望能够帮助后来的考研学子,也是对曾经给过我指导和帮助的热心人的感恩。 首先自我介绍,我是来自一个普通二本里的三本学生,软件工程专业,至于学费我想大家都知道。我今年的考研分数:数学105 英语61 政治70 专业课92 报考学校:中科院计算所。如果你是大牛考名校那就不要参考了,因为,我很平庸,报的也不是大学。而如果你也像我一样不是很优秀,又希望考上全公费另外还有零花钱去旅游得同学,你可以参考。 我的基本情况就是以上那些,在一个普通二本里的三本学习,大家可以想想学习环境,但是我想说,事在人为,只要努力就能改变命运。大学期间担任班长创建社团,连续2年国家励志和一次学校一等奖学金,大学前三年积极参加各种活动,数学建模大赛,IT创新大赛,河南省863软件大赛等活动。专业上领导社团成员并参与三个软件的开发工作。各类级别证书二十多项。我说这些不是炫耀自己,我只是证明,出身在那里不重要,重要的是你努力没有,你奋斗没有,你有没有被现实屈服。我不聪明但我一直在努力。我相信努力可以改变一些命运。所以不论你在那里上学,学校如何,都不要抱怨,而是要问自己是否努力过。Q1:为何选择中科院? 第一全公费,我的目的很明确,每月1000-2000的补助。远远领先名校奖学金。 第二,就业好,北京的计算所最好也最难考,对我们这样的有点出身歧视。而京外所好点。我报的沈阳计算所,每年毕业不到50人,全部百分之百就业,就在前几天复试时。公寓老师说,你们毕业月薪过万没啥了不起。最好的今年有几个签百度的,据说年薪22w。 第三,复试容易。大学要选导师,这里不用,第一年在中国科技大学或者北京中科院学习一年再回来选导师。复试这几年几乎是百分之百接受。今年生源不好,招收调剂的了,前几年从不招收。所以上线300就能录取。当然这也是我算好的,算定今年分数不高。如何计算,参看我的考研数据分析。 第四,中科院导师每人最多带三个人,一般二个。项目多,做不完的项目。保证培养质量。 第五,无论在那个所上,毕业证学位证全国统一,都是中国科学院授予。没有地方的名字。 第六,生活条件好,除了上学期间不用担心钱不够花外,住宿是宾馆的标间配置,三人间。三个床。缺点:生活单调,有钱没地方花。地理位置偏僻荒凉。不过就在所里一年半,努力学习专业技术也是很好的地方。 Q2:中科院是不是有特殊要求? 没有任何特殊要求,我们复试很多都是跨考的,比如数学系的,生物的。没有动手能力也不歧视。只要以后肯学,中国科技大学加上中科院会把你调教成专业能手的。相比大学,不用提前联系导师,具有考过初试,就不用再操心的好处。前提分数达到他们所里要求的复试线而不是国家线。 Q3: 能不能推荐几个性比价高的研究所? 第一,我报考的沈阳计算所。专业研究计算机,数控机床很领先。今年所有学科升级为国家一级学科。首批国家工程博士培养单位。就业100%,就业单位所主页有详细历年介绍。不过分数线比较起伏,但是不管如何都比北京的好考。2013个人预测比国家线多出20分以上,因为今年比较低。估计2014年比国家线多出10分左右。详细情况参考历年数据。 第二,成都计算所,这个单位比较特殊。每年招不满,很大程度上由于专制为企业。其实,研究生培养还是中科院。就业也很好,就是招生的人不如沈阳计算所多。如果你很没有把握,只是抱着过线的心,那就考虑他吧。

中国海洋大学计算机基础实验报告

中国海洋大学计算机科学与技术系 实验报告 姓名:学号:专业: 科目:计算机系统原理题目:Lab1的实验 实验时间: 2019/11/09 实验成绩: 35/35 实验教师: 一、实验目的: 1更好地熟悉和掌握计算机中整数和浮点数的二进制编码表示。 2.实验中使用有限类型和数量的运算操作实现一组给定功能的函数,在此过程中加深对数据二进制编码表示的了解 3.熟悉linux基本操作命令,其中常用工具和程序开发环境 4.完善bits.c的各个函数,实现其功能,并通过.btest的测试 二、实验要求 1.尽快熟悉linux基本操作命令,还有其中常用工具和程序开发环境 2.除浮点数函数实现外,只能使用顺序程序结构,禁用if, do, while, for, switch等。 ?有限操作类型,!~ & ^ | + << >> 各函数不一样 ?禁用(!=、==、&&、|| 等组合操作符) ?常量值范围0~255 ?禁用强制类型转换 ?禁用整型外的任何其它数据类型 ?禁用定义和宏 ?不得使用函数 ?具体要求可参看bits.c各函数框架的注释 ?可以使用循环和条件控制;

?可以使用整型和无符号整型常量及变量(取值不受[0,255]限制); ?不使用任何浮点数据类型、操作及常量。 ?可以使用int和unsigned两种整型数据 ?禁用浮点数据类型、struct、union或数组结构。 ?浮点数函数均使用unsigned型数据表示浮点数据。 ?float_abs等函数必须能处理全范围的变量值,包括(NaN)和infinity。三、实验内容(所修改函数代码,功能以及重要代码的解释): 主要操作内容:位操作函数; 补码运算函数; 浮点数表示函数 /* * lsbZero - set 0 to the least significant bit of x * Example: lsbZero(0x87654321) = 0x87654320 * Legal ops: ! ~ & ^ | + << >> * Max ops: 5 * Rating: 1 */ /* 功能:将将整形x最后一位置零 */ int lsbZero(int x) { //right x >>= 1; x <<= 1; return x; } /* * byteNot - bit-inversion to byte n from word x * Bytes numbered from 0 (LSB) to 3 (MSB) * Examples: getByteNot(0x12345678,1) = 0x1234A978 * Legal ops: ! ~ & ^ | + << >> * Max ops: 6 * Rating: 2 */ /* 功能:将指定第n个(这里的顺序从后面数起)字节(8位)与1异或*/ int byteNot(int x, int n) { //right int y = 0xff;//先预定一个8位的11111111

2020年中国科学院大学计算机技术考研招生情况、分数线、参考书目、录取名单、备考经验

一、微电子学院简介 中国科学院大学微电子学院成立于2013年,以中科院微电子所为主承办单位,中科院半导体所、中科院上海高研院、中科院上海微系统所、中科院电子所、中科院声学所参与共同建设,覆盖从设计、制造、设备和材料等微电子技术领域的绝大部分学科方向,是目前国内综合研究能力最高,设备最完善,学科覆盖最广的微电子学院,也是首批国家示范性微电子学院建设单位之一。微电子学院硕士研究生招生专业包括:微电子学与固体电子学(080903,由微电子所代招)、电子与通信工程(085208)、集成电路工程(085209)、计算机技术(085211)。 2019年预计招收硕士研究生共240人,实际招生人数以当年度下达的指标数为准。微电子学院欢迎并鼓励学习微电子专业及信息与通信工程类、计算机类、自动化类、软件类、光电技术、物理与应用物理学、材料学等相关专业的同学报考。 二、中国科学院大学计算机技术专业招生情况、考试科目 三、中国科学院大学计算机技术专业分数线 四、中国科学院大学计算机技术专业考研参考书目 856电子线路 1、Robert L.Boylestad, Louis Nashelsky(作者), 李立华, 李永华(译者),模拟电子技术,电子工业出版社; 第1版(2008年6月1日),国外电子与通信教材系列

2、童诗白、华成英,模拟电子技术基础(第五版),高等教育出版社,2015年 3、(美)John F.Wakerly 林生葛红金京林(翻译)数字设计:原理与实践(原书第4版) ,机械工业出版社,2007 年5月 4、阎石,数字电子技术基础(第六版),高等教育出版社,2016年 859信号与系统 郑君里等,《信号与系统》,上下册,高等教育出版社,2011年3月,第三版。 奥本海姆等,《信号与系统》,电子工业出版社,2013,第二版。 863计算机学科综合(专业) 1、计算机网络(第七版). 谢希仁编著,北京:电子工业出版社,2017年。 五、中国科学院大学计算机技术专业复试原则 1、专业考核 重点考查考生大学学习情况及对专业知识掌握的深度和广度,对知识灵活运用的程度以及考生的实验技能和实际动手能力等,了解考生从事科研工作的潜力和创新能力。专业课复试范围:考核《半导体物理》、《半导体集成电路》、《信号与系统》、《电子线路》等方面的综合基础知识,注重基本概念和知识面。 2、英语听力和口语考核 主要考核考生运用英语知识与技能进行听说交际的能力,由我所组织专家进行考核。听力要求考生能听懂日常生活中的通知、讲话、一般性谈话或讨论等。口语要求考生能用英语回答有关日常生活、家庭、工作、学习等方面的问题,并能就某个话题进行连续性的英语表达。 3、思想政治品德考核 思想政治品德主要考核考生的政治态度、思想表现、道德品质等方面的基本情况。 4、综合素质考核 考核考生的工作学习态度、团队合作精神、人文素养、沟通和交流能力等方面的基本素质。 六、中国科学院大学计算机技术专业录取原则以及录取名单(2018) 总成绩=初试成绩/5×50%+复试成绩×50% 其中,复试成绩=专业考核×95%+外语测试×5%,复试总成绩采用百分制,60分为及格。复试成绩不合格者,不予录取。同时参考思想政治品德和综合素质考核。同一类型考生的考核优先级按总成绩(初试+复试)从高到低依次择优录取,体现第一志愿考生优先的原则。

中国海洋大学计算机科学与技术系-实验报告(样本)

中国海洋大学信息科学与工程学院计算机科学与技术系 实验报告 姓名:年级:专业:计算机科学与技术 科目:汇编语言题目:调试工具DEBUG的使用 实验时间: 2013年月日实验成绩: 实验教师: 一、实验目的: 1.熟悉DEBUG的功能,运行并掌握其常用命令。 2.使用DEBUG,通过数据传送指令观察IBM-PC机各种寻址方式的区别。 二、实验环境(硬件或软件): 在DOS或Windows的命令行窗口执行命令Debug.exe,进入Debug程序环境,熟悉Debug各个命令的用法,Windows 8版本没有Debug环境,需要配置虚拟机环境。 三、实验原理: 1. DEBUG的加载及其常用命令(A、U、R、D、E、T、P、G、Q)的使用情况。(注意:微机进入 DEBUG状态下之后,一切立即数和地址数据均被默认为十六进制数,在输入时数的后面不加后缀“H”。) 2.按照程序要求编写简单程序段. 3.在Debug中输入简单的汇编程序片断,并调试运行,得出结果. 四、实验内容(实验步骤或者程序编写): (1)用E命令键入机器语言程序和数据段的初值。 —E DS:000 2301 2500 —E DS:006 2A 2A 2A (2A为*,是为便于查看数据段内容而设置) (2)用D命令检查数据段、代码段内容。 —D DS:0 —D CS:100 (3)用T命令逐条执行上述程序,注意观察每条指令执行后相应寄存器的变化。 (4)用U命令反汇编本程序。 —U 100 10A (5)用G命令运行程序。 3.自己试着写段程序: -A 100↙

16C6:0100 DB‘1234567890‘↙ 16C6:010A CLD↙ 16C6:010B MOV SI,100↙ 16C6:010E MOV DI,200↙ 16C6:0111 MOV CX,A↙ 16C6:0114 REP MOVSB↙ 16C6:0116↙ -G =10A 116↙;运行上述程序(起始地址10AH,结束地址116H)。 -D 100 L A↙;显示DS:100开始10个字节内容 16C6:0100 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38-39 30 ‘1234567890 -D ES:200 L A↙显示ES:100开始10个字节内容 16C6:0200 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38-39 30 ‘1234567890 五、实验结果及分析: 在命令窗口中启动DEBUG,随着启动成功后,将显示连接符“-”,这时,可输入各种DEBUG命令。另外在提示符“-”下才能输入命令,在按“回车”键后,该命令才开始执行命令是单个字母,命令和参数的大小写可混合输入可用F1、F2、F3、Ins、Del、左移键、右移键等编辑键来编辑本行命令当命令出现语法错误时,将在出错位置显示“^ Error”可用Ctrl+C或Ctrl+Break来终止当前命令的执行,还可用Ctrl+S 或Ctrl+Num Lock来暂停屏幕显示(当连续不断地显示信息时)。 通过DEBUG工具的使用,不仅能加深理解和巩固课堂上老师所学的知识,而且还能了解计算机的底层调试软件的工作过程,为今后学习后续课程打好良好的基础。

相关文档
相关文档 最新文档