刘晓艳长难句讲义

考研英语基础—长难句

第二部分并列句

查错：

Few of the nation's largest cities are state capitals;thus neither New York nor Chicago is the seat of its state's government.

I was ill therefore I could not come.

练习:

一、修改病句

1I was in the middle of the night,slipped into his house,

2he is my teacher,he graduated from oxford university.

3he stole my apple,that make me angry.

4Forgive me for writing such a long letter I did not have time to write shorter one.

5I don’t want to bore you,I can’t find anyone to bore.

二、串连句子:用括号中的连接词连接下面各组句子。

1)It was a cold snowy day．

He had no money left for food．(and)

2)study hard．

You’11fail in the exam．(or)

3)it is so badly cold．

I went to have class anyway．(but)

4)I enjoy playing football．

She enjoys playing football，too．(so)

5)He must be ill．

He is absent today．(for)

6)Some people waste water

Others haven’t enough．(while)

7)She is overweight．

Her husband is thin．(whereas)

8)She cannot sing．

She cannot dance，either．(neither)

三选择题练习

1.Permission was not granted for the interview;______,the reporters never gave

up hope.

A.consequently

B.likewise

C.however

D.moreover

2____a well-balanced diet______adequate sleep is needed for good health.

A.Neither…nor…

B.Not only…but also

C.Rather…than

D.

Because…so

3Cramming for exams rarely helps;____,many students stay up until dawn,studying on the night before a big test.

A.for

B.again

C.instead

D.nevertheless

4Two of the students have neither the intelligence nor the diligence to learn the required lesson;____,they will be dismissed from the program.

A.but

B.consequently

C.similarly

D.indeed

5I______keenly interested in newsreels.（新闻短片）

A.as well as he can

B.as well as he is

C.as well as he are

D.as well as him am

四翻译练习

1.In the American economy,the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights,including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.(94年)

2.However,whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans,or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had35 million years ago,is,as yet,an unanswered question.

（05年）

3.They give their owners automatic credit in stores,restaurants,and hotels,at home,across the country,and even abroad,and they make many banking services available as well.94

4.Innovation is like soccer;even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.94

6.the journey never really ends;there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try,new challenges to accept.

7.We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances(drugs) is pervasive:an aspirin to quiet a headache,some wine to be sociable,coffee to get going in the morning,a cigarette for the nerves.

8.There are about105males born for every100females,but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity,and among70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men.2000

9The data suggest,for example,that physically attractive individuals are more likely to be treated well by their parents,sought out as friends,and pursued romantically.(被异性追求)（98.1第一篇Beauty does matters)

10.As families move away from their stable community,their friends of many years, their extended family relationships,the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.(95年p3)

11.When that happens,it is not a mistake;it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action--an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.

12There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research technique appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.

13Until these issues are resolved,a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected,and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.

14Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes for pictures or music was not only a loss of happiness,but might possibly be injurious to the intellect and more probably to the moral character.08

15While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition,it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.09

16Questions seem mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.

第三部分名词和名词性成分

1主语从句

真题1）That the seas are being overfished has been known for years,(2006) 2）That the plates are moving is not beyond dispute98

再如

3)it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily,make distinctions,reason logically,and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems.

4）For example,it has long been known that total sleep deprivation is100percent fatal to rats,yet,on examination of the dead bodies,the animals look completely normal.

5）Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.94

6）How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,reliability,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.95

2宾语从句

She said(that)she would be back by five.

The teacher asked me if I needed any help.

Could you tell me why he got divorced with his wife.

I am not sure who I will vote for.

7）Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure?95

8）难：You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction (归纳法)and deduction（演绎法）,that by the help of these operations,they,in a sort of sense,manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws,and that out of these,by some special skill of their own,they build up their theories.93

3表语从句

9)A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly,courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them97

10)women are much too preoccupied by family,once the marriage begins to disintegrate, they are lost.That is where their unhappiness spring from and that is why most divorced mothers regard themselves as victims

练习：Galileo’s greatest glory was that in1609he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.94

4同位语从句

11)A century ago,Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears;05

12）evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as6months old.

13)The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious,but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers.95

14）but the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media07

练习

一、将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为主语从句。

1)we need help in learning english．

That is quite obvious．

2)you have found your love．

That is good news．

3)She will come here．

It doesn’t seem likely．

4)graduates find it hard to find jobs．

It is unbelievable．

5)We are badly in need of something．

It is raw material.

二、将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为宾语从句。

1)What kind of show are they putting on?

Can you figure out?

1)Is the letter overweight?

I'm wondering．

2)How can we improve our oral English?

3)I am thinking of that．

4)Is tom the right person for the job?

we are still uncertain as to that．

5)Peter has a slight headache sometimes．

He has always been in good health except that．

6)He had forgotten to take his car with him．

He suddenly remembered that.

三、用”what”从句将下列句子补充完整。

1)Could you show me________(you，write)?

2)This is________(we，should always，keep in mind)．

3)(they，see)________in China made a deep impression on them．

4)We must not put off till tomorrow________(we，can，do，today)．

四、将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为同位语从句。

1）He is growing old．

Nothing can hide the fact．

2）He works hard．

The fact does not necessarily mean that he is a competent leader．

3）He explained that he didn’t see the notice．

The explanation is unsatisfactory．

4）He holds that there is no advantage in introducing the new method．Most of us don’t agree with his view．

5）He won the first gold medal at the23m Olympic Games．

The news soon spread throughout the country．

6）He has suggested that intelligence is a relative matter．

His suggestion is not universally accepted．

第四部分修饰名词的成分

一）找出下列句子中所有的定语成分

1Over the years,tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.

2Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs.Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.96）

4Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals,including man.

（96）

5After six months of arguing and final16hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.97

6Whether to use tests,other kinds of information,or both in a particular situation depends,therefore,upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.95

7“In short,”a leader of the new school contends,“the scientific revolution, as we call it,was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”

二）定语从句

1.试译：夜莺用生命换来的玫瑰花被拒绝了。

艾滋病的治疗是我们可以合作的领域

The old lady died_______________(在她儿子到达的那天).

This is_______________(我赞成这一改革的理由).

We should respect those_____(毕生致力于服务人民的人)

2.Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned,orderly,systematic,and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.2003

定语从句的重点和难点：

A rich person is not who has the most,but is one who needs the least

When someone abandons you,he is the one who should get loss

1.The researchers made great progress in the early1970s,when they discovered that oncogenes（致癌基因）,which are cancer-causing genes,are inactive in normal cells. 94

2.By contrast,they saw in the preceding hundred years from1650to1750,when England was still a completely agricultural country,a period of great abundance and prosperity.（98年完型）

3.Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all,people will have to accept more“unnatural food”.91翻译

4he likes lifting weight,which is a good exercise.

5.Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members,friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve95

6.For workers it can mean an end to the security,benefits and sense of importance that came from being a loyal employee.97

7.The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought,which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.04.61

8My girlfriend likes dancing with other guys,which really makes me mad.

9.And the cost of computing power continues to free fall,which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon（计算机，网络）.99

10.Today,stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn,among other things, that you might--surprise!--fall off.99

11.As a linguist,he acknowledges that all varieties of human language,including non-standard ones like Black English,can be powerfully expressive--there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas.05

12.It can be predicted,however,that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers.96

练习

一、将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为定语从句。

1)1went to visit the American author．

He wrote a number of books about China．

2)My aunt prepared the soup．

I ate the soup．

3)I have an arrangement with my bank．

By the arrangement they let me use their money and repay them next month．

4)He sent her a letter．

In the letter he said that he was sorry for what he had done to her．

5)Mr.Brown just came from Britain yesterday．

He will teach US accounting this term．

6)She is going to spend the winter holidays in Hainan．

She has relatives there.

7)The United States is known for its supermarkets．

In these supermarkets,huge quantifies of all kinds of food and household articles are sold．

8)The story happened in late l9th century．

At that time，China is suffering from the invasion of western powers．

二改错

1.I enjoyed the music which zhoujielun composed it.

2.The people who I met them at the party last night were interesting.

3.I will never forget the days when I spent with you.

4.I will never forget the day when I met you for the first time.

5.Do you love that building which roof is round.

6.This is the town where I was born.

7.This is the town where I will visit.

三．寻找先行词练习：

1）Because they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges,teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the __25__that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are admired by others.（03）

[A]assistance[B]guidance[C]confidence[D]tolerance

2）inaccurate or indefinite words may make it difficult for the listener to understand the__48__which is being transmitted to him.94

[A]speech[B]sense[C]message[D]meaning

找引导词

3）When the work is well done,a climate of accident-free operations is established __44__time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.

(99.完型)

[A]where[B]how[C]what[D]unless

4）The words used by the speaker may stir up unfavorable reactions in the listener __45__interfere with his comprehension;hence,the transmission-reception system breaks down.94年

[A]who[B]as[C]which[D]what

四定语翻译题练习

1the role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago,and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.

2Taylor defined culture as that complex whole which includes belief,art, morals,law,custom,and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.

3It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset:it invites you to think that anminals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans,or with no consideration at all.

4This trend began during the second world war when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.

5Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the south pole and balloon-born instruments are closing in on such structures,and may report their findings soon.

第五部分动词

一、实意动词分为及物和不及物动词

A及物动词：

I am watching TV;he is sending a letter

How long can I keep the book?

I believe you/what you said;

B不及物动词：

Birds can fly.The story happened in1900.

I am looking(at you)/I am looking you;

He is listening to（the teacher carefully）.

C有些动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词;

1.I began at once;/I began studying at once when I got home

2.He has left/he has left Chongqing.

I can see your mind/I see.

Can I ask you a question?/He always ask for trouble.

My heart is beating/he always beats his dog.

D练习

●The young must obey to their elders.

●Do not approach to that odd-looking man.

●The audience attacked on the rude speaker.

●Nothing can escape from his parents'eyes.

●Do you hope to serve for your nation?

●When did Susan marry with Paul?

例子：This view is generally thought to be wrong.Specialists in history and economics, have__49__two things:that the period from1650to1750was marked by great poverty, [A]manifested[B]approved[C]shown[D]speculated

He must use this surplus in three ways:as seed for sowing,as an insurance against the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to__44__old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to feed the soil.00

[A]replace[B]purchase[C]supplement[D]dispose

二、情态动词

练习

1.Mary’s score on the test is the highest in her class;she________have studied

very hard.

A)may B)should C)must D)ought to

2.You________her in her office last Friday;she’s been out of town for two weeks.

A)needn’t have seen B)must have seen C)might have seen D)can’t have seen

3.You___all those calculations.we have a computer.

A neednot have done

B shouldnot have done

C must not have done

D can not have done

4Some women________a good salary in a job instead of staying home,but they decided not to work for the sake of the family.

A)must make B)should have made C)would make D)could have made

5.The careless man received a ticket for speeding.He________have driven so fast.

A)can’t B)wouldn’t C)shouldn’t D)mustn’t

6.翻译：他一定是梦见什么可怕的东西了。

I cannot find my dog,(我可能昨天忘在咖啡店里了)

钱丢了，谁可能偷了我的钱呢？

我本来可以借给你钱的，你怎么不跟我借啊。

三、分词用法

找出分词作定语，翻译并试着把下面四句话改成定从：

1）Science moves forward,they say,not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. (94翻译)

2）Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs.Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.96（分词做定语，已讲过）

3）Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep,characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming,and longer periods of non-REM sleep.

（95）

分词作状语

The test finished,we began our holiday.

=When the test was finished,we began our holiday.

考试结束了，我们开始放假。

The president assassinated,the whole country was in deep sorrow.

=After the president was assassinated,the whole country was in deep sorrow.总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。

真题解析

4）In response,schools are modifying their programs,adapting instruction to children who are exceptional,to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.94

练习

1、两个句子的主语一致时，其中一个往往可以改写成分词结构作状语。

1)Every one of us had been convinced that the project was feasible by the time we left the meeting．

2)As Peter got home from the three-month-long journey to the Antarctic he looked tired out．

3)They went hunting for hours，but when they returned they were empty-handed

4)When he entered the office he was still annoyed by the way she spoke to him．

5)Teenagers are pressured by school work．They are also encouraged by their peers．Under such circumstances，they resort to smoking．

6)College students now are primarily interested in grades and economic success. They cheat on exams more frequently．

2、两个句子的主语相关但不一致时，其中一个句子往往可以改写成分词的独立结构作状语。

1)He sat in front of them．And his dusty face masked his age.

2)She heard a continual strange noise coming from the next room．Her heart beat fast．

3)The old beggar sat at the comer．Tears welled up in his eyes．

4)Jim continued on his way．The dog was jumping about in front of him．

5)The girl in the snapshot wore a broad smile．Her long hair flowed in the breeze.

3、翻译练习：（不要翻译成状语从句）

1如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。

2工作完成后，我们才回家。

3会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。

4我有很多特色，包括长得帅。

5狗跟着他，Peter走出了教室。

四、虚拟语气

练习题 1.The teacher demanded that the exam_____before eleven.

A.must finish

B.would be finished

C.be finished

D.must be finished

2.He is talking so much about America as if he_____there.

A.had been

B.has been

C.was

D.h as gone

3.The young man insisted that he_____nothing wrong and_____free.

A.did;set

B.had done;should be set

C.should do;be set

D.had done;must be set

4.I suggested there____be a kind of language all could understand and use__ __.

A.can;it

B./;/

C.would;it

D.may;/

5.It is important that we_____wild animals.

A.will protect

B.should protect

C.shall protect

D.are protecti ng

6.Had you listened to the doctor,you_____all right now.

A.are

B.were

C.would be

D.would have been

7.Should it rain,the crops_____.

A.would be saved

B.would have been saved

C.will be saved

D.had been saved

8.He treated me as though/as if_____his own son.

A.I am

B.I would be

C.I was

D.

I were

9.---“Have you ever been to Beijing?”

---“No,but I wish I_____”

A.have

B.will

C.do

D.had

10.I’m glad I went over all my notes;otherwise_____.

A.I may have failed

B.I’d fail

C.I’d have failed

D.I’ll have failed

第六部分形容词副词

一在句子中所做成分

1.Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings,which

investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom04

2Native American languages are indeed different,so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.

04七选五

3He must use this surplus in three ways:as seed for sowing,as an insurance against the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to replace old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to feed the soil.00

4As a logical consequence of this development,separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership.01

5.Three weeks later,he got his first notification of an opening.“I struck gold,”

says Redmon,who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company.04

6.Over the years,tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental

innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.94 7The greater use of school education is not so much to teach you things as to teach you the art of learning.

8The great thing in this world is not so much where we stand as in what direction we are moving.

9Science moves forward,they say,not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.(94)

二状语从句

翻译中状语从句翻译是重点和难点，完型填空中逻辑关系词也很重要。从本质上说状语从句就是用不同的连词将几个分句连接起来，以表达分句间特定的逻辑关系。

一选择

1.I’ll let you know____he comes back.

A.before

B.because

C.as soon as

D.although

2.She will sing a song____she is asked.

A.if

B.unless

C.for

D.since

3.We will work____we are needed.

A.whenever

B.because

C.since

D.wherever

4.Read it aloud_____the class can hear you.

A.so that

B.if

C.when

D.although

5._____you go,don't forget your people.

A.Whenever

B.However

C.Wherever

D.Whichever

6.It is about ten years_____I met you last.

A.since

B.for

C.when

D.as

7.They will never succeed,_____hard they try.

A.because

B.however

C.when

D.since

8._____still half drunk,he made his way home.

A.When

B.Because

C.Though

D.As

9._____she was very tired,she went on working.

A.As

B.Although

C.Even

D.In spite of

10.Busy_____he was,he tried his best to help you.

A.as

B.when

C.since

D.for

二翻译

1.The target is wrong,for in attacking the tests,critics divert attention from the

fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.95

2The rats develop bacterial infections of the blood,__50__their immune systems--the self-protecting mechanism against disease--had crashed.95

[A]if[B]as if[C]only if[D]if only

3He can continue to support himself and his family__42__he produces a surplus.00

[A]only if[B]much as[C]long before[D]ever since

4.If the small hot spots look as expected,that will be a triumph for yet another

scientific idea,a refinement of the big bang called the inflationary universe theory.

5.owing to the remarkable development in mass communications,people everywhere

are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas,while

governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above

6.The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well

studied languages of europe and southeast asia that some scholars even accused boas and sapir of fabricating their data04

7While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories,it is preferable for journalists to rely on their notions of significance and make their own judgments.07

8but his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity,any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.

9traditionally，legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers,rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person07

10Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.99

第七部分倒装和强调句式

一倒装

1．否定词位于句首时

1）I have never been to Europe．

2)He had hardly eaten anything before the dinner was over．

3）She had scarcely fallen asleep when a knock at the door awakened her．

4）Anne had arrived no sooner than she fell ill．

5)She cares little about what others say about her．

试译：她几乎不洗澡；

2．So，nor，neither等词位于句首，表明前句说明的情况也适用于本句时。

1)Richard can speak Japanese．His sister can speak Japanese，too．

2)Copper is a good conductor．Many other metals are good conductors，too．

3)Paul could not dance，and he could not sing either．

4)The husband was not hospitable to the visitor．And the wife did not say a word of welcome either．

3．含有So…that结构的句子将so引导的部分位于句首时

1)He was so excited that he could not go to sleep．

2)He spoke so forcefully at the meeting that everyone present was convinced．

3)He worked so hard that he obtained his Ph．D．degree one year ahead of schedule．4）她是如此的漂亮，以至于能吸引住每一个人。（catch the eyes of everyone）

4．only引出的状语位于句首时

1)His father called his name only once．

2)The doctor realized only then that his patient needed surgery．

3)We can conclude the business only when you adjust down your price．

5．省略if的虚拟语气用倒装

练习：翻译

1直到截止日期他才寄出他的申请表格六级翻译

2not only他向我收费过高，but he did not do a good repair job either,

3only in the small town,他才感到安全和放松。

4never once老两口相互争吵since they were married40years ago.

5.For example,they do not compensate for gross social inequality,and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.95

6.point is that the players who score most are the ones who take most shots at the goal--and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity.94

7.At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin,56,who took over for the late Steve Ross in1992.97(介词短语放句首，全部倒装)

9Scattered around the globe are more than100small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots.

解析雅思阅读之分析长难句答案

1.An alternative to this notion of genetic programming is to see the teacher-subjects’ actions as a result of the social environment under which the experiment was carried out. 2.An action such as shocking a victim, which in isolation appears evil, acquires a completely different meaning when placed in this setting. 3.Here we have two radically different explanations for why so many teacher-subjects were willing to forgo their sense of personal responsibility for the sake of an institutional authority figure. 4.That would matter less if people applied the same degree of skepticism to environmental lobbying as they do to lobby groups in other fields. 5.One form of pollution –the release of greenhouse gases that causes global warming –does appear to be a phenomenon that is going to extend well into our future, but its total impact is unlikely to pose a devastating problem. 6.Thus, in this explanation the subject merges his unique personality and personal and moral code with that of larger institutional structures, surrendering individual properties like loyalty, self-sacrifice and discipline to the service of malevolent systems of authority. 7. A modern hard-core sociobiologist might even go so far as to claim that this aggressive instinct evolved as an advantageous trait, having been of survival value to our ancestors in their struggle against the hardships of life on the plains and in the carves, ultimately finding its way into our genetic make-up as a remnant of our ancient animal ways. 8.Yet opinion polls suggest that many people nurture the belief that

英语长难句70句分析

如何掌握长难句 复杂长句是考研阅读理解短文的最显著特点之一，是文章语言难度所在，也是命题者常常出题之处。因此具备较好的剖析复杂长句的能力，对于考研阅读理解至关重要。复杂长句典型的特点是，多个语法现象或特殊句式同时出现在一个较长的句子中，使句子修饰词很多，句中套句，成分中套成分，从而造成考生对其准确意义的理解困难。 对于复杂长句，不管其结构多么复杂多变、盘根错节，只要把握住句子结构的主脉络抓住句子的关键词和关键信息，再根据自己所掌握的各种语法知识及一些特殊句式的构成规律，就可理清头绪，找到思路。由于复杂长句很难理解，考生在平时阅读时应多加练习。 下面分8类总结了最典型的70句真题长难句，希望考生复习时能多揣摩，如能将其中英文全部背熟，长难句肯定过关。 第一节比较结构 1.There are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. 【参考译文】现在已有一些机器人系统能够进行精确到毫米以下的脑部和骨骼手术---这要比极具技巧的医生单单用手精确得多。 2.I have discovered，as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress，that abandoning the doctr ine of “juggling your life”，and making the alternative move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status． 【参考译文】或许正像凯尔西在不堪积劳重负而公开地辞去她在《她》杂志社的编辑一职之后—样，我已经发现，放弃那种“为生活忙碌”的人生信条并转而追求比较悠闲的生活带给你的回报远远大于经济成功和社会地位。 3.While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline—after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late’80s—and is still linked to the politics of thrift，in Britain，at least among the middle-class down shifters of my acquaintance，we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives. 【参考译文】在美国，这一返朴趋势是以经济衰落的反应为开始的---那是在80年代末期裁员而引起大量的失业之后---现在依然与提倡节俭的政纲相关；而在英国，最起码在我所熟识的中产阶级返朴归隐者中，追求简约生活的原因就多种多样了。

吴耀武英语长难句讲义

2013考研英语基础班讲义 考研英语长难句解析 一、考研英语长难句之定语从句 一、定语从句 定语从句是英语中一种最常见的句型，它可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，即定语从句的关系词在文中修饰哪个词、短语或句子。在主句中不可缺少的定语从句称限定性定语从句。对主句起附加说明作用的定语从句称非限定性定语从句。此外，定语从句和主句之间还存在着状语关系，说明原因、目的、让步、假设等。 例1.The change met the technical requirement of the new age and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. (1996年真题) 例2.The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. 【只有一个指示代词those，一个管后面的两个词，所以goods and services是整体的，所以后面的that指代的是它们的整体】若在se前加these 会修饰se 例3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. 例4. The government promised to give preferential taxation policies and loans of low interest rate to those enterprises that could improve their structure of production and were willing to take in over 50 laid-off workers yearly. 条件（转翻译） 例5. The local government introduced the snakes into this area hoping that they would control the number of mice, which然而，不料finally became the threat needed to be controlled.（逻辑） 例6.The environmental protection should be given priority which means the economic development would be lowered to some extent in a developing country. 例7. She was confirmed to be infected with bird flu that calls for a quarantine and medical observation for weeks in the hospital. 例8.In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly

何凯文考研英语长难句精讲完备讲义(完美打印版)

考研英语长难句突破讲义 适用对象：考研学子，四级，六级英语学习或相当者。 课程目的：打破英语阅读学习的幻觉，真正获得一扇通向别样美丽世界的窗户，人生从此再无长难句。为英语写作夯实基础。 课程安排：方法论讲解；难句解析；考试实战演练 第一部分方法论讲解 引子我们为什么要精读句子 1.精读能力的要求（消除障碍的阅读） 自由笔记区目标：准确【重要】精读 2．泛读能力的要求（广泛获取信息的阅读） 目标：快速 技能：高职 阅读的实际过程是什么知识：本科 Input（英文）-mind（句子层面）-output（中文）思维：研究生 思想：博士 阅读在句子层面的障碍 1．含义 2．语序 简单句的障碍来源 简单句：只有一套谓语的句子 基本句型包括：主+谓，主+谓+宾，主+谓+双宾，主+谓+宾+宾补，主+系+表 定语，状语，同位语，插入语 简单句的障碍识别及处理方法 定语：在句子中修饰名词的成分problem-定义-细化-solution（思维方式） 前置定语：adj+名词 后置定语： 形容词短语：形容词+介词+名词this is a book useful for your future Ving a woman walked on the road Ved a painting painted by Jane n. + to do a way to solve the problem 介词短语：介词+名词a bottle of water on the table 表语形容词：alive a cat alive 解决方案：前置P．S：I want to be part of something big. Something属于不定代词。 【不定代词定语置后】 定语从句（不属于简单句范畴） 关系代词：人称代词：who whom which that as +非完整句 引导词物主代词：whose +完整句

刘晓艳长难句讲义

考研英语基础—长难句 第二部分并列句 查错： Few of the nation's largest cities are state capitals;thus neither New York nor Chicago is the seat of its state's government. I was ill therefore I could not come. 练习: 一、修改病句 1I was in the middle of the night,slipped into his house, 2he is my teacher,he graduated from oxford university. 3he stole my apple,that make me angry. 4Forgive me for writing such a long letter I did not have time to write shorter one. 5I don’t want to bore you,I can’t find anyone to bore. 二、串连句子:用括号中的连接词连接下面各组句子。 1)It was a cold snowy day． He had no money left for food．(and) 2)study hard． You’11fail in the exam．(or) 3)it is so badly cold． I went to have class anyway．(but) 4)I enjoy playing football． She enjoys playing football，too．(so) 5)He must be ill． He is absent today．(for) 6)Some people waste water Others haven’t enough．(while)

高考英语阅读理解长难句分析详解

高考英语阅读理解长难句分析详解 第一节：找谓语，定主语 一般情况下，一个谓语形式的动词对应其动作的发出者（主语），我们可以根据谓语动词的意义来确定其主语。而且，如果一个句子中出现两个或两个以上的谓语形式的动词，则该句可以是并列句或复合句（并列谓语动词的情况除外）。如Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment --- although no one had proposed to do so and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. 【简析】此句中的谓语形式的动词及其对应的主语有：was opposed --he; ordered--he; (should) not be used ---federal--funds; had proposed --- no one; asked--he (asked前面有and, 说明asked与前面某个谓语动词并列，根据逻辑意义asked应与ordered并列)。这一句的主干为“he ordered... asked ....”, “Declaring that...”作状语。 句意：他宣布自己反对使用这种非同寻常的蓄牧繁殖技术来克隆人类，并下令不准联邦政府基金用于做此类试验——尽管还没有人建议这么做——他还请一个普林斯顿大学校长Harold Shapiro 为首的独立专家组在90天内向白宫汇报关于制定有关克隆人的国家政策的建议。 第二节：提主干，去枝叶（从句等） 一般情况下，一个句子中的主句所表达的信息为主要信息，从句所表达的信息为次要信息。若句子的主干提炼不出来，就不能完全把握句子的核心意义，从而导致思维混乱，主次不分。如： First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the 17th century，the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds，including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem，and

英语长难句70句分析

如何掌握长难句复杂长句是考研阅读理解短文的最显着特点之一，是文章语言难度所在，也是命题者常常出题之处。因此具备较好的剖析复杂长句的能力，对于考研阅读理解至关重要。复杂长句典型的特点是，多个语法现象或特殊句式同时出现在一个较长的句子中，使句子修饰词很多，句中套句，成分中套成分，从而造成考生对其准确意义的理解困难。 对于复杂长句，不管其结构多么复杂多变、盘根错节，只要把握住句子结构的主 脉络抓住句子的关键词和关键信息，再根据自己所掌握的各种语法知识及一些特殊句式的构成规律，就可理清头绪，找到思路。由于复杂长句很难理解，考生在平时阅读时应多加练习。 下面分8 类总结了最典型的70 句真题长难句，希望考生复习时能多揣摩，如能将其中英文全部背熟，长难句肯定过关。 第一节比较结构 are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy —far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. 【参考译文】现在已有一些机器人系统能够进行精确到毫米以下的脑部和骨骼手术--- 这要比极具技巧的医生单单用手精确得多。 have discovered ，as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress ，that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life ”，and making the alternative move into “downshifting ” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status ． 【参考译文】或许正像凯尔西在不堪积劳重负而公开地辞去她在《她》杂志社的编辑一职之后—样，我已经发现，放弃那种“为生活忙碌”的人生信条并转而追求比较悠闲的生活带给你的回报远远大于经济成功和社会地位。 in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline —after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late ' 80s—and is still linked to the politics of thrift ，in Britain

02语法讲义--长难句分析 【完整版】

考 研 语 法 （英 语 一） 微博/公众号：田静 Shadow 第三部分 长难句分析 第一章 基本结构的长难句分析 第一节 断开长难句 第二节 简化长难句 第二章 特殊结构的长难句分析 —— —— 断开 简化 1 标点 2 连接词 3 分析主谓 断开长难句： 一、标点 The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread. (2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3) It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. (2011, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4) Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate. (2010, Reading Comprehension, Part B) 二、连接词 并列连词：and but or … 从属连词：because if while although as … 关系词：that how wh‐ … 从句开始于连接词，结束于三种位置： （一）结束于标点 （二）结束于下一个连接词前 （三）结束于第二个谓语动词前 One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. (2011, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1) 长难句 多个句子/多件事 简单句 一个句子／一件事 简单句的核心 一件事的核心内容

考研英语语法长难句讲义-简单句并列句【】

考研英语：语法长难句

目录 第一课奋斗的开始-简单句 (3) 一什么是英语句子？ (3) 二英语句子的基本结构 (3) 三句子的成分 (4) 四简单句的考点分析 (6) 第二课难点稍露尖尖角并列句 (9) 一什么是并列句？ (9) 二并列连词及与其同义的逻辑关系词 (9) 三并列句的考点分析 (9)

第一课奋斗的开始-简单句一什么是英语句子？ 英汉句法结构的差异 举例： ?北京机场就要到了。 ?我要去剪头。 二英语句子的基本结构 1.主谓 2.主谓宾 谓语：实义动词 3.主谓表 谓语：系动词 系动词主要分为以下六类： ?be ?感官动词：look, smell, taste, sound, feel ?变化：become, get, turn, grow, fall ?保持：keep, stay, remain, stand ?表象：seem, appear

?终止：prove 4.主谓双宾 5.主谓宾宾补 举例： ?I bought him a dog. ?You should keep the room clean and tidy. ?We made him our monitor. ?His father told him not to play in the street. 三句子的成分 1.谓语 1）谓语的成分： 举例： ?Your mother must very beautiful. 2）动词能不能多？ 举例 ?Laugh at others is my hobby. ?I enjoy see movies. ?My dream is become a rich lady. 练习 ?他穿上外衣，锁上门，离开了家。 ?大熊猫是熊科中最罕见的成员，主要生活在中国西南部的森林里。 ?长江流经不同的生态体系，是诸多濒危物种的栖息地，灌溉了中国五分之一的土地。 ?我爱你，你爱我。 ?冬天来了，春天就不远了。

高考英语阅读理解长难句解析整理版

高考英语阅读理解长难句解析 第一部分：高中英语长难句解析 在阅读中，我们经常会遇到一些长而难的句子。长难句通常含有较多、较长的修饰成分、并列成分或从句。长难句的丰富内容和复杂结构往往会导致理解的困难。理解长难句的关键是了解长难句的类型，理清句子成分，抓住句子中的关键部分。 纵观历年高考英语试题，可以发现阅读文章中出现了许多结构复杂的句子。不难理解，命题者在句子难度上大做文章，无非是想通过增加句子长度和使用复杂结构来打断和干扰考生正常的阅读习惯和思维方式，从而达到考查考生综合阅读能力的目的。下面我们来了解长难句最常见的形式。一、复合从句 这些句子往往较长，一个从句套着另一个从句，环环相扣，使得考生搞不清楚整个句子结构。其实，不管句子有多长有多复杂，它只由两部分构成，即主干和修饰成分。主干是整个句子的骨架，主要指主谓宾结构(如: I want a ticket.)或主系表结构(如:The man is a teacher.)。而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用，它既可以是单词，也可以是短语，更常见的则是从句，尤其是定语从句和状语从句。这些从句都很常见，考生比较熟悉，但很多时候不少考生分不清单词、短语和从句之间的相互关系，这样会导致整个句子分析混乱。 这时，考生应通过仔细分析，将每个修饰成分划出来，找出句子的主干，这样整个句子结构就清晰了。 二、分隔结构 为了调整语气和增加补充信息，更主要的是为了平衡句子结构，避免头重脚轻，使语义严密，结构紧凑，可将语法关系密切的两个句子成分用其他语法成分分隔开来，这就是所谓的分隔结构。考试中出现较多的是插入语、用破折号插入的新话题或补充信息。此外，还有一些句子成分（一般是定语）过长而出现后置，也可以看作是插入现象，只不过它只是句子原有成分位置的调整，没有新增信息。 三、成分省略 在英语句子中，节约用词是一条重要的修辞原则。省略主要是为了避免重复，突出关键词并使上下文紧密连接。成分省略一般和从句相结合，一正一反，使句子富于变化，增强表现力。 例如在以than，as引导的比较状语从句中，一些成分往往被省略，会给理解带来一定的影响，而且这类句子出现频率较高，考生需要熟记。

I长难句特点剖析

I.长难句特点剖析： 要应对长难句，就要了解其特点，所谓知己知彼，百战百胜。分析历年长难句，将其主要特点总结如下： 特点一：句子长，字数多 例如： Because they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the confidence that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are admired by others.（41 words）(2003完形) From the middle-c lass family perspective，much of this，understandably，looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility，and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.（45 words）(2007阅读3) Progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.（45 words）(2009阅读3) 特点二：成分多，分析难 1.成分复杂 例如： Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect”, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. (2002阅读4) 其中包含although引导的让步状语从句、that引导的宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句、条件状语从句，又包含there be句型，以及各种非谓语动词的使用等。 When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. (2003阅读3)

英语语法长难句讲义

2015考研英语基础班讲义 (语法长难句部分) 考研英语长难句解析 一、考研英语长难句之定语从句 一、定语从句 定语从句是英语中一种最常见的句型，它可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，即定语从句的关系词在文中修饰哪个词、短语或句子。在主句中不可缺少的定语从句称限定性定语从句。对主句起附加说明作用的定语从句称非限定性定语从句。此外，定语从句和主句之间还存在着状语关系，说明原因、目的、让步、假设等。 例1.The change met the technical requirement of the new age and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. (1996年真题) 例2. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise插入语或隐性定, market- oriented economy 分译in which在这种经济中consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.合译 例3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. 例4. The government promised to give preferential taxation policies and loans of low interest rate to those enterprises that could improve their structure of production and were willing to take in over 50 laid-off workers yearly. 例5. The local government introduced the snakes into this area hoping that they would control the number of mice, which finally became the threat needed to be controlled. 例 6.The environmental protection should be given priority which means the economic development would be lowered to some extent in a developing country.

英语长难句理解

英语学习中，特别是阅读理解中，“长难句”最麻烦。今天小编和同学们分享通过分析英语句子中的重要特点“三长两短一并列”，江湖人称“括号法”，帮助同学们轻松解决长难句问题！ 01 什么是“三长两短一并列” 我们先来看两句话： ①我是李辉。(I am Li Hui.) ②我爱你。(I love you. ) 这两句话中只有"主干成分"而没有"修饰成分"。像这样的句子，中文和英文的"语序"(单词排列顺序)基本是一致的，都是"主-系-表"或者"主-谓-宾"，理解起来非常容易。 然而，加上修饰成分后，中文与英文句子之间的语序就会发生变化。来看两个例子： ①我是中国的李辉。(I am Li Hui from China.) ②我全心全意地爱你。(I love you with all my heart.) 从例子中可以看出，修饰成分在中英文中出现的位置是不一样的。而当一个句子中有很多个修饰成分时，该句子就会变得很长，不易理解。 例如：

After chatting with Laura on this matter for two hours from 2:00 to 4:00 in the afternoon, I returned to my office. 这个句子中含有大量的"介词短语"这种修饰成分。我们给这个句子中的全部介词短语加上括号，该句就会变成： (After chatting) (with Laura) (on this matter) (for two hours) (from 2:00) (to 4:00) (in the afternoon), I returned (to my office). 此时大家便可发现，这个句子虽然很长，但是真正的主干其实只有I returned两个单词而已。可见，介词短语正是让英语句子变得又长又难的原因之一！ 当然，以上几个句子还比较简单（少量介词短语对句意理解的影响不大），但是，当句子中出现更多类似介词短语的修饰成分时，可想而知，由于中英文语序的不同，英文句子会变得"面目全非"，令人难以理解。由此看来，英语中灵活多变的修饰成分正是造成英语句子又长又难的头号罪犯，只要搞定这些修饰部分，就能搞定英语长难句。 幸运的是，尽管这些修饰成分数量很多、位置也不好把握，但是，它们的种类却是非常固定的。小编将这些修饰成分总结为"三长两短"。所谓"三长"，就是构成长难句的三种较长修饰成分(即介词短语、从句、非谓语动词短语)；所谓"两短"，指的是镶嵌于句子之中的、会稍稍提高句子复杂度的两种较短修饰成分(即形容词、副词)。而除了"三长两短"之外，另外一个使句子变得复杂的结构就是"平行并列结构"。"平行并列结构"是由一些并列关系的连词(and、or、as well as等)将句子变长的重要手段。

何凯文长难句突破讲义完整版解读

2013文都考研英语长难句精讲班讲义 第一部分方法论讲解 ?英文句子阅读的实际过程是什么？ 英文中文 ?英中文转化过程中在句子层面的障碍 语义（词汇） 语序 句子可以是这样的：. ①. ②(因为) . 世间存在一种东西，人之所以是人，就是这种东西。 ?英语句子的分类： 简单句和非简单句 简单句的定义：只含有一套主谓结构的句子 ?简单句的障碍来源 简单句没有障碍的情况: 1.主语+谓语 2. 主语+谓语+宾语 3. 主语+谓语+双宾语 4. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾补 5.主语+系+表语（表语为形容词时候，表语又可以称作主语补足语） ，, , , , , , , , ? 简单句的障碍来源：（问题在于识别和处理） 1. 定语 2. 同位语 3. 插入语 4. 状语 定语: 修饰和限定名词的成分；根据位置分为：前置定语；后置定语。（名字n.前后之分）作用和识别： 前置定语（可以有多个定语） . 物主代词；(单);；（单）；n 形容词短语 a 形容词+介词+名词 现在分词短语现在分词介+名；名；连词+句子 过去分词短语 a 介+名 n. +动词不定式短语 a v（原形） 介词短语介+ 名词/（介+代代词就是代替名词的词语） 表语形容词作定语后置a 表语形容词充当定语后置 不定代词定语后置不定代词充当定语后置 处理：前置（翻译成中文的时候），也可以拆分，特别是后置定语较长的时候。 定语从句（不属于简单句范畴） 定语从句的作用：1，修饰和限定名词 ▲2，连接两个具有共同名词的句子 3，表示因果关系 今生：.（叫做关系代词） 前世：①I . ②. 定语从句的识别： （基本结构）人称代词 名词+连接词+句子关系代词：物主代词 后加非完整句

初中英语长难句—语篇从句讲义(初中学生版)

初中英语阅读理解之长难句分析讲义 语篇学语法 从句 larrived inLondonon afoggyday,togotoaveryimporta n tmeeti n g.Thepla ce ① where the meeti ng was going to be heldwas on theothersideofthetow n.Alltrafficcametoastop ② because the drivers were not able to see more tha n a yard in front of them.Themeeti n gwouldbegi n at9:00,soldecidedtogothere on foot. Mi nu teslater,lwascompletelylost.lstoodtherea n dthought ③ that I would have to phone to the meet ing to eGpla in ④ that I was not able to arrive there on time.The nl hearday oun gma n ' svoiceco min goutofthefog, “【suppose ⑤ you are lost.Canlhelpyou? ” Iwasverygladtohaveaman ⑥who could take me to the meeti n g.Afterwardltoldhim ⑦ where I wan ted to go,tookhisarm,a ndwestarted.Wewalkedquitefast,turnin gcornersa ndcross in groads. way so easily. “I knowthispartofLondonquitewell, ” hesaid. “ But in suchafogit ' simpossibletoseea nything, ” Isaid. “I amblind,sir. ” hea nswered, “ In thefog,itiseGactlythesameformeasus ⑧As I followed him through the dark streets 」wondered ual. ⑨ why he found his