【GMAT阅读】快速搞定GMAT阅读
之前在【GMAT逻辑】GMAT逻辑解题思路（一）Assumption/weaken/strengthen 这篇文章中提到GMAT语文部分，逻辑是最简单的，因为不需要强大的阅读以及大量的语法知识。在掌握了逻辑的解题思路以后，今天我们讲一下GMAT的阅读技巧。
首先，词汇量和句子的理解能力是阅读的基础。如果一句话有3、4个生词或者读不懂句意，那么当务之急是背单词以及看《杨鹏长难句》。关于GMAT单词书，之前的文章【GMAT科普】GMAT备考资料推荐中有详细的介绍。GMAT的词汇量较托福、GRE都要小，建议大家直接背托福词汇，如果要更有针对性可以试试李永远的《GMAT词汇蓝本》。句子的阅读强烈推荐《杨鹏长难句》，建议先花两个星期看第一次，再花一个星期看第二次。如果有必要可以看第三、第四次，直到遇到任何句子都能够用意群的方式一次看完并理解句意为止。
假设做完上面的两个步骤，你已经可以快速有效地理解绝大多数句子的意思，如何从理解句子转化到理解整篇文章呢？这里推荐大家使用“小安阅读法”，很多GMAT考生以及我自己亲测非常有效。
小安阅读法是以段落作为基础的，每读完一段，不要急着看下一段，停顿10秒钟左右，思考以下五个问题：
1. 这段话作者告诉了我们什么？
2. 这段话提出的细节/例子有什么作用？
3. 这段话在整篇文章中起到什么作用？
4. 作者为什么要告诉我们这些？
5.作者是什么态度？
1. 作者告诉了我们什么？
做到能用1-2句中文跟别人讲清楚这一段大概说的是什么，不用很细节。
2. 这段话提出的细节/例子有什么作用？
看到细节/例子时，记住相应的名词，以后好定位。同时思考这个例子的作用：是支持还是反驳现有的某个观点，或者是引出新的观点？
3. 这段话在整篇文章中起到什么作用？
读完每一段，联系本段跟上文的内容，分析这一段在全文中的作用：是统领全文，还是提出新的观点，还是反驳上文的观点，还是支持上文的观点等等。这也是为什么需要能够1-2句话可以把每一段解释清楚，这样读到后面的时候，可以很快回忆起前面文章的大意。
4. 作者为什么要告诉我们这些？&
5. 作者是什么态度？
前面的三个问题都是停留在文章表面，而GMAT还要求读者能够找到作者写作的原因以及作者的态度。举一个简单的例子，如果作者一开始在介绍某种生物，
接下来一直写这种生物由于人类的原因，变得越来越少要灭绝了。我们可以合理推测作者的写作原因之一：人类的活动给这个生物乃至整个地球的环境造成了很多的伤害；作者的态度是觉得人类活动损害了生态环境，不好。
（了解作者的写作意图以及态度，对于GMAT考试非常重要。GMAT是商学院入学考试，而商学院意在培养未来的商界精英、管理人才。这些人在工作中需要看大量的文件、接触大量的信息，这就要求他们可以快速的理解这些文件、新闻背后的含义：写这个文章的人是出于什么目的？他自己是什么态度，他希望读者看完以后有什么反应？他面向的读者群是哪些？等等。）
使用这种阅读方法，会在读文章上花费比较多的时间（3-5min）,但是读完以后解题速度非常的快。
主旨题：因为通过以上五个问题，已经将文章的结构，作者的态度分析出来了，可以直接选择答案。
细节题：根据记忆回原文定位，再联系问题“2. 这段话提出的细节/例子有什么作用？”即可做出选择。
也就是说，对于难度中等偏下的阅读，只需要读1.5遍文章（1次通读+0.5次细节题原文定位），而难度偏上的文章也可以在2.5遍中搞定（2次通读+0.5次细节题原文定位）。另外，外国人习惯在每段第一句话，提出这一段要说什么，每段最后一句话总结这一段的内容，所以每段第一句和最后一句要认真读。
这里引用GMAT760分考生Chipmunk的话总结一下：
“我想大家也有体会，考阅读中最头疼不是题目难，而是看了一遍文章，做题目的时候不知道选什么好，再回过头去看文章，因为怕耽误太多时间又不敢多看，再做题目还是没有思路，这时候有一种绝望的感觉，除非你的心理素质特别好，要不然这种心态还会影响到以后的题目中，这样的代价可能是三或四道题目。根据这样的思路我特别总结出了一套适合我自己的阅读方法，那就是慢读法：每读完一段文章花可能十秒钟的时间总结一下这段话到底讲什么，在整篇文章中起什么作用，因为刚读完比较新鲜，所以十秒钟就够了，其他的细节分别记住位置。看到列举了1234，就知道或者会考1234，让你挑哪一个不是列举的对象，或者考1234中的其中一个，所以只要记住位置，回头一找就可以了。看到举例，估计会考举例的作用，到时候回头找到例子，要么意义在例子的上下文，，一找就可以找到；要么例子对整段话起作用，你在回顾一段话的作用时已考虑在内，已不足为虑。其他看到有引号的，对比的，比喻的等等都记住位置，ETS大致会动这些脑筋。其实大家仔细分析一下就可以知道，要考一段话的内容的话，什么样的题目最难呢？当然是对这段话的概括了，把这点抓住了，其他就简单了。
这样的阅读可能在读文章的方面花的时间多了一点，但是在回答总体题的时候基本上不用花时间，细节题只要回头找就行了。所以总的来说花的时间和快读差不多，但是你会发现做题的准确率上有很大的提高。”
下面通过例子，示范一下如何使用小安阅读法。
Over the last 150 years, large stretches of salmon habitat have been eliminated by human activity: mining, livestock grazing, timber harvesting, and agriculture as well as recreational and urban development. The numerical effect is obvious: there are fewer salmon in degraded regions than in pristine ones; however, habitat loss also has the potential to reduce genetic diversity. This is most evident in cases where it results in the extinction of entire salmon populations. Indeed, most analysts believe that some kind of environmental degradation underlies the demise of many extinct salmon populations. Although some rivers have been recolonized, the unique genes of the original populations have been lost.
Large-scale disturbances in one locale also have the potential to alter the genetic structure of populations in neighboring areas, even if those areas have pristine habitats. Why? Although the homing instinct of salmon to their natal stream is strong, a fraction of the fish returning from the sea (rarely more than 15 percent) stray and spawn in nearby streams. Low levels of straying are crucial, since the process provides a source of novel genes and a mechanism by which a location can be repopulated should the fish there disappear. Yet high rates of straying can be problematic because misdirected fish may interbreed with the existing stock to such a degree that any local adaptations that are present become diluted. Straying rates remain relatively low when environmental conditions are stable, but can increase dramatically when streams suffer severe disturbance. The 1980 volcanic eruption of Mount Saint Helens, for example, sent mud and debris into several tributaries of the Columbia River. For the next couple of years, steelhead trout (a species included among the salmonids) returning from the sea to spawn were forced to find alternative streams. As a consequence, their rates of straying, initially 16 percent, rose to more than 40 percent overall.
Although no one has quantified changes in the rate of straying as a result of the disturbances caused by humans, there is no reason to suspect that the effect would be qualitatively different than what was seen in the aftermath of the Mount Saint Helens eruption. Such a dramatic increase in straying from damaged areas to more pristine streams results in substantial gene flow, which can in turn lower the overall fitness of subsequent generations.
第一段：
Over the last 150 years, large stretches of salmon habitat have been eliminated by human activity: mining, livestock grazing, timber harvesting, and agriculture as well as recreational and urban development. The numerical effect is obvious: there are fewer salmon in degraded regions than in pristine ones; however, habitat loss also has the potential to reduce genetic diversity. This is most evident in cases where it results in the extinction of entire salmon
populations. Indeed, most analysts believe that some kind of environmental degradation underlies the demise of many extinct salmon populations. Although some rivers have been recolonized, the unique genes of the original populations have been lost.
1. 这段话作者告诉了我们什么？
人类活动使得salmon居住地减少，salmon数量减少。居住地的减少也导致了某些salmon种类的灭绝，gene diversity 减少。就算重新繁衍了，有些基因也没了。
2. 这段话提出的细节/例子有什么作用？
细节包括1.提到了一些人类活动，有印象就好，不需要记忆。作用是具体解释是哪些人类活动。2. degraded regions 和pristine ones，用来支持人类活动导致salmon 减少。（一定要注意名词，记得这个名词在哪里出现过非常重要）
3. 这段话在整篇文章中起到什么作用？
因为只读到第一段，所以目前能有的信息是作者提出了两个观点，即1.人类活动使得salmon数量减少；2.可能也导致了salmon基因diversity 减少。
4. 作者为什么要告诉我们这些？&
5. 作者是什么态度？
仅从第一段，作者要么是中立的，单纯的讲述一个事实；要么是批判人类活动的。
第二段
Large-scale disturbances in one locale also have the potential to alter the genetic structure of populations in neighboring areas, even if those areas have pristine habitats. Why? Although the homing instinct of salmon to their natal stream is strong, a fraction of the fish returning from the sea (rarely more than 15 percent) stray and spawn in nearby streams. Low levels of straying are crucial, since the process provides a source of novel genes and a mechanism by which a location can be repopulated should the fish there disappear. Yet high rates of straying can be problematic because misdirected fish may interbreed with the existing stock to such a degree that any local adaptations that are present become diluted. Straying rates remain relatively low when environmental conditions are stable, but can increase dramatically when streams suffer severe disturbance. The 1980 volcanic eruption of Mount Saint Helens, for example, sent mud and debris into several tributaries of the Columbia River. For the next couple of years, steelhead trout (a species included among the salmonids) returning from the sea to spawn were forced to find alternative streams. As a consequence, their rates of straying, initially 16 percent, rose to more than 40 percent overall.
1. 这段话作者告诉了我们什么？
不管有没有污染，环境的巨变都有可能导致群体gene 结构的变化。Salmon需
要保持一个比较低的straying rate, 环境巨变导致straying rate 变高，本地salmon基因受到破坏。
2. 这段话提出的细节/例子有什么作用？
细节包括1. volcanic eruption of Mount Saint Helens，用来支持“Straying rates remain relatively low when environmental conditions are stable, but can increase dramatically when streams suffer severe disturbance.” 2. Salmon回流机制，如果level low是好的，level high了才不好。
3. 这段话在整篇文章中起到什么作用？
段落第一句中有一个also，而且从文意分析，这是对第一段做一个补充。第一段说污染的环境中gene不好。而这一段说，就算是没污染，gene也有可能受到不好的影响。
4. 作者为什么要告诉我们这些？&
5. 作者是什么态度？
这一段没有批评人类，只是单纯的阐述事实，作者是中立的态度。
第三段
Although no one has quantified changes in the rate of straying as a result of the disturbances caused by humans, there is no reason to suspect that the effect would be qualitatively different than what was seen in the aftermath of the Mount Saint Helens eruption. Such a dramatic increase in straying from damaged areas to more pristine streams results in substantial gene flow, which can in turn lower the overall fitness of subsequent generations.
1. 这段话作者告诉了我们什么？
虽然不能比较人类disturbance和火山爆发的影响，但人类disturbance也同样造成了恶劣的后果：salmon去没有被污染的地方straying，使得这些地方的gene 受到影响，不利于后续发展。
2. 这段话提出的细节/例子有什么作用？
细节包括1. Mount Saint Helens eruption，通过类比说明人类disturbance的恶劣程度。
3. 这段话在整篇文章中起到什么作用？
总结全文，将文章1-2段联系起来，说明人类的disturbance不仅直接影响了degraded地区，也影响了pristine地区。
4. 作者为什么要告诉我们这些？&
5. 作者是什么态度？
读到这里，作者已经非常明显地表明了自己的观点，那就是人类disturbance对salmon有很多负面的影响，人类不好。
开始做题
Q1. 主旨题直接选
The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. argue against a conventional explanation for the extinction of certain salmon populations and suggest an alternative（文章没有argue against 任何观点，而是提出两个观点同时证明人类活动不好）
B. correct a common misunderstanding about the behavior of salmon in response to environmental degradation caused by human activity（文章只是引入了新的正确的观点，并没有反驳旧的错误的观点）
C. compare the effects of human activity on salmon populations with the effects of natural disturbances on salmon populations（文章最后一段将这两个放在一起，但是第一并不是比较，第二文章的核心思想不是为了比较这两个，而是一直在说人类污染不好）
D. differentiate the particular effects of various human activities on salmon habitats(根本没有区分人类不同行为的影响)
E. describe how environmental degradation can cause changes in salmon populations that extend beyond a numerical reduction（第一段提到的是degraded 地区的鱼死很多（numerical），第二三段说没有degraded 的地区，基因也受到影响(gene)）
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Q2: 细节题回第二段定位
It can be inferred from the passage that the occasional failure of some salmon to return to their natal streams in order to spawn provides a mechanism by which
A. pristine streams that are near polluted streams become polluted themselves（文中没有提过）
B. the particular adaptations of a polluted stream’s salmon p opulation can be preserved without dilution（跟文意相反）
C. the number of salmon in pristine habitats decreases relative to the number in polluted streams（文中没有提到）
D. an environmentally degraded stream could be recolonized by new salmon populations should the stream recover（文中提到，Low levels of straying are crucial, since the process provides a source of novel genes and a mechanism by which a location can be repopulated should the fish there disappear.）
E. the extinction of the salmon populations that spawn in polluted streams is accelerated（文中没有提到）
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Q3: 主旨题或者说是非细节题，直接选
According to the passage, human activity has had which of the following effects on salmon populations?
A. An increase in the size of salmon populations in some previously polluted rivers（文中没有提到）
B. A decline in the number of salmon in some rivers（污染地方鱼少，第
一段、第二段都提到了，正确）
C. A decrease in the number straying salmon in some rivers（其实这里个人认为也是正确的，因为像例子中提到的，river受到了污染，salmon就跑去其他地方straying。但是另一方面，B一定是对的，所以选B更好）
D. A decrease in the gene flow between salmon populations that spawn in polluted streams and populations that spawn in pristine streams（反了，应该
是更多才对）
E. A decline in the vulnerability of some salmon populations to the effects of naturally occurring habitat destruction（文中没有提到）
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Q4: 细节题回原文二三段定位，发现是第三段
The author mentions the “aftermath of the Mount Saint Helens eruption” most likely in order to
A. provide an example of the process that allows the repopulation of rivers whose indigenous salmon population has become extinct（没有提到repopulation）
B. indicate the extent to which the disturbance of salmon habitat by human activity in one stream might affect the genetic structure of
salmon populations elsewhere（用火山作为类比，说明人类的影响有多大）C. provide a standard of comparison against which the impact of human activity on the gene flow among salmon populations should be measured（作
者没有比较或者是衡量的意思）
D. show how salmons’ homing instinct can be impaired as a result of severe environmental degradation of their natal streams(跟homing instinct无关)
E. show why straying rates in salmon populations remain generally low except when spawning streams suffer severe environmental disturbance（无关）
最后想跟大家说，冰冻三尺非一日之寒，阅读是个体力活，需要大家坚持不懈的练习和反思。希望这篇文章能给你开一个好头，good luck!