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SAT阅读复习资料重磅来袭~~100篇SAT阅读习题

Passage 1

Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented

opportunities-as well as new and significant risks.

Civil rights activists have long argued that one of (5)the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and

other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to

the sizable orders and subcontracts that are gener- ated by large companies. Now Congress, in appar- (10) ent agreement, has required by law that businesses

awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000

do their best to find minority subcontractors and

record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government. Indeed, some federal and local agen- (15)cies have gone so far as to set specific percentage

goals for apportioning parts of public works con-

tracts to minority enterprises.

Corporate response appears to have been sub- stantial. According to figures collected in 1977, (20)the total of corporate contracts with minority busi-

nesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to $1. lbillion in 1977. The projected total of corporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 1980?s is

estimated to be over 53 billion per year with no (25)letup anticipated in the next decade.

Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too.

First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and

overextending themselves financially, since most (30)are small concerns and, unlike large businesses,

they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, there-

after, their subcontracts are for some reason (35)reduced, such firms can face potentially crippling

fixed expenses. The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids.

Both consume valuable time and resources, and a

(40)small company?s efforts must soon result in

orders, or both the morale and the financial health

of the business will suffer.

A second risk is that White-owned companies

may seek to cash in on the increasing apportion-

(45) ments through formation of joint ventures with

minority-owned concerns. Of course, in many

instances there are legitimate reasons for joint

ventures; clearly, White and minority enterprises

can team up to acquire business that neither could

(50)acquire alone. But civil rights groups and minority

business owners have complained to Congress about

minorities being set up as “fronts” with White back-

ing, rather than being accepted as full partners in

legitimate joint ventures.

(55) Third, a minority enterprise that secures the

business of one large corporate customer often run

the danger of becoming--and remaining—dependent.

Even in the best of circumstances, fierce compe-

tition from larger, more established companies

(60)makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden

their customer bases: when such firms have nearly

guaranteed orders from a single corporate bene-

factor, they may truly have to struggle against

complacency arising from their current success.

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) present a commonplace idea and its

inaccuracies

(B) describe a situation and its potential drawbacks

(D) analyze a frequent source of disagreement

(E) explore the implications of a finding

2. The passage supplies information that would answer

which of the following questions?

(A) What federal agencies have set percentage goals for

the use of minority-owned businesses in public

works contracts?

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(B) To which government agencies must

businesses awarded federal contracts report their

efforts to find minority subcontractors?

concerns as “fronts” by White backers seeking to

obtain subcontracts?

(D) How many more minority-owned businesses were

there in 1977 than in 1972?

(E) What is one set of conditions under which a

small business might find itself financially over-

extended?

3. According to the passage, civil rights activists maintain that one disadvantage under which minority- owned businesses have traditionally had

to labor is that they have

(A) been especially vulnerable to governmental

mismanagement of the economy

(B) been denied bank loans at rates comparable to

those afforded larger competitors

created by large corporations

(D) not been able to advertise in those media that

reach large numbers of potential customers (E) not had adequate representation in the centers of

government power

4. The passage suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might cause it to

(A) experience frustration but not serious financial

harm

(B) face potentially crippling fixed expenses

government

(D) increase its spending with minority

subcontractors

(E) revise its procedure for making bids for federal

contracts and subcontracts 5. The author implies that a minority-owned concern

that does the greater part of its business with one large corporate customer should

(A) avoid competition with larger, more established

concerns by not expanding

(B) concentrate on securing even more business

from that corporation

becoming dependent on the corporation

(D) pass on some of the work to be done for the

corporation to other minority-owned concerns (E) use its influence with the corporation to promote

subcontracting with other minority concerns

6. It can be inferred from the passage that, compared

with the requirements of law, the percentage goals

set by “some federal and local agencies ”(lines 14-

15) are

(A) more popular with large corporations

(B) more specific

(D) less expensive to enforce

(E) easier to comply with

7. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the author?s assertion that, in the 1970?s, corporate response to federal requirements (lines 18-19) was substantial

(A) Corporate contracts with minority-owned

businesses totaled $2 billion in 1979.

(B) Between 1970 and 1972, corporate contracts with

minority-owned businesses declined by 25

percent.

the extent of corporate contracts with minority-

owned businesses.

(D) The estimate of corporate spending with

minority-owned businesses in 1980 is

approximately $10 million too high.

(E) The $1.1 billion represented the same

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percentage of total corporate spending in 1977

as did $77 million in 1972.

8. The author would most likely agree with which of the

following statements about corporate response to

working with minority subcontractors?

(A) Annoyed by the proliferation of “front”

organizations, corporations are likely to reduce

their efforts to work with minority-owned

subcontractors in the near future.

(B) Although corporations showed considerable

interest in working with minority businesses in

the 1970?s, their aversion to government

paperwork made them reluctant to pursue many

government contracts.

1970?s is likely to be sustained and conceivably

be increased throughout the 1980?s.

(D) Although corporations are eager to cooperate

with minority-owned businesses, a shortage of

capital in the 1970?s made substantial response

impossible.

(E) The enormous corporate response has all but

eliminated the dangers of overexpansion that

used to plague small minority-owned businesses.

Passage 2

Woodrow Wilson was referring to the liberal idea of the economic market when he said that

the free enterprise system is the most efficient

economic system. Maximum freedom means

(5)maximum productiveness; our “openness” is to

be the measure of our stability. Fascination with

this i deal has made Americans defy the “Old

World” categories of settled possessiveness versus

unsettling deprivation, the cupidity of retention (10)versus the cupidity of seizure, a “status quo”

defended or attacked. The United States, it was

believed, had no status quo ante. Our only “sta-

tion” was the turning of a stationary wheel, spin-

ning faster and faster. We did not base our

(15) system on property but opportunity---which

meant we based it not on stability but on mobil-

ity. The more things changed, that is, the more

rapidly the wheel turned, the steadier we would

be. The conventional picture of class politics is

(20) composed of the Haves, who want a stability to

keep what they have, and the Have-Nots, who

want a touch of instability and change in which

to scramble for the things they have not. But

Americans imagined a condition in which spec-

(25)ulators, self-makers, runners are always using the

new opportunities given by our land. These eco-

nomic leaders (front-runners) would thus he

mainly agents of change. The nonstarters were

considered the ones who wanted stability, a

(30)strong referee to give them some position in the

race, a regulative hand to calm manic specula-

tion; an authority that can call things to a halt,

begin things again from compensatorily stag-

gered “starting lines.”

(35)“Reform” in America has been sterile because

it can imagine no change except through the

extension of this metaphor of a race, wider inclu-

sion of competitors, “a piece of the action,” as i t

were, for the disenfranchised. There is no

(40)attempt to call off the race. Since our only sta-

bility is change, America seems not to honor the

quiet work that achieves social interdependence

and stability. There is, in our legends, no hero-

ism of the office clerk, no stable industrial work

(45) force of the people who actually make the system

work. There is no pride in being an employee

(Wilson asked for a return to the time when

everyone was an employer). There has been no

boasting about our social workers---they are

(50)merely signs of the system?s failure, of opportu-

nity denied or not taken, of things to be elimi-

nated. We have no pride in our growing

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interdependence, in the fact that our system can

serve others, that we are able to help those in (55)need; empty boasts from the past make us

ashamed of our present achievements, make us

try to forget or deny them, move away from

them. There is no honor but in the Wonderland

race we must all run, all trying to win, none

(60)winning in the end (for there is no end).

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) criticize the inflexibility of American economic

mythology

(B) contrast “Old World” and “New World” economic

ideologies

leaders

(D) champion those Americans whom the author

deems to be neglected

(E) suggest a substitute for the traditional metaphor

of a race

2. According to the passage, “Old World” values were

based on

(A) ability

(B) property

(D) guild hierarchies

(E) education

3. In the context of the author?s discussion of regulating change, which of the following could be most probably regarded as a “strong referee” (line

30) in the United States?

(A) A school principal

(B) A political theorist

(D) A social worker

(E) A government inspector

4. The author sets off the word “Reform” (line 35) with

quotation marks in order to

(A) emphasize its departure from the concept of

settled possessiveness

(B) show his support for a systematic program of

change

of United States society.

(D) indicate that the term was one of Wilson?s favorites

(E) assert that reform in the United States has not

been fundamental

5. It can be inferred from the passage that the author

most probably thinks that giving the disenfranchised

“a piece of the action ” (line 38) is

(A) a compassionate, if misdirected, legislative

measure

(B) an example of Americans? resistance to profound

social change

(D) a monument to the efforts of industrial reformers

(E) a surprisingly “Old World” remedy for social ills

6. Which of the following metaphors could the author

most appropriately use to summarize his own

assessment of the American economic system

(lines 35-60)?

(A) A windmill

(B) A waterfall

(D) A gyroscope

(E) A bellows

7. It can be inferred from the passage that Woodrow

Wilson?s ideas about the economic market

(A) encouraged those who “make the system work”

(lines 45-46)

(B) perpetuated traditional legends about America

(D) foreshadowed the stock market crash of 1929

(E) began a tradition of presidential proclamations on

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economics

8. The passage contains information that would answer

which of the following questions?

Ⅰ.What techniques have industrialists used to manipulate a free market?

Ⅱ.In what ways are “ New World” and “ Old World”

economic policies similar?

Ⅲ. Has economic policy in the United States tended to reward independent action?

(A) Ⅰonly

(B) Ⅱonly

(D) Ⅰand Ⅱonly

(E) Ⅱand Ⅲonly

9. Whi ch of the following best expresses the author?s

main point?

(A) Americans? pride in their jobs continues to give

them stamina today.

(B) The absence of a status quo ante has

undermined United States economic structure. (C) The free enterprise system has been only a

useless concept in the United States

(D) The myth of the American free enterprise system

is seriously flawed.

(E) Fascinatio n with the ideal of “openness” has

made Americans a progressive people.

Passage 3

No very satisfactory account of the mechanism that caused the formation of the ocean basins has

yet been given. The traditional view supposes

that the upper mantle of the earth behaves as a (5) liquid when it is subjected to small forces for

long periods and that differences in temperature

under oceans and continents are sufficient to

produce convection in the mantle of the earth

with rising convection currents under the mid-

(10)ocean ridges and sinking currents under the con-

tinents. Theoretically, this convection would

carry the continental plates along as though they

were on a conveyor belt and would provide the

forces needed to produce the split that occurs

(15) along the ridge. This view may be correct: it has

the advantage that the currents are driven by

temperature differences that themselves depend

on the position of the continents. Such a back-

coupling, in which the position of the moving

(20) plate has an impact on the forces that move it,

could produce complicated and varying motions.

On the other hand, the theory is implausible because convection does not normally occur

along lines. and it certainly does not occur along

(25) lines broken by frequent offsets or changes in

direction, as the ridge is. Also it is difficult to see

how the theory applies to the plate between the

Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the ridge in the Indian

Ocean. This plate is growing on both sides, and

(30)since there is no intermediate trench, the two

ridges must be moving apart. It would be odd if

the rising convection currents kept exact pace

with them. An alternative theory is that the sink-

ing part of the plate, which is denser than the

(35) hotter surrounding mantle, pulls the rest of the

plate after it. Again it is difficult to see how this

applies to the ridge in the South Atlantic, where

neither the African nor the American plate has a

sinking part.

(40)Another possibility is that the sinking plate

cools the neighboring mantle and produces con-

vection currents that move the plates. This last

theory is attractive because it gives some hope of

explaining the enclosed seas, such as the Sea of

(45) Japan. These seas have a typical oceanic floor,

except that the floor is overlaid by several kilo-

meters of sediment. Their floors have probably

been sinking for long periods. It seems possible

that a sinking current of cooled mantle material

- 5 -

(50)on the upper side of the plate might be the cause

of such deep basins. The enclosed seas are an

important feature of the earth?s surface, and

seriously require explanation in because, addi-

tion to the enclosed seas that are developing at

present behind island arcs, there are a number of (55)older ones of possibly similar origin, such as the

Gulf of Mexico, the Black Sea, and perhaps the

North Sea.

1. According to the traditional view of the origin of the ocean basins, which of the following is sufficient to move the continental plates?

(A) Increases in sedimentation on ocean floors

(B) Spreading of ocean trenches

(D) Sinking of ocean basins

(E) Differences in temperature under oceans and

continents

2. It can be inferred from the passage that, of the follo- wing, the deepest sediments would be found in the

(A) Indian Ocean

(B) Black Sea

(D) South Atlantic

(E) Pacific

3. The author refers to a “conveyor belt ” in line 13 in order to

(A) illustrate the effects of convection in the mantle

(B) show how temperature differences depend on

the positions of the continents

Ridge

(D) describe the complicated motions made possible

by back-coupling

(E) account for the rising currents under certain mid-

ocean ridges

4. The author regards the traditional view of the origin

of the oceans with

(A) slight apprehension

(B) absolute indifference

(D) complete disbelief

(E) guarded skepticism

5. According to the passage, which of the following are

separated by a plate that is growing on both sides?

(A) The Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan

(B) The South Atlantic Ridge and the North Sea Ridge

(D) The Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Indian Ocean

Ridge

(E) The Black Sea and the Sea of Japan

6. Which of the following, if it could be demonstrated,

would most support the traditional view of ocean

formation?

(A) Convection usually occurs along lines.

(B) The upper mantle behaves as a dense solid.

(D) Sinking plates cool the mantle.

(E) Island arcs surround enclosed seas.

7. According to the passage, the floor of the Black Sea

can best be compared to a

(A) rapidly moving conveyor belt

(B) slowly settling foundation

(D) violently erupting volcano

(E) slowly eroding mountain

8. Which of the following titles would best describe the

content of the passage?

(A) A Description of the Oceans of the World

(B) Several Theories of Ocean Basin Formation

(D) Convection and Ocean Currents

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(E) Temperature Differences Among the Oceans of

the World

Passage 4

The fossil remains of the first flying vertebrates, the pterosaurs, have intrigued paleontologists for more

than two centuries. How such large creatures, which weighed in some cases as much as a piloted hang-glider (5) and had wingspans from 8 to 12 meters, solved the

problems of powered flight, and exactly what these

creatures were--reptiles or birds-are among the ques- tions scientists have puzzled over.

Perhaps the least controversial assertion about the (10) pterosaurs is that they were reptiles. Their skulls,

pelvises, and hind feet are reptilian. The anatomy of

their wings suggests that they did not evolve into the class of birds. In pterosaurs a greatly elongated fourth finger of each forelimb supported a winglike membrane.

(15)The other fingers were short and reptilian, with sharp

claws. In birds the second finger is the principal strut of the wing, which consists primarily of feathers. If the pterosaurs walked on all fours, the three short fingers may have been employed for grasping. When a (20) pterosaur walked or remained stationary, the fourth

finger, and with it the wing, could only turn upward in an extended inverted V-shape along each side of the animal?s body.

The pterosaurs resembled both birds and bats in (25) t heir overall structure and proportions. This is not sur-

prising because the design of any flying vertebrate is subject to aerodynamic constraints. Both the pterosaurs and the birds have hollow bones, a feature that repre- sents a savings in weight. In the birds, however, these (30)bones are reinforced more massively by internal struts.

Although scales typically cover reptiles, the pterosaurs probably had hairy coats. T.H. Huxley rea- soned that flying vertebrates must have been warm-

blooded because flying implies a high rate of

(35) metabolism, which in turn implies a high internal tem-

perature. Huxley speculated that a coat of hair would insulate against loss of body heat and might streamline the body to reduce drag in flight. The recent discovery of a pterosaur specimen covered in long, dense, and (40) relatively thick hairlike fossil material was the first clear

evidence that his reasoning was correct.

Efforts to explain how the pterosaurs became air- borne have led to suggestions that they launched them- selves by jumping from cliffs, by dropping from trees.

(45) or even by rising into light winds from the crests of

waves. Each hypothesis has its difficulties. The first

wrongly assumes that the pterosaurs? hind feet rese-

mbled a bat?s and could serve as hooks by which the animal could hang in preparation for flight. The second (50)hypothesis seems unlikely because large pterosaurs

could not have landed in trees without damaging their wings. The third calls for high waves to channel

updrafts. The wind that made such waves however,

might have been too strong for the pterosaurs to (55)control their flight once airborne.

1. It can be inferred from the passage that scientists now generally agree that the

(A) enormous wingspan of the pterosaurs enabled

them to fly great distances

(B) structure of the skeleton of the pterosaurs suggests a

close evolutionary relationship to bats

solved the problem of powered flight

(D) pterosaurs were reptiles

(E) pterosaurs walked on all fours

2. The author views the idea that the pterosaurs

became airborne by rising into light winds created

by waves as

(A) revolutionary

(B) unlikely

(D) probable

(E) outdated

- 7 -

3. According to the passage, the skeleton of a pterosaur can be distinguished from that of a bird by the

(A) size of its wingspan

(B) presence of hollow spaces in its bones

(D) presence of hooklike projections on its hind feet

(E) location of the shoulder joint joining the wing to its

body

4. The ideas attributed to T.H. Huxley in the passage suggest that he would most likely agree with which of the following statements?

(A) An animal?s brain size has little bearing on its

ability to master complex behaviors.

(B) An animal?s appearance is often influenced by

environmental requirements and physical

capabilities.

to change their appearance dramatically over a

period of time.

(D) The origin of flight in vertebrates was an

accidental development rather than the outcome

of specialization or adaptation.

(E) The pterosaurs should be classified as birds, not

reptiles.

5. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the

following is characteristic of the pterosaurs?

(A) They were unable to fold their wings when not in

use.

(B) They hung upside down from branches as bats

do before flight.

(D) They were an early stage in the evolution of the

birds.

(E) They lived primarily in a forestlike habitat.

6.Which of the following best describes the organization of the last paragraph of the passage?

(A) New evidence is introduced to support a

traditional point of view.

(B) Three explanations for a phenomenon are

presented, and each is disputed by means of

specific information.

supporting each is given.

(D) Recent discoveries are described, and their

implications for future study are projected

(E) A summary of the material in the preceding

paragraphs is presented, and conclusions are

drawn.

7. It can be inferred from the passage that some

scientists believe that pterosaurs

(A) lived near large bodies of water

(B) had sharp teeth for tearing food

(D) had longer tails than many birds

(E) consumed twice their weight daily to maintain

their body temperature

Passage 5

How many really suffer as a result of labor mar- ket problems? This is one of the most critical yet

contentious social policy questions. In many ways,

our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hard-

(5)ship. Unemployment does not have the same dire

consequences today as it did in the 1930?s when

most of the unemployed were primary breadwin-

ners, when income and earnings were usually much

closer to the margin of subsistence, and when there

(10)were no countervailing social programs for those

failing in the labor market. Increasing affluence, the

rise of families with more than one wage earner, the

growing predominance of secondary earners among

the unemployed, and improved social welfare pro-

(15) tection have unquestionably mitigated the conse-

quences of joblessness. Earnings and income data

- 8 -

also overstate the dimensions of hardship. Among

the millions with hourly earnings at or below the

minimum wage level, the overwhelming majority (20) are from multiple-earner, relatively affluent

families. Most of those counted by the poverty statistics are elderly or handicapped or have family

responsibilities which keep them out of the labor

force, so the poverty statistics are by no means an (25)accurate indicator of labor market pathologies.

Yet there are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree of labor-market-related

hardship. The unemployment counts exclude the

millions of fully employed workers whose wages are (30)so low that their families remain in poverty. Low

wages and repeated or prolonged unemployment

f requently interact to undermine the capacity for

self-support. Since the number experiencing jobless- ness at some time during the year is several times (35)the number unemployed in any month, those who

suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or

exceed average annual unemployment, even though only a minority of the jobless in any month really

suffer. For every person counted in the monthly (40) unemployment tallies, there is another working

part-time because of the inability to find full-time

work, or else outside the labor force but wanting a

j ob. Finally, income transfers in our country have

always focused on the elderly, disabled, and depen- (45)dent, neglecting the needs of the working poor, so

t hat the dramatic expansion of cash and in-kind

t ransfers does not necessarily mean that those fail-

i ng in the labor market are adequately protected.

As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is (50)uncertain whether those suffering seriously as a

r esult of thousands or the tens of millions, and,

hence, whether high levels of joblessness can be tol- erated or must be countered by job creation and (55)economic stimulus. There is only one area of agree-

ment in this debate---that the existing poverty,

employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate

for one their primary applications, measuring the

consequences of labor market problems.

1. Which of the following is the principal topic of the

passage?

(A) What causes labor market pathologies that result

in suffering

(B) Why income measures are imprecise in measuring

degrees of poverty

are the best for estimating the incidence of

hardship that is due to unemployment

(D) Where the areas of agreement are among

poverty, employment, and earnings figures

(E) How social statistics give an unclear picture of the

degree of hardship caused by low wages and

insufficient employment opportunities

2. The author u ses “labor market problems” in lines 1-2

to refer to which of the following?

(A) The overall causes of poverty

(B) Deficiencies in the training of the work force

(D) Shortages of jobs providing adequate income

(E) Strikes and inadequate supplies of labor

3. The author contrasts the 1930?s with the present in

order to show that

(A) more people were unemployed in the 1930?s

(B) unemployment now has less severe effects

(D) there now is a greater proportion of elderly and

handicapped people among those in poverty

(E) poverty has increased since the 1930?s

4.Which of the following proposals best responds to the

issues raised by the author?

(A) Innovative programs using multiple approaches

should be set up to reduce the level of

unemployment.

- 9 -

(B) A compromise should be found between the

positions of those who view joblessness as an

evil greater than economic control and those who

hold the opposite view.

measure the degree to which unemployment and

inadequately paid employment cause suffering. (D) Consideration should be given to the ways in which

statistics can act as partial causes of the phenomena

that they purport to measure.

(E) The labor force should be restructured so that it

corresponds to the range of job vacancies.

5.The author?s purpose in citing those who are repeatedly unemployed during a twelve-month period is most probably to show that

(A) there are several factors that cause the payment

of low wages to some members of the labor force (B) unemployment statistics can underestimate the

hardship resulting from joblessness

exist and can cause hardships for individual

workers

(D) a majority of those who are jobless at any one

time to not suffer severe hardship

(E) there are fewer individuals who are without jobs

at some time during a year than would be

expected on the basis of monthly unemployment

figures

6. The author states that the mitigating effect of social

programs involving income transfers on the income

level of low-income people is often not felt by

(A) the employed poor

(B) dependent children in single-earner families

(D) retired workers

(E) full-time workers who become unemployed

7. According to the passage, one factor that causes

unemployment and earnings figures to overpredict

the amount of economic hardship is the

(A) recurrence of periods of unemployment for a

group of low-wage workers

(B) possibility that earnings may be received from

more than one job per worker

those who work for low wages and remain poor (D) establishment of a system of record-keeping that

makes it possible to compile poverty statistics (E) prevalence, among low-wage workers and the

unemployed, of members of families in which

others are employed

8. The conclusion stated in lines 33-39 about the

number of people who suffer as a result of forced

idleness depends primarily on the point that

(A) in times of high unemployment, there are some

people who do not remain unemployed for long (B) the capacity for self-support depends on

receiving moderate-to-high wages

unemployed, both underemployed part-time

workers and those not actively seeking work (D) at different times during the year, different people

are unemployed

(E) many of those who are affected by unemploy-

ment are dependents of unemployed workers

9. Which of the following, if true, is the best criticism of the author?s argument concerning why poverty statistics cannot properly be used to show the effects of problems in the labor market?

(A) A short-term increase in the number of those in

poverty can indicate a shortage of jobs because the

basic number of those unable to accept employment

remains approximately constant.

(B) For those who are in poverty as a result of

joblessness, there are social programs available

that provide a minimum standard of living.

- 10 -

earnings statistics, when each is taken as a

measure of hardship resulting from unemployment.

(D) The elderly and handicapped categories include

many who previously were employed in the labor

market.

(E) Since the labor market is global in nature, poor

workers in one country are competing with poor

workers in another with respect to the level of

wages and the existence of jobs.

Passage 6

In the eighteenth century, Japan?s feudal overlords, from the shogun to the humblest

samurai, found themselves under financial

stress. In part, this stress can be attributed to

(5)the overlords? f ailure to adjust to a rapidly ex-

panding economy, but the stress was also due to

factors beyond the overlords? control. Concen-

tration of the samurai in castle-towns had acted

as a stimulus to trade. Commercial efficiency, in (10) t urn, had put temptations in the way of buyers.

Since most samurai had been reduced to idleness

by years of peace, encouraged to engage in

scholarship and martial exercises or to perform

administrative tasks that took little time, it is

(15)not surprising that their tastes and habits grew

expensive. Overlords? income, despite the in-

crease in rice production among their tenant

farmers, failed to keep pace with their expenses.

Although shortfalls in overlords? income re-

(20)sulted almost as much from laxity among their

tax collectors (the nearly inevitable outcome of

hereditary officeholding) as from their higher

standards of living, a misfortune like a fire or

flood, bringing an increase in expenses or a drop (25) in revenue, could put a domain in debt to the

city rice-brokers who handled its finances. Once

in debt, neither the individual samurai nor the

shogun himself found it easy to recover.

It was difficult for individual samurai over- (30)lords to increase their income because the

amount of rice that farmers could be made to

pay in taxes was not unlimited, and since the in-

come of Japan?s central government consisted in

part of taxes collected by the shogun from his (35) huge domain, the government too was con-

strained. Therefore, the Tokugawa shoguns

began to look to other sources for revenue.

Cash profits from government-owned mines

were already on the decline because the most (40) easily worked deposits of silver and gold had

been exhausted, although debasement of the

coinage had compensated for the loss. Opening

up new farmland was a possibility, but most of

what was suitable had already been exploited (45) and further reclamation was technically unfeasi-

ble. Direct taxation of the samurai themselves

would be politically dangerous. This left the

shoguns only commerce as a potential source of

government income.

(50)Most of the country?s wealth, or so it seemed,

was finding its way into the hands of city mer-

chants. It appeared reasonable that they should

contribute part of that revenue to ease the

shogun?s burden of financing the state. A means (55) of obtaining such revenue was soon found by

levying forced ioans, known as goyo-kin;

although these were not taxes in the strict sense,

since they were irregular in timing and arbitrary

in amount, they were high in yield. Unfortunately, (60)they pushed up prices. Thus, regrettably, the

Tokugawa shoguns? search for solvency for the

government made it increasingly difficult for

individual Japanese who lived on fixed stipends

to make ends meet.

1. The passage is most probably an excerpt from

(A) an economic history of Japan

- 11 -

(B) the memoirs of a samurai warrior

(D) an essay contrasting Japanese feudalism with its

Western counterpart

(E) an introduction to a collection of Japanese folktales

2. Which of the following financial situations is most analogous to the financi al situation in which Japan?s Tokugawa shoguns found themselves in the eighteenth century?

(A) A small business borrows heavily to invest in new

equipment, but is able to pay off its debt early

when it is awarded a lucrative government contract.

(B) Fire destroys a small business, but insurance covers

the cost of rebuilding.

local bank because the owners have no credit

history?

(D) A small business has to struggle to meet operating

expenses when its profits decrease.

(E) A small business is able to cut back sharply on

spending through greater commercial efficiency

and thereby compensate for a loss of revenue.

3. Which of the following best describes the attitude of

the author toward the samurai discussed in lines

11-16?

(A) Warmly approving

(B) Mildly sympathetic

(D) Harshly disdainful

(E) Profoundly shocked

4. According to the passage, the major reason for the financial problems experienced by Japan?s feudal overlords in the eighteenth century was that

(A) spending had outdistanced income

(B) trade had fallen off

(D) the coinage had been sharply debased

(E) the samurai had concentrated in castle-towns

5.The passage implies that individual samurai did not find it easy to recover from debt for which of the following reasons?

(A) Agricultural production had increased.

(B) Taxes were irregular in timing and arbitrary in

amount.

the needs of a changing economy.

(D) The domains of samurai overlords were

becoming smaller and poorer as government

revenues increased.

(E) There was a limit to the amount in taxes that

farmers could be made to pay.

6. The passage suggests that, in eighteenth-century Japan, the office of tax collector

(A) was a source of personal profit to the officeholder

(B) was regarded with derision by many Japanese

(D) existed only in castle-towns

(E) took up most of the officeholder?s time

7. Which of the following could best be substituted

for the word “This ” in line 47 without ch anging the meaning of the passage?

(A) The search of Japan?s Tokugawa shoguns for

solvency

(B) The importance of commerce in feudal Japan

century Japan

(D) The difficulty of increasing government income by

other means

(E) The difficulty experienced by both individual

samurai and the shogun himself in extricating

themselves from debt

8. The passage implies that which of the following was

- 12 -

the primary reason why the Tokugawa shoguns

turned to city merchants for help in financing the

state?

(A) A series of costly wars had depleted the national

treasury.

(B) Most of the country?s wealth appeared to be in

city merchants? hands.

reversals due to natural disasters such as

floods.

(D) The merchants were already heavily indebted to

the shoguns.

(E) Further reclamation of land would not have been

economically advantageous.

9. According to the passage, the actions of the Tokugawa shoguns in their search for solvency for the government were regrettable because those actions

(A) raised the cost of living by pushing up prices

(B) resulted in the exhaustion of the most easily

worked deposits of silver and gold

anticipated

(D) did not succeed in reducing government spending

(E) acted as a deterrent to trade

Passage 7

Between the eighth and eleventh centuries A.D., the Byzantine Empire staged an almost unparalleled economic and cultural revival, a recovery that is all the more striking because it followed a long period of severe (5) internal decline. By the early eighth century, the empire had lost roughly two-thirds of the territory it had possessed in the year 600, and its remaining area was being raided by Arabs and Bulgarians, who at times threatened to take Constantinople and extinguish the (10) empire altogether. The wealth of the state and its

subjects was greatly diminished, and artistic and literary production had virtually ceased. By the early eleventh

century, however, the empire had regained almost half of its lost possessions, its new frontiers were secure, and its (15)influence extended far beyond its borders. The economy

had recovered, the treasury was full, and art and scho- larship had advanced.

To consider the Byzantine military, cultural, and economic advances as differentiated aspects of a single (20) phenomenon is reasonable. After all, these three forms

of progress have gone together in a number of states and civilizations. Rome under Augustus and fifth-century Athens provide the most obvious examples in antiquity.

Moreover, an examination of the apparent sequential (25)connections among military, economic, and cultural

forms of progress might help explain the dynamics of historical change.

The common explanation of these apparent conn-

ections in the case of Byzantium would run like this: (30) when the empire had turned back enemy raids on its

own territory and had begun to raid and conquer enemy territory, Byzantine resources naturally expanded and more money became available to patronize art and lit- erature. Therefore, Byzantine military achievements led to (35) economic advances, which in turn led to cultural revival.

No doubt this hypothetical pattern did apply at times during the course of the recovery. Yet it is not clear that military advances invariably came first. economic

advances second, and intellectual advances third. In the (40) 860?s the Byzantine Empire began to recover from Arab

incursions so that by 872 the military balance with the Abbasid Caliphate had been permanently altered in the empire?s favor. The beginning of the empire?s economic revival, however, can be placed between 810 and 830.

(45)Finally, the Byzantine revival of learning appears to

have begun even earlier. A number of notable scholars and writers appeared by 788 and, by the last decade of the eighth century, a cultural revival was in full bloom, a revival that lasted until the fall of Constantinople in (50)1453.Thus the commonly expected order of military

revival followed by economic and then by cultural

recovery was reversed in Byzantium. In fact, the revival

- 13 -

of Byzantine learning may itself have influenced the subsequent economic and military expansion.

1. Which of the following best states the central idea of

the passage?

(A) The Byzantine Empire was a unique case in

which the usual order of military and economic

revival preceding cultural revival was reversed.

(B) The economic, cultural, and military revival in the

Byzantine Empire between the eighth and

eleventh centuries was similar in its order to the

sequence of revivals in Augustan Rome and fifth-

century Athens.

military and, later, cultural expansion that lasted

until 1453.

(D) The eighth-century revival of Byzantine learning

is an inexplicable phenomenon, and its economic

and military precursors have yet to be discovered.

(E) The revival of the Byzantine Empire between the

eighth and eleventh centuries shows cultural

rebirth preceding economic and military revival,

the reverse of the commonly accepted order of

progress.

2. The primary purpose of the second paragraph is which of the following?

(A) To establish the uniqueness of the Byzantine

revival

(B) To show that Augustan Rome and fifth-century

Athens are examples of cultural, economic, and

military expansion against which all subsequent

cases must be measured

advances have tended to be closely interrelated in

different societies.

(D) To argue that, while the revivals of Augustan

Rome and fifth-century Athens were similar, they

are unrelated to other historical examples

(E) To indicate that, wherever possible, historians

should seek to make comparisons with the

earliest chronological examples of revival

3. It can be inferred from the passage that by the eleventh century the Byzantine military forces

(A) had reached their peak and begun to decline

(B) had eliminated the Bulgarian army

under Augustus

(D) were strong enough to withstand the Abbasid

Caliphate?s milita ry forces

(E) had achieved control of Byzantine governmental

structures

4. It can be inferred from the passage that the Byzantine Empire sustained significant territorial losses

(A) in 600

(B) during the seventh century

Byzantine Empire had been lost

(D) soon after the revival of Byzantine learning

(E) in the century after 873

5. In the third paragraph, the author most probably provides an explanation of the apparent connections among economic, military, and cultural development in order to

(A) suggest that the process of revival in Byzantium

accords with this model

(B) set up an order of events that is then shown to be

not generally applicable to the case of Byzantium (C) cast aspersions on traditional historical

scholarship about Byzantium

(D) suggest that Byzantium represents a case for

which no historical precedent exists

(E) argue that military conquest is the paramount

element in the growth of empires

6. Which of the following does the author mention as crucial evidence concerning the manner in which

- 14 -

the Byzantine revival began?

(A) The Byzantine military revival of the 860?s led to

economic and cultural advances.

(B) The Byzantine cultural revival lasted until 1453.

900?s.

(D) The revival of Byzantine learning began toward

the end of the eighth century.

(E) By the early eleventh century the Byzantine

Empire had regained much of its lost territory.

7. According to the author, “The common explanation” (line 28) of connections between economic, military, and cultural development is

(A) revolutionary and too new to have been applied

to the history of the Byzantine Empire

(B) reasonable, but an antiquated theory of the nature

of progress

but does perhaps accurately describe limited

periods during the revival

(D) equally applicable to the Byzantine case as a

whole and to the history of military, economic,

and cultural advances in ancient Greece and

Rome

(E) essentially not helpful, because military, economic,

and cultural advances are part of a single

phenomenon

Passage 8

Virtually everything astronomers known about objects outside the solar system is based on the detection of photons-quanta of electromagnetic radiation. Yet there is another form of radiation that permeates the universe: (5) neutrinos. With (as its name implies) no electric charge, and negligible mass, the neutrino interacts with other particles so rarely that a neutrino can cross the entire universe, even traversing substantial aggregations of matter, without being absorbed or even deflected. Neu- (10)trinos can thus escape from regions of space where light

and other kinds of electromagnetic radiation are blocked by matter. Furthermore, neutrinos carry with them

information about the site and circumstances of their production: therefore, the detection of cosmic neutrinos (15)could provide new information about a wide variety of

cosmic phenomena and about the history of the uni-

verse.

But how can scientists detect a particle that interact s so infrequently with other matter? Twenty-five years (20)passed between Pauli?s hypothesis that the neutrino

existed and its actual detection: since then virtually all research with neutrinos has been with neutrinos created artificially in large particle accelerators and studied

under neutrino microscopes. But a neutrino telescope, (25) capable of detecting cosmic neutrinos, is difficult to co-

nstruct. No apparatus can detect neutrinos unless it is extremely massive, because great mass is synonymous with huge numbers of nucleons (neutrons and protons), and the more massive the detector, the greater the pro- (30) bability of one of its nucleon?s reacting with a neutrino.

In addition, the apparatus must be sufficiently shielded from the interfering effects of other particles.

Fortunately, a group of astrophysicists has proposed

a means of detecting cosmic neutrinos by harnessing the

(35) mass of the ocean. Named DUMAND, for Deep Under-

water Muon and Neutrino Detector, the project calls for placing an array of light sensors at a depth of five kilo-

meters under the ocean surface. The detecting medium is the seawater itself: when a neutrino interacts with a (40)particle in an atom of seawater. the result is a cascade of

electrically charged particles and a flash of light that can

be detected by the sensors. The five kilometers of sea- water above the sensors will shield them from the interf-

ering effects of other high-energy particles raining down (45) through the atmosphere.

The strongest motivation for the DUMAND project

- 15 -

is that it will exploit an important source of information about the universe. The extension of astronomy from visible light to radio waves to x-rays and gamma rays (50) never failed to lead to the discovery of unusual objects

such as radio galaxies, quasars, and pulsars. Each of these discoveries came as a surprise. Neutrino astronomy will doubtless bring its own share of surprises.

1. Which of the following titles best summarizes the

passage as a whole?

(A) At the Threshold of Neutrino Astronomy

(B) Neutrinos and the History of the Universe

(D) The DUMAND System and How It Works

(E) The Properties of the Neutrino

2. With which of the following statements regarding

neutrino astronomy would the author be most likely

to agree?

(A) Neutrino astronomy will supersede all present

forms of astronomy.

(B) Neutrino astronomy will be abandoned if the

DUMAND project fails.

major breakthroughs in astronomy.

(D) Neutrino astronomy will disclose phenomena that

will be more surprising than past discoveries. (E) Neutrino astronomy will always be characterized

by a large time lag between hypothesis and

experimental confirmation.

3. In the last paragraph, the author describes the development of astronomy in order to

(A) suggest that the potential findings of neutrino

astronomy can be seen as part of a series of

astronomical successes

(B) illustrate the role of surprise in scientific discovery

apparatus in detecting neutrinos

(D) name some cosmic phenomena that neutrino

astronomy will illuminate

(E) contrast the motivation of earlier astronomers with

that of the astrophysicists working on the

DUMAND project

4.According to the passage, one advantage that neutrinos

have for studies in astronomy is that they

(A) have been detected for the last twenty-five years

(B) possess a variable electric charge

(D) carry information about their history with them

(E) are very similar to other electromagnetic particles

5. According to the passage, the primary use of the apparatus mentioned in lines 24-32 would be to

(A) increase the mass of a neutrino

(B) interpret the information neutrinos carry with them

(D) see neutrinos in distant regions of space

(E) detect the presence of cosmic neutrinos 6. The passage states that interactions between neutrinos and other matter are

(A) rare

(B) artificial

(D) unpredictable

(E) hazardous

7. The passage mentions which of the following as a reason that neutrinos are hard to detect?

(A) Their pervasiveness in the universe

(B) Their ability to escape from different regions of

space

(D) The similarity of their structure to that of nucleons

(E) The infrequency of their interaction with other

matter

- 16 -

8. According to the passage, the interaction of a neutrino with other matter can produce

(A) particles that are neutral and massive

(B) a form of radiation that permeates the universe

circumstances of the neutrino?s production

(D) charged particles and light

(E) a situation in which light and other forms of

electromagnetic radiation are blocked

9. According to the passage, one of the methods used to

establish the properties of neutrinos was

(A) detection of photons

(B) observation of the interaction of neutrinos with

gamma rays

created

(D) measurement of neutrinos that interacted with

particles of seawater

(E) experiments with electromagnetic radiation

Passage 9

Most economists in the united States seem captivated by the spell of the free market. Conse-

quently, nothing seems good or normal that does

not accord with the requirements of the free market.

(5)A price that is determined by the seller or, for

that matter, established by anyone other than the

aggregate of consumers seems pernicious. Accord-

ingly, it requires a major act of will to think of

price-fixing (the determination of prices by the (10) seller) as both “normal” and having a valuable

economic function. In fact, price-fixing is normal

in all industrialized societies because the indus-

trial system itself provides, as an effortless conse-

quence of its own development, the price-fixing (15) that it requires. Modern industrial planning

requires and rewards great size. Hence,

a comparatively small number of large firms will

be competing for the same group of consumers.

That each large firm will act with consideration of (20) its own needs and thus avoid selling its products

for more than its competitors charge is commonly

recognized by advocates of free-market economic

theories. But each large firm will also act with

full consideration of the needs that it has in (25) common with the other large firms competing for

the same customers. Each large firm will thus

avoid significant price-cutting, because price-

cutting would be prejudicial to the common interest in a stable demand for products. Most economists (30)do not see price-fixing when it occurs because

they expect it to be brought about by a number of

explicit agreements among large firms; it is not.

Moreover, those economists who argue that allowing the free market to operate without inter- (35) ference is the most efficient method of establishing

prices have not considered the economies of non-

socialist countries other than the United states.

These economies employ intentional price-fixing,

usually in an overt fashion. Formal price-fixing (40) by cartel and informal price-fixing by agreements

covering the members of an industry are common- place. Were there something peculiarly efficient

about the free market and inefficient about price-

fixing, the countries that have avoided the first (45)and used the second would have suffered drastically

in their economic development. There is no indica- tion that they have.

Socialist industry also works within a frame- work of controlled prices. In the early 1970?s, (50)the Soviet Union began to give firms and industries

some of the flexibility in adjusting prices that a

more informal evolution has accorded the capitalist system. Economists in the United States have

hailed the change as a return to the free market. (55)But Soviet firms are no more subject to prices

established by a free market over which they

exercise little influence than are capitalist firms;

- 17 -

rather, Soviet firms have been given the power to

fix prices.

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) refute the theory that the free market plays a

useful role in the development of industrialized

societies

(B) suggest methods by which economists and members

of the government of the United States can

recognize and combat price-fixing by large firms (C) show that in industrialized societies price-fixing and

the operation of the free market are not only

compatible but also mutually beneficial

(D) explain the various ways in which industrialized

societies can fix prices in order to stabilize the free

market

(E) argue that price-fixing, in one form or another, is an

inevitable part of and benefit to the economy of any industrialized society

2. The passage provides information that would answer

which of the following questions about price-fixing? Ⅰ.What are some of the ways in which prices can be fixed?

Ⅱ. For what products is price-fixing likely to be more profitable that the operation of the free market? Ⅲ.Is price-fixing more common in socialist

industrialized societies or in nonsocialist

industrialized societies?

(A) Ⅰonly

(B) Ⅲonly

(D) Ⅱand Ⅲonly

(E) Ⅰ,Ⅱ,and Ⅲ

3. The author?s attitude toward “Most economists in the United States”(line 1) can best be described as

(A) spiteful and envious

(B) scornful and denunciatory

(D) ambivalent but deferential

(E) uncertain but interested

4. It can be inferred from the author?s argument that a price fixed by the seller “seems pernicious”(line 7) because

(A) people do not have confidence in large firms

(B) people do not expect the government to

regulate prices

group should determine prices

(D) most economists associate fixed prices with

communist and socialist economies

(E) most economists believe that no one group

should determine prices

5. The suggestion in the passage that price-fixing in

industrialized societies is normal arises from the

author?s statement that p rice-fixing is

(A) a profitable result of economic development

(B) an inevitable result of the industrial system

decisions

(D) a phenomenon common to industrialized and

nonindustrialized societies

(E) a phenomenon best achieved cooperatively by

government and industry

6. According to the author, price-fixing in nonsocialist countries is often

(A) accidental but productive

(B) illegal but useful

(D) traditional and rigid

(E) intentional and widespread

7. According to the author, what is the result of the Soviet Union?s change in economic policy in the 1970?s

(A) Soviet firms show greater profit.

(B) Soviet firms have less control over the free market.

- 18 -

advances.

(D) Soviet firms have some authority to fix prices.

(E) Soviet firms are more responsive to the free market.

8. With which of the following statements regarding the behavior of large firms in industrialized societies would the author be most likely to agree?

(A) The directors of large firms will continue to

anticipate the demand for products

(B) The directors of large firms are less interested in

achieving a predictable level of profit than in

achieving a large profit.

costs of their products

(D) Many directors of large firms believe that the

government should establish the prices that will be

charged for products

(E) Many directors of large firms believe that the price

charged for products is likely to increase annually.

9. In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with

(A) predicting the consequences of a practice

(B) criticizing a point of view

(D) proposing a topic for research

(E) summarizing conflicting opinions

Passage 10

Caffeine, the stimulant in coffee, has been called “th e most widely used psychoactive substance on Earth .”

Synder, Daly and Bruns have recently proposed that

caffeine affects behavior by countering the activity in (5) the human brain of a naturally occurring chemical called adenosine. Adenosine normally depresses neuron firing

in many areas of the brain. It apparently does this by inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters, chemicals that carry nerve impulses from one neuron to the next.

(10) Like many other agents that affect neuron firing,

adenosine must first bind to specific receptors on

neuronal membranes. There are at least two classes

of these receptors, which have been designated A1 and

A2. Snyder et al propose that caffeine, which is struc- (15) turally similar to adenosine, is able to bind to both types

of receptors, which prevents adenosine from attaching there and allows the neurons to fire more readily than they otherwise would.

For many years, caffeine?s effects have been attri- (20) buted to its inhibition of the production of phosphodi-

esterase, an enzyme that breaks down the chemical

called cyclic AMP.A number of neurotransmitters exert

their effects by first increasing cyclic AMP concentra- tions in target neurons. Therefore, prolonged periods at (25)the elevated concentrations, as might be brought about

by a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, could lead to a greater amount of neuron firing and, consequently, to behav-

ioral stimulation. But Snyder et al point out that the

caffeine concentrations needed to inhibit the production (30)of phosphodiesterase in the brain are much higher than

those that produce stimulation. Moreover, other com-

pounds that block phosphodiesterase?s activity are not stimulants.

To buttress their case that caffeine acts instead by pre- (35) venting adenosine binding, Snyder et al compared the

stimulatory effects of a series of caffeine derivatives with their ability to dislodge adenosine from its receptors in

the brains of mice. “In general,” they reported, “the ability of the compounds to compete at the receptors (40) correlates with their ability to stimulate locomotion in

the mouse; i.e., the higher their capacity to bind at the receptors, the higher their ability to stimulate locomo- tion.” Theophylline, a close structural relative of caffeine

and the major stimulant in tea, was one of the most (45) effective compounds in both regards.

There were some apparent exceptions to the general correlation observed between adeno sine-receptor binding and stimulation. One of these was a compound called 3-isobuty1-1-methylxanthine(IBMX), which bound very (50)well but actually depressed mouse locomotion. Snyder

- 19 -

et al suggest that this is not a major stumbling block to their hypothesis. The problem is that the compound has mixed effects in the brain, a not unusual occurrence with psychoactive drugs. Even caffeine, which is generally (55)known only for its stimulatory effects, displays this

property, depressing mouse locomotion at very low

concentrations and stimulating it at higher ones.

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) discuss a plan for investigation of a phenomenon

that is not yet fully understood

(B) present two explanations of a phenomenon and

reconcile the differences between them

that overcomes the problems encountered in the first

two

(D) describe an alternative hypothesis and provide

evidence and arguments that support it

(E) challenge the validity of a theory by exposing the

inconsistencies and contradictions in it

2. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the

theory proposed by Snyder et al?

(A) At very low concentrations in the human brain. both

caffeine and theophylline tend to have depressive

rather than stimulatory effects on human behavior.

(B) The ability of caffeine derivatives at very low

concentrations to dislodge adenosine from its

receptors in mouse brains correlates well with their

ability to stimulate mouse locomotion at these low

concentrations

in the human brain that leads to increased neuron

firing can be produced by several different

phosphodi esterase inhibitors in addition to caffeine.

(D) The concentration of caffeine required to dislodge

adenosine from its receptors in the human brain is

much greater than the concentration that produces

behavioral stimulation in humans.

(E) The concentration of IBMX required to dislodge adenosine from its receptors in mouse brains is much smaller than the concentration that stimulates locomotion in the mouse.

3. According so Snyder et al, caffeine differs from

adenosine in that caffeine

(A) stimulates behavior in the mouse and in humans,

whereas adenosine stimulates behavior in humans

only

(B) has mixed effects in the brain, whereas adenosine

has only a stimulatory effect

neurons, whereas adenosine decreases such

concentrations

(D) permits release of neurotransmitters when it is

bound to adenosine receptors, whereas adenosine

inhibits such release

(E) inhibits both neuron firing and the production of

phosphodiesterase when there is a sufficient

concentration in the brain, whereas adenosine

inhibits only neuron firing

4. In response to experimental results concerning IBMX,

Snyder et al contended that it is not uncommon for

psychoactive drugs to have

(A) mixed effects in the brain

(B) inhibitory effects on enzymes in the brain

(D) depressive effects on mouse locomotion

(E) the ability to dislodge caffeine from receptors

in the brain

5. The passage suggests that Snyder et al believe that if the

older theory concerning caffeine?s effects were correct,

which of the following would have to be the case?

Ⅰ.All neurotransmitters would increase the short-term concentration of cyclic AMP in target neurons.

Ⅱ.Substances other than caffeine that inhibit the

production of phosphodiesterase would be stimulants.

Ⅲ.All concentration levels of caffeine that are high

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sat阅读小说类文章解析

SAT阅读小说类文章解析 SAT阅读中总会选取一篇小说类文章，因此考生们也要熟悉这种类型文章的特点以及对应的答题技巧，因此小编主要从以下几个方面为大家介绍SAT阅读小说类文章解析。一.小说文章来源经过研究发现SAT阅读文章中小说类的几乎都是19世纪经典著作。比如查尔斯·狄更斯(Charles Dickens)的《伟大前程》或是夏洛蒂·勃朗特(Charlotte Bronte)的《雪莉》等。在研究的274篇文章里，出现超过一次的作者有13位，其中小说类的作家包括：茱莉亚·阿尔瓦蕾兹(Julia Alvarez) 姜帕·拉西里(Jumpha Lahiri) 谭恩美(Amy Tan) 多娜·塔特(Donna Tart) 详情可点击：SAT阅读文章你从哪里来? 二.小说类阅读难点 1. 这种文章是一些名不见经传的小说的节选，因为没有上下文，读起来感觉文章没什么条理，速度也会受到影响。 2. 一般篇幅比较长，而且题量也比较大。 3. 多描述性语言，有些时候甚至是较为生僻, 较为古老的语言。 4. 多人物对白，人物的对白很多同学没有办法读懂这些对白, 也没有办法读出人物对白所表达的观点。建议大家在阅读的时候可以做到下面的两点：第一, 当多描述性语言的时候, 多利用关键词和人物观点来综合推理出句子意思的方法来理解描述性的语言。第二, 有效的处理对白，有同学不明白怎么去判断那句话来自于哪个角色。记住一个要点：人物的对话一定是你一句, 我一句的你来我往的往复进行的, 所以上一句话假如是A人物说的, 那么下一句话就应该是另一个人物B说的。而且, 在处理对白时, 请大家最大程度上代入角色的背景和故事氛围, 站在角色的角度，甚至有时候可以在心里模仿角色的对话来理解角色的心态, 进而推断其态度和观点。

SAT阅读：小说类文章阅读技巧

SAT阅读：小说类文章阅读技巧在SAT阅读考试中，小说类阅读是相对来说难度最大的一个。不但是有词汇语法的基础知识，还需要对背景知识和内容叙述等有深的了解。下面，天道小编给大家整理一些备考SAT阅读技巧，希望对有需要的同学有所帮助。 SAT阅读文章是给出一篇或一组文章，阅读后回答问题。文章阅读中，共包含3篇独立长文章、1组长对比文章、2篇独立短文章和1组对比短文章，共5篇独立文章和两组对比文章。文章所涉及的领域有：社会科学、人文、自然科学或小说(每次必有一篇)。短文章每篇(对比阅读算两篇)大约100词左右，每篇文章会出2道题目 (对比文章4道)。长文章或文章组每篇(组)总词数介于400到800之间关于SAT阅读中小说类材料的题，我们知道每个人都有自己的一套做题方法，有一些方法别人用的起劲可自己却不觉得好，关键之处在于要找到适合自己的方法。首先，我们要搞清楚一个观点，即读得越多，做得越明白。所以对于长文章尤其是小说类的文章，通读一遍是不可取的。一是因为时间，更重要的一点是在不了解背景知识和全文内容的前提下，考生获取的信息越多，在选项对比的时候就容易越混乱! 要知道那种小说要是复杂的话，读十遍不一定理得清人物关系。在阅读小说类的SAT阅读考试中，大家要永远记住一个观点：选项的重要度大于题干，远远大于原文。至此，基于上述观点，建议直接读题再回文章，然后进行选项对比。对于SAT阅读中小说类材料如果担心读得慢，就的先加快阅读速度，这是在美国上大学的基本技能。如果大家能够在SAT阅读文章的速度和阅读技巧方面都有所掌握，就会在SAT小说类文章阅读中有很大的优势和主动权，加以适当的练习之后，在这个部分的解答就会更快也更加的准确。以上就是天道留学小编给大家分享的关于SAT阅读中小说类阅读相关内容介绍，希望对同学们有所帮助。小说类阅读虽然难度大一点，但是找到学校技巧就会有所提高。如果想了解更多关于 SAT阅读速度及相关信息，请关注天道教育平台的SAT频道，小编也会持续为大家更新信息。出国留学，我们一直在! 天道培训在国内首家推出专职“学习规划师”和“留学规划师”制度，对学生全程规划、全程跟踪，全程反馈。我们汇聚了国内外顶级名师，平均教学经验在5年以上，并实行八对一尊享服务——课程规划师，留学规划师，阅读教师，写作教师，听力教师，口语教师，语法教师，词汇教师等八位一体。完善的留学服务保证，整合了十年留学服务经验，让我们能将一流培训和申请服务全程有机结合。天道六步曲第二步考试指导具体服务项目如下：

新SAT官方指南阅读第十六篇全解析

新SAT官方指南阅读第十六篇全解析 This passage is adapted from MacDonald Harris,The Balloonist.?2011by The Estate of Donald Heiney.During the summer of1897,the narrator of this story,a fictional Swedish scientist,has set out for the North Pole in a hydrogen-powered balloon. My emotions are complicated and not readily verifiable.I feel a vast yearning that is simultaneously a pleasure and a pain.I am certain of the consummation of this yearning,but I don’t know yet what form it will take,since I do not understand quite what it is that the yearning desires.For the first time there is borne in upon me the full truth of what I myself said to the doctor only an hour ago:that my motives in this undertaking are not entirely clear.For years,for a 5 lifetime,the machinery of my destiny has worked in secret to prepare for this moment;its clockwork has moved exactly toward this time and place and no other.Rising slowly from the earth that bore me and gave me sustenance,I am carried helplessly toward an uninhabited and hostile,or at best indifferent,part of the earth,littered with the bones of explorers and the wrecks of ships,frozen supply caches,messages scrawled with chilled fingers and hidden in cairns that no 10 eye will ever see.Nobody has succeeded in this thing,and many have died.Yet in freely willing this enterprise,in choosing this moment and no other when the south wind will carry me exactly northward at a velocity of eight knots,I have converted the machinery of my fate into the servant of my will.All this I understand,as I understand each detail of the technique by which this is 15 carried out.What I don’t understand is why I am so intent on going to this particular place.Who

SAT阅读中的科学文章

SAT阅读中的科学文章了解了SAT阅读中常考的黑人、女人以及亚非拉等生活在美国的少数名族等题材之后，并不意味着SAT阅读所有的背景知识就全部掌握了，这就要说到很多中国考生为之色变的一类题材——科学了。由于社科教育在中国一直不被重视，导致很多考生碰到科学类题目便毫无头绪。巴斯德的曲颈瓶实验，美洲大陆人类的迁徙过程，恐龙化石，地下湖的成因……这些文章是很多考生的“噩梦”。生物学、人类学、考古学、地质学……林林总总的长篇大论，考生读完文章后一头雾水。而且近些年来SAT阅读也不仅仅只是停留在过去的科学成就上，某一个学科或现象的发展、最新科学研究和发现出现得越来越多。所以要是大家能够在平时的生活中多关注最新科学发展动态，并适时积累，对于SAT阅读考试中的科学类题目无疑是可以有很大的帮助。今天，2月29日，在这个四年才一次的特殊日子里，许老师要跟大家分享一篇自己在《华尔街日报》上看到的关于计量时间的文章，让大家一起来了解一下地球自转速度怎样导致了闰年（leap year）、闰日（leap day）、闰秒（leap second）的出现，以及现今的计时方式使春分、秋分（spring and autumn equinox）这些现象产生了怎样的变化。文章内容： The Drama of Measuring the Days of Our Lives Humanity's efforts to impose order on time don't always go like clockwork. There was the Y2K computer-programming fiasco, as the world entered the year 2000. Then there are the seconds that have to be added to the clock occasionally—the next one is in June—to make our definition of a day match the ever-so-slight slowing of the Earth's rotation. And spare a thought for the Swedish couple who married 300 years ago but whose anniversary has never appeared on any calendar. 写在4年来最不寻常的一天 2月29天 Sven Hall wed Ellna Jeppsdotter in Ystad, Sweden, on Feb. 30, 1712—a day that existed only because of Protestant Europe's fumbling transition from the Julian calendar system to an approximation of the Gregorian system. Sweden had tried to change gradually before realizing it was out of sync with everyone else, says Bengt Danielson, assistant archival

SAT阅读小说类词汇总结

SAT阅读小说类词汇总结 SAT阅读话题一般可分为科技、社会、历史、小说四类，针对每个类别积累一些词汇会使阅读时更加得心应手。下面小编为大家分类汇总，一起来看看小说类词汇吧。 A acquaintance n.熟悉, 认识;熟人 affection n.友爱, 爱情;疾病;倾向, 影响 affluence n.富裕, 富足 agitate v.搅动;煽动, 激动 allowance n.津贴, 补助;宽容, 允许 angelic adj.天使的, 似天使的 antecedent n.(pl.)祖先;先前的情况;前提;先行词;adj.先行的, 先前的 arrant adj.彻头彻尾的;声名狼藉的, 极恶的 articulate adj.发音清晰的;有关节的;vt.清晰明白地说;用关节连接, 接合 assembly n.集合, 集结;汇编;装配 at a loss 迷惑的, 不解的 B bangs n.刘海，额前短垂发 banyan n.菩提树, 印度榕树 barnacle n.一种北极鹅;难以摆脱的人(或物) behold v.观看, 注视;把...视为 belie v.揭露...虚假;掩饰, 伪装;使失望, 辜负 bold adj.大胆的，勇敢的;醒目的;陡峭的; n.粗体字 bow v.鞠躬, 弯腰;n.弓, 乐弓, 弓形 bridegroom n.新郎 bump n.地面隆起部分;撞击, 肿块;v.碰(伤), 颠簸

buttercup n.[植]毛茛科 C civility n.礼貌, 端庄;(Pl.)礼仪 cocoon n.茧;茧状物;防护喷层 comics n.连环漫画杂志;连环漫画栏 commence v.开始, 着手 compact vt.使压紧，塞满;adj.紧密的, 简洁的;n.契约;小粉盒 competent adj.有能力的, 胜任的 conceive vt.想到, 想象;怀有(爱恨等);怀(胎) condemn vt.使处于(不愉快的) 境地;判刑, 处刑;声讨, 谴责 condemnable adj.该罚的, 该受责备的 condemned adj.被认为不适用的;被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 conscientious adj.本着良心的, 尽责的 consecrate vt.用作祭祀, 献给;adj.被献给神的, 神圣的 content adj.满足的, 满意的;vt.使满足 n.内容 convoke v.[正式用语]召集，召开(会议) cook up 胡诌, 编造; 快速做饭 crave v.渴望;恳求 crux n.症结, 关键;十字架;坩埚 curve n.曲线, 弯曲vt.弯, 使弯曲 D deficiency n.缺乏, 不足 demur v.提出异议, 反对 derby n.金属块;帽状物体;圆顶窄边礼帽 desert vt.放弃, 遗弃vi.逃掉, 开小差 n.沙漠;功过adj.沙漠的, 荒凉的 despise vt.轻视，鄙视 devise vt.设计, 发明;作出(计划), 想出(办法) dim adj.暗淡的, 模糊的;无光泽的;悲观的;vt.使暗淡

SAT备考期间必读的十大经典小说

SAT备考期间必读的十大经典小说随着SAT考生数目的逐渐增多，新SAT考试也对考生提出了更高的要求。下面文都国际教育小编给大家推荐几部美国高中生必读的十大经典小说，建议大家在备考期间根据自身情况制定出一套适合自己的阅读计划。 1. 《麦克白》《麦克白》是莎士比亚最短的悲剧。但是百利天下留学专家表示，这部简洁的戏剧写透了人性的弱点与性格，场景是11世纪苏格兰的战场。另一个风行于高中的重要莎士比亚戏剧《哈姆雷特》，是以缺乏果断与复仇为主轴，而《麦克白》则是以野心与个人道德为情节重心。麦克白是主角的名字，他与另一位叫邦戈的贵族，得知三个巫婆一连串的预言以后，开始对立。孜孜不倦的女巫预测了未来的皇位继承人，权力的野心很快就脱缰。麦克白在斗争中失去妻子，发表了“明天，明天，明天”这个史诗独白，捕捉到的绝望感觉。 2. 《麦田里的守望者》 1951年出版，对于疏离的高中生学生而言，长期以来一直是文学的试金石。主角霍尔顿·考菲尔德是个不折不扣的牢骚大王——每个人都是冒牌货，每个人都是废物，只有他的小妹才真的有点分量。这个故事相当忧郁，主角在哥哥死后可能发疯，搞砸了一切。正因如此，我们真的很容易忘了这个故事是高中生的终极幻想——霍尔登在纽约闲荡了几天，混进了酒吧，与年纪较大的女人跳舞，想要跟不良妇女进行交易的时候受到殴打。尽管男孩似乎只是无所事事，这些听起却像是生活! 不过，根据2009年6月《纽约时报》的一篇文章，正因为如此，许多今天的青少年很难对本书有所共鸣。一位老师转述学生的话：“一位富家子在纽约自由自在的过周末，我真的不会为此感到难过。”尽管有代沟，本书不会很快在教室中消失。 3. 《杀死一只知更鸟》哈泼·李1960年对南方的赞歌，是美国历来最受喜爱的小说之一。部分是因为1962年的改编经典电影。格雷戈里·派克饰演小镇律师阿提卡斯·芬奇，也是一位最正直、最有同情心的父亲。但是这本小说(作者唯一的一本)之所以受人尊崇，是因为有令人难忘的主角：一对兄妹詹姆与斯考特。本书有两个次要情节：黑人男子涉嫌强奸白人妇

新SAT文章的阅读

社会科学历史人文

背景知识依然不是必要的但补充背景知识有促进作用历史和人文的陌生感会比较强烈，较难理解自然科学和社会科学的话题更具有普适性，更易理解

这是一篇人文类的小说 This passage is adapted from Jane Austen, Emma, originally published in 1815. 大家需要读引言，因为引言可以提供背景知识 Emma Woodhouse, handsome, clever, and rich, with a comfortable home and happy disposition, seemed to unite some of the best blessings of existence; and had lived nearly twenty one years in the world with very little to distress or vex her. 这一段描述了小说主角的性格特点

“She was the youngest of the two daughters of a most affectionate, indulgent father, and had, in consequence of her sister’s marriage, been mistress of his house from a very early period. Her mother had died too long ago for her to have more than an indistinct remembrance of her caresses, and her place had been supplied by an excellent woman as governess, who had fallen little short of a mother in affection. 这一段结尾引出了另外一个人物

SAT阅读文章的分类

SAT阅读文章的分类为了帮助同学们顺利通过SAT考试，文都国际小编为大家分析一下SAT阅读文章的分类，供大家参考。 SAT阅读(CR)部分共67道题目，包括19道完成句子和48道文章阅读，时间是70分钟。SAT阅读考试中的文章阅读，共包含3篇独立长文章、1组长对比文章、2篇独立短文章和1组对比短文章，共5篇独立文章和两组对比文章。SAT 文章阅读中，短文章每篇(对比阅读算两篇)大约100词左右，每篇文章会出2道题目(对比文章4道)。长文章或文章组每篇(组)总词数介于400到800之间。下面看一下SAT阅读文章的分类： 1、两篇短文给出两篇短文，每个短文各自独立并有各自不同的问题。对于这种问题，一般是先看题目再看文章。因为两篇文章各自独立，不会互相影响，也不会有关联到两篇文章的问题，因此还是比较简单的，重点是词汇和找准问题在文中的定位。 2、一篇长文给出一篇长文，并有十数道问题。对于这种阅读，要先看文章再看问题，看文章要弄清楚文章的结构、逻辑关系、作者的态度等等，还要看出文中的观点(通常文中的观点不止一个)之间的关系，是相互支持还是相互反对。这种长文章一般都来自于学术杂志，学术性很强，涉及的范围也很广，各个学科都可能涉及到，而且专业词汇很多，长词难词也很多。因此，词汇量一定要够，对于文中的例子，一般只要搞清楚这个例子的目的是什么就可以了，具体的数字之类的细节带过就好。 3、对比性的文章给出两篇文章，每篇文章在40行左右，最后给出一些问题，可能关于其中一篇文章，也可能关于两篇文章的关系。对于这种阅读，先看第一篇文章，然后回答和第一篇文章相关的问题，再看第二篇文章，回答和第二篇文章相关的问题，这时，对于两篇文章的主题都大概有了了解，它们之间是什么关系也应该有了判断，再回答关于两篇文章的问题。一般对比居多，但是也有解释说明之类的关系。

SAT阅读双篇对比文章解题步骤

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