mending wall翻译及赏析
Something there is that doesn’t love a wall,
That sends the frozen-ground-swell under it
And spills the upper boulders in the sun,
And makes gaps even two can pass abreast.
The work of hunters is another thing: 5
I have come after them and made repair
Where they have left not one stone on a stone,
But they would have the rabbit out of hiding,
To please the yelping dogs. The gaps I mean,
No one has seen them made or heard them made, 10 But at spring mending-time we find them there.
I let my neighbor know beyond the hill;
And on a day we meet to walk the line
And set the wall between us once again.
We keep the wall between us as we go. 15
To each the boulders that have fallen to each.
And some are loaves and some so nearly balls
We have to use a spell to make them balance: “Stay where you are until our backs are turned!”
We wear our fingers rough with handling them. 20 Oh, just another kind of outdoor game,
One on a side. It comes to little more:
There where it is we do not need the wall: He is all pine and I am apple orchard.
My apple trees will never get across 25
And eat the cones under his pines, I tell him.
He only says, “Good fences make good neighbors.”
Spring is the mischief in me, and I wonder
If I could put a notion in his head:
“Why do they make good neighbors? Isn’t it 30
Where there are cows? But here there are no cows.
Before I built a wall I’d ask to know
What I was walling in or walling out,
And to whom I was like to give offense.
Something there is that doesn’t love a wall,
35
That wants i t down.” I could say “Elves” to him,
But it’s not elves exactly, and I’d rather
He said it for himself. I see him there,
Bringing a stone grasped firmly by the top
In each hand, like an old-stone savage armed. 40
He moves in darkness as it seems to me,
Not of woods only and the shade of trees.
He will not go behind his father’s saying,
And he likes having thought of it so well
He says again, “Good fences make good neighbors.”
45
有一点什么，它大概是不喜欢墙，
候，中间隔着一垛墙。
我心里作祟，我在悬想
仅是来自深林与树荫。
。Summary
A stone wall separates the speaker’s property from his neighbor’s. In spring, the two meet to walk the wall and jointly make repairs. The speaker sees no reason for the wall to be kept—there are no cows to be contained, just apple and pine trees. He does not believe in walls for the sake of walls. The neighbor resorts to an old adage: “Good fences make good neighbors.” The speaker remains unconvinced and mischievously presses the neighbor to look beyond the old-fashioned folly of such reasoning. His neighbor will not be swayed. The speaker envisions his neighbor as a holdover from a justifiably outmoded era, a living example of a dark-age mentality. But the neighbor simply repeats the adage.
Form
Blank verse is the baseline meter of this poem, but few of the lines march along in blank verse’s characteristic lock-step iambs, five abreast. Frost maintains five stressed syllables per line, but he varies the feet extensively to sustain the natural speech-like quality of the verse. There are no stanza breaks, obvious end-rhymes, or rhyming patterns, but many of the end-words share an assonance (e.g., wall, hill,balls,wall, and well sun,thing,stone,mean,line, and again or game,them, and him twice). Internal rhymes, too, are subtle, slanted, and conceivably coincidental. The vocabulary is all of a piece—no fancy words, all short (only one word, another, is of three syllables), all conversational—and this is perhaps why the words resonate so consummately with each other in sound and feel.
Commentary
I have a friend who, as a young girl, had to memorize this poem as punishment for some now-forgotten misbehavior. Forced memorization is never pleasant; still, this is a fine poem for recital. “Mending Wall” is sonorous, homey, wry—arch, even—yet serene; it is steeped in levels of meaning implied by its well-wrought metaphoric suggestions. These implications inspire numerous interpretations and make definitive readings suspect. Here are but a few things to think about as you reread the poem.
The image at the heart of “Mending Wall” is arresting: two men meeting on terms of civility and neighborliness to build a bar rier between them. They do so out of tradition, out of habit. Yet the very earth conspires against them and makes their task Sisyphean. Sisyphus, you may recall, is the figure in Greek mythology condemned perpetually to push a boulder up a hill, only to have the boulder roll down again. These men push boulders back on top of the wall; yet just as inevitably, whether at the hand of hunters or sprites, or the frost and thaw of nature’s invisible hand, the boulders tumble down again. Still, the neighbors persist. The poem, thus, seems to meditate conv entionally on three grand themes: barrier-building (segregation, in the broadest sense of the word), the doomed nature of this enterprise, and our persistence in this activity regardless.
But, as we so often see when we look closely at Frost’s best poems, what begins in folksy straightforward ness ends in complex ambiguity. The speaker would have us believe that there are two types of people: those who stubbornly insist on building superfluous walls (with clichés as their justification) and those who would dispense with this practice—wall-builders and wall-breakers. But are these impulses so easily separable? And what does the poem really say about the necessity of boundaries?
The speaker may scorn his neighbor’s obstinate wall-building, may observe the activity with humorous detachment, but he himself goes to the wall at all times of the year to mend the damage done by hunters; it is the speaker who contacts the neighbor at wall-mending time to set the annual appointment. Which person, then, is the real wall-builder? The speaker says he sees no need for a wall here, but this implies that there may be a need for a wall elsewhere—“where there are cows,” for example. Yet the speaker must derive something, some use, some satisfaction, out of the exercise of wall-building, or why would he initiate it here? There is something in him that does love a wall, or at least the act of making a wall.
This wall-building act seems ancient, for it is described in ritual terms. It involves “spells” to counteract the “elves,” and the neig hbor appears a Stone-Age savage while he hoists and transports a boulder. Well, wall-building is ancient and enduring—the building of the first walls, both literal and figurative, marked the very foundation of society. Unless you are an absolute anarchist and do not mind livestock munching your lettuce, you probably recognize the need for literal boundaries. Figuratively, rules and laws are walls; justice is the process of wall-mending. The ritual of wall maintenance highlights the dual and complementary nature of human society: The rights of the individual (property boundaries, proper boundaries) are affirmed through the affirmation of other individuals’ rights. And it demonstrates another benefit of community; for this communal act, this civic “game,” offers a good excuse for the s peaker to interact with his neighbor. Wall-building is social, both in the sense of “societal” and “sociable.” What seems an act of anti-social
self-confinement can, thus, ironically, be interpreted as a great social gesture. Perhaps the speaker does believe that good fences make good neighbors— for again, it is he who initiates the wall-mending.
Of course, a little bit of mutual trust, communication, and goodwill would seem to achieve the same purpose between well-disposed neighbors—at least where there ar e no cows. And the poem says it twice: “something there is that does not love a wall.” There is some intent and value in wall-breaking, and there is some powerful tendency toward this destruction. Can it be simply that wall-breaking creates the conditions that facilitate wall-building? Are the groundswells a call to community- building—nature’s nudge toward concerted action? Or are they benevolent forces urging the demolition of traditional, small-minded boundaries? The poem does not resolve this question, and the narrator, who speaks for the groundswells but acts as a fence-builder, remains a contradiction.
Many of Frost’s poems can be reasonably interpreted as commenting on the creative process; “Mending Wall” is no exception. On the basic level, we can find here a discussion of the construction-disruption duality of creativity. Creation is a positive act—a mending or a building. Even the most destructive-seeming creativity results in a change, the building of some new state of being: If you tear down an edifice, you create a new view for the folks living in the house across the way. Yet creation is also disruptive: If nothing else, it disrupts the status quo. Stated another way, disruption is creative: It is the impetus that leads directly, mysteriously (as with the groundswells), to creation. Does the stone wall embody this duality? In any case, there is something about “walking the line”—and building it, mending it, balancing each stone with equal parts skill and spell—that evokes the mysterious and laborious act of making poetry.
On a level more specific to the author, the question of boundaries and their worth is directly applicable to Frost’s poetry. Barriers confine, but for some people they also encourage freedom and productivity by offering challenging frameworks within which to work. On principle, Frost did not write free verse. His creative process involved engaging poetic form (the rules, tradition, and boundaries—the walls—of the poetic world) and making it distinctly his own. By maintaining the tradition of formal poetry in unique ways, he was simultaneously a mender and breaker of walls.
Interpretation of Robert Frost’s “Mending Wall”
ZHAO Xin-li
(School of Foreign Languages, Langfang Teachers College, Langfang 065000, China)
Abstract: Robert Fro st is skillful at adopting symbolism and images in his poems. “Mending Wall”, one of
Frost’s well-known poems, had been analyzed in different approaches, such as psychoanalytical approach, social
approach and structural approaches, etc. By exploring the sy mbol and images applied in “Mending Wall”, it draws
the conclusion that “the wall”, symbolizing convention, is set as a barrier in human communication.
Key words: symbol; image; “Mending Wall”; convention
1. Introduction
Robert Frost is adept at applying s ymbolism and images in his poetry. One aspect of Frost’s theory is “his
understanding of symbolism and how it functions in a poem” (Parini, 1993, p. 265). He classified himself as a
poet who was a synecdochist and stated that he preferred synecdoche in poetry—that figure of speech we use a
part for the whole. In his poetry, one image after another is unfolded gradually. It is rather easy for readers to catch
the surface meaning of his poetry. However, the ulterior meaning, which is the value of his poetry, worths our life
time of contemplation.
In “Mending Wall,” Robert Frost depicts a commonplace occurrence that a wall separating a farmer’s land
from that of his neighbor’s has crumbled down and awaits repairs. Such is a scene typical in Robert Frost’s poems,
which always take on an easy-understood appearance and is imbued with profound significance. “It would be a
mistake to imagine that Frost is easy to understand because he is easy to read” (Elliott, 1988, p. 944). You “begin
in delight, end in wisdom.” As we may mend a stone wall, pick up apples, watch a spider, and mow the lawn in his
poems, we also acquire enlightenment and inspiration towards life. As it explores in “Mending Wall” that the
wall—the symbol of convention—sometimes is set as a barrier in human communication.
2. The Wall as the Symbol of Convention
The poem starts with the crumbling down of the wall.
Something there is that doesn’t love a wall,
That sends the frozen-ground-swell under it,
And spill the upper boulder in the sun,
That makes gaps even two can pass abreast.
As soon as “I” find the toppling wall, “I let the neighbor know beyond the hill” and prepare to mend the wall.
To the speaker, erecting a wall is a conventional concept, deeply ingrained in the mind. It is out of instinct that the
speaker acknowledges the neighbor to repair the wall together. The wall standing between the lands of two
ZHAO Xin-li (1980- ), female, B.A., teaching assistant of School of Foreign Languages, Langfang Teachers College; research field: British and American literature.
Interpretation of Robert Frost’s “Mending Wall”
72
families has become a tradition, inherited from ancestors. “The spring mending time” each year is a regular
activity of farmers in New England, revealing the powerful predominance of trad ition on people’s mind. Without meditating on its rationality of existence, people observe it as a strict rule.
The neighbor’s repetition of “Good fences make good neighbors” manifests that he is a convention upholder.
Residing in the convention-dominated world, he regards the proverb as an unquestionable universal truth. When “I
try to put a notion in his head,” his mere utterance is the proverb. His response is short, full of coldness and
obstinacy. He asserts it with such a blind determination towards the existence of the wall in between that an
invisible wall has been installed between them. Without pondering on whether or not there is the necessity to build
a wall, he sticks to dogged rules of convention and refuses to any kind of change. To some degree, he is the representative of convention.
The neighbor’s mind is also exemplified in his behavior.
I see him there
Bring a stone grasped firmly by the top
In each hand, like an old-stone savage armed.
The shift in voice, a slowing down and steadying of rhythm, the contemplativeness previously absent, does
not simply mime the slow actions of the neighbor. The neighbor likened to the old-stone savage, is considered
backward and uncivilized. The image is also a hint of convention, which has been lasting ever since the primitive
age and has an irresistible dominance on people. Furthermore, a seemingly apparent evolvement of human beings
turns out to be the lack of communication. With the economic development, however, people alienate one from
another by installi ng walls in between. “Frost himself realized that such neighbors on nearby farms were
increasing in number” (Averev, 1976, p. 255). Only under the harbor of those physically existing walls can they
develop a sense of security and safety. They, represented by the neighbor in the poem, hold a suspicious opinion
towards others and refuse to conduct genuine communication with each other. As time goes by, they are confined
to their own world. There is nothing left in their psychological world except the tremendous power of convention.
Another influence of convention on people is the “darkness” shrouding the neighbor as is depicted in the
poem. “He moved in darkness as it seems to me, / not of woods only and the shade of trees.” It reflects a revision
in the speaker as he imagines the neighbor and acknowledges how far from him—how other from him—the
neighbor is, a distance which is metaphorical and rendered here and temporally through “like an old savage.” The neighbor, dwelling in the shade of convention, separate s others from him by enclosing himself in his “solid
fortress.” The speaker, who realizes the darkness surrounding the neighbor and others, is also aware that the
distance is not transgressible and nor is genuine reciprocity possible. “As he confronts that darkness and distance,
he can consider what barriers, if any, he would want down, what barriers he simply cannot cross, and what such an
act might take.”
The response towards the crumbling wall and the process of “Mending Wall” implies that convention has
exerted a tremendous dominance on people’s mind and behavior.
There arises a conflict between the neighbor and the speaker on whether there is a need to mend the wall. The
speaker insists that there is no need to build a wall, because
He is all pine and I am apple orchard.
My apple trees will never get across,
And eat the cones under his pines.
Interpretation of Robert Frost’s “Mending Wall”
73
Influenced by the conventional ideas as well, it dawns on the speaker that there is no necessity to keep a wall
i n between at this time. And there is no such livestock in the speaker’s land as “cows” that the neighbor’s land will not suffer from any possible destruction. The speaker, in a teasing and childlike way, puts forward his doubt about traditional concept that a wall should be there in between. He is unconscious that he is taking side with unconventional ideas. The neighbor, however, is convinced that the wall should be mended by citing the old saying. Set ideas and habits, forged by convention, have influenced him so much that his mind is restricted and becomes a mere spokesman of convention. Lacking enthusiasm for the speaker, the neighbor refuses to talk with the speaker on that issue. In his mind, the proverb is the authoritarian truth. The conflict is about what is conventional and what is unconventional. Standing in between the speaker and his neighbor is a solid wall of convention, which serves as an invisible wall, barring the communication among people.
Not only does the neighbor hold firmly the idea that a wall should be installed, but also the speaker takes an ambivalent attitude toward the wall. On the one hand, the speaker doubts the necessity of a wall and tries to persuade the neighbor from keeping a wall there. On the other hand, the speaker and his neighbor wear their fingers rough to mend the wall and the speaker enjoys the activity by regarding it as “another kind of outdoor game.” He is not determined with his own conviction and sways from side to side. Confronted with awful power of convention, he is a little confused and hesitant. His thought flashes in the darkness of convention, but very soon it is devoured by the endless latter and disappears.
The speaker’s meditation on the wall—“Before I built a wall, I’d ask to know what’s I was walling in or
what’s out”—indicates the real essence of a wall. People shut themselves in their own world and shut others out under the disguise of convention. A wall may protect one’s dignity and property, but hinders communication at the same time. After the wal l has been built and the concept has been set up in people’s mind, an invisible wall erects there separating one from another. “The desire to fence oneself off from others, to shut oneself off in one’s own little world, is a notion quite alien to the peopl e” (Averev, 1976, p. 255).
When the speaker’s sobriety of the issue is ignored by the neighbor, he winces and retreats to his own world.
The poem ends with the proverb “Good fences make good neighbors,” showing the predominance of the speaker’s voice and that of the convention. With everyone enclosed in their own world, the speaker is with no exception. The issue whether or not to mend the wall is left there unsolved. The real purpose of the poem is not to provide a solution to the human problem. The great significance of Frost’s poem lies in its awareness and exposition of human problem. The answer is left for readers to contemplate our daily life.
3. Other Images
Nevertheless, Frost employs several images in “Mending Wall” to reveal his tendency toward the problem of “Mending Wall”. He adopts the images of “something”, “Elves” and “spring” to convey his attitude. “Frost discovers a completely different aspect in the motif-something there is that does not love a wall.” The poem begins with the line—“something there is that doesn’t love a wall”, foregrounding the prominence of the “something”. Later, he emphasizes this image by repeating the same line. Without pointing out what kind of thing this “something” is, Frost leaves a spacious room for the readers to exert the imagination to the utmost. It is something unknown to us, something mysterious to all of us. Maybe it is “Elves”, which dislikes the wall separating human beings from one another and crumbles down the wall mischievously. The third image is “spring”. As we all know, spring is the time of rebirth and the symbol of a new beginning. The farmers in New Interpretation of Robert Frost’s “Mending Wall”
74
England in the very season, nonetheless, mend the walls in between to protect their property. With the wall being strengthened, the relationship is not mended but distanced farther instead. Poetry once was defined as “the best words in the best order.” It is not a mere coincidence that Frost selects “spring” in the poem. He is fully conscious of the denot ation of “spring” and adopts it to highlight the theme that it is high time to eliminate all the barriers. Spring is the time for people to break through the confinement of archaic convention and develop new ideas.
Knowing it is a formidable task to persuade people to break down the wall and conduct genuine communication,
Frost tends to arouse people’s awareness of their isolation from one another. Above all, the poem implies that not
only human beings, represented by the speaker, but also natural and super natural power (“something”, “Elves”,
“spring”) show strong wishes and desire of tearing down the wall, visible and invisible among people.
4. Conclusion
“Frost was temperamentally a poet of meditative sobriety. The truth he sought were innate in heart of
h umanity and in common objects” (Perkins, 2002, p. 847). In “Mending Wall,” Frost depicts the annual activity of
“Mending Wall”. By adopting the symbol of wall, Frost indicates something suggestive and something more than
the surface meaning of a stone wall. The wall, symbolizing convention—the habitual way of people’s mind and
behavior, hinders communication among people. By presenting a conflict over the wall, Frost may imply that an
invisible wall is standing in the way of people’s genuine reciprocity. In stead of mending the wall, people are
supposed to transcend their conventional restraints and tear down the wall in between.
References:
Elliott, Emory. 1988. Columbia literary history of the United States. New York: Columbia University Press.
Perkins, George and Perkins, Barbara. 2002. The American tradition in literature. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2.
Parini, Jay & Millier, Brett C. 1993. The Columbia history of American poetry. New York: Columbia University Press.
Zverev, A. 1976. A lover’s quarrel with the world: Robert Frost, In: Ronald Vroon, trans, 20th century American literature: A Soviet
view. Moscow: Progress Publishers.
(Edited by Hanna and Stella
Themes
The theme of this poem is that a respectful distance between neighbours is the recipe for harmonious relationships:
‘Good fences make good neighbors’.
The theme of this poem is a farmer’s pride in the wisdom passed down to him by his father:
‘He will not go behind his father's saying’.
The poet portrays an unusual and dour country character:
‘like an old-stone savage armed he moves in darkness’.
The theme of this poem is co-operation between neighbours:
‘I let my neighbour know beyond the hill’.
The theme of this poem is that country people need their own space:
‘We keep the wall between us as we go’.
The poet explores the futility of a country custom:
‘Oh, just another kind of outdoor game’.
The poet suggests there are mysterious forces at work in nature:
‘Something there is that doesn't love a wall,
That wants it down’.
The poet shows the different types of agriculture in his locality:
‘He is all pine and I am apple orchard’.
The theme is the way some people keep to themselves, no matter what:
‘He moves in darkness as it seems to me’.
The theme is the mental struggle between two neighbours who appear to co-operate on a physical task while they are very different in outlook: ‘There were it is we do not need the wall’."
Mending Wall Symbolism, Imagery & Wordplay
There’s more to a poem than meets the eye.
Welcome to the land of symbols, imagery, and wordplay. Before you travel any further, please know that there may be some thorny academic terminology ahead. Never fear, Shmoop is here. Check out our "How to Read a Poem" section for a glossary of terms.
The Wall/Fences
The wall is the shining star of this poem. It unites our speaker and his neighbor, but separates them as well. As we hear the neighbor speak the proverb twice ("Good fences make good neighbors"), we start to consider all of the wall-like structures in our life: fences, gates, boundaries, lines, etc. The wall serves as a canvas upon which a lot of complex ideas about the ways in which people, and their relationships with others, are painted and discussed.
Line 13: The wall is ironic because, even though it separates the speaker from his neighbor, it also brings them together every year.
Line 14: "The wall" is present throughout the poem as an extended metaphor for the division that exists between the speaker and his neighbor. Line 16: "To each" is a parallelism, as its repetition emphasizes the fact that the speaker and his neighbor are on opposite side of the wall.
Line 21: "Another kind of out-door game" becomes a metaphor for the wall-mending process
Line: 27: The proverb "Good fences make good neighbors" is also a cliché; we hear it all the time.
Line 27: The proverb "Good fences make good neighbors" is a paradox when you contrast it with the first words of the poem, "Something there is that doesn’t love a wall." In the first case, barriers are good things; in the second, they are not.
Line 35: "Offence" is a pun – it sounds like "a fence."
Nature and Tradition
Nature seems to act as the third wheel in this poem – the silent character swirling around the speaker and his neighbor. Although he doesn’t explicitly describe th e landscape, we see it very clearly, and we seem to know what the seasons are like in this part of the world. Similarly, tradition seems to be the silent subject over which the speaker and his neighbor wrestle. The neighbor upholds his ancestors’ way of life, while our speaker questions this philosophy.
Line 5: "Hunters" are a metaphor both for the speaker and for us (the readers), all of whom try to get at something (even if we don’t know exactly what that something is).
Line 25: The apple trees are momentarily personified, as the speaker claims that they will never wander across and eat the pine cones on his neighbor’s property.
Line 51: The speaker uses a simile and likens his neighbor to "an old-stone savage armed," or a caveman ready for battle.
Mending Wall, by Robert Frost portrays the routines of two neighbors who are constantly mending the fence, or wall, that separates their properties. If a stone is missing form the fence, you can bet that the two men are out there putting it back together piece by piece.
Frost's description of every detail in this poem is quite interesting, very pleasant to read, and extremely imaginable. He leaves the reader to decide for himself what deductions he is to make from the reading. On one hand, Frost makes literal implications about what the two men are doing. For instance, they are physically putting the stones back, one by one. Their dedication, commitment, and constant drive shines through when reading how persistence these men seem about keeping the wall intact. Quite the contrary however, is the inferences that something even deeper is going on. There is a sharing experience taking place here. Indeed, by laboring so hard, each man is experiencing physical repercussions, but they are also using this time as a "meet and greet" period.
We can gather from the beginning of the poem that the wall has many forces that keep's it in shambles. For instance, Frost writes; "...that sends the frozen ground swell under it and spills the upper boulders in the sun...", and "I have come after them(hunters) and made repair where they have left not one stone on a stone..."
The man and his neighbor don't seem to have time for anything else, for it sounds as if they are constantly making repairs. Is there a reason for this?
It is important to note that not only are these men completing a manly task, but they are also "building" some type of relationship. If this were not an issue, the neighbor would not repeat;
"Good fences make good neighbors."
As the man tells his story, we find that even though the two men may be conversing and interacting, there is some distance between them at all times. The man says;
"...on a day we meet to walk the line and set the wall between us once again."
It seems to show that even though there is a need for friendship in each of us, it is equally as necessary for us to have our own space. As the poem continues we see that what is taking place is almost like a game. In fact, he says;
"Oh, just another kind of outdoor game." And the narrator continues by saying, "We keep the wall between us as we go". This is almost like there is this game of leapfrog taking place!
"He is all pine and I am apple orchard,"
This seems to indicate that each of us are different. Having different likes, dislikes, etc. One of the men farms "apples", while the other just has "pines". Nonetheless, each are special and both of them contain separate, yet endearing qualities.
Now let's reflect on Frost's use of the "stone" itself. What could he have meant by this poem?
"Stay where you are until our backs are turned".
He is speaking to the stones. In other words he is telling them that if they are going to fall, please wait until he is not looking. This seems to be an odd touch to this poem. It almost appears that the man is so bored at times that he would talk about or to anything. Maybe the neighbor is not as much of a talker as one might have imagined. Maybe the man only has himself and these inanimate objects to converse with. After all, the only quote by the neighbor in this poem is;
"Good fences make good neighbors."
In another light however, there is the idea of separation, or segregation. I have briefly touched on the idea that the two men are consistently kept apart by this wall. In addition though, the author contrasts his "wall" of separation with the idea of segregation in our world. We are left with the impression that if two people have differences, no matter the extent, they are not considered equals by society. Finally, there is the recurring idea that the wall should not be there in the first place.
"Something there is that doesn't love a wall."
2
The poem “mending wall” was written by Robert Frost. In the poem, the speaker shows a kind of contradiction to the act of men ding wall. On one hand, the speaker opposes to the wall. The speaker sees no reason for the wall to be kept--there are no cows to be contained, just apple and pine trees. He does not believe in walls for the sake of walls. On the other hand, there is an irony that the speaker informs and invites the neighbor to mend wall. Why dose the speaker initiate the mending wall ? the reason is that the speaker cannot neglect the social conventions. The conventions have been existing from ancient times till now. This wall-building act seems ancient, for it is described in ritual terms. It involves "spells" to counteract the "elves," it is not easy to break. Mending wall offers a good excuse for the speaker to interact with his neighbor.
Actually, the speaker is not against the wall totally. Whether the necessity of wall or not depends on the intent and value of the wall. The wall is like the modern law. The law can confine the people go beyond it, but the law cannot forbid them to do so. The wall is a sign of civilization which can keep the savage out. But the wall may be a barrier between the people. It makes the people miss the chance to communicate with each other. In this aspect, the wall is unnecessary. Something there is that doesn't love a wall, which will break the wall. Because this wall is against people’s satisfaction, even again the nature. So the p ower tendency will destroy it sooner or later.
3
The wall is the boundary line that man haves against each other. This wall is needed because we as humans do not want others to see what is truly inside. We only want them to see what we want them to see. The facade individuals put on cannot last forever due to the fact when winter comes along and it " sends the frozen-ground swell under it". This means that the weather has moved the rock used to build the wall and what is underneath is truly exposed (mans true self). Every year the narrator and his neighbor has to keep rebuilding the wall and since the rocks used are uneven and "the boulders that have fallen to each" once again lucidly displays that maintaining a facade is nearly... impossible as Frost states "we have to use magic to make them balance". Although it seems ironic that "good fences make good neighbors" there is some truth in this statement. Men need privacy among society. We need privacy and there is the factor of-trust. It also remains the neighbors what is yours and what is theirs which is important because it is the idea of ownership. But...the narrator is not fully opposing the idea of a wall as he states "where there are cows? But here there are no cows". The generals public needs boundary. Due to this wall, the narrator does not see his neighbor clearly "he moves in darkness as it seems to me". Once again the narrator literally cannot see his neighbor but rather his shadow.
古诗鉴赏之山水田园诗鉴赏专题
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经典古文英文翻译
经典古文英文翻译CLASSIC LITERATURE IN ENGLISH TRANSLATION -- EXTREMELY USEFUL AND HELPFUL 但愿人长久，千里共婵娟。 We wish each other a long life so as to share the beauty of this graceful moonlight, even though miles apart. 独在异乡为异客，每逢佳节倍思亲。 A lonely stranger in a strange land I am cast, I miss my family all the more on every festive day. 大江东去，浪淘尽，千古风流人物。 The endless river eastward flows; with its huge waves are gone all those gallant heroes of bygone years. 二人同心，其利断金。 If two people are of the same mind, their sharpness can cut through metal. 富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能曲，此之谓大丈夫。 It is a true great man whom no money and rank can confuse, no poverty and hardship can shake, and no power and force can suffocate. 海内存知己，天涯若比邻。 A bosom friend afar brings distance near. 合抱之木，生于毫末，九层之台，起于累土；千里之行始于足下。 A huge tree that fills one’s arms grows from a tiny seedling; a nine-storied tower rises from a heap of earth; a thousand li journey starts with the first step. 祸兮，福之所依；福兮，祸之所伏。 Misfortune, that is where happiness depends; happiness, that is where misfortune underlies. 见贤思齐焉，见不贤而内自省也。 On seeing a man of virtue, try to become his equal; on seeing a man without virtue, examine yourself not to have the same defects. 江山如此多娇，引无数英雄尽折腰。 This land so rich in beauty has made countless heroes bow in homage. 举头望明月，低头思故乡。 Raising my head, I see the moon so bright; withdrawing my eyes, my nostalgia comes around. 俱往矣，数风流人物，还看今朝。 All are past and gone; we look to this age for truly great men. 君子成人之美，不成人之恶。 The gentleman helps others to achieve their moral perfection but not their evil conduct. 君子独立不惭于影，独寝不愧于魂。 A righteous man never feels ashamed to face his shadow when standing alone and to face his soul when sleeping alone. 君子之交淡如水，小人之交甘如醴。君子淡以亲，小人甘以绝。 The friendship between men of virtue is light like water, yet affectionate; the friendship between men without virtue is sweet like wine, yet easily broken. 老吾老以及人之老，幼吾幼以及人之幼。 Expend the respect of the aged in one’s family to that of other families; expend the love of the young ones in one’s fa mily to that of other families. 礼尚往来。往而不来，非礼也；来而不往，亦非礼也。 Propriety suggests reciprocity. It is not propriety not to give out but to receive, or vice versa.
40首古诗词译文及赏析
40首古诗词译文及赏析 1、汉江临泛/ 汉江临眺 唐代：王维 楚塞三湘接，荆门九派通。 江流天地外，山色有无中。 郡邑浮前浦，波澜动远空。 襄阳好风日，留醉与山翁。 译文 汉江流经楚塞又折入三湘，西起荆门往东与九江相通。远望江水好像流到天地外，近看山色缥缈若有若无中。 岸边都城仿佛在水面浮动，水天相接波涛滚滚荡云空。襄阳的风光的确令人陶醉，我愿在此地酣饮陪伴山翁。 鉴赏 此诗可谓王维融画法入诗的力作。 “楚塞三湘接，荆门九派通”，语工形肖，一笔勾勒出汉江雄浑壮阔的景色，作为画幅的背景。春秋战国时期，湖北、湖南等地都属于楚国，而襄阳位于楚之北境，所以这里称“楚塞”。“三湘”，一说湘水合漓水为漓湘，合蒸水为蒸湘，合潇水为潇湘，合称三湘；一说为湖南的湘潭、湘阴、湘乡。古诗文中，三湘一般泛称今洞庭湖南北、湘江一带。“荆门”，山名，在今湖北宜都县西北。“九派”，指长江的九条支流，相传大禹治水，开凿江流，使九派相通。诗人泛舟江上，纵目远望，只见莽莽古楚之地和从湖南方面奔涌而来的“三湘”之水相连接，汹涌汉江入荆江而与长江九派汇聚合流。诗虽未点明汉江，但足已使人想象到汉江横卧楚塞而接“三湘”、通“九派”的浩渺水势。诗人将不可目击之景，予以概写总述，收漠漠平野于纸端，纳浩浩江流于画边，为整个画面渲染了气氛。 “江流天地外，山色有无中”，以山光水色作为画幅的远景。汉江滔滔远去，好像一直涌流到天地之外去了，两岸重重青山，迷迷蒙蒙，时隐时现，若有若无。前句写出江水的流长邈远，后句又以苍茫山色烘托出江势的浩瀚空阔。诗人着墨极淡，却给人以伟丽新奇之感，其效果远胜于重彩浓抹的油画和色调浓丽的水彩。而其“胜”，就在于画面的气韵生动。王世贞说：“江流天地外，山色有无中，是诗家俊语，却入画三昧。”说得很中肯。而“天地外”、“有无中”，又为诗歌平添了一种迷茫、玄远、无可穷尽的意境，所谓“含不尽之意见于言外”。首联写众水交流，密不间发，此联开阔空白，疏可走马，画面上疏密相间，错综有致。 接着，诗人的笔墨从“天地外”收拢，写出眼前波澜壮阔之景：“郡邑浮前浦，波澜动远空。”正当诗人极目远望，突然间风起浪涌，所乘之舟上下波动，眼前的襄阳城郭也随着波浪在江水中浮浮沉沉。风越来越大，波涛越来越汹涌，浪拍云天，船身颠簸，仿佛天空也为之摇荡起来。风浪之前，船儿是平缓地在江面行驶，城郭是静止地立于岸边，远空是不动地悬于天际；风浪忽至，一切都动了起来。这里，诗人笔法飘逸流动。明明是所乘之舟上下波动，却说是前面的城郭在水面上浮动；明明是波涛汹涌，浪拍云天，却说成天空也为之摇荡起来。诗人故意用这种动与静的错觉，进一步渲染了磅礴水势。“浮”、“动”两个动词用得极妙，使诗人笔下之景活起来了，诗也随之飘逸起来了，同时，诗人的一种泛舟江上的怡然自得的心态也从中表现了出来，江水磅礴的气也表现了出来。诗人描绘的景象是泛舟所见，舟中人产生了一种动荡的错觉，这种错觉也正好符合诗句中的汉水的描写，所以这两个词用得极其恰当。 “襄阳好风日，留醉与山翁。”山翁，即山简，晋人。《晋书·山简传》说他曾任征南将军，镇守襄阳。当地习氏的园林，风景很好，山简常到习家池上大醉而归。诗人要与山简共谋一醉，流露出对襄阳风物的热爱之情。此情也融合在前面的景色描绘之中，充满了积极乐观的情绪。尾联诗人直抒胸臆，表达了留恋山水的志趣。 这首诗给读者展现了一幅色彩素雅、格调清新、意境优美的水墨山水画。画面布局，远近相映，疏密相间，加之以简驭繁，以形写意，轻笔淡墨，又融情于景，情绪乐观，这就给人以美的享受。王维同时代的殷璠在《河岳英灵集》中说：“维诗词秀调雅，意新理惬，在泉为珠，着壁成绘。”此诗很能体现这一特色。同时，也
2008年浙师大《外国文学名著鉴赏》期末考试答案
（一）文学常识 一、古希腊罗马 1．（1）宙斯(罗马神话称为朱庇特)，希腊神话中最高的天神，掌管雷电云雨，是人和神的主宰。 （2）阿波罗，希腊神话中宙斯的儿子，主管光明、青春、音乐、诗歌等，常以手持弓箭的少年形象出现。 （3）雅典那，希腊神话中的智慧女神，雅典城邦的保护神。 （4）潘多拉，希腊神话中的第一个女人，貌美性诈。私自打开了宙斯送她的一只盒子，里面装的疾病、疯狂、罪恶、嫉妒等祸患，一齐飞出，只有希望留在盒底，人间因此充满灾难。“潘多拉的盒子”成为“祸灾的来源”的同义语。 （5）普罗米修斯，希腊神话中造福人间的神。盗取天火带到人间，并传授给人类多种手艺，触怒宙斯，被锁在高加索山崖，受神鹰啄食，是一个反抗强暴、不惜为人类牺牲一切的英雄。 （6）斯芬克司，希腊神话中的狮身女怪。常叫过路行人猜谜，猜不出即将行人杀害；后因谜底被俄底浦斯道破，即自杀。后常喻“谜”一样的人物。与埃及狮身人面像同名。 2．荷马，古希腊盲诗人。主要作品有《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》，被称为荷马史诗。《伊利亚特》叙述十年特洛伊战争。《奥德赛》写特洛伊战争结束后，希腊英雄奥德赛历险回乡的故事。马克思称赞它“显示出永久的魅力”。 3．埃斯库罗斯，古希腊悲剧之父，代表作《被缚的普罗米修斯》。6．阿里斯托芬，古希腊“喜剧之父”代表作《阿卡奈人》。 4．索福克勒斯，古希腊重要悲剧作家，代表作《俄狄浦斯王》。5．欧里庇得斯，古希腊重要悲剧作家，代表作《美狄亚》。 二、中世纪文学 但丁，意大利人，伟大诗人，文艺复兴的先驱。恩格斯称他是“中世纪的最后一位诗人，同时又是新时代的最初一位诗人”。主要作品有叙事长诗《神曲》，由地狱、炼狱、天堂三部分组成。《神曲》以幻想形式，写但丁迷路，被人导引神游三界。在地狱中见到贪官污吏等受着惩罚，在净界中见到贪色贪财等较轻罪人，在天堂里见到殉道者等高贵的灵魂。 三、文艺复兴时期 1．薄迦丘意大利人短篇小说家，著有《十日谈》拉伯雷，法国人，著《巨人传》塞万提斯，西班牙人,著《堂?吉诃德》。 2．莎士比亚，16-17世纪文艺复兴时期英国伟大的剧作家和诗人，主要作品有四大悲剧——《哈姆雷特》、《奥赛罗》《麦克白》、《李尔王》，另有悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等，喜剧有《威尼斯商人》《第十二夜》《皆大欢喜》等，历史剧有《理查二世》、《亨利四世》等。马克思称之为“人类最伟大的戏剧天才”。 四、17世纪古典主义 9．笛福，17-18世纪英国著名小说家，被誉为“英国和欧洲小说之父”，主要作品《鲁滨逊漂流记》，是英国第一部现实主义长篇小说。10．弥尔顿，17世纪英国诗人，代表作：长诗《失乐园》，《失乐园》，表现了资产阶级清教徒的革命理想和英雄气概。 25．拉伯雷，16世纪法国作家，代表作：长篇小说《巨人传》。 26．莫里哀，法国17世纪古典主义文学最重要的作家，法国古典主义喜剧的创建者，主要作品为《伪君子》《悭吝人》（主人公叫阿巴公）等喜剧。 五、18世纪启蒙运动 1）歌德，德国文学最高成就的代表者。主要作品有书信体小说《少年维特之烦恼》，诗剧《浮士德》。 11．斯威夫特，18世纪英国作家，代表作：《格列佛游记》，以荒诞的情节讽刺了英国现实。 12．亨利·菲尔丁，18世纪英国作家，代表作：《汤姆·琼斯》。 六、19世纪浪漫主义 （1拜伦， 19世纪初期英国伟大的浪漫主义诗人，代表作为诗体小说《唐璜》通过青年贵族唐璜的种种经历，抨击欧洲反动的封建势力。《恰尔德。哈洛尔游记》 （2雨果，伟大作家，欧洲19世纪浪漫主义文学最卓越的代表。主要作品有长篇小说《巴黎圣母院》、《悲惨世界》、《笑面人》、《九三年》等。《悲惨世界》写的是失业短工冉阿让因偷吃一片面包被抓进监狱，后改名换姓，当上企业主和市长，但终不能摆脱迫害的故事。《巴黎圣母院》 弃儿伽西莫多，在一个偶然的场合被副主教克洛德.孚罗洛收养为义子，长大后有让他当上了巴黎圣母院的敲钟人。他虽然十分丑陋而且有多种残疾，心灵却异常高尚纯洁。 长年流浪街头的波希米亚姑娘拉.爱斯梅拉达，能歌善舞，天真貌美而心地淳厚。青年贫诗人尔比埃尔.甘果瓦偶然同她相遇，并在一个更偶然的场合成了她名义上的丈夫。很有名望的副教主本来一向专心于"圣职"，忽然有一天欣赏到波希米亚姑娘的歌舞，忧千方百计要把她据为己有，对她进行了种种威胁甚至陷害，同时还为此不惜玩弄卑鄙手段，去欺骗利用他的义子伽西莫多和学生甘果瓦。眼看无论如何也实现不了占有爱斯梅拉达的罪恶企图，最后竟亲手把那可爱的少女送上了绞刑架。 另一方面，伽西莫多私下也爱慕着波希米亚姑娘。她遭到陷害，被伽西莫多巧计救出，在圣母院一间密室里避难，敲钟人用十分纯朴和真诚的感情去安慰她，保护她。当她再次处于危急中时，敲钟人为了援助她，表现出非凡的英勇和机智。而当他无意中发现自己的"义父"和"恩人"远望着高挂在绞刑架上的波希米亚姑娘而发出恶魔般的狞笑时，伽西莫多立即对那个伪善者下了最后的判决，亲手把克洛德.孚罗洛从高耸入云的钟塔上推下，使他摔的粉身碎骨。 （3司汤达，批判现实主义作家。代表作《红与黑》，写的是不满封建制度的平民青年于连，千方百计向上爬，最终被送上断头台的故事。“红”是将军服色，指“入军界”的道路；“黑”是主教服色，指当神父、主教的道路。 14．雪莱，19世纪积极浪漫主义诗人，欧洲文学史上最早歌颂空想社会主义的诗人之一，主要作品为诗剧《解放了的普罗米修斯》，抒情诗《西风颂》等。 15．托马斯·哈代，19世纪英国作家，代表作：长篇小说《德伯家的苔丝》。 16．萨克雷，19世纪英国作家，代表作：《名利场》 17．盖斯凯尔夫人，19世纪英国作家，代表作：《玛丽·巴顿》。 18．夏洛蒂?勃朗特，19世纪英国女作家，代表作：长篇小说《简?爱》19艾米丽?勃朗特，19世纪英国女作家，夏洛蒂?勃朗特之妹，代表作：长篇小说《呼啸山庄》。 20．狄更斯，19世纪英国批判现实主义文学的重要代表，主要作品为长篇小说《大卫?科波菲尔》、《艰难时世》《双城记》《雾都孤儿》。21．柯南道尔，19世纪英国著名侦探小说家，代表作品侦探小说集《福尔摩斯探案》是世界上最著名的侦探小说。 七、19世纪现实主义 1、巴尔扎克，19世纪上半叶法国和欧洲批判现实主义文学的杰出代表。主要作品有《人间喜剧》，包括《高老头》、《欧也妮·葛朗台》、《贝姨》、《邦斯舅舅》等。《人间喜剧》是世界文学中规模最宏伟的创作之一，也是人类思维劳动最辉煌的成果之一。马克思称其“提供了一部法国社会特别是巴黎上流社会的卓越的现实主义历史”。
23篇经典文言文翻译练习及答案
23篇经典文言文翻译练习及答案 1.得道多助，失道寡助 天时不如地利，地利不如人和①。三里之 _______________________________________________________________________________ 城，七里之郭②，环⑨而攻之而不胜。夫环而 _______________________________________________________________________________ 攻之，必有得天时者矣，然而不胜者，是天时 _______________________________________________________________________________ 不如地利也。城非不高也，池③非不深也，兵 _______________________________________________________________________________ 革④非不坚利也，米粟非不多也，委⑤而去之， _______________________________________________________________________________ 是地利不如人和也。故曰：域⑥民不以封疆之 _______________________________________________________________________________ 界，固国不以山溪⑦之险，威天下不以兵革之 _______________________________________________________________________________ 利。得道者多助，失道者寡助。寡助之至⑩， _______________________________________________________________________________ 亲戚畔⑧之。多助之至，天下顺之。以天下之 _______________________________________________________________________________ 所顺，攻亲戚之所畔，故君子有不战，战必胜 _______________________________________________________________________________ 矣。 _______________________________________________________________________________ 【注释】 1[人和]人心所向，内部团结； 2[郭]外城； 3[池]护城河； 4[兵革]泛指武器装备 5[委]放弃； 6[域]这里用作动词，是限制的意思； 7[山溪]地势； 8[畔]通“叛”：背叛； 9[环]包围 10[至]极点 11[天时]指天然的时运，自然形成的时机，机会；一说天气和时令。 12[地利]地理优势。
高考语文必备古诗文(含翻译及赏析)
19观沧海 作者：曹操 东临碣石，以观沧海。 水何澹澹，山岛竦峙。 树木丛生，百草丰茂。 秋风萧瑟，洪波涌起。 日月之行，若出其中。 星汉灿烂，若出其里。 幸甚至哉，歌以咏志。 白话译文： 东行登上碣石山，来观赏那苍茫的海。 海水多么宽阔浩荡，山岛高高地挺立在海边。 树木和百草丛生，十分繁茂， 秋风吹动树木发出悲凉的声音，海中涌着巨大的海浪。 太阳和月亮的运行，好像是从这浩瀚的海洋中发出的。 银河星光灿烂，好像是从这浩瀚的海洋中产生出来的。 我很高兴，就用这首诗歌来表达自己内心的志向。 赏析 借景抒情，把眼前的海上景色和自己的雄心壮志很巧妙地融合在一起。《观沧海》的高潮放在诗的末尾，它的感情非常奔放，思想却很含蓄。不但做到了情景交融，而且做到了情理结合、寓情于景。因为它含蓄，所以更有启发性，更能激发我们的想像，更耐人寻味。过去人们称赞曹操的诗深沉饱满、雄健有力，“如幽燕老将，气韵沉雄”，从这里可以得到印证。全诗的基调为苍凉慷慨的，这也是建安风骨的代表作。 20饮酒（其五） 作者：陶渊明 结庐在人境，而无车马喧。 问君何能尔？心远地自偏。 采菊东篱下，悠然见南山。
山气日夕佳，飞鸟相与还。 此中有真意，欲辨已忘言。 白话译文： 我家建在众人聚居的繁华道，可从没有烦神应酬车马喧闹。 要问我怎能如此之超凡洒脱，心灵避离尘俗自然幽静远邈。 东墙下采撷清菊时心情徜徉，猛然抬头喜见南山胜景绝妙。 暮色中缕缕彩雾萦绕升腾，结队的鸟儿回翔远山的怀抱。 这之中隐含的人生的真理，想要说出却忘记了如何表达。 赏析 本诗是陶渊明组诗《饮酒》二十首中的第五首。诗的意象构成中景与意会，全在一偶然无心上。‘采菊’二句所表达的都是偶然之兴味，东篱有菊，偶然采之；而南山之见，亦是偶尔凑趣；山且无意而见，菊岂有意而采？山中飞鸟，为日夕而归；但其归也，适值吾见南山之时，此亦偶凑之趣也。这其中的“真意”，乃千圣不传之秘，即使道书千卷，佛经万页，也不能道尽其中奥妙，所以只好“欲辨已忘言”不了了之。这种偶然的情趣，偶然无心的情与景会，正是诗人生命自我敞亮之时其空明无碍的本真之境的无意识投射。大隐隐于市，真正宁静的心境，不是自然造就的，而是你自己的心境的外化。 千古名句：“采菊东篱下，悠然见南山”，表达了诗人悠然自得、寄情山水的情怀。 21送杜少府之任蜀州 作者：王勃 城阙辅三秦，风烟望五津。 与君离别意，同是宦游人。 海内存知己，天涯若比邻。 无为在岐路，儿女共沾巾。 译文 古代三秦之地，拱护长安城垣宫阙。 风烟滚滚，望不到蜀州岷江的五津。
小升初经典文言文10篇.
1．★酒以成礼 【原文】 钟毓(yù)兄弟小时，值父昼寝，因共偷服药酒。其父时觉，且托寐以观之。毓拜而后饮，会饮而不拜。既而问毓何以拜，毓曰：“酒以成礼，不敢不拜。”又问会何以不拜，会曰：“偷本非礼，所以不拜。” （选自南朝·宋·刘义庆《世说新语》） 【注释】①托：假装。②酒以成礼：酒是用来完成礼仪的。③寝：睡觉。④因：趁机。 ⑤时：当时。⑥何以：为什么。⑦觉：醒。⑧值：当......时。⑨且：尚且，暂且。 【文言知识】 释“觉” 上文“其父时觉”中的“觉”，不是指“发觉”，而是指“醒”，句意为当时他们的父亲醒过来了。又，文言文中的“睡觉”，指睡后醒来。又，“盗半夜入室，主人未觉”，意为小偷半夜入室，而主人为醒。 【参考译文】 钟毓兄弟小时候,正赶上父亲午睡时，趁机一起偷喝药酒。他们的父亲当时睡后醒来，姑且装睡看看他们要干什么。钟毓行礼后喝酒，钟会喝酒不行礼。随后父亲问钟毓为什么要行礼，钟毓说：“酒是完成礼仪的，不敢不行礼。”又问钟会为什么不行礼，钟会说：“偷本来就不是礼仪，所以不行礼。” 【阅读训练】 1．解释 ①寝：睡觉。②因：趁机。③时：当时。④何以：为什么 2．翻译： ①且托寐以观之。 译文：父亲姑且假装睡着来看他们（做什么）。 ②既而问毓何以拜。 译文：随后父亲问钟毓为什么要行礼。 3．你认为钟毓和钟会兄弟俩哪个更有道理？
答：钟会的说法应该更有道理，因为偷窃已不附礼仪，再拜那就是假的遵守礼仪了。 2．★常羊学射 【原文】 常羊学射于①屠龙子朱。屠龙子朱曰：“若欲闻射道②乎？楚王田③于云梦④，使⑤虞人⑥起⑦禽而射之，禽发⑧，鹿出于王左，麋交⑨于王右。王引弓欲射，有鹄⑩拂王旃⑾而过，翼若垂云⑿。王注矢于弓⒀，不知其所射。养叔⒁进曰：“臣之射也，置⒂一叶于百步之外而射之，十发而十中。如使置十叶焉，则中不中非臣所能必矣！”《郁离子》 【注释】①于：向。②道：道理。③田：同“畋”，打猎。④云梦：古代湖泽名，泛指春秋战国时楚王的游猎区。⑤使：让。引：拉。⑥虞(yú)人：古代管山泽的小官吏。⑦起：赶起。⑧发：跑出来。⑨交：交错。⑩鹄（hú）：天鹅。⑾旃（zhān）：赤鱼的曲柄旗。⑿垂云：低垂下来的云。⒀注矢于弓：把箭搭在弓上。注，附着。⒁养叔：名养由基，楚国善射者。⒂置：放。 【参考译文】 常羊跟屠龙子朱学射箭。屠龙子朱说：“你想听射箭的道理吗？楚国国王在云梦打猎，派掌管山泽的官员去哄赶禽兽出来射杀它们，禽兽们跑出来了，鹿在国王的左边出现，麋在国王的右边出现。国王拉弓准备射，有天鹅掠过国王的赤色旗，翅膀大得犹如一片垂云。国王将箭搭在弓上，不知道要射谁。养叔上奏说道：…我射箭的时候，把一片树叶放在百步之外再放箭射，十发箭十发中。如果放十片叶子，那么能不能射中就很难说了！?” 【阅读理解】 1．解释： ①于：向。②道：道理。③之：代“禽”。④射：射箭时。 2．翻译： ①置一叶于百步之外而射之。 译文：把一片树叶放在百步之外再放箭射。 ②如使置十叶焉，则中不中非臣所能必矣！ 译文：如果放上十片叶子，那么能不能射中就很难说了！ 3．这则故事告诉我们道理是： 做任何事情都必须专心致志，集中一个主要目标。如果三心二意，左顾右盼，那就任何
外国名著赏析论文
题目：浅析从简爱到女性的尊严和爱 学院工商学院 专业新闻学3 学号 姓名闫万里 学科外国文学名着赏析 [摘要] 十九世纪中期，英国伟大的女性存在主义先驱，着名作家夏洛蒂勃朗特创作出了她的代表作--《简爱》，当时轰动了整个文坛,它是一部具有浓厚浪漫主义色彩的现实主义小说，被认为是作者"诗意的生平"的写照。它在问世后的一百多年里，它始终保持着历史不败的艺术感染力。直到现在它的影响还继续存在。在作品的序幕、发展、高潮和结尾中，女主人公的叛逆、自由、平等、自尊、纯洁的个性都是各个重点章节的主旨，而这些主旨则在女主人公的爱情观中被展露的淋漓尽致，它们如同乌云上方的星汉，灼灼闪耀着光芒，照亮着后来的女性者们追求爱情的道路。? [关键词] 自尊个性独特新女性主义自由独立平等 《简爱》是一部带有自转色彩的长篇小说，它阐释了这样一个主题：人的价值=尊严+爱。从小就成长在一个充满暴力的环境中的简爱，经历了同龄人没有的遭遇。她要面对的是舅妈的毫无人性的虐待，表兄的凶暴专横和表姐的傲慢冷漠，尽管她尽力想“竭力赢得别人的好感”，但是事实告诉她这都是白费力气的，因此她发出了“不公平啊！--不公平！”的近乎绝望的呼喊。不公平的生长环境，使得简爱从小就向往平等、自由和爱，这些愿望在她后来的成长过程中表现无疑，
譬如在她的爱情观中的种种体现。? 1.桑菲尔德府? 谭波儿小姐因为出嫁，离开了洛伍德学校，同时也离开了简爱，这使简爱感觉到了“一种稳定的感觉，一切使我觉得洛伍德学校有点像我家的联想，全都随着她消失了”，她意识到：真正的世界是广阔的，一个充满希望和忧虑、激动和兴奋的变化纷呈的天地，正等待着敢于闯入、甘冒风险寻求人生真谛的人们。意识形态的转变促使着简爱走向更广阔的社会，接受社会的挑战，尽管她才只有十八岁。于是，简爱来到了桑菲尔德府，当了一名在当时地位不高的家庭教师。?桑菲尔德府使简爱感受到“这儿有想象中的完美无缺的家庭安乐气氛”，事实证明了她的预感的正确性，。从和简爱相见、相识到相爱的过程当中，简爱的那种叛逆精神、自强自尊的品质深深地征服了罗切斯特，而罗切斯特的优雅风度和渊博知识同样也征服了简爱。最初开始，简爱一直以为罗切斯特会娶高贵漂亮的英格拉姆为妻，她在和罗切斯特谈到婚姻时，曾经义正言辞的对罗切斯特说：“你以为因为我穷，低微，不美，矮小，就没有灵魂了吗？你想错了！我跟你一样有灵魂—也同样有一颗心！我现在不是凭着肉体凡胎跟你说话，而是我的心灵在和你的心灵说话，就好像我们都已经离开人世，两人平等地站在上帝面前—因为我们本来就是平等的。”这充分表现出简爱的叛逆，她这种维护妇女独立人格、主张婚姻独立自主以及男女平等的主张可以看成是他对整个人类社会自由平等的向往追求，罗切斯特正是爱上了她这样的独特个性，同时他也同样重复道：我们本来就是平等的。罗切斯特自始自终爱的是简爱的心灵—有着意志的力量，美德和纯洁的心灵，正是基于如此，简爱才真正的爱着罗切斯特。因为爱情是来不得半点虚假的，一方为另一方付出了真情的爱，假如得到对方的是虚情假意，那么这份爱
精典文言文翻译
译文：有一天，晋平公同著名的音乐家师旷闲谈。晋平公叹了口气说：“我今年已经七十岁了，很想学习，但恐怕太晚了。” “说：“哪有身为臣子而取笑君主的呢？” 师旷连忙起身下拜，谢罪道：“臣下怎敢取笑大王？我听人家说，少年时好学，如同初升的太阳一样阳气充沛；壮年时好学，如同中午的阳光，还很强烈；老年时好学，只像蜡烛照明一样。但是，点亮蜡烛走路，与摸黑行走相比，那一个（更好）呢？” 说得好。” 秦穆公对伯乐说：“您的年纪大了，您的子孙中间有没有可以派去寻找好马的呢” 伯乐回答说：“我的子孙都是些下等之才，有个叫九方皋的人，他识别好马的本领，决不在我以下，可以告诉他识别天下最好的马的方法。请让我引见他” 秦穆公接见了九方皋，派他去寻找好马。过了三个月，九方皋回来报告说：“我已经在沙丘 找到好马了。”秦穆公问道：“是匹什么样的马呢”九方皋回答说：“是匹黄色的母马。” 秦穆公派人去把那匹马牵来，一看，却是匹纯黑色的公马。报知秦穆公，秦穆公很不高兴，把伯乐找来对他说：“您所推荐的那个找好马的人，毛色公母都不知道，又怎么能懂得什么是天下最好的马呢？”伯乐说道：“九方皋他所观察的是马的天赋的内在素质，深得它的精妙，而忘记了它的粗糙之处；明悉它的内部，而忘记了它的外表。九方皋只看见所需要看见的，看不见他所不需要看见的；只视察他所需要视察的，而遗漏了他所不需要观察的。”等到把那匹马牵回驯养使用，它果然是一匹天下难得的好马。 魏郑公（魏征）进谏劝阻唐太宗前往泰山封禅，说：“如今有一个人，患病十年，经过治疗将要痊愈。此人瘦得皮包骨头，却想要让他背着一石米，一天走上一百里路，肯定做不到。隋朝末年社会动乱，不止是十年的时间，陛下作为天下良医，百姓的疾苦虽然已经解除，但还不很富裕。要祭祀天地（向它）报告大功完成，我心里还是有疑虑。”唐太宗无言反驳。 当初，范文正公（范仲淹）被贬到饶州，朝廷正纠治朋党，士大夫都不敢前去告别，只有待制顾质独自抱病在国都城门(为范仲淹)饯行，大臣们责怪他说：“你，是长者，为什么要把自己搅进朋党里面去？”顾质说：“范先生是天下的贤人，我哪敢和他比，如果让我做了范先生的朋党，那我感到太荣幸了。”听到的人都惭愧得缩脖子。 陈寔，字仲弓，为太丘县令。一天，有一个小偷伏在屋梁上准备行窃，陈寔见到后，把自己的儿子喊过来，教训说：“不好的人，并不一定是生性如此，乃是习惯所养成的，屋梁上那一位就是这样的人。”一会儿，屋梁上的小偷跳下来，跪在地上认罪。陈寔说：“从你的外貌上看，您并不是恶人，应该是由贫困造成的。”于是，赠给他两匹布，教他一定要改正。此后，这人再没有做过小偷。 刘瞻的父亲是个贫寒的读书人，十多岁的时候，他就在郑纟因身旁管理笔墨砚台等书房用具。十八九岁的时候，郑纟因当上了御史，前往荆部商山巡视，中途在亭子里休息，俯瞰山水。当时刚刚雨过天晴，山峦秀美岩石奇丽，泉水山石分外好看。郑纟因坐了很久，起来走了五六里地，说：“如此美景，却没有作诗，就是观赏到天黑又有什么关系？”于是又返回亭子，想要往亭子上题一首诗。他忽然发现亭子上已经题了一首绝句，墨迹还没有干。郑纟因惊讶于这首诗作得出色。而当时南北方向又都没有行人。随行的人对郑纟因说：“刚才只有刘景落在后面二三里地。”郑纟因同刘景开玩笑说：“莫非是你题的吗?”刘景拜了拜说：
外国文学名著赏析
外国文学名著赏析 ——对《哈姆雷特》与《堂吉诃德》人物形象及其现实意义的 分析 班级：学号：姓名： 摘要：《哈姆雷特》和《堂吉诃德》是文艺复兴时期涌现出来的一批比较先进的文学作品，通过对两部文学作品的阅读，我们不难发现两部作品所展现出来的人物形象都反映出了当时不同的社会现实，而且两部文学作品都表现出了浓厚的人文主义色彩，并且在当时也带来了不同的社会作用。堂吉诃德是塞万提斯塑造的一个为了打击骑士文学的文学形象，作者通过对堂吉诃德的描写，生动的说明了骑士文学给世人带来的负面影响，从而给骑士文学以致命的打击。莎士比亚笔下的哈姆雷特则是一个孤独的人文主义者，他以失败告终，哈姆雷特的失败向人们揭示了人文主义时代的悲剧。 Abstract: Hamlet a nd Don Quixote were the advanced literary in the Renaissance Period .After read the two novels, it is not difficult to find that different characters in these novels reflected different social problems. And they all expressed the ideas of humanism. These two images also brought different social functions at that time .Don Quixote is one of which Cervantes’s molds in order to attack the knight literature .According to the description of Don Quixote, vivid explain ed that knight literature brought a serious of bad influence to the human beings, thus gives the knight literature by the fatal attack. Hamlet is a lonely humanism, he is end in failure .His failure has indicated the tragedy which in the Humanism Era. 关键词：人文主义、哈姆雷特、人物形象、艺术特色、堂吉诃德、现实意义、悲剧 Key words:humanism; Hamlet; characters; art features; Don Quixote; realistic significance; tragedy 前言： 莎士比亚和塞万提斯都是文艺复兴时期伟大的戏剧家，作为戏剧艺术的大师，他们的作品都达到了世界文学的巅峰。《哈姆雷特》是莎士比亚最著名的悲剧之一，代表了莎士比亚的艺术成就，剧中莎士比亚塑造的著名人物哈姆雷特也被列入了世界文学的艺术画廊。塞万提斯是文艺复兴时期西班牙伟大的作家，在他创作的作品中，以《堂吉诃德》最为著名，影响也最大，是文艺
经典文言文名篇翻译【五篇】
经典文言文名篇翻译【五篇】 【篇一】经典文言文名篇翻译分享：陋室铭 唐代：刘禹锡 山不在高，有仙则名。水不在深，有龙则灵。斯是陋室，惟吾德馨。苔痕上阶绿，草色入帘青。谈笑有鸿儒，往来无白丁。可以调素琴，阅金经。无丝竹之乱耳，无案牍之劳形。南阳诸葛庐，西蜀子云亭。孔子云：何陋之有？ 译文 山不在于高，有了神仙就会有名气。水不在于深，有了龙就会有灵气。这是简陋的房子，只是我品德好就感觉不到简陋了。苔痕碧绿，长到台上，草色青葱，映入帘里。到这里谈笑的都是博学之人，交往的没有知识浅薄之人，可以弹奏不加装饰的琴，阅读佛经。没有弦管奏乐的声音扰乱耳朵，没有官府的公文使身体劳累。南阳有诸葛亮的草庐，西蜀有扬子云的亭子。孔子说：这有什么简陋的呢？ 赏析 这篇不足百字的室铭，含而不露地表现了作者安贫乐道、洁身自好的高雅志趣和不与世事沉浮的独立人格。它向人们揭示了这样一个道理：尽管居室简陋、物质匮乏，但只要居室主人品德高尚、生活充实，那就会满屋生香，处处可
见雅趣逸志，自有一种超越物质的神奇精神力量。 有人认为，刘禹锡写此文时已是贬谪生活的后期，心情比较稳定，追求安乐恬淡的生活，同时文中又有读佛经的内容，所以铭文流露了一种避世消闲的消极成分。对此应从两方面分析：当社会处于黑暗时期，文人官吏们有两个出路，一是与腐朽势力同流合污、自甘堕落。一是退一步，如孟子所说的“穷则独善其身”，保持自己的浩然正气和独立人格。相比之下，后者更值得肯定，刘禹锡选择的就是这一条路。同时，人的生活是复杂的，有张有弛，不能一味剑拔弩张，而有时也要休息娱乐。因此，不能简单地批评闲情逸致。另一方面，铭文中也反映了作者的宏伟抱负，他引用诸葛庐和子云亭是有其特殊含义的，诸葛亮是政治家，扬雄是文学家，这也是作者一生的两大理想，早年他在革新中急流勇进、雄心勃勃；贬谪后他就涉足文坛，最后终于以文学家名世。因此，文中还有积极进取的精神在内。 本文在写作上的特点是巧妙地运用比兴手法，含蓄地表达主题，开头四句既是比，又是兴，言山水引出陋室，言仙、龙引出德馨，言名、灵暗喻陋室不陋。用南阳诸葛庐、西蜀子云亭类比陋室，表达了作者政治、文学的两大理想，最后引孔子的话作结又暗含“君子居之”的深意。其次，大量运用了排比、对偶的修辞手法，排比句能造成一种磅礴的文势，如开头几句排比，使全篇文气畅通，确立了一种骈体文的格局。对偶句易形成内容的起伏跌宕，如中间的六句对偶，既有描写又有叙述，言简意丰，节奏感强。文章还运用了代称、