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雅思8分作文

In recent years, the rapid development of economic level has improved people’s living standard a lot, but because the most companies always views the profit as their first business objective and pay less attention to those environment issues, some firms even afraid of paying a vast amount of money to reduce the negative impacts it brings to our environment. Then our environment conditions becomes worse and the governments in the global world start to care about the issues about environment and also require every company to consider the environment more and implement some specific practice.

In the twenty-first century, there are three supply chain trends in business setting: green logistics, lean logistics and global logistics ( Mollenkopf,D. , Stolze, H. &Tate,W.T. 2010). There are lot of different definitions about the concept of green logistics. For instance: Sbihi, A& Eglese,R.W. (2007) said: “Green logistics is concerned with producing and distributing goods in a sustainable way, taking account of en vironmental and social factors.” Sarkis, J., de Burgos Jiménez,J .&Céspedes Lorente, J.J.(2001) stated that :” Green supply chain strategies refer to efforts to minimize the negative impact of firms and their supply chains on the natural environment. In the wake of concerns regarding climate change, pollution, and no-renewable resource constraints, firms are heeding stakeholder demands regarding corporate citizenship behaviour and performance.”So, from these ideas above, we are clear that green logistics i s focus on minimising the negative influences your company brings to the environment and sustain development. The main difference between traditional logistics and green logistics is while the traditional supply chain focus on minimise the overall cost in the whole operational flows, green logistics brings new working methods and new model into the regular business activities. It not only concerned with the economic impacts of logistics policies, but also considers more specific details about the wide effects on society. According to Sbihi, A& Eglese,R.W. (2007), the main activities of green logistics including measuring the environmental impact of different distribution strategies, reducing the energy usage in logistics activities , reducing waste and managing its treatment.

When we talk about the green logistics, the concept of reverse logistics is necessary to be referred. Reverse logistics is included in green logistics, it is one of

the vital parts of green logistics, while green logistics consider both forward and backward flows, reverse supply chain just focus on backward flows. European working group on reverse logistics, REVLOG, Dekker etal.(2004) described the reverse logistics as :” The process of planning, implementing and controlling backward flows of new material, in process inventory, packaging and finished goods, from a manufacturing, distribution or use point ,to a point of recovery or point of proper disposal.”Basically, there are three categories that can classify the product recovery networks: re-usable, remanufacturing and recycling.

The following is about the applications of these product recovery networks that used in the domain of waste management. Sbihi, A& Eglese,R.W. (2007) revealed:” The environment aspects of wastes management means that activities concerning the transport of waste materials are clearly part of the green logistics agenda.” Next, two categories of waste will be involved: hazardous waste and household waste collection. Hazardous waste means those waste produced by daily activities that can cause the negative impacts to living things, for example: paint products, solvents, batteries and so on. If they cannot manage properly, these waste will lead to a terrible effects on our environment, they will pollute the soil and ground water. Thus, clear the harmfulness of these hazardous and settle down it well is significant important. Another waste is called “household waste”, it’s a complex problem for great volume and the complexity of its categories. Therefore, in order to cope well with household waste, more accurate information are needed, for illustrate: collection frequencies, road network restrictions and current waste collection system.

Compare to green logistics, lean supply chain plays the same important role in our society, its processes were initially developed in 1940. While green logistics focus on reduce the negative impacts to the environment, lean supply chain strategies focus on waste reduction, helping firms eliminate non-value adding activities related to excess tome, labour, equipment , space, and inventories across the supply chain( Corbett & Klassen, 2006). Thus, the objective of lean logistics is by the premise of maintain the regular operations of business activities, to eliminate these unnecessary steps and keep those valuable flows. The knowledge “Lean think” was referred by Womack and Jones (2005), it is a systematic approach to provide the customers exactly what they want, when and where they want. Nowadays, there are

los of applications which based on lean logistics, for example: “Value stream mapping” is one of the lean toolkit which wide used in different areas, it examines the time to produce a good and also can optimizing the performance over the single dimension of time. Just-in- time delivery system is another application that uses the notion of lean logistics. Currently, the importance of lean transportation is recognised by more and more managers, transportation allows organizations to deliver the right goods in the right quantity to their customers at the right time; yet excess transportation movement creates waste and added cost to the customer. Moreover, there are often some hidden wastes within transportation. Therefore, the proper use of JIT enable the company can satisfy customers’ needs and reduce the operation cost at the same time.

Here is a graph that can clarify the relationships between green logistics and lean logistics:

From thus graph, we can see that sometimes green logistics and lean logistics have the some goal, but not all lean processes and waste reduction are positively related to environmental performance or pollution reduction. In the aspect of incompatibility,

because when a company need to consider more about the environment issues and think about the solutions, the green initiatives could be time consuming and expensive. For example, in the U.K, road transport has identified as the largest source of carbon dioxide emissions (Mason and Lalwani 2003). If we apply the lean logistics into transportation activities, it requires the company to reduce the distance between the threshold and the destination as short as possible, but it is difficult to implement since global transaction has became a predominant trend; in addition, Rothnberg etal. (2001) claimed that lack of environmental awareness is another barrier to implementing green and lean supply chain strategies. Another aspect is compatibility, Kleindorfer etal. (2005) said:” While lean practice can lead to environmental benefits, inversely environment practices often lead to improved lean practices.” After the lean process reduces the redundant parts, sometime it also means this action will minimize the damage business activities bring. In business market, there are lots of companies’ successes on integrating le an and green logistics. For example: General Motors, Intel, 3M and Andersen Corporation. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2003) found that using lean logistics can minimize the waste and prevent pollutions, and it can also provides an excellent platform for environment management tools such as life-cycle assessment. This is also one of a key factor that why these companies can maximize their profit and get more shares in the market.

In conclusion, we can know that green logistics and lean logistics are both incompatible and compatible since they have both similarities and differences. When they are focus on the environment issues, especial for waste reduction, there exist an intersection between two of them, but some differences is also obvious. Mollenkopf,D. , Stolze, H. &Tate,W.T. ( 2010) claimed that :” Lean strategies that employ just-in- time( JIT) delivery of small lot size can require increased transportation, packaging, and handling that may contradict a green approach.” But since there are a lot of advantages if we integrate them, we need to keep a good balance between them and then apply them into our business activities, this action ensure that we can achieve more success in the future.

Reference

1. Mollenkopf,D. , Stolze, H. &Tate,W.T. 2010, ‘Green, lean, and global supply

chains’, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics management, vol 40, no. ?, pp 14-41.

2. Sbihi, A& Eglese,R.W. 2007, ‘ Combinatorial optimization and Green logistics,

4OR: A Quarterly Journal of Operations Research, vol 35, no.1, pp 99-116.

3. Sarkis,J.(2001), ‘manufacturing’s role in corporate environmental

sustainability’, International Journal of Operations & production Management, vol.21, no. 5/6. Pp 666-86.

4. de Burgos Jiménez,J .&Céspedes Lorente, J.J.(2001), ‘Environmental

performance as an operations objective’, I nternational Journal of Operations & production Management, vol 21, no 12, pp1553-72.

5. Dekker,R., Fleischman. M., Inderfurth, K., & Van Wassenhove, L.N( Eds.)

2004, Reverse logistics: Quantitative models for close-loop supply chains, Berlin: Springer.

6. Corbett, C.J. & Klassen, R.D. 2006. ‘Extending the horizons: environmental

excellence as key to improving operations’. Manufacturing and Service operations Mangement, vol 8, no 1, pp5-22.

7. Womack.J.P.and Jones, D. T.2005,Lean Solutions, Free Press, New york,

NY.

8. Mason,R and Lalwani, C. (2003). “Assessing the impact of Business to

Business e-Commerce on Freight Transport,” Proceeding of the 9th Logistics Research Network Conference, Birminghan, UK.

9. Rothen berg, S., Pil,F. and Maxwell, J. (2001), “Lean, green, and the quest for

environmental performance”, Production and Operations Management, vol 10, no 3, pp228-43.

10. Kleindorfer, P.R., Singhal,K. and van Wassenhove, L.N. (2005),” Sustainable

operations management”, Production & Operations Management, vol 14, pp482-92.

11. EPA 2003. “Lean Manufacturing and the Environment,” The U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.

雅思8分作文范文

作者简介孙肇春，1971年生于山东烟台，1999年毕业于广东外语外贸大学博士点（原广州外国语学院），文学硕士。研究方向句法学和理论语言学。兴趣爱好广泛，对词源学具有浓厚的兴趣和较深的研究，喜欢英美文学和欧洲文化史。2000年在暨南大学任教，曾担任口译、英美散文欣赏等课程。2001年辞职。现任深圳环球雅思学校校长，主讲雅思写作、阅读和词汇速记法。业余爱好：平民类运动项目。擅长篮球、乒乓球、羽毛球、健身等运动，。座右铭：If winter comes, can spring be far behind?

Preface Building upon my experience as an IELTS writing teacher and professional writer, I collected abundant writing materials authentic from test centers and other media. This book is the result of a combination of two years of teaching experience and the research of IELTS writing skills, built upon equally as many hours creating original writing samples to students preparing to take their IELTS test. This book has been developed to be used in the classroom and for self-study. The book covers both the General Training and Academic test. Using a step-by-step approach, a detailed explanation of how to approach writing in IELTS is given, with each unit concentrating on one particular aspect of the writing test. The exercises are designed to teach the required skills, focusing on practical application of knowledge. Model answers are also included for students to compare their own writing against, thereby gradually guiding students in wring articles that fully meet the requirements of the IELTS writing test in every aspect. The materials in this book are all authentic, keeping the original style and content. The book is very helpful for the students who are planning to take the IELTS test. The book also gives a prediction of the IELTS in 2003, covering any possible topics which are commonly seen in the test.

如何快速写出一篇8分雅思作文(附1月高分范文)

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雅思大作文常用词组

1.依靠：dependon=relyon 2.导致：leadto=cause=resultin 3.源于：resultfrom=stemfrom 4.使用：use=apply 5.利用：takeadvantageof=makeuseof 6.带来：bring=provide=offer=supply 7.努力做：makemosteffortsto=workhardto=striveto 8.花时间做：spendtime/money/energy/lifeonsth/doingsth 9.专注于：focuson=payattentionto=concentrateto 10.分心/打扰： distractsbfromsth=disturbsb/sth=interruptsb/sth=obsesssbwithsthdistraction=diver sion=disturbance 11.起到作用：servetodo=playarole in doing = have a function to do = make a contribution to (对……做出贡献) 12.目的是：attempt to do = have an intention to do/of = have a purpose to do/of = have an objective to do/of = aim at doing/sth 13.为了：in order to do = for the purpose of doing/sth = with the view of doing/sth 14.有利于：bring benefits to = be benefitial to = bring advantages to 15.有害于：bring harms to = damage sth = ruin sth = undermine sth = be harmful to/for = be detrimental to/for 16.威胁到：endanger sb/sth = risk sb/sth = threaten sb/sth = place sb/sth into the danger/risk/threat 17.影响：have (positive/negative) effects/influence/impacts on sth 18.强调：stress = emphasize 19.忽略：ignore = neglect = overlook 20.联系：connect to/with = communicate with = contact to/with = have an access to = associate with(和……相关) 21.处理：deal with = cope with = handle = tackle 22.避免/预防/远离：keep A from B = prevent A from B = A avoid B = A refrain from B = A be away from B

雅思写作大作文评分标准(英文版)

WRITING TASK 2: Band Descriptors (public version) Band Task response Coherence and cohesion Lexical resource Grammatical range and accuracy 9 ?fully addresses all parts of the task ?presents a fully developed position in answer to the question with relevant, fully extended and well supported ideas ?uses cohesion in such a way that it attracts no attention ?skilfully manages paragraphing ?uses a wide range of vocabulary with very natural and sophisticated control of lexical features; rare minor errors occur only as ‘slips’ ?uses a wide range of structures with full flexibility and accuracy; rare minor errors occur only as ‘slips’ 8 ?sufficiently addresses all parts of the task ?presents a well-developed response to the question with relevant, extended and supported ideas ?sequences information and ideas logically ?manages all aspects of cohesion well ?uses paragraphing sufficiently and appropriately ?uses a wide range of vocabulary fluently and flexibly to convey precise meanings ?skilfully uses uncommon lexical items but there may be occasional inaccuracies in word choice and collocation ?produces rare errors in spelling and/or word formation ?uses a wide range of structures ?the majority of sentences are error-free ?makes only very occasional errors or inappropriacies 7 ?addresses all parts of the task ?presents a clear position throughout the response ?presents, extends and supports main ideas, but there may be a tendency to over-generalise and/or supporting ideas may lack focus ?logically organises information and ideas; there is clear progression throughout ?uses a range of cohesive devices appropriately although there may be some under-/over-use ?presents a clear central topic within each paragraph ?uses a sufficient range of vocabulary to allow some flexibility and precision ?uses less common lexical items with some awareness of style and collocation ?may produce occasional errors in word choice, spelling and/or word formation ?uses a variety of complex structures ?produces frequent error-free sentences ?has good control of grammar and punctuation but may make a few errors 6 ?addresses all parts of the task although some parts may be more fully covered than others ?presents a relevant position although the conclusions may become unclear or repetitive ?presents relevant main ideas but some may be inadequately developed/unclear ?arranges information and ideas coherently and there is a clear overall progression ?uses cohesive devices effectively, but cohesion within and/or between sentences may be faulty or mechanical ?may not always use referencing clearly or appropriately ?uses paragraphing, but not always logically ?uses an adequate range of vocabulary for the task ?attempts to use less common vocabulary but with some inaccuracy ?makes some errors in spelling and/or word formation, but they do not impede communication ?uses a mix of simple and complex sentence forms ?makes some errors in grammar and punctuation but they rarely reduce communication 5 ?addresses the task only partially; the format may be inappropriate in places ?expresses a position but the development is not always clear and there may be no conclusions drawn ?presents some main ideas but these are limited and not sufficiently developed; there may be irrelevant detail ?presents information with some organisation but there may be a lack of overall progression ?makes inadequate, inaccurate or over-use of cohesive devices ?may be repetitive because of lack of referencing and substitution ?may not write in paragraphs, or paragraphing may be inadequate ?uses a limited range of vocabulary, but this is minimally adequate for the task ?may make noticeable errors in spelling and/or word formation that may cause some difficulty for the reader ?uses only a limited range of structures ?attempts complex sentences but these tend to be less accurate than simple sentences ?may make frequent grammatical errors and punctuation may be faulty; errors can cause some difficulty for the reader 4 ?responds to the task only in a minimal way or the answer is tangential; the format may be inappropriate ?presents a position but this is unclear ?presents some main ideas but these are difficult to identify and may be repetitive, irrelevant or not well supported ?presents information and ideas but these are not arranged coherently and there is no clear progression in the response ?uses some basic cohesive devices but these may be inaccurate or repetitive ?may not write in paragraphs or their use may be confusing ?uses only basic vocabulary which may be used repetitively or which may be inappropriate for the task ?has limited control of word formation and/or spelling; errors may cause strain for the reader ?uses only a very limited range of structures with only rare use of subordinate clauses ?some structures are accurate but errors predominate, and punctuation is often faulty 3 ?does not adequately address any part of the task ?does not express a clear position ?presents few ideas, which are largely undeveloped or irrelevant ?does not organise ideas logically ?may use a very limited range of cohesive devices, and those used may not indicate a logical relationship between ideas ?uses only a very limited range of words and expressions with very limited control of word formation and/or spelling ?errors may severely distort the message ?attempts sentence forms but errors in grammar and punctuation predominate and distort the meaning 2?barely responds to the task ?does not express a position ?may attempt to present one or two ideas but there is no development ?has very little control of organisational features ?uses an extremely limited range of vocabulary; essentially no control of word formation and/or spelling ?cannot use sentence forms except in memorised phrases 1?answer is completely unrelated to the task ?fails to communicate any message ?can only use a few isolated words ?cannot use sentence forms at all ?does not attend ?does not attempt the task in any way ?writes a totally memorised response IELTS is jointly owned by the British Council, IDP: IELTS Australia and the University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations (Cambridge ESOL). Page 1 of 1

雅思写作常用连接词2

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雅思7分大作文范文批改和解析

雅思7分大作文范文批改和解析距离雅思写作7分你大概还有3个步骤要走，是的，不是谁都可以轻轻松松活动雅思高分的。今天给大家带来了雅思7分大作范文批改和解析,希望能够帮助到大家，一起来学习吧。雅思7分大作范文批改和解析雅思写作提高第一步：结构(5.0 - 5.5) 问题：出国留学的优点(the advantages of disadvantages of study abroad) 同学：One reason for those who decide to go overseas to get a higher degree is that they believe they can get better education in certain fields. That is to say, different universities in different countries have their specialized courses and rich resources can be provided according to their needs and requirements. Another reason is that they can learn a foreign language in a more efficient way. There is no denying that living in an all-round English environment and being affected by local culture make people quick learners. 解析：出国留学和高学历完全是两回事(出去读初中和高中都算出国);出国就是better education，在国内就不是better? 出

IELTS 8分作文

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(完整word版)雅思大作文常用词汇替换

雅思大作文常用词汇替换大家都知道，写雅思作文的时候有个很大的问题就是腹中纵有千言万语，表达出来却都是小学词语。词汇量是拦路虎，但是要克服它却不是一朝一夕的事情。怎么办呢，最高效的办法就是背诵老师们精挑细选出来的常用替换词语了。下面的单词是我们单词系列里的第一部分，针对所有话题的大总结，也是最最常用的。每组里第一个单词是大家最常用的，后面的单词是它的替换词。需要注意的是，每个词的意思还是有小小的区别与常见的搭配，这点也是我给班上的学生讲解的重点，自己备考的同学可以通过查字典和例句来体会这些单词用法的区别。 1.people n. individuals, men, human beings, humanity 2.solve v. resolve, tackle, address, deal with 3.reason n. cause, 4.destroy v. ruin, devastate, harm(伤害), 5.influence, n. effect, impact v. affect 6.dangers n. hazards, perils 7.obvious adj. apparent, evident, manifest 8.good adj. beneficial, positive, meaningful, desirable, 9.bad adj. harmful, negative, baneful 10.famous adj. well-known, prominent, eminent, fame n., reputation n. 11.big adj. huge, vast, enormous, tremendous, immense 12.main adj. major, dominant, predominant, 13.poor adj. deprived, impoverished, poverty n. 14.rich adj. well-off, wealthy, affluent, prosperous +country/economy 15.enough adj. sufficient, adequate, abundant 16. a lot of, a host of, a great deal of +可数/不可数名词 a vast number of +可数 a large amount of + 不可数提示: great, vast, large可以互换位置 17.advantage n. benefit, merit, strong point 18.disadvantage n. drawback, weakness, weak point 19.improve v. enhance, boost, promote, augment, 20.claim v. argue, insist, assert, 21.agree with v. conform to, accord with 22.disagree with v. oppose to, be against 23.ban v. forbid, prohibit prohibition n. 24.obstruct v. hinder, impede obstruction n. obstacle barrier

雅思写作九分作文欣赏

雅思写作九分作文范文欣赏：There is no doubt that helping students find a job is one of the primary functions of university education， but universities do exist for other purposes such as improving students’ analytical skills and raising students’moral standards. A university education can be seen as a process of improving students’analytical thinking. The variety of courses offered at university inspires students in various ways， therefore improving their analytical ability. For example， science courses such as math and biology help students develop a rational way of thinking whereas arts courses such as literature 123ve to let students ponder over issues from a logical， multi- dimensional perspective; and courses in social sciences force students to recognize the ideas that have been traditionally assumed to be acceptable and unproblematic. With the development of these types of analytical thinking，graduates can face future challenges with more confidence and enthusiasm. Also， university education is expected to improve students’ moral standards. This is rooted in universities’ belief that students’ awar123ss of responsibility towards their community and their country is of high importance. In this ever-deg123rating society and civilization， students are encouraged actively participate in improving the local community. A university that provides care and facilities for physically disadvantaged students may inspire the graduates to better handle situations in the future where they may have to interact with the disabled community. A successful university education is supposed to produce morally sound graduates， therefore increasing their employability. In conclusion， university education not only helps students locate a decent job but will also develop other qualities such as enhancing their analytical skills and cultivating their hunger and spirit for life. Some people warn that the era of the silver screen is coming to an end and that people will eventually lose interest in going to the cinema. Do you agree or disagree with this view (250 words)