英语教学法
Unit 1
Language and Language Learning
I. The Nature of Language
What is language?Textbook P307 Appendix
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
1. Language is a system.
2. Language is arbitrary.
3. Language is vocal.
4. Language is for human communication.
II. Views on language
①Structural view ②Functional view ③Interactional view Textbook PP3-4
●Structural view:
Language is a linguistic system made up of various subsystems: phonology, morphology, lexicology and syntactics. To learn a language is to learn its vocabulary and structural rules. (P3) Ferdiand de Saussure (1857-1913 )
●Functional view:
Language is a linguistic system as well as a means for doing things. Learners learn a language in order to be able to do things with it (use it). To perform functions, learners need to know how to combine the grammatical rules and the vocabulary to express notions that perform the functions. (P3) professor M A K Haliday
●Interactional view:
Language is a communicative tool to build up and maintain social relations between people. Learners need to know the rules of a language and where, when and how it is appropriate to use them. (P3)
Attention Your view of language determines your way of teaching.
What will be your focus in teaching?
●Structural view–knowledge: vocabulary and grammar
(sentence patterns)
●Functional view–communicative categories, communicative
ability (to be able to communicate)
●Interactional view–to communicate appropriately
(communicative strategies, cultural awareness, etc.) Reflection
Please reflect on your middle school English teachers’ classroom teaching and try to think about how they understand the nature of language.
III. Views on Language Learning and Learning in General
What is learning?
3.1 Views on Language Learning
Behaviorist Theory (P5)
Cognitive Theory (PP5-6)
Second Language Acquisition (SLA)
3.1.1 Behaviorism
Behaviorism is an approach to psychology that arose out of the ideas of early learning theorists who attempted to explain all learning in terms of some form of conditioning.
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) S-R
? A nineteenth century Russian Ivan Pavlov’s experiments with dogs and other animals
A response (e.g. salivation) generated by one stimulus (e.g. food) can be produced by introducing a second stimulus (e.g. a bell) at the same time. This is known as S-R (Stimulus-Response) theory or classical conditioning.
B. F. Skinner (1904 - 1990) S-R-R
? A mid-twentieth-century American B. F. Skinner
Stimulu s →response →reinforcement →habit formation Language is seen as a behavior to be taught. A small part of the foreign language, such as a structural pattern, is presented as a stimulus, to which the learners responds, for example, by repetition or substitution. This is followed by reinforcement by the teacher, based on 100 percent success. Learning a language is seen as acquiring a set of appropriate mechanical habits, and errors are frowned upon as reinforcing ‘bad habits’.
The role of the teacher is to develop in learners good language habits, which is done mainly by pattern drills, memorization of dialogues or choral repetition of structural patterns. →Audiolingualism →听说法
Audio-Lingual Method
●‘Listen and repeat’ drilling activities are the most
important classroom activities.
●Mistakes are immediately corrected and correct
utterances are immediately praised.
Repetition Drill: Books open.
Chorus and Group Repetition.
Ask the pupils to repeat the following statements after you first in chorus then in groups:
TEACHER: Look at the 1st picture.
There is a plate on the table. All together!
Look at the 2nd picture.
There is some tea in the pot. All together! The remaining items are as follows:
3rd: a cup behind the pot.
4th: some coffee in the cup.
5th: a sweet in the packet.
6th: some sugar in the bowl. ……
Cognitivism
Noam Chomsky(1928- )→Thinking(creativity)→Internal factors
Cognitive view of language and learning
●If all language is learned by imitation and repetition,
how can a child produce a sentence that has never been said by others before?
●Language is a rule-based system and with a knowledge of
the finite rules (language competence), infinite sentences can be produced
Influence of cognitive theory
Learners should be allowed to create their own sentences based on their understanding of certain rules (creativity) In a cognitive approach, the learner is seen as an active participant in the learning process, using various mental strategies in order to sort out the system of the language to be learned.
3.1.3 Second Language Acquisition (SLA) (see Johnson Chapter 6)
Krashen’s Five hy potheses :
1. The acquisition-learning distinction (Learning and acquisition are separate processes.)
Acquisition refers to the natural assimilation of language rules through using language for communication.
Learning refers to the formal study of language rules and is a conscious process.
The only real difference is in terms of the environments in which acquisition is what happens when you go and live in the target-language country, while learning is what happens
in classrooms.
2. The natural order hypothesis
(There is a natural order of language acquisition that
applies to FL acquisition.)
The natural order, as defined by Krashen, consists of listening
to a great deal of meaningful language input, then speaking,
then reading to a great deal of meaningful input, and then writing, which is formally taught.
3. The monitor hypothesis (监控假说)
(Acquisition is more ‘important’ than learning. The main
role of learning is a secondary one: to monitor what we say
and write in the FL.) Johnson’s book p91.
4. The input hypothesis 输入假说
(The most important thing to provide with is
‘comprehensible input’.)
Comprehensible input: i+l
i–the acquirer’s present level of competence
i+l– the level immediately following i as i+l
Johnson’s book P93
5. The affective filter hypothesis (情感过滤假说)
(Learners n eed the right ‘affect’ for acquisition to take place.)
束定芳、庄智象 PP222-223
Johnson P94
3.2 Learning in General
Constructivist Theory
Socio-constructivist Theory Textbook P6
Representatives of Constructivism
Jean Piaget (1896 – 1980)
Piaget’s views and influence
●Learning is a personal construction of knowledge to be
learned based on the learner’s previous experience. Representatives of Constructivism
John Dewey P6
Dewey’s views and influence
●Learning by doing
●Teaching should be buil t on learners’ experience and
engage learners in learning activities.
●Teachers need to design environments and interact with
learners.
Representative of Socio-constructivism
Lev Vygotsky P6
Social-constructivist views of language and language learning
●Interaction and engagement with the target language in
a social context is important.
●ZPD—Zone of Proximal Development (最近发展区)
●Scaffolding (脚手架)—learning is best achieved through
the dynamic interaction between the teacher and the learner (question & explanation)
the learners (a more capable peer’s support) Zone of Proximal Development 最近/边缘发展区
It is the term used to refer to the layer of skill or knowledge which is just beyond that which the learner is currently capable of coping. Working together with another person, either an adult or a more competent peer at a level that is just above a learner’s present capabilities is the best way for the learner to move into the next layer.
Children’ two levels of intellectual development Gap ↓ Zone of Proximal Development Level of potential development（潜在的发展水平） Zone of Proximal Development & scaffolding
Scaffolding (建筑支架——脚手架)
The term was developed as a metaphor to describe the type of assistance offered by a teacher or peer to support learning. In the process of scaffolding, the teacher helps the student master a task or oncept that the student is
initially unable to grasp independently. The teacher offers assistance with only those skills that are beyond the student’s capability.
●People with a general command of a foreign language can’t
teach it very effectively. (F)
●People with an excellent command of a foreign language
will surely be an excellent language teacher. (F)
Conclusion
Professional qualities are necessary, but only professional qualities aren’t enough.
Task: Reflect on your own learning experiences. Have you had an excellent English teacher? Try to identify as many qualities as possible of your best English teacher(s). Note down all the qualities that you think are important for a good English teacher.
There are a variety of elements that contribute to the qualities of a good language teacher. These elements can be categorized into 3 groups: ethic devotion, professional qualities and personal styles (Parrot, 1993)
Task: Work in groups of 4 and decide which adjectives describe ethic devotion, which describe personal styles and which describe professional qualities.
Professional qualities
The most important and most difficult part of the making of a good language teacher is the development of professional competence, which is the quality of being qualified for the profession, and armed with a specific range of skills, strategies, knowledge and ability.
What is teaching?
● Some people think teaching is a craft, a novice teacher can learn the profession by i mitating the expert’s techniques, just like an apprentice.
● Others hold the view that teaching is an applied science, based on scientific knowledge and experimentation. What is teaching?
●
By making a compromise between these two views, Wallace (1991) uses a ‘reflective model’ to demonstrate the development of professional competence.
Teacher’s professional development (Adapted from Wallace, 1991:15)
learning
practice reflection
The learning stage
The purposeful preparation that a language normally receives before he/she starts the practice of teaching.
The practice stage (2 senses)
● Pseudo practice: short period of time assigned to do teaching practice as part of one’s pre -service education, usu. under the supervision of instructors
● The real classroom teaching: what a teacher undertakes after he/she finishes formal education
The practice stage
● Teachers benefit from practice if they keep on reflecting on what they have been doing (Stanely, 1999)
● Teachers should reflect on their work not only after they finish a certain period of practice but while they’re doing the practice as well
● The most difficult thing is to keep on reflecting on one’s work when one moves on to real classroom teaching English Language Teaching Approaches and Methods
1. Grammar-Translation Method
2. the Direct Method
3. the Audiolingual Method
4. Situational Language Teaching
5. The Natural Approach
6. Total Physical Response
7. The Silent Way 8. The Humanist Approach
9. Suggestopedia 10. Community Language Learning Others
experienc e Received
knowledge Own
experience
1. Learning from others’ experience— craft
2.Learning the received knowledge —‘applied
science’ knowledge
3. Learning from one’s own experiences as a learner
英语教学法教程教案(王蔷)
英语教学法教程教案 A Course in English Language Teaching 主讲：姚向礼 教材：《英语教学法教程》 主编：王蔷 出版社：高等教育出版社 绪论外语教学法主要流派 Teaching approaches & Methods Approaches & methods of Language Teaching 众说纷纭，现以学习理论作为分类标准，将学派分为认知性的，连接性的和综合性的三大类。并简介翻译教学法，自然教学法，直接教学法，认知教学法，功能教学法，在这之前首先概述一下拉丁语教学法、。 ①拉丁语教学法，指（15-16世纪）为欧洲语言的极盛时期，学校里教授作为外语之拉丁语的直觉模仿法。它在（15——16世纪）为语法模仿法：16世纪末到17世
纪，由于民族语渗入学校，拉丁语教学法主要为词汇模仿法。先后提出了自觉性原则和直观性原则。这一时期的两大代表人物①惜提哈（ratch1571-163500））②夸美纽斯教学法Conienius(1592_1670) ①德国论点是通过经验与分析去学习一切。认为只从理论途径得到的记忆才是可 靠的。词汇翻译法，自觉对比法，认真教学法。 二、联结性的教学法学派 特点：经验主义的哲学观点；重视外语话语与实物，观念，概念等外部世界与思维的直接联系；侧重口头操练。 自然教学法（绝对排斥本族语的教学法） 直接教学法（自然教学法发展起来的）（一种习惯） 听说教学法 视听教学法 功能教学法（又名意念法，交际法或意念——功能—交际法 三、综合性的教学法学派，来源于直接法与翻译的综合 自觉实践法 折衷法（又是极端） 分阶段教学法 一、语法翻译法(Translation Method) The grammar translation Method(Reading Method ,classical Method ).In China, it is called old method and is probably the most widely known and has been the most widely used of all approaches to language teaching .Although there have been many developments in language teaching, especially in the teaching foreign language ,grammar-translation method in still used today in various forms .And the main drill in translation. The mains features are as the followings. 1.Classes are taught in the mother tongue,with little active use of the target lauguage. 2.Much vocabulary is taught in the form of lists of isofated words. 3.Long elaborate explanations of the intricacies of grammar are given. 4.Little attention explanations of the intricacies of grammar are given. 5.Often the only drills are exercises in translation disconnecfecl sentences from the target language into the mother tongue. 6.little or no attention is given to pronunciation. 希腊文、拉丁文、通过翻译来学习外语。 认为背诵文法规则是学习外语的捷径，使用的课本，开始是孤立的单词和孤立的语法例句，都是从希腊文和拉丁文的名著里摘引出来的。 Advontedges： 1.在外语教学里创建了翻译的教学形式； 2.在外语教学里利用文法、利用学生的理解力，以提高外语教学的效果； 3.着重阅读，着重学习原文或原文文学名著； 4.使用方便。只要教师掌握了外语的基本知识，就可以拿着外语课本教外语，不需要什么教具和设备。 Disadvanfudges： 1.忽视口语教学。在教学里没有抓住语言的本质； 2.忽视语音和语调的教学； 3.过分强调翻译，单纯通过翻译手段教外语，不利于培养学生用外语进行交际的能力，易使学生在使用外语时对翻译有依赖性；
八种常见的英语教学方法
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英语教学法基础课后习题及答案
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英语教学法读后感【英语教学法读书笔记】
英语教学法读后感【英语教学法读书笔记】小学英语教学中的语音问题的几个对策 重视语音教学使学生形成良好的英语表达能力需要一个过程尤其 针对小学英语初学者在没有音标的帮助下该如何掌握良好的语音呢？日记https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0710026260.html,. 1、小学英语教师要不断提高自身的业务修养不仅是教育教学方 面的也是语音方面的至少要做到与教材录音带在发音方面保持一致。教师的发音是学生模仿的主要对象之一对学生的英语语音学习起指 导和示范作用。在英、美英语相互交融、美国英语盛行的今天作为英语教师学习并掌握美国英语乃大势所趋面对新形势要不断加强学习 更新自己的知识结构找出英语和美语的主要差异如词汇、读音、拼写等方面。 词语方面之不同简单举例如下 rp ga 学校中的班级 form gradeclass 商店 shop store
厕所 lavatory toilet 糖果 sweets candy 油炸土豆条 chips french fries 长裤 trousers pants 而英国英语和美国英语的最大差别在于发音rp和ga之间在音素、单词发音、重音和语调方面均存在明显差异。因此同时向学生灌输两种英语发音势必会给他们的学习造成混乱与困惑。另外在母语的环境里开始学习一门外语很多学生本来就带有畏难情绪再让他们同时学 习两种英语发音无疑会给他们增加不必要的负担挫伤他们学习英语 的积极性。读音方面简例如下 1）在passbathaskcan’tfast这一类单词中rp念作/α：/而ga则为/?/成了/p?s/ /b?s/ /?sk/ /k?nt/ /f?st/。 2）字母o在重读闭音节中rp念为/ /ga念为/α / rp ga
浅谈几种英语教学方法
浅谈几种英语教学方法 俗话说：教学有法，教无定法，贵在得法。为了让学生学好英语，我在教学中尝试了以下几种方法。 一、愉快教学法 教师在教学中，应使整个教学都弥漫着一种和谐、融洽、振奋、饱满的情绪气氛。同时，在教学时，使学生进入语境，创造情景，帮助学生通过英语直接理解教学内容意思，养成用英语思维的习惯。其次，在教学过程中，安排一些兴趣活动。如：唱歌、游戏、饶口令等。运用这些灵活的教学方法，让学生在“乐中学”又在“学中乐”。在我们的日常生活中，成功与快乐总是相伴而行的。那么，教师在教育中就应该运用好表现——成功——快乐三步曲方法，尤其对后进生，要多给予肯定评价。 总的来说，愉快教学法就是能充分调动学生的眼、耳、口、手等器官，通过视、听、说、唱、表演等活动，使学生在轻松愉快的气氛中学习英语，使他们感到学习英语是一种乐趣。 二、演示法 演示可以使学生获得丰富的感性材料，加深对事物的印象，特别是教学一些字母、单词时，采用实物或是图片、卡片来教学，能使学生头脑中形成比较鲜明的事物表象。例如：在学习音标、字母时要充分利用卡片；学习单词“strawberry”“watermelon”时则采用实物教学比较好。这样不仅让学生看到，而且让学生听到、嗅到、摸到，就会丰富学生的感性认识，增强演示效果，在演示过程中，要与教师的讲解和谈话相结合，
通过教师语言的启发，使学生不停留在事物的外部表象上，而尽可能快的使学生的认识上升到理性阶段，形成理性阶段，形成概念，掌握事物的本质。 三、模仿练习法 学习英语我认为最重要的方法是模仿练习，因为英语的语音、语调及书写与汉语截然不同，如果小学生学习英语口形不对，发不准声，这样给今后的学习带来很多不便，当他们一旦养成习惯，再要纠正就困难了。小学生要说得准确，首先必须看得准，听得准。因此，教师在范读字母、单词或句子之前，要让学生听老师的读音，看老师的口形，并鼓励学生大胆开口，敢于大声讲英语，说错了及时纠正，并注意将正确的音与错误的音进行比较，反复训练，以免在语音上给学生留下后患。另外，应鼓励学生课下尽量用所学过的常用表达方式进行相互对话。因为我们不是单纯为学语言而教语言，而是在用中学，在学中用，培养运用语言的能力。 四、讲授法 对于学习英语来说，讲授法也占着主导地位。因为英语并不像我们的母语——汉语那样从小就开始学说、理解和运用。而英语对于我们小学生来说就显得特别难学。所以，教师进行一定的讲解，讲述和讲读是十分有效的。但是，讲授法并不是照本宣科，单板、生硬地向学生灌输，而是讲授要有一定的启发性，更要穿插一些其他的教法与之结合起来。 以上是我对小学英语课教学方法的几点思考与见解，总之，教学关键在于教师自己去创新，争取多用生动活泼、灵活多样的教学方法，达到教学的最优。
王蔷主编的《英语教学法教程》第二版-unit1
Unit 1 Language and Language Learning Aims of the unit In this unit we will discuss some general matters about language learning and teaching. We are going to discuss five questions on particular: 1.How do we learn language 2.What are the common views on language 3.What are the common views on language learning 4.What are the qualities of a good language teacher 5.How can one become a good language teacher 1.1How do we learn languages Mach of human behavior is influenced by their experiences. The way language teachers teach in the classroom is to some extent influenced by the way they learned languages. This is especially true in foreign language teaching. Before we discuss language learning theories, let us first reflect on our own language learning experience. Task 1 Below is a list of interview questions on how people learn a foreign language. In the first column, write down your own responses. Then interview three other students in your class and enter their responses in the other columns. Discuss your findings in group of 4 and draw some conclusion.
常用英语教学方法
常用英语教学方法 1、大小声：我读大声，你读小声 2、举一反三：我读一遍，你读三遍 3、单词拍拍拍：（①、②、③、④、⑤）拍这几就读出来 4、炸弹：练习单词时，把一个炸弹放在一个单词上，在读单词的过程中，不能把放有炸弹的单词读出来 5、手心手背：伸手心读，伸手背不读 6、金手指：几根手指就读几遍 7、麦克风：以采访的形式来提问学生，练习单词、句子 8、击鼓传球：传球老师击鼓喊停时，谁最后拿到球就站起来读单词或句子，读对时，老师输，学生是胜利者，然后老师表演动作，如：兔子跳、贴墙、眨眼睛、表演大茶壶 9、抢椅子：读单词或句子同时，绕着椅子转，当老师说停时看谁以最快的速度抢到椅子，抢到者加分 10、木头人：如：I can fiy I can jump 读句子的同时表演出动作，老师说停，不论你什么姿态，都不能动，老师挑选一名学生去逗表演的学生，看谁懂了谁犯规 11、说反语：I say sit down You say stand up 12、小手枪：指着谁，谁读单词的下一个单词 13、寻宝藏：选一名同学背对着大家，把卡片或别的东西藏到一个学生哪里，大家开始读单词或句子，当寻宝的学生离宝藏越近读声越大 14、萝卜蹲：用单词代替学生的名字一个接一个蹲 15、顶卡片：读句子单词的同时用头来顶卡片 16、互动记名字：给学生一个新名字（课中的单词）来互相提问及回答 17、警察抓小偷：选一名同学背对着大家，挑出两个学生，大家一起读单词，这两名同学读单词时不发音 18、单词转转转：人站词下，每个人代表一个单词，读到哪个单词，就迅速动一下，反应慢就下去换另一个人 19、加一法：我读一，你读二，我二你三，依此增加，练习单词句子 20 拍图片：把制作好的单词图片贴在黑板上，拍到哪一个读哪一个
英语教学法与测试等课程教学大纲
英语教学法与测试 课程编码：209009 课程英文名称：En glish Teachi ng Methodology and Evaluati on 课程类别：英语专业学科基础选修课开课对象：英语专业三年级学生 开课学期：第六学期学分：2 总学时：32 教材： 王蔷，2000.《英语教学法教程》北京：高等教育出版社 参考书： 1. Jeremy Harmer. 1983. The Practice of En glish Lan guage Teachi ng. London: Lon gma n. 2. Tang Lixing. 198 3. TEFL in China: Methods and Teaching. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Lan guage Educati on Press. 3. Richards, J. C. & David Nuan. 2000. Second Language Teacher Education. Beijing: Foreign Lan guage Teach ing and Research Press. 4. Fang Yi & Rui Yuping. 1998. Way Out. Chongqing: Chongqing Publish House. 一、课程的性质、目的和任务 英语教学法与测试是英语专业语言学方向课程之一，主要内容为英语教学与测试理论、课堂教学设计的方法、课堂教学技巧等。本课程还介绍与英语教学法与测试相关的假设、热点论题和现有的教学模式。课程的主要目的在于引导学生了解英语教学与测试的主要理论，掌握课堂设计和课堂教学的设计和操作技巧，使学生能够针对特定的学生、根据特定的学生备课和教学。 二、课程的基本要求： 要求学生通过本课程的学习，基本了解英语教学和测试的基本方法，了解有关的重要理 论和其主要内容，熟悉一些主要术语；了解英语教学和测试的主要研究方向和前沿动态。掌握英语教学的主要方法，应用到将来的教学实践中去。 三、课程基本内容和学时分配 1. The Development, system and present status of English teaching methodology and the relati on betwee n it and other discipli nes (2h); 2. Foreig n Ian guage lear ning theories (2h); 3. Con trast an alysis and error an alysis (2h); 4. Major schools of foreig n Ian guage teach ing in the world (2h); 5. Teachers and stude nts in En glish Ian guage teach ing (2h); 6. ELT and men tal developme nt (2h); 7. En glish teach ing syllabus and textbook in middle schools (2h); 8. Prin ciples of ELT in middle schools (2h); 9. Classroom teach ing of En glish (2h); 10. Teachi ng of En glish kno wledge (2h); 11. Practice methods of En glish lin guistic compete nee (2h); 12. Electrical teachi ng of En glish (2h); 13. Second classroom activities of English (2h); 14. Artistic teachi ng of En glish (2h); 15. English test and evaluation (2h); 16. Research of ELT (2h). 四、习题及课外教学要求：
英语教学方法
英语教学方法 Document number：NOCG-YUNOO-BUYTT-UU986-1986UT
英语教学方法： 1、大小声：我读大声，你读小声 2、举一反三：我读一遍，你读三遍 3、单词拍拍拍：（①、②、③、④、⑤）拍这几就读出来 4、炸弹：练习单词时，把一个炸弹放在一个单词上，在读单词的过程中，不能把放有炸弹的单词读出来 5、手心手背：伸手心读，伸手背不读 6、金手指：几根手指就读几遍 7、麦克风：以采访的形式来提问学生，练习单词、句子 8、击鼓传球：传球老师击鼓喊停时，谁最后拿到球就站起来读单词或句子，读对时，老师输，学生是胜利者，然后老师表演动作，如：兔子跳、贴墙、眨眼睛、表演大茶壶 9、抢椅子：读单词或句子同时，绕着椅子转，当老师说停时看谁以最快的速度抢到椅子，抢到者加分 10、木头人：如：I can fly I can jump 读句子的同时表演出动作，老师说停，不论你什么姿态，都不能动，老师挑选一名学生去逗表演的学生，看谁懂了谁犯规 11、说反语：I say sit down You say stand up
12、小手枪：指着谁，谁读单词的下一个单词 13、寻宝藏：选一名同学背对着大家，把卡片或别的东西藏到一个学生哪里，大家开始读单词或句子，当寻宝的学生离宝藏越近读声越大 14、萝卜蹲：用单词代替学生的名字一个接一个蹲 15、顶卡片：读句子单词的同时用头来顶卡片 16、互动记名字：给学生一个新名字（课中的单词）来互相提问及回答 17、警察抓小偷：选一名同学背对着大家，挑出两个学生，大家一起读单词，这两名同学读单词时不发音 18、单词转转转：人站词下，每个人代表一个单词，读到哪个单词，就迅速动一下，反应慢就下去换另一个人 19、加一法：我读一，你读二，我而你三，依此增加，练习单词句子 20 、拍图片：把制作好的单词图片贴在黑板上，拍到哪一个读哪一个 五部教学法 Step 1----Revision复习 Step 2----Presentation输入 Step 3----Drilling操练 Step 4----Practice练习
英语教学法教程-王蔷主编
总目标是使学生在义务教育阶段英语学习的基础上，进一步明确英语学习的目的，发展自主学习和合作学习的能力；形成有效的英语学习策略；培养学生的综合语言运用能力。综合语言运用能力的形成建立在语言技能、语言知识、情感态度、学习策略和文化意识等素养整合发展的基础上。语言技能和语言知识是综合语言运用能力基础。情感态度是影响学生学习和发展的重要因素。学习策略是提高学习效率、发展自主学习能力的先决条件。文化意识则是得体运用语言的保障，这五个方面共同促进综合语言运用能力的形成。 Principles of communicative language teaching（CLT） Communication principle：activities that involve real communication promote learning Task principle：activities in which language is used for carrying out meaningful taskspromote learning Meaningfulness principle: language that is meaningful to the learner supports the learning process Listening and speaking skills need to be refined in terms of the real communicative use，Students should have the chance to listen to and produce what is meaningful, authentic, unpredictable, and creative if possible. Reading is extract meaning or information and the learning of grammar and vocabulary is to facilitate the process Writing：In CLT, students have the chance to write to express their own feelings or describe their own experiences, thus making the practice of writing meaningful and authenticLanguage content (to incorporate functions); CLT just has only expanded the areas Learning process (cognitive style and information processing); and Product (language skills). Task-based Language Teaching (TBLT) Task-based Language teaching is, in fact, a further development of Communicative Language Teaching. It shares the same beliefs, as language should be learned as close as possible to how it is used in real life. It has stressed the importance to combine for m-focused teaching with communication-focused teaching Four components of a task A purpose: making sure the students have a reason for undertaking the task. If the students don't understand why they undertake the task, they will lost interest and the task will face failure. A context: the task can be real, simulated or imaginary, and involves sociolinguistic issues, such as the location, the participants and their relationships, the time and other important factors. A process: getting the students to use learning strategies such as problem solving reasoning, inquiring, conceptualizing and communicating. A product: there will be some form of outcome, either visible (a written plan, a play, a letter. etc.) or invisible (enjoying a story, learning about another country, etc.） The PPP Model & The 5-step teaching method 3p：Step I. Presentation Step II. Practice Step III. Production 5-step Model：Step I. Revision Step II. Presentation Step II. Presentation Step IV. Practice Step V. Consolidation Differences between PPP and TBL：1.The way students use and experience language in TBL is radically different from PPP 2.TBL can provide acontent for grammar teaching and form-focused activities.PPP is different in this aspect. Steps of designing a tasks：
18种常用英语教学法
18种常用英语教学法 标签：教育 我们都知道少儿时期是学英语的最好时光，所以这个阶段的英语学习很重要，作为少儿英语老师来说最重要的无非就是英语教学方法！ 1．童话剧教学法 教学内容直接决定了学生的学习欲望和制约着语言教师对教学方法的选用。学生用书主体部 分为经典的英美英语童话故事。在英语课堂上，当孩子们遨游在光怪陆离的童话故事中，他们学习的英语积极性被充分地调动了起来，当他们和一个个栩栩如生的童话人物交上好朋友的时候，他们的英语也会取得长足的进步。 2．情景教学法 Fresh English 新鲜美语是我们英语日常用语专题部分。在英语课堂上，老师们为学生们模 拟各种各样生活中的真实场景，以生动活泼的方式来呈现学生们感兴趣的单元主体，组织学生们在情景中不断地反复地操练新知，达到学以致用的学习效果。 3．音乐，律动教学法 Happy Melody 和Motion Chant是我们课本里的英语歌曲和小诗歌。英语教学蕴含在“说， 唱”英语中。以韵律式的“说，唱”形式，配合科学编排的韵律动作，全方位地调动视觉、听觉、言语能力和肢体动作，让孩子真正“懂得”英语，真正“脱口而出”纯正的英语，真正“学”会英语。昂立幼，少儿的学生用书中的英文歌曲和儿歌是一套真正为孩子设计的“看了就想学，一学就能跳”的英语韵律操。它充分考虑到孩子的动作特点，有机地与英语发音和节奏配合起来，易学易跳，协调的动作使孩子深深的感受到英语的优美和学英语的乐趣4．直拼教学法 Funny phonics是一套根据英文字母本身的音源，总结出的一套，学生不学就能“看单词能读 ，听单词能写”的英语词汇教学方法。它用最简单、最实用、最直接的字母以及字母组合的基本发音，让学生们能很快地掌握陌生单词的认读技巧，并能迅速记忆单词和朗读文章。我们还给每一个音素配上了形象生动，简单易记的小手势，帮助学生们正确发音。 5. 联想教学法 Magic Structure是重点巨型扩充练习，但是它根据每个知识点之间的内在联系，充分调动学 生的联想能力，通过引申、扩展、推理、想象等方式，引导学生用正确高效的方式来完成大脑中知识网络的建立，达到迅速把新知从短时记忆转化为永久记忆。 6. 语言经验教学法 如果我们把英语学习的基础建筑在学生自己的经历和兴趣之上，学习效果就会更好。教材中 的Story DIY 的环节，就是调动学生回忆自己的生活经历和兴趣爱好，然后编成故事说出来，写下来。语言经验教学法可以帮助学生在一个很自然的过程中由口头语言进步到书面语言。7．三维重现教学法 艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线表明人们在学习中的遗忘是有规律的，遗忘的进程不是均衡的：在记忆的 最初阶段遗忘的速度很快，后来就逐渐减慢了，到了相当长的时候后，几乎就不再遗忘了。昂立教材的编写，针对“遗忘规律”，把重要的知识点在课与课、单元与单元、书与书之间
英语中常见的教学方法有哪些
英语中常见的教学方法有哪些 1. Task-Based Language T eaching,即TBL T这是新课标之后实行的新型教学方法——任 务型教学，这个意识半会儿说不清楚，你得好好研究一下。如果成功了，这个教学方法课堂效果会很好。 2.五步教学法： Step 1 Warming up Step 2 Presentation and practice Step 3 Presentation Step 4 Practice Step 5 Post Task 3.五指教学法:RPCPP Step 1 Review Step 2 Presentation Step 3 Consolidation Step 4 Practice Step 5 Project Presentation 4.3P教学法 Warming-up Presentation Practice Production Homework 5交际型教学Communicative Teaching在教学过程中创设或模拟真实情景交际，让学生通过听、说、理解等交际活动不断沟通交流、进行互动的一种教学模式 下面谈一谈英语学习方式 前面提到四种学习方式：合作学习/共同学习、自主学习、任务型学习、探究学习。下面就对它们做一个简明扼要的介绍。这个介绍是提纲挈领的介绍，涉及不到十分具体的技巧。关于技巧方面可以在培训班另安排时间深入探讨。过去（甚至目前）学生课堂学习的方式比较单一、枯燥乏味、效果不佳。这种学习方式就是大家所熟悉的学生听教师讲为主的方式。《英语课程标准》建议教师帮助学生掌握多种学习方式。这里介绍的四种学习方式，不是全部的学习方式，比如，有条件的地方，可以利用多媒体手段、利用互联网络进行学习。这里介绍四种学习方式，不意味着其他学习方式不好，或者无效，而是要根据教学实际情况选择使用、交替使用、综合使用。而且，教师讲解也不是在教学中没有任何地位，必要的时候，仍然可以使用。只不过不要把它作为唯一的方式或者主要的学习方式。各种学习方式之间不是截然分开的，它们可以相互结合，相互影响。 合作学习或者称为共同学习，用于外语教学，基于以下几个理念。一、课堂外面的社会，人与人之间需要进行合作，课堂教学就要培养合作意识，训练合作技能。二、语言的本质是社会性的，是人与人之间沟通的工具，与人交际和沟通的过程就是合作行为。语言哲学里提到的会话含义的基础就是会话者要遵循会话准则。三、语言习得研究证明，掌握交际工具在互动中掌握比较有效。互动就是合作行为。 学生在一块儿学习不一定就是合作学习，比如，在双人组、四人组的形式下，也许不能称得上是合作学习。合作学习要遵循一定的原则。共同学习的一个原理是，学习者要在学习中相互依赖，这样才够得上合
我的英语学习方法
我的英语学习方法 学生：魏琳慧老师：马琳 英语是当今世界上主要的国际通用语言：有10多个国家以英语为母语，45个国家的官方语言是英语，世界三分之一的人口（二十几亿）讲英语。比如在日本，除了他们的本国母语——日语之外，英语是他们的第二语言，很多高层次的日本人以会说英语为荣。 英语的使用范围非常广泛。世界上70%以上的邮件是用英文书写或用英文写地址的。全世界的广播节目中，有60%是用英语进行的。国际上的资料绝大部分是用英语发表的。绝大部分的国际会议是以英语为第一通用语言,它也是联合国的正式工作语言之一。总之，在国际政治、军事、经济、科技、文化、贸易、交通运输等领域，英语是一个重要的交际工具。 因此，掌握一套好的学习方法是十分重要的： 1．坚持不懈，从不间断。每天至少看 10-15 分钟的英语，早晨和晚上是学英语的最好时间。充分利用能提高英语学习效率。 2.方法要灵活多样。一种方式学厌了，可以变换其他的方式，以便学而不厌。因为当你厌烦做某件事时，你的效率会非常低，这样会事倍功半。而灵活多样地学则会事半功倍。 3．上下相连，从不孤立。记忆英语要结合上下文，不要孤立的记单词和短语，要把握句中的用法。死记硬背只会让我们记的痛苦忘的快。而不孤立地记会让单词长时间储存在大脑里。 4．熟记常用语，确保准确无误。把常用的交际用语背熟，熟能生巧。有利于我们口语的提高，也有利于平时的考试及应用。 5．尽量用第一人称来记习惯用语和句型，以便记忆牢固。 6．敢于开口说英语，不要怕犯错误。人人都会犯错。只要敢说，就一定能学好。 7. 先把基础语法弄懂，灵活掌握基础语法。语法是基石。 8.多看英语电影，英语新闻，英语故事书籍，唱英语歌曲培养自己的英语兴趣。 都说二十一世纪是人才辈出的时代，如果说二十一世纪世纪的人们不会说英语，用电脑和开车，就是新一代的文盲。这句话充分说明了英语在中国乃至世界的重要性！我想，很多人都曾问过这样一个问题：我们为什么要学习英语？或许有些同学会说，学习英语只是一种任务，仅仅是为了应付考试才不得不学习的。可是，我想告诉大家：英语的用处远不止应付考试获得学位这么简单。虽然联合国有六种官方语言，尽管汉语是世界上使用人数最多的语言，但是，世界上应用
英语学科教学常用专业词汇
英语教学法 1语法翻译法Grammer Translation Method 2直接法Direct Method 3听说法Audio-lingual Method 4情景法又称视听法the situational approach 5认知法cognitive approach 6交际法communicative approach 功能法functional approach 意念法notional approach 功能-意念法functional-notional approach 7 任务型教学法task-based language approach 任务前Pre-task 任务环task-cycle :task, planning, reporting 语言聚焦languaga focus: analysis, practice (types of tasks: brainstorming tasks；jigsaw tasks;information-gap tasks; problem-solving tasks;decision-making tasks;opinion exchange tasks) 英语语言知识教学 一、语音教学teaching pronunciation 语流层次的语音教学 stress of sentences; rhythms ;sense-group and pause ;liaison and loss of plosion ;intonation three ways to show the stress patterns of words, phrases and sentences: use gestures; use the voice; use the blackboard 口语中: elision and assimilation 二、词汇教学teaching vocabulary 词汇教学模式： PPT模式：presentation, practice, testing LBLT模式：task based language teaching Ways of presenting vocabularyf 1.try to provide a visual or physical demonstration to show meaning. 2.Provide a verbal context to demonstrate meaning. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0710026260.html,e synonyms, antonyms, to explain meaning https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0710026260.html,e lexical sets or hyponyms to show relations of words and their meanings. 5.Translate and exemplify. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0710026260.html,e word foemation rules and common affixes to build new lexical knowledge on what is already known. 7.Teach vocabulary in chunks. 8.Think about the context in real life where the word might be used. 9.Think about providing different context for introducing new words. 10.Prepare for possible misunderstanding or confusion that students may have. Ways of consolidating vocabulary https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0710026260.html,belling 2.Spot the differences 3.Describe and draw