跨文化交际期末
定义题
1. What is “intercultural communication”? P6
refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event.
There are three kinds of things you need to learn if you want to be able to communicate effectively with Westerners. First, you need to learn a foreign language, usually English. Second, you should learn as much as possible about Western cultures. However, studying English language and Western culture is not enough. You should also learn something about what happens when people from different cultures try to communicate with each other —in other words, "intercultural communication."
2.What is a culture? P13
A culture is essentially a group of people who carry many of the same ideas in their heads.
Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture.
Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people
3.What are stereotypes?P13
Stereotypes means very broad generalizations such as “British people are polite,”“Americans are friendly”, and so forth.
It is a derogatory word. It means that image, idea, character that has become fixed or standardized in a conventional form without individuality and is therefore false and shallow. Stereotypes may have a basis in fact, but they are too broad and shallow, and they give us the mistaken idea that a people’s culture can be summed up easily in a few short , simple statements. Stereotypes are also dangerous because they may trick us into believing that knowing a few stereotypes is the same thing as understanding another culture.
4.What does “interpretation” means?P24
A very important aspect of intercultural communication is “interpretation”, t he process of deciding what foreigners’ words and actions mean and why they do what they do. For example, when Xiao Li tries to understand why the taxi driver asked for so much money, she is “interpreting” his behavior.
5.I n dividualist p32
Individualist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as individuals and emphasize the needs of individuals. In general, Western culture tends to be individualist. They view themselves as independent of collectives; are primarily motivated by their own preferences, needs, rights, and the contacts they have established with others; give priority to their personal goals over the goals of others; and emphasize rational analyses of the advantages and disadvantages to associating with others.
6.Collectivist P32
Collectivist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals. Most Asian cultures, including China's, tend to be collectivist. People see themselves as parts of one or more collectives; are primarily motivated by the norms of, and duties imposed by, those collectives; are willing to give priority to the goals of
these collectives over their own personal goals; and emphasize their connectedness to members of these cultures.
7.What is “hierarchy”?P50
Hierarchy is differences in rank and power. Every society has hierarchy to some degree. In other words, some people have higher rank and more power than others, perhaps because they are older, stronger, wealthier, or have some kind of official position.
8.What is “culture shock”?P58
“Culture shock”is often used to describe what happens whenever a person encounters a culture different from his or her own. The term culture shock describes what happens when a sojourner from culture A goes to live in culture B, and needs to adapt to life there.
The constant effort and uncertainty of dealing with a foreign language and culture can lead to a condition called “culture shock”. It is a feeling of being confused and overwhelmed by life in another culture. People who experience culture shock often feel fatigued, impatient and irritable. They may also begin trying to avoid interaction with foreigners, and even become increasingly critical and hostile toward them. Foreigners in China sometimes experience culture shock — and so do Chinese who go to live in other countries.
9.Low context P66
The way to communicate tends to be relatively explicit and direct. In other words, people tend to put most of heir ideas and feelings plainly and openly. It’s generally considered a good thing to “get the point” and “say what you mean”, and it is largely the speaker’s responsibility to ensure that his/her message is stated in a way that is clear and easy to understand.
10.High context P66
High context is more indirect and subtle and listeners are expected to take more responsibility for interpreting messages correctly. People are expected to pay much attention to the context in which communication takes place and when people interpret what others mean, they often give more weight to the context than to the actual words said. In fact, people in high context cultures often view direct, explicit communication as unsophisticated or even rude.
11.What is “projected cultural similarity”? P74
Projected cultural similarity is a phenomenon which is the tendency to assume that people from other cultures basically think and feel more the same way we do. In other words, we sometimes assume that while foreigners may look different, dress differently, and speak different languages, "inside we are all more or less the same".
12.“Loose” cultures P83
“Loose” culture do not demand a high degree of conformity. In loose cultures, people have a relatively wide range of views as to what is considered normal behavior. Of course, such cultures have some consensus on what is and is not considered appropriate behavior, but the consensus is not very strong and there is often much disagreement. People in loose cultures also tend to be relatively tolerant of behavior that does not conform to cultural norms.
13. “Tight” cultures P83
Tight cultures expect a relatively high degree of conformity. There is a clear consensus as to what is and is not acceptable behavior, and there is more pressure on people to conform to the norms of the culture.
14.What is “ethnocentrism”? P93
"Ethnocentrism" is the tendency to think of one’s own culture as being at the center of the world in other words, to assume that one’s own culture's way of thinking and acting is more natural, normal, and correct than the way people from other cultures think and act.
15.What are “in-groups” and “out-groups”? P107
In-Groups: “In-groups” are the people we have the most in common with and identify most closely with, such as our family, classmates, or co-workers. We also have larger in-groups such as people who are from our own region, religious group, ethnic group, or nation.
Out-groups: out groups are those groups of people who we do not identify with---people from other families, regions, ethnic groups, or nations. Toward outsiders, we tend to be more critical, suspicious, and willing to pass harsh judgments.
16.Collectivist cultures
Collectivist generally have a high sense of loyalty and obligation to their in-groups, and will often go to great lengths to help people they consider members of their in-groups. However, they feel less obligation to outsiders. The main distinction people usually make is between “us” and “them”.
17.Individualist western cultures P114
While individualist westerners also treat outsiders differently from members of their out-groups, the difference is generally not so great; for example, individualists generally assist members of their in-groups as much as collectivists would, but they may offer more assistance to outsiders than collectivists would. The main distinction people usually make is between “me” and “others”.
18.What are “war stories”? P125
The term “war stories” originally referred to the kinds of stories soldiers would tell after experiences in battle. Now “war stories” refers more generally to any stories people tell after strange or stressful experiences, including stories about unusual encounters with foreigners. War stories naturally tend to be biased against outsiders, so they tend to reinforce negative views toward foreigners. What’s more, negative views based on an experience with one foreigner are often used as evidence to draw conclusions about foreigners in general.
19.What is giving the benefit of the doubt? P142
When you encounter a foreigner whose behavior seems unusual or hard to understand, you should keep an open mind and try to delay or suspend interpretation. Giving the benefit of the doubt is less likely to cause us to think or act in ways that will unnecessarily damage our relationships with foreigners.
简答题(定义+评论）
1. What are the problems in intercultural communication?/Why is it so hard to communicate with foreigners? P9
refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event. Learn about what happens when people from different cultures try to communicate with each other — in other words, "intercultural communication."
Part of the problem is that there are many different languages, so it is very hard to communicate with foreigners. Also, cultures are different and it’s difficult for foreigners to understand why students acted as they did. Another part of the problem is the way foreigners handle the intercultural communication. When Chinese do or say things that seem strange to them, foreigners tend to jump to conclusions and they are more likely to jump to negative conclusions instead of considering other possible explanations for the Chinese students’ behavior.
2.What are the characteristics of Chinese culture? P17
定义“culture”
1. collectivism----------emphasis on the doctrine of the mean
2. large power distance--hierarchy
3. Inter-group (in-group) harmony and avoidance of overt (covert) conflict in interpersonal relations
4. hypocritical
5. hypocrisy
6. belief in the “naturalness, necessity, and inevitability of hierarchy.”
7. inequality based on achievement, especially academic, moral, and financial achievement
8. belief that “the judgment of wise people”is a better way to regulate life than rigid, artificial laws
9. people exist “in and through relationship with others.”
10. academic emphasis on memory, attention to detail, and lengthy homework
3.What are the virtues of Chinese culture? P31
定义“culture”
1. formality
2. hierarchy
3. industriousness/diligent/assiduous
4. being filial
5. hard work
6. modesty (modest)---humility (humble)
7. thrifty—economical---frugal—frugality
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0d10027579.html,ment on: “Never a borrower or lender be” P32
定义“individualist”
Individualist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as individuals and emphasize the needs of individuals. In general, Western culture tends to be individualist. They view themselves as independent of collectives; are primarily motivated by their own preferences, needs, rights, and the contacts they have established with others; give priority to their personal goals over the goals of others; and emphasize rational analyses of the advantages and disadvantages to associating with others.
“Never a borrower or a lender be”, this sentence means that it is best to not lend money to other people and to not borrow from other people. When we lend something we risk losing both the thing we lend and the friendship with that other person. To begin with, it is because westerners are in Individualist Cultures. Individualists tend to view themselves as individuals and to
emphasize the needs of individuals. Individualists feel less obligation to others, whether they are in-groups or out-groups. Secondly, because of their characteristics, their individualism, western people tend to be very independent and self-reliant. They will always solve their problems by themselves. So they don’t want ot hers to rely on them, either.
5.What are some differences between an individualist culture and a collectivist one? P35
定义：individualist and collectivist
There are two basic difference between cultures.
One illustration of the difference between collectivist and individualist cultures can be found in the way schools are organized. Chinese students generally function as a group. They are organized into class groups and have the same courses with students in the same class. In contrast, North American students are expected to function as individuals. They generally choose courses according to their own interests and have different classmates in different courses.
Parties serve as another illustration. Chinese parties often have a group focus. Western parties are different, for example, the cocktail party in which people chat together in pairs or small groups and may change conversation partners during the party.
6. What are some ways in which Western societies differ in how they view the issue of equality? P51
定义：equality 和hierarchy
Most modern societies believe that equality is a virtue, at least to some extent. In other words, people these societies try to minimize rank and power differences, and try to place limits on the power of people in authority.
Hierarchy is differences in rank and power. Every society has hierarchy to some degree. In other words, some people have higher rank and more power than others, perhaps because they are older, stronger, wealthier, or have some kind of official position.
In US culture, “equality”almost always means “equality of opportunity”, not equal wealth. Americans tend to believe that, as much as possible, all people should be given an equal chance, but then people deserve whatever rewards they work for. In contrast, Western Europeans, especially, Scandinavians, tend to feel that equality of opportunity alone will not guarantee social or material equality. So these cultures place more emphasis on material equality, and their tax and social welfare systems are designed to ensure that difference in wealth between citizens is not large.
7.A prescription for culture shock. P61
“Culture shock” is often used to describe what happens whenever a person encounters a culture different from his or her own. The term culture shock describes what happens when a sojourner from culture A goes to live in culture B, and needs to adapt to life there.
1. accept the occurrence of culture shock as natural
2. learn about the host culture
3. find a logical reason for everything strange or bad about the host culture
4. look for the positive things in the host culture
5. avoid foreigners who are critical of the host country
6. do not always say critical things about host culture
7. keep a good sense of humor
8. find another foreigner who knows the host culture
9. make friends with people from the host culture
10. you won’t lose your own culture
11. keep busy and active
12. if you feel fatigued, take a little vacation
13. prepare a presentation about your own culture
8.Why does PCS cause intercultural communication problems? P74
Projected cultural similarity is the tendency to assume that people from other cultures basically think and feel more the same way we do. In other words, we sometimes assume that while foreigners may look different, dress differently, and speak different languages, "inside we are all more or less the same".
1. People from different culture assume they understand each other instead of asking each other what they think. Because they each expect the other person to react more or less the same way they would, they don't check to see whether or not the other person actually has the same feelings and reactions they would. For this reason, the misunderstanding become worse over time rather than getting better.
2. Languages are different.
3. Misinterpret non-verbal communication.
4. Stereotypes and preconceptions.
5. Evaluate before really understanding.
9.the golden rules -Do unto others what you would have them do unto you. P77
定义Projected cultural similarity
The sentence means that it’s better not to do things to others what you don’t want others do to you. This behavior shows the phenomena “Projected cultural similarity”. In our cultural system, if you don’t like thing done to you, you just don’t impose on others. It’s a kind of virtue. But from the aspect of PCS, people just assume people from other cultures view things the same way we do. What we think is right, we consider others will think it is right, too. However, it just doesn’t work out like that. Because of different cultural background, we have different interpretations of everything happened .we can not expect others to think or act the same as we do.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0d10027579.html,ment on: conformity in Western cultures. P83
定义：”loose culture” and “tight culture”
Chinese culture is tight culture ,and western cultures are loose cultures. So conformity in western cultures is less than that in Chinese culture.
Western individualist cultures tend to be “looser” than collectivist cultures. This tendency toward looseness can be seen in a variety of ways. One reflection is a widespread reluctance to pass laws that prohibit unusual behavior. Another reflection can be seen in Western advertising.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0d10027579.html,ment on: What factors lead to /contribute to looseness or tightness in culture？P86
定义：”loose culture” and “tight culture”
1. the degree of change in the population---the more people move, the looser and individualist a society tends to be“a country on the wheels”
2. the density of the population—small dense society tend to be collectivist, hence tighter. Large dense society tend to be more complex, hence not quite so tight---“a melting pot”
3. the number of choices available in society---the more choices available, the more room there is for individualism--looser
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0d10027579.html,ment on: ethnocentrism and projected cultural similarities P93
定义：”ethnocentrism” and “projected cultural similarities”
"Ethnocentrism" is the tendency to think of one’s own culture as being at the center of the world in other words, to assume that one’s own culture's way of thinking and acting is more natural, normal, and correct than the way people from other cultures think and act.
“Projected cultural similarity” is a phenomenon which is the tendency to assume that people from other cultures basically think and feel more the same way we do. In other words, we sometimes assume that while foreigners may look different, dress differently, and speak different languages, "inside we are all more or less the same".
Both of them can not be avoided or overcame in intercultural communication. These two phenomena show that every country or nation consider their own culture as the center.
Ethnocentrism is taking one’s own cultural norms as the standard by which to judge people of other cultures and it is purposeful. What’s worse, it may lead to manslaughter.
PCS is assuming that people of other cultures view things the same way you do---cultural assumption and it is not purposeful.
13.Why are in/out-groups a problem in intercultural communication? P107
定义：”in-groups” and “out-groups”
1. We generally have more positive feelings toward members of our in-groups than we do toward outsiders. We trust insiders more.
2. We tend to have a stronger sense of obligation to insiders than to outsiders. We feel it’s right to help insider more …
3. We tend to judge in-groups and out-groups by different standards. To insiders. More generous, to outsiders, more critical, suspicious, more harsh judgments
So the ties of goodwill and trust between in-groups and out-groups are often relatively weak, and they break easily when there is conflict or misunderstanding.
14.How do Chinese people treat in/out-group based on their own culture? P117
定义：”in-groups” and “out-groups”
The distinction Chinese usually make is between “us” and “them”. In other wards, there is much assistance and concern for insiders and less for those outside.Chinese often view outsiders who come to China as guests, and give them much special treatment. In part, this is because Chinese view guests as a kind of in-group and tend to treat in-group members very well.
15.Characteristics of war stories. P128
定义：war stories
1. Desire for sympathy. We generally tell war stories to people who are likely to sympathize with us, usually people from our own culture rather than outsiders
2. Desire for assurance. We want to get reassurance that our interpretation of the encounter makes sense.
3. Desire to tell a good story. we tend to emphasize how unreasonable the behavior of the foreigner was, and how reasonable our own behavior was.
16.Why do Americans know less about other countries? P149
定义：”culture” and “ethnocentrism”
1. US schools do not teach as much world history as schools in many other countries.
2. The US borders on relatively few other nations, and is separated from most by large oceans.
3. The power of the US means that it has more impact on other nations than other nations have on the US affairs.
4. In terms of geographic size and population, the US as a very large nation, hence generates such a volume of local news that the importance of international news diminishes by comparison.
5. The power of the US tempts Americans to believe that learning about other countries isn’t so important.
6. The international spread of the English language and Western culture diminishes the need of Americans to learn other languages and cultures.
新编跨文化交际期末复习资料
1.Iceberg:{Edward. 7. Hall.--
跨文化交际答案1
大学英语跨文化交际双语课程水平测试题（一） I. Multiple Choice(20 points, 2 points each) Directions: There are some statements in this section. For each statement there are four choices marked A, B, C, D, choose the ONE that best complete the statement. 1.In the United States continues to welcome a large number of immigrants移民each year and has referred to as a melting-pot大熔炉society. This trend can reflect the theory of ___A__. A. macroculture B. microculture C. globalization D. modernization 2. A teenager dresses like and talks like a gang member but not a member of any gang. This case reflects the ___A____ characteristic of subgroup. A. deviant label B. temporality C. wanna-be behavior D. unexamined 3.When you talk with your friends about Picasso, Beethoven, you are talking about culture from ___B___ perspective. A. anthropological人类学 B. intellectual有才智的 C. social D. psychological心理 4.The dialogues at the United Nations, for example, would be termed __B_______. A. interracial communication B. interethnic communication C. international communication D. interpersonal communication 5.There is a Chinese belief that “One is good in nature with different characteristics but similar habits. However, if he is not well educated, his nature changes”. This belief can reflect that____C___. A. Human nature is evil but perfectible B. Human nature is a mixture of good and evil C. Human nature is good but corruptible容易 堕落的 D. None of the above 6.Mr. Wang, a Chinese immigrate in U.S, has adapted himself so well to American culture that he gradually lost his Chinese cultural identity. This process is called__C___. A. separation and segregation隔离 B. integration整合一体化 C. assimilation吸收同化 D. marginalization边缘化 7.Liming, a Chinese student, just began his study in a university in the United States. In his first week in U.S., he thought everything was new and exciting, and he enjoyed himself a lot. Liming is in__A___ stage of culture shock. A. honeymoon蜜月 B. crisis危机 C. reintegration再整合 D. gradual adjustment逐渐适应 8. ___C__ is the process of putting an idea into a symbol. A. Decoding B. Channel C. Encoding D. Source 9.___A__ refers to anything that distorts歪曲曲解the message the source encodes. A. Noise B. Message C. Source D. Context 10.___D__ refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.
跨文化交际期末试题[完整]
考试需知：考试前每一列学生把课本放在第一排。考试时间为2．5个小时，试卷1为闭卷考试，前面40分钟用于完成试卷1。待老师收上试卷1后，发下课本，学生做试卷2，试卷2 为开卷考试。可携带纸质词典进考场，不许携带电子词典及手机进考场。 Test Paper 1 Ⅰ. Filling the blanks: 1.Generally speaking, in terms of contextuality, the communication in the West is low-contextual while that in the East is high-contextual 2.Generally speaking, in terms of world views, the West adopts Dualistic view, while the East adopt s holistic view 3.Generally speaking, in terms of thought patterns, the West follows Analytic and abstract thinking, while the East follows synthetic and concrete thinking 4.Generally speaking, in terms of discourse patterns, the West uses Deductive pattern, while the East uses inductive pattern 5In the Axial Age, the great thinkers in China are Confucius,
期末英语专业跨文化交际试题试题及参考答案
中央广播电视大学2003--2004学年度第二学期“开放本科”期末考试 英语专业跨文化交际试题 注意事项 一、将你的学号、姓名及分校(工作站)名称填写在答题纸的规定栏内。考试结束后，把试卷和答题纸放在桌上。试卷和答题纸均不得带出考场。 二、仔细阅读题目的说明，并按题目要求答题。答案一定要写在答题纸指定的位置上，写在试卷上的答案无效。 三、用蓝、黑圆珠笔或钢笔答题，使用铅笔答题无效。 Information for the Examinees： This examination consists of FOUR sections．These are： Section I：Listening(20 points，30 minutes) Section II：Language Appropriacy and Accuracy(30 points，20 minutes) SectionⅢ：Reading Comprehension(20 points，30 minutes) Section lV：Communication Analysis(30 points，40 minutes) The total marks for this examination are 100 points．Time allowed for competing this examination is 2 hours(1 20 minutes)allowed for completing this examination is hours (120 minutes)． Section I：Listening [20 points] You are going to listen to an interview．Then choose the best answer from A，B，C and D to answer each question．Write your answers on the Answer Sheet． 1．Concerning the issue of maternity，what ideas prevail among Chinese women? A．The modern concept． B．The traditional concept． C．The responsibility to the society．’ D．The responsibility to the family． 2．According to the passage，raising children——． A．is an unbearable burden to women B．is a significant part of a woman’s life C．is the permanent task of women D is the task 0f both a man and a woman 3．Giving birth ． A．brings great pleasure to women B．differs men from women physically and spiritually C．makes the women’s life complete D．all the above 4．Those oppose giving birth think that ． A．giving birth is something rather primitive
跨文化交际练习
跨文化交际练习 班别：学号姓名 Directions: For each problem in this part, you are presented with one situation with four utterances underneath. Read the description on each situation with the utterances and decide which is/are the appropriate utterance(s) in that situation where communication is done in English. 1. On the way home, a student addresses his cousin Li Ming in English: a. “Hello, cousin!” b. “Hello, Li Ming!” 2. In the office of the English Department An English student studying in China is telephoning the secretary of the department. Jack: “Hello, I’d like to speak to Li Ming, please.” Song: a. “I’m Li Ming.” b. “This is me.” c. “Li Ming is speaking.” 3. In the students’ dormitory Andrew: “ Would you like to watch a football match?” Xiao Zhang: a. “I’d love to, but I’m busy at the moment.” b. “I haven’t finished my homework yet.” c. “ Excuse me, but I’m not free.” 4. At a friend’s home in England. A Chinese student gives a birthday present to her English friend. Mary: “Thank you. It’s beautiful.” Xiao Zhao: a. “Really? Do you like it?” b. “Don’t mention it. It’s only a small thing.” c. “I’m glad you like it.” 5. At a bus stop Man: Excuse me, do you know which bus goes to London Road, please? Woman: Sorry, I’ve no ideas. Man: a. It doesn’t matter. b. Oh. c. Thank you anyway. 6. Joyce is talking to her friend, Brenda. Joyce: “Do you mind posting this letter for me on your way home, Brenda?” Brenda:a. You’re welcome. b. I don’t care. c. I don’t min d. d.No, not at all. 7. In a factory, Li, the guide, is interpreting for a group of foreign guests. When they have finished visiting one workshop, he would like the group to follow him to the next workshop. He says: a. This way, please. b. Come here! c. Follow me! d. Move on! 8. Li had something to tell the manager, Mr Smith. He went to his place, entered the room and said: a. You’re not busy, I hope. b. Got a minute? c. Can I have a word with, Mr Smith. d. I’m terribly sorry to trouble you, Mr.Smith. 9. You’re v isiting a new British friend. His house is very beautiful. Do you _______ a. tell him how beautiful it is ? b. ask how much it costs? c. ask if he’ll take you round every room? 10. You’ve arranged to meet a friend at 2pm. But you missed the train and you know you’ll be at least two hours late. Do you ________ a. decide not to meet your friend, and phone him the next day? b. phone him, apologize and tell him you’ll be late? c. decide not to phone, and just arrive late? 11. A British friend is having dinner at your house. His plate is empty. You offer him more food and he says no. Do you ___ a. keep offering until he says yes? b. just put the food on his plate without asking again?
跨文化交际作业
《跨文化交际学》选修课试卷2011-2012学年第二学期 题目：中西方非言语交际的差异姓名：********* 学号：******** 院系：****** 专业：应用心理学
中西方非言语交际的差异 【摘要】：世界全球化、一体化进程日益加快,中西文化的交流与合作越来越多,非言语交际的重要性也越来越明显。但是,中西文化赋予非言语行为的不同内涵,也带来了交际上的障碍。本文通过理解非言语交际的定义，着重论述了非言语交际中中国和西方国家上差异，以发现非言语行为在中西文化的交流与合作活动中不同的文化含义及作用,从而避免文化冲突,增强跨文化交际能力，帮助人们踏平社交的道路，成功实现跨文化交际。 【关键词】：非言语交际；中西方；差异；跨文化交际 一、非言语交际定义 人类交流有两种形式：言语交际和非言语交际，这两种形式在人类沟通的过程中都发挥了重要的作用。非言语交际是指所有超越语言的交际行为（1），它充和完善了言语交际的不足，是整个沟通过程中必不可少的重要组成部分。 非言语有目光接触、面部表情、姿势表达、空间语言手语等多种表现形式。人类在进行交流、表达思想、传递信息时，除了使用语言进行传达外，大量的信息还依靠非语言符号。非言语在传递信息和表达情感中具有语言所不能替代的功能。萨莫瓦曾说：“在面对面的交际中，信息的社交内容只有35％左右是语言行为，其它都是通过非语言行为传递的。”（2）(Samovar，1985：155)人们通过服神、面部表情、手势、身姿等诸多无声的体态语，将有声语言形象化、情感化、生动化，以达到先声夺人、耐人寻味的效果，且能充分弥补有声语言表达的乏力和不足，特别是人类在“词不达意”“只可意会不可言传”的情况下，非言语就能发挥其独特的作用，圆满表达情意，达到“此时无声胜有声”的效果。 礼仪，是物质文明和精神文明共同作用产生的成果，是特殊的文化组成形式，其实质还是文化。不同国家之间的诸多差异造就了各自独特的礼仪文化。中国和西方国家在很多方面都有所不同，如地理环境、历史发展、生产方式和社会制度、宗教和传统习俗、民族心理和思维方式、语言和文字以及价值观念（3）等。然而正是这些普遍存在的差异性导致了各国礼仪的不同。因此，在研究跨文化交际之前，我们最重要的任务就是尽量多地了解不同的国家或地区的不同礼仪。 二、中西方差异在非言语交际中的体现 1、正式的就餐礼仪 筷子是中国人就餐时使用最多的餐具，所有的食物都置于餐桌中央，搭配米饭的菜肴也不止一种。菜肴由人们各自从盘中夹食。然而在西方，通常一套正式的餐具会包括许多个不同用途的叉子、汤匙和餐刀。每个人都会有自己的一份食物，他们不会从同一个盘子里共同夹食。
跨文化交际(胡超版)期末试题
跨文化交际(胡超版)期末试题
Test Paper Ⅰ. Filling the blanks: 1.G enerally speaking, in terms of contextuality, the communication in the West is low-contextual while that in the East is high-contextual 2.G enerally speaking, in terms of world views, the We st adopts Dualistic view, while the East adopts holistic view 3.G enerally speaking, in terms of thought patterns, the West follows Analytic and abstract thinking, while the East follows synthetic and concrete thinking 4.Generally speaking, in terms of discourse patterns, the West uses Deductive pattern, while the East uses inductive pattern 5In the Axial Age, the great thinkers in China are Confucius, Lao Tze, Mo Tze, and the great thinker in India is Siddhartha Gautama, the great figure in Palestine are Hebrew prophets, and the great thinkers in the West are Plato, Homer and Archimedes Ⅱ. Choose the best answer: 1.Non-verbal messages are classified into two comprehensive categories: those that are primarily produced by the body, such as_________,________,_______; and those that the individual combines with the setting, such as _______, _______, _______.D A.physical contact, eye contact, paralanguage; space, time, man B.facial expression, touch, taste; space, time, silence C.appearance, movement, gesture; surrounding, occasion, man D.movement, smell, paralanguage; space, time, silence 2.In Chinese writing, there are usually more adjectives, proverbs and allusions than in English writing. Some Western scholars name this style “flowery”, stating that its aim is to give a more fanciful impression than information, and the information is usually of beauty, fragrance, happiness, and any other “goodness”aspects so as to attract people. We may term this style as_______-oriented. Western writing is more direct with objective inform ation. To them, much-repeated words may mean less after a while. We may term the Western writing as ________-oriented.C A. adjective, objective B. Chinese, Western C. impression, information C. indirect, direct 3. As to the human nature orientation, the traditional Western belief holds that _______, while the Asian people believe that_______.B A. basically good; basically bad B. evil but perfectible, basically good C. the mixture of good and evil; the mixture of good and evil; D. unknown 4. As to the Man-Nature orientation, the traditional Western belief holds that _______, while the Asian people believe that_______.D A. subjugation to nature; harmony with nature B. harmony with nature; mastery over nature
跨文化交际 期末复习资料
Part 1 Comprehensive Check （15*2）每课的练习A Part 2 Multiple Choice （25*1）每课的练习E复习题的变体；另外请中看第五章 Part 3 E-C Translation（10*1）每课的练习C Part 4 Term-matching（10*1） Part 5 Multiple function（5*5）其中三道是简答题，两道是案例分析。 Terms/questions: 1. Economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. 2. Barber system –Farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money. –Human society has always traded goods across great distances. 3. Global village：real time events 、the time and space compression –All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet. 4. Melting-pot大熔炉: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. 5. Diversity: refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong. 6. Intercultural communication: refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event. Perception 7. Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture. Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people 8. Enculturation(文化习得): all the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation 9. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures. 10. Ethnocentric(文化中心主义):the belief that your own cultural background is superior. 11. Communication: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge. 12. Components of Communication： Source交际邀请 The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate. Encoding编码 Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your communication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to communicate. Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol. Message编码信息 The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object. Channel交际渠道 The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.
跨文化交际
杭州电子科技大学 2015-2016学年第1学期期末课程论文《跨文化交际》文化档案 指导教师：胡婷婷 学生姓名：方祥 班级：14148316 学号：14141604 专业：会计专业
目录 1)作业一《我的文化故事》------------------------------------- Page 1 2）作业二《采访预期》----------------------------------------- Page 3 3）作业三《采访报告》----------------------------------------- Page 5 4）作业四相关材料 -------------------------------------------- Page 7
作业（一）我的文化故事（My Cultural Story）
作业（二）文化预期（Intercultural Interview Proposal） 1.采访者情况: (姓名/ 学号/ 家乡) 姓名：方祥学号：14141604 家乡：浙江杭州 2.被采访对象情况 他叫项泽祺，是我的表弟，他从小身处于佛教文化的家庭之中，在宗教文化方面与我有所不同，他很小时就已经是一个佛教信仰者。 3.找到采访对象的途径 他是我的表弟，从小与我关系很好，小时候经常来我家玩，我也经常教他一些知识。当我确定宗教这个主题时，就想到他了。 4.选择采访对象的原因 i 我的表弟是一个佛教信仰者，不同的是，我没有所信仰的宗教， ii我的表弟还没有上小学父母就离异了，之后一直由我的小舅舅培养，相当于是在单亲家庭里成长起来的，而我是在双亲家庭里成长的。 iii 我的表弟从小都是在佛教文化渲染之下，而我因为母亲信仰佛教，父亲信仰基督教，所以我对这两个宗教都一些了解，但是自己任然信仰科学主义。 5.拟采访方式(面谈, 网络或其他) 通过QQ和微信进行了解，因为我的表弟现在已经上高中了，现在住校，我只能在周末进行采访。 6.拟采访主题 I有关于佛教日常活动的研究 ⑴问项泽祺：请问你们佛教平时有什么特别的活动吗，尤其在过年时或者别的节日有什么活动，你平时是否参与进去? ⑵问项泽祺：请问你们平时有什么特别的节日吗? II有关于佛教对婚姻方面的看法 ⑴问项泽祺：请问你对你未来的对象在宗教方面上有没有什么要求？例如一定要是信仰佛教的，或者是什么宗教都没有关系？ ⑵问项泽祺：请问你觉得其他的佛教信仰者对婚姻对象有什么看法，例如一定要是信仰佛教的，或者是什么宗教都没有关系？ III有关于佛教对于家族信仰继承方面的讨论 ⑴问项泽祺：请问你的亲人有强行要求你信仰佛教吗？ ⑵问项泽祺：请问你觉得家族气氛对儿童对宗教选择有影响吗？
跨文化交际期末
定义题 1. What is “intercultural communication”? P6 refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event. There are three kinds of things you need to learn if you want to be able to communicate effectively with Westerners. First, you need to learn a foreign language, usually English. Second, you should learn as much as possible about Western cultures. However, studying English language and Western culture is not enough. You should also learn something about what happens when people from different cultures try to communicate with each other —in other words, "intercultural communication." 2.What is a culture? P13 A culture is essentially a group of people who carry many of the same ideas in their heads. Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture. Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people 3.What are stereotypes?P13 Stereotypes means very broad generalizations such as “British people are polite,”“Americans are friendly”, and so forth. It is a derogatory word. It means that image, idea, character that has become fixed or standardized in a conventional form without individuality and is therefore false and shallow. Stereotypes may have a basis in fact, but they are too broad and shallow, and they give us the mistaken idea that a people’s culture can be summed up easily in a few short , simple statements. Stereotypes are also dangerous because they may trick us into believing that knowing a few stereotypes is the same thing as understanding another culture. 4.What does “interpretation” means?P24 A very important aspect of intercultural communication is “interpretation”, t he process of deciding what foreigners’ words and actions mean and why they do what they do. For example, when Xiao Li tries to understand why the taxi driver asked for so much money, she is “interpreting” his behavior. 5.I n dividualist p32 Individualist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as individuals and emphasize the needs of individuals. In general, Western culture tends to be individualist. They view themselves as independent of collectives; are primarily motivated by their own preferences, needs, rights, and the contacts they have established with others; give priority to their personal goals over the goals of others; and emphasize rational analyses of the advantages and disadvantages to associating with others. 6.Collectivist P32 Collectivist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals. Most Asian cultures, including China's, tend to be collectivist. People see themselves as parts of one or more collectives; are primarily motivated by the norms of, and duties imposed by, those collectives; are willing to give priority to the goals of