brief summary 8

第八章小结

基本概念

1.位移电流密度

2.位移电流强度

位移电流强度和位移电流密度的关系为

3.全电流：传导电流与位移电流之和。I全 = I传 + I位

4.电磁波的能量密度

５.电磁波的能流密度(坡印廷矢量)

6.电磁波的动量密度：

基本定律

1.全电流定律

2.麦克斯韦电磁场方程组(积分形式)

(1)电场的高斯定理

(2)磁场的高斯定理

(3)电场的环路定理

(4)磁场的环路定理（即全电流定律）

3.麦克斯韦电磁场方程组(微分形式)

电磁场方程组的微分形式

☆人们赞美麦克斯韦方程组象一首美丽的诗 !

新概念英语第一册课文知识讲解

新概念英语第一册课 文

$课文1 对不起！ 1. Excuse me! 对不起 2. Yes? 什么事？ 3. Is this your handbag? 这是您的手提包吗？ 4. Pardon? 对不起，请再说一遍。 5. Is this your handbag? 这是您的手提包吗？ 6. Yes, it is. 是的，是我的。 7. Thank you very much. 非常感谢！ $课文3 对不起，先生。 8. My coat and my umbrella please. 请把我的大衣和伞拿给我。 9. Here is my ticket. 这是我（寄存东西）的牌子。 10. Thank you, sir. 谢谢，先生。 11. Number five. 是5号。 12. Here's your umbrella and your coat. 这是您的伞和大衣 13. This is not my umbrella. 这不是我的伞。 14. Sorry sir. 对不起，先生。 15. Is this your umbrella?

这把伞是您的吗？ 16. No, it isn't. 不，不是！ 17. Is this it? 这把是吗？ 18. Yes, it is. 是，是这把 19. Thank you very much. 非常感谢。 $课文5 很高兴见到你。 20. Good morning. 早上好。 21. Good morning, Mr. Blake. 早上好，布莱克先生。 22. This is Miss Sophie Dupont. 这位是索菲娅.杜邦小姐。23. Sophie is a new student. 索菲娅是个新学生。 24. She is French. 她是法国人。 25. Sophie, this is Hans. 索菲娅，这位是汉斯。 26. He is German. 他是德国人。 27. Nice to meet you. 很高兴见到你。 28. And this is Naoko. 这位是直子。 29. She's Japanese. 她是日本人。 30. Nice to meet you.

英文summary写作范例

Article Children Must be Taught to Tell Right from Wrong William Kilpatrick Many of today 's young people have a difficult time seeing any moral dimension （ 道德层 面 ） to their actions. There are a number of reasons why that 's true, but none more prominent than a failed system of education that eschews （ 回避 ） teaching children the traditional moral values that bind Americans together as a society and a culture. That failed approach, called “decision - making, ” was introduced in schools 25 years ago. It tells children to decide for themselves what is right and what is wrong. It replaced “character education. （ 品格教 育 ）” Character education didn 't ask children to reinvent the moral wheel （ 浪费时间重新发明早已存 在的道德标准）; instead, it encouraged them to practice habits of courage, justice and self-control. In the 1940s, when a character education approach prevailed, chewing gum; today they worry about robbery and rape. Decision-making curriculums pose thorny （ 棘手的 ） ethical dilemmas to students, with the impression that all morality is problematic and that all questions of right and wrong are in dispute. Youngsters are forced to question values and virtues they 've never acquired in the first place or upon which they have only a tenuous （ 薄弱的 ） hold. The assumption behind this method is that students will arrive at good moral conclusions if only they are given the chance. But the actual result is moral confusion. For example, a recent national study of 1,700 sixth- to ninth-graders revealed that a majority of boys considered rape to be acceptable under certain conditions. Astoundingly, many of the girls agreed. This kind of moral illiteracy is further encouraged by values-education （价值观教育 ） programs that are little more than courses in self-esteem （ 自尊 ）. These programs are based on the questionable assumption that a child who feels good about himself or herself won 't want to do anything wrong. But it is just as reasonable to make an opposite assumption: namely, that a child who has uncritical self-regard w ill conclude that he or she can 't do anything bad. Such naive self-acceptance results in large part from the non-directive （ 无指导性的 ）, non-judgmental （ 无是非观的 ）, as-long-as-you-feel-comfortable-with-your-choices mentality （ 思 想） that has pervaded （ 渗透） public education for the last two and one-half decades. Many of today 's drug education, sex education and values -education courses are based on the same 1960s philosophy that helped fuel the explosion in teen drug use and sexual activity in the first place. Meanwhile, while educators are still fiddling with （ 胡乱摆弄 ） outdated “feel - good ” approaches, New York, Washington, and Los Angeles are burning. Youngsters are leaving school believing that matters of right and wrong are always merely subjective. If you pass a stranger on the street and decide to murder him because you need money —if it feels right —you go with that feeling. Clearly, murder is not taught in our schools, but such a conclusion —just about any conclusion —can be reached and justified using the decision-making method. It is time to consign （ 寄出 ） the fads （风尚 ） of “decision - making ” and “non- judgmentalism ” to the ash heap of failed policies, and return to a proved method. Character education provides a much more realistic approach to moral formation. It is built on an understanding that we learn morality not by debating it but by practicing it. Sample teachers worried about students leaving them

学术英语写作总结

专业英语写作考点总结 part ? academic english writing （专业英语写作）chapter 1 six considerations in academic writing 1、academic writing is a product of many consideration : audience, purpose, organization, style, flow and presentation. （学术写作六要素：写作对象，目的，组织结构，文体特征，表达连贯和宣讲或宣读）。 2、organization usually has the following four parts : 问题-解决方法包括四个部 分 (1) description of a situation （描述情况） (2) identification of a problem （甄别问题） (3) description of a solution （描述解决方法） (4) evaluation of the solution （评估解决方法） 3、formal grammar style：（正规的语法风格） (1) generally avoid contractions （一般来讲避免使用略缩词） 例：won’t改为will not (2) use the more appropriate formal negative forms （使用更为适宜的正规的否定 形式） 例：not...any改为nonot...much改为little not...many改为few (3) limit the use of “run-on” expressions, such as and so forth and etc. （限 制使用多个词连用的表达法） 例：句子内不能出现and so forth和etc.出现时应将省略的部分扩展出来。 (4) avoid addressing the reader as you(except, of course, if you are writing a textbook or other instructional materials).（避免向读者说“你”）例：you can see the results in table 1. 改为：the results can be seen in table 1. 改为： it is necessary to consider how costs may be lowered. 或者 we now need to consider how costs may be lowered. (6) place adverb within the verb. （将副词放于动词词组内）例：this model was developed by krugman originally. 改为：this model was originally developed by krugman. (7) consider whether you should split infinitives.（考虑是否该使用割裂不定式）例：we need to adequately meet the needs of those enrolled in the program. (8) aim for an efficient use of words. （目的是为了有效地使用词汇）例：there are some inorganic materials that can be used by bioengineers in the process of tissue engineering that have been shown to be very promising. 改为：some inorganic materials used in tissue engineering have shown great promise. 习题： （1）you can use this model to analyze the effects of several parameter changes. 错误：使用了you。 改为：this model can be used to analyze the effects of several parameter changes. （2）ok, what are the reasons that coffee prices have fallen? there’re a lot of possibilities. 错误：使用了口语ok；直接引语的使用；使用了缩略词there’re。

新概念二册课文赏析

《新概念》英语二册第25课 课文赏析 李正宏 Lesson25 Do the English speak English? I arrived in London at last. The railway station was big, black and dark. I did not know the way to my hotel, so I asked a porter. I not only spoke English very carefully, but very clearly as well. The porter, however, could not understand me. I repeated my question several times and at last he understood. He answered me, but he spoke neither slow ly nor clearly. ‘I am a foreigner,’ I said. Then he spoke slowly, but I could not understand him. My teacher never spoke English like that! The porter and I looked at each other and smiled. Then he said something and I understood it. ‘You’ll soon learn Eng lish!’ he said. I wonder. In England, each man speaks a different language. The English understand each other, but I don’t understand them ! Do they speak English ? 《新概念》英语二册第25课标题是 Do English speak English? 讲述一个外国人第一次坐火车 去伦敦的感受和经历。 一般情况下，我们会把这一课的重点放在并列句连词：Not only……，but……as well以及neither……nor的使用上。而我在给学生上这一课时，在单词语法讲解之后，则从作者描写一个外国 人第一次来到遥远陌生的大城市时的惶恐、懵懂，甚至有所委屈厌烦的心情入手，讲解文章的修辞手 法和写作用意，带领学生体会这篇英语故事的美妙。 第一句：I arrived in London at last . 一个at last 道出主人公（也就是作者本人）经过 长途颠簸终于到达目的地的旅途艰辛。At last 的使用既可以表达成功的喜悦，也可以表达艰辛之后 的无奈。在本文中到底是哪一种呢？作者留下伏笔，让读者带着疑问和好奇继续阅读。 第二句：The railway station was big, black and dark. 我不知道别人在读到这句是想到了什么，反正我是想到了《红楼梦》里刘姥姥进大观园的场景。Big 、black and dark 三个普通的形容词，看似用来描述大车站，却精准、深刻的描述了主人公此时此刻的心情。Big：面向一个你认为大的场景，自然感到自己的渺小、自卑和惶恐。Black：黑色代表沮丧。Dark：更是暗示主人公心情的黯淡。有前文的铺垫，后面一句就顺理成章了。 接下来，I did not know the way to my hotel, so I asked a porter. 问路引出一个车站搬 运工。搬运工，社会最底层人士，但是因为其生活在这个大都市,天生一种优越感。外地人与本地人相见，会是一种什么场景呢？I not only spoke English very carefully, but very clearly as well .形象地描写了外地人谨小慎微。The porter, however, could not understand me. I

新概念英语青少版(1A)课文内容(双语).

新概念英语青少版 1a ---- 在秉承《新概念英语》先进教学理念的基础上, 《新概念英语青少版》拥有更多不同的特质 Unit 1 Lesson 1 Meet the family! (认识下我的家人 William: Hello. My name is William Jenkins. This is my family. This is Karen. Karen is my wife. (你好,我的名字叫威廉 . 詹金斯,这是我的家人,这是凯伦,是我的妻子。 Karen: How do you do? (你好 William:This is Lucy. Lucy’s my daughter. (这是露西,露西是我的女儿。 Lucy :Hello! (你好 William: This is my son, Robert. (这是我的儿子,罗伯特。 Robert: Hi! (嗨。

William:And this is Paul. Paul’s my nephew. (这是保罗,保罗是我的侄子。 Paul: Hello! Nice to meet you! (你好,很高兴见到你。 Rhyme 英语童谣: One, two, this is my shoe One, two, this is my shoe Three, four, that is the door Five, six, pick up sticks Seven, eight, open the gate. Nine, ten, say this again. Unit 2 What is it? (那是什么? Robert: Hey, this is good! Look, Lucy! What is this? (嘿,这个真不错,看,露西,这是什么? Lucy: It's a wheel. (是车轮。 Robert : No, it isn't! Look! It's green! It's a hat! (不是,看,它是绿色的额,是个帽 子。 Lucy: OK. It's a green hat. (嗯,诗歌绿色的帽子。 Robert: Now look! What's this? (再看,这是什么? Lucy: It's a flower. It's a red flower. (是花,红色的花。 Robert: No, it isn't. It's a red umbrella.

新概念课文解析

新概念英语第一册9-10课文详解 课文详注 Further notes on the text 1．How are you today？你今天好吗？ 这是朋友或相识的人之间见面时问对方身体情况的寒暄话，一般回答语为： Fine, thank you. 很好，谢谢。 I'm fine, thank you. 很好，谢谢。 I'm very well, thank you. 很好，谢谢。 如问及对方的先生或太太的情况，可以说 How is Tony？或How's Emma？等。 相应的回答可为 He's fine，thanks 或 She's very well，thankyou等。 2．And you？你好吗？ 是And how are you？的简略说法。在回答对方问候健康的话之后反问时用。 3．数字21与22的英文写法 21—twenty-one 22—twenty-two 语法 Grammar in use 1．How…？的一些社交上的用法 how 是一个表示“如何”的疑问词，可以用来引导一些用于社交场合的套话：（1）用于询问健康状况或一般生活情况： How are you? 你好吗？ How is Helen today? 海伦今天好吗？ How have you been? 你一向可好？ （2）How do you do？（你好吗？）是正式介绍中的一句套话，从不用来询问健康：（3）how 经常用在询问目前状况的疑问句里，如： How's life? 生活如何？ How are things? 情况怎样？ How's work? 工作怎么样？ 2．形容词的意义与作用 （1）形容词修饰名词所指的人、物等。我们用形容词说明人、物等是什么样或看上去是什么样的。例如，形容词可以表示质量、大小、新旧、温度、外形、颜色、产地。 （2）许多形容词可用以回答 What…like？这样的问题，并可根据上下文给出笼统的或确切的信息。 （3）英语中形容词作定语时一般置于名词之前，如： a young nurse 一位年轻的护士; an old mechanic 一位老机械师 a lazy housewife 一个懒惰的家庭主妇; a thin woman 一个瘦瘦的女人 词汇学习 Word study 1．look v. （1）看，瞧，观，望： Look at that man. Is he thin? 瞧那个男人。他瘦吗？ Look carefully before you cross the street. 过马路前要仔细看清来往车辆。 （2）面向，朝向： The room looks on the sea. 房间面向大海。 Two windows look to the south. 两扇窗子朝南。 2．fine adj. （1）健康的；舒适的： How is Steven today? 史蒂文今天怎么样？

summary 范文

Original: My neighbor's children love playing hide-and-seek as all children do, but no one imagine that a game they played last week would be reported in the local newspaper. One afternoon, they were playing in the vacant lot down the corner. Young Paul, who is only five years old, found the perfect place to hide. His sister, Natalie, had shut her eyes and was counting to ten when Paul noticed the storage mail box at the corner and saw that the metal door was standing open. The mailman had just taken out several sacks of mail and had carried them to his truck which was standing at the curb a few feet away. Paul climbed into the storage box and pulled the door closed so hard that it locked. Soon realizing what he had done, he became frightened and started crying. Meanwhile, Natalie was looking for him everywhere but could not find him. It was lucky that she happened to pause at the corner for a minute and heard her brother's cries. She immediately ran to tell the mailman who hurried back from his truck to unlock the metal door. Paul was now free, but he had had such a bad scare that he could not stop crying. The mailman, however, soon found a way of making him laugh again. He told him that the next time he wanted to hide in a mail box, he should remember to put a stamp on himself! Summary: The children were playing hide-and-seek in a vacant lot one afternoon. Finding that the storage mailbox had been left open, Paul hid and locked himself in it accidentally. His sister, Natalie, heard his cries and realized where he was hiding, so she immediately told the mailman to unlock the metal door. After letting him out, the mailman made him stop crying by telling him to put a stamp on himself the next he wanted to hide in a mailbox. Original: Why do some animals die out? In the past two hundred years people have caused many kinds of animals to die out--to become extinct. People keep building houses and factories in fields and woods. As they spread over the land, they destroy animals' homes. If the animals can't find a place to live, they die out. Sixteen kinds of Hawaiian birds have become extinct for this reason. Other animals, such as the Florida Key deer, may soon die out because they are losing their homes.Hunters have caused some animals to become extinct, too. In the last century, hunters killed all the passenger pigeons in North America and most of the buffalos. Today they are fast killing off hawks and wolves. Pollution is killing many animals today, too. As rivers become polluted, fish are poisoned. Many die. Birds that eat the poisoned fish can't lay strong, healthy eggs. New birds aren’t born. So far, no animals have become extinct because of pollution. But some, such as the bald eagle and the brown pelican, have become rare and may die out. Scientists think that some animals become extinct because of changes in climate. The places where they live become hotter or cooler, drier or wetter. The food that they eat cannot grow there any more. If the animals can't learn to eat something else, they die. Dinosaurs may have died out for this reason. Summary:

新概念英语青少版介绍

新概念英语青少版内容简介 《新概念英语青少版》是“新概念英语”教学体系的新成员，由世界著名英语教学专家路易·亚历山大、朱莉娅·亚历山大和罗伊·金斯伯里专为中国8-14岁的青少年以及英语初学者编写。整套教材分为5个级别，每个级别的学生用书和练习册分为A、B两个分册。 《新概念英语青少版》在秉承《新概念英语》先进教学理念的基础上，更加强调语法大纲的渐进性，讲授新的语法结构之前，都会不断地循环复习前面学过的语法知识。此外，教材针对青少年的身心特点，采用了和他们生活、学习密切相关的语言材料。课文以一个英国家庭以及他们的朋友的故事为主线，语言精练幽默。精心设计的听力、口语、阅读和写作练习帮助青少年扎实地掌握各项英语知识和能力，使他们能够逐步充满自信地运用英语进行交流！ 完整的知识和技能体系帮助学生系统地学习英语语法、词汇、语音，全面提升他们的听、说、读、写能力。教材内容涵盖了我国“英语课程标准”对中、小学生的知识和能力要求，既满足了我国学生升学考试的需要，又兼顾了他们实际交际运用的需要；教学内容参照语法大纲循序渐进地编排，由浅入深、注重新旧知识的结合，重点内容的复现率高，帮助学生能力螺旋式上升；所有课文都基于一个英语家庭和他们朋友间发生的日常故事，语言材料真实、地道、精炼、幽默，向学生介绍当代英国文化的同时，帮助学生更好地了解世界文化，培养他们的跨文化交际意识；内容详备的教师用书，为教师提供完整的教学方案，帮助教师快速掌握授课方法，节省备课时间和精力。每单元均配有丰富的练习活动，便于教师创造性地运用教材，灵活掌控教学进度；大量生动、幽默的彩色插图，时尚、清新的版式设计，充分激发学生学习英语的兴趣和动力；所有音像产品均由BBC 专业人士录音，发音地道纯正，生动传情。本书相当于国家英语课程标准1级要求，适合小学3、4年级学生。 新概念英语青少版丛书特色 在秉承《新概念英语》先进教学理念的基础上，《新概念英语青少版》拥有更多不同的特质： 首先，整套教材充分展现了时代特点，产品包括了图书、MP3、DVD各种媒体形式，便于学习；内容上针对青少年的身心特点，采用了和他们生活、学习密切相关的语言材料，强调故事性，具有浓厚的生活气息，引导青少年树立积极健康的品格。再通过精心设计的听力、阅读和写作练习帮助青少年扎实地掌握各项英语知识和能力，最终能够充满自信地运用英语进行交流。

【良心出品】Summary的写作技巧和常见句型

Summary的写作技巧和常见句型 一、概括原文 （一）阅读 1.读懂文章 读文章的时候，要养成良好的阅读习惯，划划写写，英文阅读的时候，用铅笔轻轻划出重点词汇。 认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。 2.拆分文章 按照作者的思路，把文章分段，每个段落用几个词，几个短语概括。尽量简短，精炼。 段落中心句，在段落的开头或末尾。有时也会变态的在当中。 3.概括主旨 写出文章的thesis, 一句话概括文章的主旨。 （二）基本结构和技巧 1.重新拟定标题 给summary起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。 2.阐述观点 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。写概述的时候，如果能够明确是他人写作的文章，注意要把作者的名字放在第一句（或者是the author…….）。接着写出要阐述的main ideas（主要观点）和supporting points（对主要观点的支持）。 3.词汇运用 注意概述的coherence（连贯性），运用好transition words（过渡词）, like however, furthermore, nonetheless, besides, therefore etc. 4.删除细节 只保留主要观点。 5.选择一至两个有代表性的例子 原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 6.把长句变成短句，把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。 “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” 6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子： “Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.” 可以概括为：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.” 7) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：

新概念英语第二册：第26课课文详解及语法解析

新概念英语第二册：第26课课文详解及语法解析课文详注 Further notes on the text 1.They always tell you what a picture is‘about’.(他们)总是告诉你一张画的“意思”是什么。 This is a book about Australia. 这是一本关于澳大利亚的书。 They are talking about modern art. 他们在谈论现代艺术。 课文中这句话能够直译为：他们总是告诉你某一幅画是“关于”什么的，也就是一幅画的“意思”是什么。about放在引号里，一是指这些人谈论画的时候经常用到这个词，二是表示一种讽刺，因为有些画没有任何“意思”。 2.They are just pretty patterns.它们就是些好看的图案。 just在此处指“仅仅”、“仅仅(是)”，而不是指“刚才”、“正好”、“正是： It was just a wrong number. 这仅仅一个错误的号码。(即只不过是拨错了号码) It's just six o'clock. 正好6点。 I've just heard the news. 我刚刚听到这个消息。

3.We like them in the same way that we like pretty curtain material. 我们喜爱它们就像我们喜爱漂亮的窗帘布一样。 in the same way that/as是个连接短语，用于表示比较，可译 为“像/和……一样”： She walks in the same way that/as her sister did. 她的走路姿势和她姐姐以前走路的姿势一模一样。 4.I think that young children often appreciate modern pictures better than anyone else. 我觉得小孩子们往往比任何人 都更能欣赏现代绘画。 else经常与不定代词连用(如everyone else，someone else，anything else等)，表示“另外/加”、“其它/他的”或“不同的”： Can you find anyone else? 你还能够找到其他人吗? I can find nothing else here except an old dictionary. 除了一本旧字典，我在这儿再也找不到别的东西了。 课文中的这句话表示小孩子们比其他任何人都更能欣赏现代绘画。 5.…she always tells me whether my pictures are good or not. ……她总能说出我的画是好还是坏。 连接词whether…or not能够表示选择： I don't know whether you are interested (in it) or not.

一篇英语summary范文英语Summary写

一篇英语summary范文英语Summary写第一步：阅读 A.认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。 B.给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。 C.现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。 D.简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。 第二步：动手写作 A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。

B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。 C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。 D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。 E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧： 1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。 2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。 4) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。

5) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例： “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” 6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子： “Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”