曼昆经济学原理课后答案 Chapter 16-21

Chapter 16

Problems and Applications

1. a. Tap water is a perfectly competitive market because there are many

taps and the product does not differ across sellers.

b. Bottled water is a monopolistically competitive market. There are

many sellers of bottled water, but each firm tries to differentiate its

own brand from the rest.

c. The cola market is an oligopoly. There are only a few firms that control

a large portion of the market.

d. The beer market is an oligopoly. There are only a few firms that

control a large portion of the market.

2. a. OPEC members were trying to reach an agreement to cut production so

they could raise the price.

b. They were unable to agree on cutting production because each country

has an incentive to cheat on any agreement. The turmoil is a decline in

the price of oil because of increased production.

c. OPEC would like Norway and Britain to join their cartel so that they

could act as a monopoly.

3. a. If there were many suppliers of diamonds, price would equal marginal

cost ($1,000), so the quantity would be 12,000.

b. With only one supplier of diamonds, quantity would be set where

marginal cost equals marginal revenue. The following table derives

marginal revenue:

With marginal cost of $1,000 per diamond, or $1 million per thousand

diamonds, the monopoly will maximize profits at a price of $7,000 and

a quantity of 6,000. Additional production beyond this point would

lead to a situation where marginal revenue is lower than marginal cost.

c. If Russia and South Africa formed a cartel, they would set price and

quantity like a monopolist, so the price would be $7,000 and the

quantity would be 6,000. If they split the market evenly, they would

share total revenue of $42 million and costs of $6 million, for a total

profit of $36 million. So each would produce 3,000 diamonds and get a

profit of $18 million. If Russia produced 3,000 diamonds and South

Africa produced 4,000, the price would decline to $6,000. South

Africa’s revenue would rise to $24 million, costs would be $4 million,

so profits would be $20 million, which is an increase of $2 million.

d. Cartel agreements are often not successful because one party has a

strong incentive to cheat to make more profit. In this case, each could

increase profit by $2 million by producing an extra 1,000 diamonds.

However, if both countries did this, profits would decline for both of

them.

4. a. Buyers who are oligopolists try to decrease the prices of goods they

buy.

b. The owners of baseball teams would like to keep players’ salaries low.

This goal is difficult to achieve because each team has an incentive to

cheat on any agreement, because they will be able to attract better

players by offering higher salaries.

c. The salary cap would have formalized the collusion on salaries and

helped to prevent any team from cheating.

5. a. If Mexico imposes low tariffs, then the United States is better off with

high tariffs, because it gets $30 billion with high tariffs and only $25

billion with low tariffs. If Mexico imposes high tariffs, then the United

States is better off with high tariffs, because it gets $20 billion with

high tariffs and only $10 billion with low tariffs. So the United States

has a dominant strategy of high tariffs.

If the United States imposes low tariffs, then Mexico is better off with

high tariffs, because it gets $30 billion with high tariffs and only $25

billion with low tariffs. If the United States imposes high tariffs, then

Mexico is better off with high tariffs, because it gets $20 billion with

high tariffs and only $10 billion with low tariffs. So Mexico has a

dominant strategy of high tariffs.

b. A Nash equilibrium is a situation in which economic actors interacting

with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies

others have chosen. The Nash equilibrium in this case is for each

country to have high tariffs.

c. The NAFTA agreement represents cooperation between the two

countries. Each country reduces tariffs and both are better off as a

result.

d. The payoffs in the upper left and lower right parts of the box do reflect

a nati on’s welfare. Trade is beneficial and tariffs are a barrier to trade.

However, the payoffs in the upper right and lower left parts of the box

are not valid. A tariff hurts domestic consumers and helps domestic

producers, but total surplus declines, as we saw in Chapter 9. So it

would be more accurate for these two areas of the box to show that

both countries’ welfare will decline if they imposed high tariffs,

whether or not the other country had high or low tariffs.

6. a. The payoffs are:

b. The likely outcome is that both of you will shirk. If your classmate

works, you’re better off shirking, because you would rather have 30

units of happiness rather than 15. If your classmate shirks, you are

better off shirking because you would rather have 10 units of happiness

rather than 5. So your dominant strategy is to shirk. Your classmate

faces the same payoffs, so he or she will also shirk.

c. If you are likely to work with the same person again, you have a

greater incentive to work, so that your classmate will work, and you will both be better off. In repeated games, cooperation is more likely.

d. The payoff matrix would become:

Work is a dominant strategy for this new classmate. Therefore, the Nash equilibrium will be for you to shirk and your classmate to work.

You would get a B and thus would prefer this classmate to the first.

However, he would prefer someone with a dominant strategy of working as well so that he could get an A.

7. a. The decision box for this game is:

b. If Braniff sets a low price, American will set a low price. If Braniff sets

a high price, American will set a low price. So American has a

dominant strategy to set a low price.

If American sets a low price, Braniff will set a low price. If American

sets a high price, Braniff will set a low price. So Braniff has a

dominant strategy to set a low price.

Because both have a dominant strategy to set a low price, the Nash

equilibrium is for both to set a low price.

c. A better outcome would be for both airlines to set a high price; they

would both get higher profits. That outcome could only be achieved by

cooperation (collusion). If that happened, consumers would lose

because prices would be higher and quantity would be lower.

8. a. If Jones has 10 cows and Smith has 10 for a total of 20 cows, each cow

produces $4,000 of milk. Because a cow costs $1,000, profits would be

$3,000 per cow, or $30,000 for each farmer.

If one farmer had 10 cows and the other farmer had 20 cows for a total

of 30 cows, each cow produces $3,000 of milk. Profits per cow would

be $2,000, so the farmer with 10 cows makes $20,000; the farmer with

20 cows makes $40,000.

If both farmers have 20 cows for a total of 40 cows, each cow produces

$2,000 of milk. Profit per cow is $1,000, so each farmer’s profit is

$20,000. The results are shown in the table:

b. If Jones had 10 cows, Smith would want 20 cows. If Jones had 20

cows, Smith would be indifferent (get the same profit) if he had 10 or

20 cows. So Smith has a dominant strategy of having 20 cows.

If Smith had 10 cows, Jones would want 20 cows. If Smith had 20

cows, Jones would be indifferent (get the same profit) if he had 10 or

20 cows. So Jones has a dominant strategy of having 20 cows.

The Nash equilibrium is for each farmer to have 20 cows, because that

is the dominant strategy for each. They each make profits of $20,000.

But they would both be better off if they cooperated and each had only

10 cows; then profit would be $30,000 each.

c. The problem illustrates how a common field may be overused,

reducing the profits of producers. Because people tend to overuse

common fields, it is more efficient for people to own their own portion

of the field. Thus, over time, common fields have been divided up and

owned privately.

9. a. If Kona enters, Big Brew would want to maintain a high price. If Kona

does not enter, Big Brew would want to maintain a high price. Thus,

Big Brew has a dominant strategy of maintaining a high price.

If Big Brew maintains a high price, Kona would enter. If Big Brew

maintains a low price, Kona would not enter. Kona does not have a

dominant strategy.

b. Because Big Brew has a dominant strategy of maintaining a high price,

Kona should enter.

c. There is only one Nash equilibrium. Big Brew will maintain a high

price and Kona will enter.

d. Little Kona should not believe this threat from Big Brew because it is

not in Big Brew’s interest to carry out the threat. If Little Kona enters,

Big Brew can set a high price, in which case it makes $3 million, or

Big Brew can set a low price, in which case it makes $1 million. Thus

the threat is an empty one, which Little Kona should ignore; Little

Kona should enter the market.

e. If the two firms could successfully collude, they would agree that Big

Brew would maintain a high price and Kona would remain out of the

market. They could then split a profit of $7 million.

10. Neither player has a dominant strategy in this game. Jeff should hit left if

Steve guesses right and Jeff should hit right if Steve guesses left. Steve should guess left if Jeff hits left and Steve should guess right if Jeff hits right. Thus, if Jeff stuck with a particular strategy (left or right), Steve would be able to guess it easily after a few points. A better strategy for Jeff is to randomly choose whether to hit the ball left or right, sometimes hitting left and other times hitting right.

11. a. Using Table 1 in the chapter, if 80 gallons are produced, the price

would be $40 and profit would be $3,200. Divided three ways, John

would get $3,200/3 = $1,066.67. Each seller would sell 80/3 = 26.67

gallons.

b. If Jack and Jill stick to the agreement, John will benefit from

increasing output by 10 units. The price would fall to $30. Jack’s total

profit would increase to (36.67)($30) = $1,100.10.

c. The Nash equilibrium will be (n+1)/n = 3/4 of the competitive output.

Thus, output will be 90 gallons, which is greater than the output when

there were only two sellers. The price will now be $30. Chapter 17

Problems and Applications

1. a. The market for #2 pencils is perfectly competitive because pencils by

any manufacturer are identical and there are a large number of

manufacturers.

b. The market for copper is perfectly competitive, because all copper is

identical and there are a large number of producers.

c. The market for local telephone service is monopolistic because it is a

natural monopoly—it is cheaper for one firm to supply all the output.

d. The market for peanut butter is monopolistically competitive because

different brand names exist with different quality characteristics.

e. The market for lipstick is monopolistically competitive because

lipstick from different firms differs slightly, but there are a large

number of firms that can enter or exit without restriction.

2. a. A firm in monopolistic competition sells a differentiated product from its

competitors.

b. A firm in monopolistic competition has marginal revenue less than price.

c. Neither a firm in monopolistic competition nor in perfect competition

earns economic profit in the long run.

d. A firm in perfect competition produces at minimum average total cost in

the long run.

e. Both a firm in monopolistic competition and a firm in perfect

competition equate marginal revenue and marginal cost.

f. A firm in monopolistic competition charges a price above marginal cost.

3. a. Both a firm in monopolistic competition and a monopoly firm face a

downward-sloping demand curve.

b. Both a firm in monopolistic competition and a monopoly firm have

marginal revenue that is less than price.

c. A firm in monopolistic competition faces the entry of new firms selling

similar products.

d. A monopoly firm earns economic profit in the long run.

e. Both a firm in monopolistic competition and a monopoly firm equate

marginal revenue and marginal cost.

f. Neither a firm in monopolistic competition nor a monopoly firm

produce the socially efficient quantity of output.

4. a. The firm is not maximizing profit. For a firm in monopolistic

competition, price is greater than marginal revenue. If price is below

marginal cost, marginal revenue must be less than marginal cost. Thus,

the firm should reduce its output to increase its profit.

b. The firm may be maximizing profit if marginal revenue is equal to

marginal cost. However, the firm is not in long-run equilibrium

because price is less than average total cost. In this case, firms will exit

the industry and the demand facing the remaining firms will rise until

economic profit is zero.

c. The firm is not maximizing profit. For a firm in monopolistic

competition, price is greater than marginal revenue. If price is equal to

marginal cost, marginal revenue must be less than marginal cost. Thus,

the firm should reduce its output to increase its profit.

d. The firm could be maximizing profit if marginal revenue is equal to

marginal cost. The firm is in long-run equilibrium because price is

equal to average total cost. Therefore, the firm is earning zero

economic profit.

5. a. Figure 4 illustrates the market for Sparkle toothpaste in long-run

equilibrium. The profit-maximizing level of output is Q M and the price

is P M.

Figure 4

b. Sparkle's profit is zero, because at quantity Q M, price equals average

total cost.

c. The consumer surplus from the purchase of Sparkle toothpaste is areas

A + B. The efficient level of output occurs where the demand curve

intersects the marginal-cost curve, at Q C. The deadweight loss is area C,

the area above marginal cost and below demand, from Q M to Q C.

d. If the government forced Sparkle to produce the efficient level of

output, the firm would lose money because average total cost would

exceed price, so the firm would shut down. If that happened, Sparkle's

customers would earn no consumer surplus.

6. By sending Christmas cards to their customers, monopolistically competitive

firms are advertising themselves. Because they are in a position in which price exceeds marginal cost, they would like to add customers, as shown in Figure 5.

Because the price, P M, exceeds marginal cost, MC M, any additional customer who pays the existing price increases the firm's profits.

Figure 5

7. a. A family-owned restaurant would be more likely to advertise than a

family-owned farm because the output of the farm is sold in a perfectly

competitive market, in which there is no reason to advertise, while the

output of the restaurant is sold in a monopolistically competitive

market.

b. A manufacturer of cars is more likely to advertise than a manufacturer

of forklifts because there is little difference between different brands of

industrial products like forklifts, while there are greater perceived

differences between consumer products like cars. The possible return

to advertising is greater in the case of cars than in the case of forklifts.

c. A company that invented a very comfortable razor is likely to advertise

more than a company that invented a less comfortable razor that costs

the same amount to make because the company with the very

comfortable razor will get many repeat sales over time to cover the

cost of the advertising, while the company with the less comfortable

razor will not.

8. a. Perdue created a brand name for chicken by advertising. By doing so,

he was able to differentiate his product from other chicken, gaining

market power.

b. Society gained to the extent that Perdue has a great incentive to

maintain the quality of his chicken. Society lost to the extent that the

market for chicken became less competitive, with the associated

deadweight loss.

9. a. Figure 6 shows Tylenol's demand, marginal revenue, and marginal cost

curves. Tylenol's price is P T, its marginal cost is MC T, and its markup

over marginal cost is P T? MC T.

Figure 6

b. Figure 7 shows the demand, marginal revenue, and marginal cost

curves for a maker of acetaminophen. The diagrams differ in that the

acetaminophen maker faces a horizontal demand curve, while the

maker of Tylenol faces a downward-sloping demand curve. The

acetaminophen maker has no markup of price over marginal cost,

while the maker of Tylenol has a positive markup, because it has some

market power.

Figure 7

c. The maker of Tylenol has a bigger incentive for careful quality control,

because if quality were poor, the value of its brand name would deteriorate, sales would decline, and its advertising would be

worthless.

Chapter 21

Problems and Applications

1. a. Figure 10 shows the effect of the frost on Jennifer's budget constraint.

Because the price of coffee rises, her budget constraint swivels from

BC1 to BC2.

b. If the substitution effect outweighs the income effect for croissants,

Jennifer buys more croissants and less coffee, as shown in Figure 10.

She moves from point A to point B.

Figure 10

c. If the income effect outweighs the substitution effect for croissants,

Jennifer buys fewer croissants and less coffee, moving from point A to

point B in Figure 11.

Figure 11

2. a. Skis and ski bindings are complements. Coke and Pepsi are substitutes.

b. Indifference curves between Coke and Pepsi are fairly straight, because

there is little to distinguish them, so they are nearly perfect substitutes.

Indifference curves between skis and ski bindings are very bowed,

because they are complements.

c. A consumer will respond more to a change in the relative price of Coke

and Pepsi, possibly switching completely from one to the other if the

price changes.

3. a. Cheese and crackers cannot both be inferior goods, because if Mario's

income rises he must consume more of something.

b. If the price of cheese falls, the substitution effect means Mario will

consume more cheese and fewer crackers. The income effect means

Mario will consume more cheese (because cheese is a normal good)

and fewer crackers (because crackers are an inferior good). So, both

effects lead Mario to consume more cheese and fewer crackers.

Figure 12

4. a. Figure 12 shows Jim's budget constraint. The vertical intercept is 50

quarts of milk, because if Jim spent all his money on milk he would

buy $100/$2 = 50 quarts of it. The horizontal intercept is 25 dozen

cookies, because if Jim spent all his money on cookies he would buy

$100/$4 = 25 dozen cookies.

b.If Jim's salary rises by 10 percent to $110 and the prices of milk and

cookies rise by 10 percent to $2.20 and $4.40, Jim's budget constraint

would be unchanged. Note that $110/$2.20 = 50 and $110/$4.40 = 25,

so the intercepts of the new budget constraint would be the same as the

old budget constraint. Because the budget constraint is unchanged,

Jim's optimal consumption is unchanged.

Figure 13 Figure 14

5. a. Budget constraint BC1 in Figure 13 shows the budget constraint if you

pay no taxes. Budget constraint BC2 shows the budget constraint with a

15 percent tax.

b.Figure 14 shows indifference curves for which a person will work

more as a result of the tax because the income effect (less leisure)

outweighs the substitution effect (more leisure), so there is less leisure

overall. Figure 15 shows indifference curves for which a person will

work fewer hours as a result of the tax because the income effect (less

leisure) is smaller than the substitution effect (more leisure), so there is

more leisure overall. Figure 16 shows indifference curves for which a

person will work the same number of hours after the tax because the

income effect (less leisure) equals the substitution effect (more leisure),

so there is the same amount of leisure overall.

Figure 15 Figure 16

6. Figure 17 shows Sarah's budget constraints and indifference curves if she

earns $6 (BC1), $8 (BC2), and $10 (BC3) per hour. At a wage of $6 per hour, she works 100 –L6 hours; at a wage of $8 per hour, she works 100 –L8 hours;

and at a wage of $10 per hour, she works 100 –L10 hours. Because the labor supply curve is upward sloping when the wage is between $6 and $8 per hour, L6 > L8; because the labor supply curve is backward sloping when the wage is between $8 and $10 per hour, L10 > L8.

Figure 17 Figure 18

7. Figure 18 shows the indifference curve between leisure and consumption that

determines how much a person works. An increase in the wage leads to both an income effect and a substitution effect. The higher wage makes the budget constraint steeper, so the substitution effect increases consumption and reduces

leisure. But the higher wage has an income effect that increases both consumption and leisure if both are normal goods. The only way that consumption could decrease when the wage increased would be if consumption is an inferior good and if the negative income effect outweighs the positive substitution effect. This could happen for a person who really placed an exceptionally high value on leisure.

Figure 19 Figure 20

8. a. Figure 19 shows the situation in which your salary increases from

$30,000 to $40,000. With numbers shown in thousands of dollars in the

figure, your initial budget constraint, BC1, has a horizontal intercept of

30, because you could spend all your income when young. The vertical

intercept is 31.5, because if you spent nothing when young and saved

all your income, earning 5 percent interest, you would have $31,500 to

spend when old. If your salary increases to $40,000, your budget

constraint shifts out in a parallel fashion, with intercepts of 40 and 42,

respectively. This is an income effect only, so if consumption when

young and old are both normal goods, you will spend more in both

periods.

b. If the interest rate on your bank account rises to 8 percent, your budget

constraint rotates. If you spend all your income when young, you will

spend just $30,000, as before. But if you save all your income, your

old-age consumption increases to $30,000 x 1.08 = $32,400, compared

to $31,500 before. As Figure 20 indicates, the steeper budget line leads

you to substitute future consumption for current consumption. But the

income effect of the higher return on your saving leads you to want to

increase both future and current consumption if both are normal goods.

The result is that your consumption when old certainly rises and your

consumption when young could increase or decrease, depending on

whether the income or substitution effect dominates.

9. The decline in the interest rate on savings has both income and substitution

effects, because it causes the budget constraint to rotate. Because consumption when old effectively becomes more expensive relative to consumption when young, there is a substitution effect that increases consumption when young and decreases consumption when old. The lower interest rate also leads to a negative income effect, causing both consumption when young and consumption when old to decline if both are normal goods. Combining both effects, consumption when old definitely declines and consumption when young might rise or fall, depending on whether the income or substitution effect is stronger.

10. a. Figure 21 shows the budget constraint. The initial budget line is shown

as BL1. If all hours are spent raising children, 10 children can be raised.

If all hours are spent working, $2,000,000 can be earned for

consumption. The individual maximizes utility by choosing K1

children and a consumption level of C1.

Figure 21

b. If the wage rises, the budget line rotates to BL2in Figure 21. The

budget line is now steeper indicating the higher opportunity cost of

raising a child. The substitution of this increase in the wage will mean

a rise in consumption and a decline in the number of children.

Assuming that both children and consumption are normal goods, the

income effect of the increased wage will mean a rise in both children

and consumption. The full effect on consumption is positive, but the

end effect on children depends on the relative sizes of the income and

substitution effects.

c. If the number of children declines as incomes rise, the substitution

effect must outweigh the income effect.

11. If consumers do not buy less of a good when their incomes rise, the good in

question must be a normal good. For a normal good, the income and substitution effects both imply that the consumer will buy less if the price rises.

曼昆_微观经济学_原理_第五版_课后习题答案

第三章 6．下表描述了Baseballia国两个城市的生产可能性： 一个工人每小时生产的红补袜子量一个工人每小时生产的白袜子量 A．没有贸易，波士顿一双白袜子价格（用红袜子表示）是多少芝加哥11双白袜子价格是多少答：没有贸易时，波士顿1 双白袜子价格是1 双红袜子，芝加哥1 双白袜子价格是2 双红袜子。B．在每种颜色的袜子生产上，哪个城市有绝对优势哪个城市有比较优势 答：波士顿在生产红、白袜子上都有绝对优势。波士顿在生产白袜子上有比较优势，芝加哥在生产红袜子上有比较优势。 C．如果这两个城市相互交易，两个城市将分别出口哪种颜色的袜子 答：如果它们相互交易，波士顿将出口白袜子，而芝加哥出口红袜子。 D．可以进行交易的价格范围是多少 答：白袜子的最高价格是2 双红袜子，最低价格是1 双红袜子。红袜子的最高价格是1 双白袜子，最低价格是1／2 双白袜子。 7．假定一个美国工人每年能生产100件衬衣或20台电脑，而一个中国工人每年能生产100件衬衣或10台电脑。 A．画出这两个国家的生产可能性边界。假定没有贸易，每个国家的工人各用一半的时间生产两种物品，在你的图上标出这一点。 答：两个国家的生产可能性边界如图3 一4 所示。如果没有贸易，一个美国工人把一半的时间用于生产每种物品，则能生产50 件衬衣、10 台电脑；同样，一个中国工人则能生产50 件衬衣、5 台电脑。

图3 一4 生产可能性边界 B．如果这两个国家进行贸易，哪个国家将出口衬衣举出一个具体的数字例子，并在你的图上标出。哪一个国家将从贸易中获益解释原因。 答：中国将出口衬衣。对美国而言，生产一台电脑的机会成本是5 件衬衣，而生产一件衬衣的机会成本为1/5 台电脑。对中国而言，生产一台电脑的机会成本是10 件衬衣，而生产一件衬衣的机会成本为1/10 台电脑。 因此，美国在生产电脑上有比较优势，中国在生产衬衣上有比较优势，所以中国将出口衬衣。 衬衣的价格在1/5 到1/10 台电脑之间。两个国家都会从贸易中获益。例如，衬衣的价格为1/8 台电脑，换言这，中国出口8 件衬衣换回1 台电脑。中国专门生产衬衣（100 件），并出口其中的8 件，这样就有92 件衬衣和换回的1 台电脑。而没有贸易时，92 件衬衣和1 台电脑在中国是不可能得到的产出。美国专门生产电脑（20 台）并向中国出口其中的1 台换取8 件衬衣。这样，美国最后就有19 台电脑和8 件衬衣，这也是没有贸易时美国不可 能得到的产出。由此可见，贸易使中国和美国所能消费的产品增加，两国都获益了。 C．解释两国可以交易的电脑价格（用衬衣衡量）是多少。 答：一台电脑的价格将在5 到10 件衬衣之间。如果电脑价格低于5 件衬衣，美国将不会出口，因为在美国一件衬衣的机会成本为1/5 台电脑。如果电脑的价格高于10 件衬衣，中国将不会进口，因为在中国一台电脑的机会成本是10 件衬衣。 D．假设中国的生产率赶上了美国，因此，一个中国工人每年可以生产100件衬衣或20台电脑。你预期这时的贸易形式会是什么样的。中国生产率的这种进步将如何影响两国居民的经济福利 答：此时，中美双方将同时生产两种商品，然后进行贸易，不过此时的贸易被称为水平贸易，即生产率大致相同的两个国家进行的贸易。而中国在提高生产率之前，两国进行的是垂直贸易。垂直

经济学原理第五版中文曼昆 名词解释

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经济学原理总结曼昆

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曼昆《经济学原理》第五版宏观经济学习题答案(中文)

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曼昆《经济学原理》名词解释归纳——上下册 一、经济学十大原理 1、稀缺性：社会资源的有限性。 2、经济学：研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。 3、效率：社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最多东西的特性。 4、平等：经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。 5、机会成本：为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。 理性人：系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现起目标的人。 6、边际变动：对行动计划微小的增量调整。 激励：引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。 7、市场经济：当许多企业和家庭在物品与劳务市场上相互交易时，通过他们的分散决策配 置资源的经济。 8、市场失灵：市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况。 9、外部性：一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响。 10、市场势力：一个经济活动者（或经济活动者的一个小集团）对市场价格有显著影响的能 力。 11、生产率：一个工人一小时所生产的物品与劳务量。 12、通货膨胀：经济中物价总水平的上升。 13、菲利普斯曲线：通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍。 14、经济周期：就业和生产等经济活动的波动（就是生产这类经济活动的波动。） 二、像经济学家一样思考 15、循环流向图：一个说明货币如何通过市场在家庭与企业之间流动的直观经济模型。 16、生产可能性边界：表示一个经济在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时所能生产的产量 的各种组合的图形。 17、微观经济学：研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及它们在市场上的相互交易。 18、宏观经济学：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。 19、实证表述：企图描述世界是什么的观点。 20、规范描述：企图描述世界应该如何运行的观点。 三、绝对依存性与贸易的好处 21、绝对优势：根据生产率比较一种物品的生产者。 22、比较优势：根据机会成本比较一种物品的生产者。 23、进口：国外生产而在国内销售的物品。 24、出口：国内生产而在国外销售的物品。 四、供给与需求的市场力量 25、市场：由某种物品或劳务的买者与卖者组成的一个群体。 26、竞争市场：有许多买者与卖者，以致于每个人对市场价格的影响都微乎其微的市场。 27、需求量：买者愿意而且能够购买的一种物品量。 28、需求定理：认为在其他条件相同时，一种物品价格上升，该物品需求量减少的观点。 29、需求表：表示一种物品价格与需求量之间关系的表格。

曼昆 经济学原理(第五版) 课后答案

第十二章税制的设计 复习题 1．在过去的几十年来，政府的增长比经济中的其他部分快还是慢? 答：在过去几十年间，政府的增长比经济中其他部分快。数据表明，美国经济中包括联邦、州和地方政府在内的政府收入在总收人中所占百分比的增长速度快于经济中其他部分。 2．美国联邦政府收入最重要的两个来源是什么? 答：美国联邦政府收入最重要的两个来源是个人收入所得税和用于社会保障的工薪税。 3．解释公司利润如何双重纳税。 答：当企业赚到利润时，它要按公司所得税交税；当企业用其利润向公司股东支付股息时，按个人所得税第二次交税。 4．为什么纳税人的税收负担大于政府得到的收入? 答：因为纳税人的税收负担除了向政府交纳的税收之外，还包括两种成本：一是税收改变了激励所引起的资源配置扭曲；二是遵守税法的管理负担。这两种成本没有政府的收入作为补偿。因此，纳税人的税收负担大于政府得到的收入。 5．为什么一些经济学家支持对消费征税，而不是对收入征税? 答：因为对收入征税扭曲了对人们储蓄的激励，鼓励人们少储蓄。如果政府采取消费税，储蓄起来的全部收入在最后支出前都不征税，就不会扭曲人们的储蓄决策。 6．举出富有的纳税人应该比贫穷纳税人多纳税的两种观点。 答：这方面的观点有受益原则和能力纳税原则。 受益原则认为：人们应该根据他们从政府服务中得到的利益来纳税。通常富人从公共服务中受益多，他们应该多纳税。 能力纳税原则认为：应该根据一个人所能承受的负担来对这个人征税。显然，富人的财务承受能力强于穷人，富人应该多纳税。 7．什么是横向平等概念。为什么运用这个概念是困难的? 答：横向平等是指主张有相似支付能力的纳税人应该缴纳等量税收的思想。这一原则面临的问题是什么决定两个纳税人是相似的。每个纳税人在许多方面不同，为了评价税收是不是横向平等，必须决定哪些差别对纳税人的支付能力是相关的，哪些是不相关的。这些相关关系的确定是复杂而困难的。它不仅涉及经济学问题，还涉及价值观问题，很难说确定的结果是否公平。 8．说明支持与反对用单一税率取代现行税制的观点。 答：单一税率的支持者认为：(1)单一税率税将取消现行所得税的许多税收减免。通过用这种方法扩大税基，固定税能够降低大多数人面临的边际税率。税率越低意味着经济福利越大。因此，单一税率支持者声称，这种改变将扩大经济馅饼的规模。(2)由于单一税率税如此简单，所以，赋税的管理负担将大大降低。(3)由于所有纳税人都面临相同的边际税率，所以可以按收入来源而不是按得到收入的人来收税。这种额外的简单化也降低了管理成本。 (4)单一税率税将取代个人所得税和公司所得税。所有收入无论是来自工作中的劳动还是来自公司中拥有的股份，都按相同的边际税率一次性纳税。单一税率将消除目前对公司利润的双重征税，这就可以鼓励企业投资于新工厂和设备。(5)在为纳税计算收入时，允许企业扣除所有合法的经营支出，包括新投资品的支出。这种投资扣除使单一税率税更像消费税而不像所得税。结果，变为单一税率税将提高对投资的激励。 单一税率税的反对者认为：这种税很少注意纵向平等的目标。他们声称，单一税率税的累进性要小于现在的税制，而且，特别是它会把一些税收负担从富人身上转移到中产阶级身上。

曼昆-十大经济学原理,中英文对照

十大经济学原理。 曼昆在《经济学原理》一书中提出了十大经济学原理，他们分别是： 十大经济学原理一 ：人们面临权衡取舍。人们为了获得一件东西，必须放弃另一件东西。决策需要对目标进行比较。 People Face Trade offs. To get one thing, you have to give up something else. Making decisions requires trading off one goal against another. 例子：这样的例子很多，典型的是在“大炮与黄油”之间的选择，军事上所占的资源越多，可供民用消费和投资的资源就会越少。同样，政府用于生产公共品的资源越多，剩下的用于生产私人品的资源就越少；我们用来消费的食品越多，则用来消费的衣服就越少；学生用于学习的时间越多，那么用于休息的时间就越少。 十大经济学原理二 ：某种东西的成本是为了得到它所放弃的东西。决策者必须要考虑其行为的显性成本和隐性成本。 The Cost of Something is what You Give Up to Get It. Decision-makers have to consider both the obvious and implicit costs of their actions. 例子：某公司决定在一个公园附近开采金矿的成本。开采者称由于公园的门票收入几乎不受影响，因此金矿开采的成本很低。但可以发现伴随着金矿开采带来的噪声、水和空气的污染、环境的恶化等，是否真的不会影响公园的风景价值？尽管货币价值成本可能会很小，但是考虑到环境和自然生态价值会丧失，因此机会成本事实上可能很大。 十大经济学原理三 ：理性人考虑边际量。理性的决策者当且仅当行动的边际收益超过边际成本时才采取行动。 Rational People Think at Margin. A rational decision-maker takes action if and only if the marginal benefit of the action exceeds the marginal cost. 例子：“边际量”是指某个经济变量在一定的影响因素下发生的变动量。例如，人在饥饿时吃一个包子的边际量（此时又叫边际效用）比在温饱时吃一个包子的边际量要大。 十大经济学原理四 ：人们会对激励作出反应。当成本或收益变动时，人们的行为也会发生变动。 People Respond to Incentives. Behavior changes when costs or benefits change. 例子：比如一个学生，如果老师在课堂上表扬了他，他会感到很高兴，然后会更加努力，也可能因受表扬而骄傲退步。 十大经济学原理五 ：交易能使每个人状况更好。交易使每个人专攻于他或她最擅长的领域。通过和他人的交易，人们可以购买更多样的产品和服务。

曼昆经济学原理答案30—34

曼昆经济学原理答案30—34

第十二篇短期经济波动 第三十一章总需求与总供给 复习题 1．写出当经济进入衰退时下降的两个宏观经济变量的名字。写出当经济进入衰退时上升的一个宏观经济变量的名字。 答：当经济进入衰退时，实际GDP和投资支出下降，失业率上升。 2．画出一个有总需求、短期总供给和长期 总供给的曲线的图。仔细地标出正确的轴。 答： 图31—1 经济的长期均衡 3．列出并解释总需求曲线向右下方倾斜的 三个原因。 答：为了理解总需求曲线向右下 方倾斜的原因，我们必须考察物价水平如何影响消费、投资和净出口的物品与劳务需求量。 (1)庇古的财富效应

物价水平下降使消费者感到更富裕，这又鼓励他们更多地支出，消费支出增加意味着物品与劳务的需求量更大。 (2)凯恩斯的利率效应 较低的物价水平降低了利率，鼓励了家庭和企业更多地支出于投资物品，从而增加了物品与劳务的需求量。 (3)蒙代尔——弗莱明汇率效应 当美国物价水平下降引起美国利率下降时，实际汇率贬值，而且这种贬值刺激了美国的净出口，从而增加了国外对美国物品与劳务的需求量。 由于这三个原因，总需求曲线向右下方倾斜。 4．解释为什么长期总供给曲线是垂线。 答：在长期中，一个经济的物品与劳务的供给取决于它资本与劳动的供给，以及用来把资本与劳动变为物品与劳务的生产技术。由于物价水平并不影响这些实际GDP的长期决定因素，所以长期总供给曲线是一条垂线，即经济的资本、劳动和技术决定了物品与劳务供给量，而且，无论物价水平如何变动，供给量都是相同的。

5．列出并解释为什么短期总供给曲线向右上方倾斜的三种理论。 答：在短期中，总供给曲线向右上方倾斜，也就是说，在一个一两年的时期中，经济中物价总水平的上升增加了物品与劳务的供给量，而物价水平下降倾向于减少物品与劳务供给量。什么因素引起物价水平与产量之间的正相关关系呢?宏观经济学家提出了三种理论说明短期总供给曲线的向右上方倾斜。在每一种理论中，一种特殊的市场不完全性引起经济中供给一方的短期状况与长期不同。虽然每一种理论在细节上不同，但它们具有共同的内容：当物价水平背离了人们预期的物价水平时，供给量就背离了其长期水平或“自然水平”。当物价水平高于预期水平时，产量就高于其自然率。当物价水平低于预期水平时，产量就低于其自然率。 (1)新古典的错觉理论 根据这种理论，物价总水平的变动会暂时误导供给者对他们出售其产品的市场发生的变动的看法。由于这些短期的错觉，供给者对物价水平的变动作出了反应，而这种反应引起了向右上方倾斜的总供给曲线。假设物价总水平降到低于

曼昆经济学原理第五版宏观经济学习题答案中文

1 / 5 第20xx货币制度 1、为什么银行不持有百分百的准备金？银行持有的准备金量和银行体系所创造的货币量有什么关系？ 参考 答案： 银行不持有百分百的准备金是因为把存款用于放贷并收取利息 比持有全部存款更有利可图。银行持有的准备金量和银行体系通过货币乘数所创造的货币量是相关的。银行的准备金率越低，货币乘数越大，所以银行存款的每一元钱可以创造更多的货币 2、考察以下情况如何影响经济的货币制度。 a、假设雅普岛的居民发现了一种制造石轮的简单方法。这种发现如何影响石轮作为货币的有用性呢？并解释之。 b、假设美国某个人发现了一种仿造100美元钞票的简单办法。这种发现将如何影响美国的货币制度呢？并解释之。 参考 答案： a、如果有一种制造石轮的简单方法，雅普岛上的居民就会制造多余的石轮，只要每个石轮的货币价值大于制造它的成本。结果，人们会自己制造货币，于是就有太多的货币被制造出来。最有可能的是，人们会停止接受石轮作为货币，而转向其他资产作为交换的媒介

b.如果美国有人发现了伪造百元面值美钞的简单方法，他们就会大量地生产这种假钞，而降低百元美钞的价值，结果可能是转为使用另一种通货。 3、xx瑞德州银行(BSB)有 2.5亿美元存款，并保持10％的准备率。 2 / 5 a)列出BSB的T账户。 b)现在假设BSB的大储户从其账户中提取了1000万美元现金。如果BSB决定通过减少其未清偿贷款量来恢复其准备率，说明它的新T账户。 c)解释BSB的行动对其他银行有什么影响？ d)为什么BSB要采取(b)中所描述的行为是困难的？讨论BSB恢复其原来准备金率的另一种方法。 参考 答案： a. xx瑞德州银行(BSB) 资产 准备金 贷款 b.当BSB的大储户提取了1000万美金现金，而BSB通过减少其未清偿贷款量来恢复其准备率，它的T账户如下： $25 million存款

曼昆经济学原理第五版课后练习答案word精品

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曼昆经济学原理-习题答案

曼昆经济学原理-习题答案 第一篇导言 第一章经济学十大原理 1(列举三个你在生活中面临的重要权衡取合的例子。 答:?大学毕业后(面临着是否继续深造的选择，选择继续上学攻读研究生学位，就意味着在今后三年中放弃参加工作、赚工资和积累社会经验的机会;2、在学习为什么各国之间的贸易不像竞赛一样有赢家和输家呢? 答:因为贸易使各国可以专门从事自己最擅长的话动，并从中享有更多的各种各样的物品与劳务。通过贸易使每个国家可供消费的物质财富增加，经济状况变得更好。因此，各个贸易国之间既是竞争对手，又是经济合作伙伴。在公平的贸易中是“双赢”或者“多赢”的结果。 6(市场巾的那只“看不见的手”在做什么呢， 答:市场中那只“看不见的手”就是商品价格，价格反映商品自身的价值和社会成本，市场中的企业和家庭在作出买卖决策时都要关注价格。因此(他们也会不自觉地考虑自己行为的(社会)收益和成本。从而，这只“看不见的手”指引着干百万个体决策者在大多数情况下使社会福利趋向最大化。 7 解释市场失灵的两个主要原因，并各举出一个例子。 答:市场失灵的主要原因是外部性和市场势力。 外部性是一个人的行为对旁观者棉利的影响。当一个人小完全承担(或享受)他的行为所造成的成本(或收益)时，就会产生外部性。举例:如果一个人不承担他在公共场所吸烟的全部成本，他就会毫无顾忌地吸烟。在这种情况下，政府可以通过制定禁止在公共场所吸烟的规章制度来增加经济福利。

市场势力是指一个人(或一小群人)不适当地影响市场价格的能力。例如:某种商品的垄断生产者由于几乎不受市场竞争的影响，可以向消费者收取过高的垄断价格。在这种情况下，规定垄断者收取的价格有可能提高经济效率。 8(为什么生产率是重要的? 答:因为一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力，而对这种能力的最重要的衡量度就是生产率。生产率越高，一国生产的物品与劳务量就越多。 9什么是通货膨胀，什么引起了通货膨胀? 答:通货膨胀是流通中货币量的增加而造成的货币贬值生活中价格总水平上升。货币量增长引起了通货膨胀。 10(短期中通货膨胀与失业如何相关? 答:短期中通货膨胀与失业之间存在着权衡取台，这是由于某些价格调整缓慢造成的。政府为了抑制通货膨胀会减少流通中的货币量，人们可用于支出的货币数量减少了，但是商品价格在短期描写下列各种情况所面临的权衡取舍: A(一个家庭决定是否买一辆车。 答:如果买新车就要减少家庭其他方面的开支，如:外出旅行，购置新家具;如果不买新车就享受不到驾驶新车外出的方便和舒适。 B国会议员决定对国家公园支出多少。 答:对国家公园的支出数额大，国家公园的条件可以得到改善，环境会得到更好的保护。但同时，政府可用于文通、邮电等其他公共事业的支出就会减少。 C一个公司总裁决定是否开一家新厂。 答:开一家新厂可以扩大企业规模，生产更多的产品。但可能用于企业研发的资金就少了。 这样(企业开发新产品、利用新技术的进度可能会减慢。 D(一个教援决定用多少时间备课。

曼昆经济学原理试题Chapter 09a

Chapter 9 Application: International Trade Test A 1. When the United States engages in international trade with China, a. it is an equal tradeoff so neither country benefits nor loses. b. China reaps economic benefits and the United States loses. c. both China and the United States reap economic benefits. d. China loses and the United States reaps economic benefits. ANSWER: c. both China and the United States reap economic benefits. TYPE: M KEY1: C OBJECTIVE: 1 RANDOM: Y 2. Countries usually impose restrictions on free foreign trade to protect a. domestic consumers. b. foreign consumers. c. foreign producers. d. domestic producers. ANSWER: d. domestic producers. TYPE: M KEY1: D SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 1 RANDOM: Y 3. If a country allows trade and the domestic price of a good is higher than the world price, a. the country will become an importer of the good. b. the country will become an exporter of the good. c. the country will neither export nor import the goo d. d. additional information about demand is needed to determine whether the country will export or import the good. ANSWER: a. the country will become an importer of the good. TYPE: M KEY1: C SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 1 RANDOM: Y 4. A country has a comparative advantage in a product if the world price is a. equal to its domestic price. b. higher than its domestic price. c. lower than its domestic price. d. There is no way to tell by comparing the world price with the domestic pric e. ANSWER: b. higher than its domestic price. TYPE: M KEY1: D SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 1 RANDOM: Y 5. When a country allows trade and becomes an exporter of a good, a. both domestic producers and domestic consumers are better off. b. both domestic producers and domestic consumers are worse off. c. domestic producers are better off, and domestic consumers are worse off. d. domestic producers are worse off, and domestic consumers are better off. ANSWER: c. domestic producers are better off, and domestic consumers are worse off. TYPE: M KEY1: D SECTION: 2 OBJECTIVE: 2 RANDOM: Y