第十七章 关系分句和条件句
第十七章关系分句和条件句（一）
16. I had no idea where in the world _____ her information from.
A. could she have got
B. she could have got
C. if she could have got
D. that she could have got
17._____ is known to the world, Mark Twain is a great American writer.
A. That
B. Which
C. As
D. It
18. If the weather had been more favorable last winter, the crops _____ still better.
A. would grow
B. would have grown
C. would be growing
D. would have been growing
19. We have just installed two air-conditioners in our apartment, _____ should make great differences in our life next summer.
A. which
B. what
C. that
D. they
20. Moreover, in the modern age _____ human beings depend so much on machines, Francis Chichestes had given men throughout the world new pride.
A. when
B. whether
C. more
D. ever
21.Had the United States built more houses for the poor people in 1955, the housing problem now in some parts of the country _____ so serious.
A. wouldn’t be
B. will not have been
C. wouldn’t have been
D. would have not been
22. It wasn’t such a good dinner _____ she had promised us.
A. that
B. which
C. as
D. what
23. The goal _____ he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him.
A. after which
B. for which
C. with which
D. for that
24. He looks as though he never _____ a square meat, but in fact his wife feeds him very well.
A. get
B. gets
C. got
D. does get
25._____ he would admit he was wrong, his friends might be more sympathetic.
A. If only
B. Whether
C. Only if
D. For
26. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of mountain climbing than _____ in the public mind today.
A. exists
B. exist
C. existing
D. to exist
27. It isn’t everybody _____ can learn a foreign language so easily.
A. which
B. whom
C. he
D. /
28.I t might only add to our difficulties if we _____ yet another person’s opinion.
A. ask
B. asked
C. have asked
D. would have asked
29. He is quite worn out from years of hard work. He is not the man _____he was twenty years ago.
A. which
B. that
C. who
D. whom
30. _____ both sides accept the agreement _____ a lasting peace be established in this region.
A. Only if, will
B. If only, would
C. Should, will
D. Unless, would
36.This is the horse that kicked the policeman I saw trying to clear away the crowd who
A B C
had collected to watch the fight two men had started.
D
37.Have you ever been in a situation that you know the other person is right yet you cannot
A B C
agree with him?
D
38.Until you return those books to the library immediately, you will have to pay a fine.
A B C D
39. We’d love to come and see you on Saturday only if I don’t have to work that day.
A B C D
40.He was a man whoall his friends admired and whowon the respect even of his enemies.
A B C D III．Transform the sentence structure as required.
41.The rocket didn’t go into orbit, so it didn’t mark a step forward in space research. (Write a conditional of Type IV based on the given fact.)题目要求不明确
42.The Southern States rebelled and set up a state of their own so that they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.(Transform the sentence into one containing a relative clause.)
43.He was clever and quick at his work. As a result he was honored with the title of model worker.(Transform the pair into one containing a relative clause.)
44. He didn’t give me his number, s o I couldn’t telephone him. (Write a conditional of Type IV based on the given fact.) 题目要求不明确
45.Tom came to the party in patched jeans. This surprised the other guests. Most of the other guests were wearing evening dress.(Combine the group of sentences into one containing a relative clause .)
46.He paid me $1 for washing the windows. Most of them hadn’t been washed for at least a year.(Combine the pair into one containing a relative clause.)
47. The science of medicine is perhaps the most important of all the sciences. It’s progress has been very rapid recently. (Combine the pair into one containing a relative clause)
48. I was unable to take better pictures because I didn’t have a better camera.(Rewrite the sentence by using conditional Type III.) 题目要求不明确
49. But he would have to be careful not to offend Crass, the foreman, for Crass give him the sack at any moment.题目有误
50. It is now a quarter to four. If he is not here by 4o’clock, we … . ( Complete the sentence to make real conditional)
【参考答案与解析】
I. Multiple choices.
1.【A】这是一个表示客观事实的真实条件句，在这种条件句中，if的意义接近于whenever. 主从句的动词搭配为：主句为一般将来时时，从句为一般现在时。要强调使某事得以实现的必要条件，可用only if，但要注意，若only if 置于句首，主句的主谓要倒装。
2.【D】关系代词引导的关系分句用来修饰staff.
3.【C】to which she was sitting 是一个“介词+关系代词”引导的非限定关系分句，又如：Geoffrey always considered that the bed was a good place in which to read his legal briefs(诉讼简报)。
4.【C】whatever 和whichever 都是代词，意义不同：whatever 用在句子中做宾语，受其后的关系分句修饰，表示“凡是…..的（东西），所有”，例如：I will do whatever you wish. 我愿做一切你希望的。whichever 用在句子中作宾语，受其后的关系分句修饰，表示“……中任何一个”根据句意whichever 为正确的选项。又如：I said he might have whichever he liked. 我说过他可以拥有任何他所喜爱的。5．【B】for which they were trained是“介词+关系代词”引导的关系分句，介词for与动词train构成“为……而培养”的意思。
6．【B】这是一个真实条件句，表示过去习惯动作的条件句，从句和主句的谓语动词都用一般过去时。
7．【A】当if引导非真实条件句表示一种虚拟语气时，if可以省略，从而引起条件句的主谓语倒装。
8.【A】关系代词which用来引导一个非限制性关系分句，修饰的是前面整个句子。
9 【C】本题是考查考生对虚拟语气的掌握情况。本句话是对过去发生情况的虚拟假设，因此由if 引导的非真实条件句应实用hadn’t been.
10.【B】在it is time / about time /. high time 后的that 从句中谓语动词要用一般过去式，表示假设意义。
11.【B】would rather 和would sooner后跟宾语从句，该从句的主语和主句的主语不是同一个人时，从句中使用过去时或过去完成时分别表示对现在或一般过去的虚拟。
12.【A】由unless 引导的条件状语分句既可以是真实条件，也可以是非真实条件。作为真实条件分句，unless 通常相当于if…not. 例如：We won’t be able to reach the top of the mountain unless the weather changes.(= if the weather doesn’t change)根据句意选择unless 是正确的。
13.【B】当all, any, anything, everything, a few, the only one, the one 等做关系分句的先行词时，或当关系分句的先行项被最高级或序数词修饰时，一般用that 而不用which引导关系分句。
14．【D】whose 引导关系分句时，在从句中作定语用来修饰名词或者名词性短语。Whose引导的关系分句既可以修饰物也可以修饰人。
15.【B】这是一个真实条件句的省略形式，if left untreated= if it is left untreated.
16.【A】含有否定意义的词在句首或是位于句首的主句中，其后的分句要倒装。
17.【C】关系代词as 可引导非限制性关系分句，这时，as 指代整个句子。既可
以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后。
18【C】这是一个错综时间条件句。有时，条件句中的动词和主句动作发生的时间不一致。这是需要根据意思采用表示不同时间的动词形式来进行调整。
19.【A】which在这个句子中引导的是非限定性关系分句，修饰前面整个句子。what 和that都不能用来引导非限定性关系分句。
20.【A】when做关系副词引导关系分句，修饰表示时间的先行词
21.【A】虚拟条件句和主句有时有时态交叉现象，称为错综时间条件句。考生在答题时要尤其注意这种题目。
22.【C】在“such + n. + as” 或“such as +…” 或“the same +… + as”或“as +adj. +a/an + n. + as”结构中，as作关系代词，引导关系分句，as 在关系分句句中可以做主语、宾语或表语。
23.【B】这是一个由介词+关系代词引导的限制性关系分句。关系代词作从句中介词的宾语，这种情况下关系代词只能用which。
24.【C】动词的过去时形式用于as if或as though引导的虚拟从句中表示假设意义。
25【A】这是type III 条件句的变体，从句中用would + 不定式，表示不大可能实现的意愿，例如：If you’d cook the dinner, I’d do the washing up afterwa rds. if only 是一个习语，其意思是：但愿，例如：If only the weather were fine! 但愿天气能好一些！If only he would stop talking! 但愿他停止讲话！
26.【A】此句中的than 是关系代词，相当于引导一个关系分句，因此本句空格处应实用限定动词形式，又因为这句话的逻辑主语是不可数名词anxiety, 所以答案为exists.
27.【D】考查的是关系分词的省略问题。当关系代词在分句中作主语时，只有当主句是由it is, that is, there is引导的场合才能省略。
28.【B】这是type III 非真实条件句的基本形式。其结构式：if条件句中的动词用一般过去式，主句动词用would, could, might, etc +不定式。
29.【B】关系代词that引导的关系分句修饰先行词the man。the man在这里表示“这样的人”的意思，指一类人属性或特点，因此关系代词不能用who。
30.【A】由only if引导的句子属于虚拟条件句，表示“只有……才”的意思，如放在句首主谓要倒装；而if only 表示“只要，要是……多好”。
II. Identify the one underlined part that is wrong.
31.【A】A部分应改为：Were you be surprised。这是一个错综时间条件句，条件从句表示的动作与过去事实相反，而主句表示的动作与现在事实相反，动词的形式要根据表示的时间来调整。
32.【C】C部分应改为：whom。whom为关系代词引导关系从句，在从句中作宾语。
33.【A】A项应该改为treated。这是一个省略主语和助动词的条件句，采用非限定动词词组-ed分词的否定形式，完整句应为：If (Jack is) not treated …。
34. 【C】将which改为when即可。学习非限制性关系分句时要注意一般规律和特殊规律的区别。which 用于引导非限制性关系分句这是一般规律，但也有用where和when 引导非限制性关系分句，对主句作补充说明。
35.【A】将with who 改为with whom即可。关系代词作介词宾语，不论在限制
性关系分句或非限制性关系分句中，当介词前置时，只能用whom 指人，which 指物，不可用who 或that。
36.【C】C部分应该改为that。先行项是crowd指的是“一群人”而不指具体的某一个人。这是一个嵌入式关系分句，嵌入式关系分句指的是它既是先行项的后置修饰语，同时又是另一分句结构的宾语。
37.【B】B部分应改为where。关系副词where在此句中引导关系分句修饰situation, 相当于in which.
38.【A】将until 改为unless 。unless 作连词引导条件句，相当于if not, 意为“除非……; 如果不……, 就会……”。
39.【C】if 引导一个条件状语从句。
40.【A】A项应该改为whom, whom在关系分句中作宾语。这是一个双重关系分句，双重关系分句指的是一个先行向后跟着两个关系分句。
III. Transform the sentence structure as required.
41. If the rocket had gone into orbit, it would marked a step forward in space research.
42.The Southern States rebelled and set up a state of their own, where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves.
43. He was clever and quick at his work, for which he was honored with the title of model worker.
44. If he had given me his number, I could have telephoned him.
45. Tom came to the party in patched jeans, which surprised the other guests, most of whom were wearing evening dress.
46. He paid me $1 for washing the windows, most of which hadn’t been washed for at least a year.
47. The science of medicine, in which progress has been very rapid recently, is perhaps the most important of all the sciences.
48. If I had a better camera, I would be able to take better pictures.
49. But he would have to be careful not to offend Crass, the foreman, who could give him the sack at any moment.
50. It is now a quarter to four. If he is not here by 4 o’clock we will go without him.
第十八章关系分句和条件句（二）
I．Multiple choices.
Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section, each of which is supplied with four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You are to choose the one answer that best complete the sentence.
1. I _____ the party much more if there hadn’t been quite such a crowd of people there.
A. would enjoy
B. will have enjoyed
C. would have enjoyed
D. will be enjoying
2. She remembered several occasions in the past _____ she had experienced a similar feeling.
A. while
B. before
C. that
D. when
3. She has an adopted child _____ she says was an orphan.
A. whom
B. who
C. which
D. whose
4. One result of this emphasis on a college education is that many people go to college _____ .
A. that do not belong there
B. which do not belong there
C. who do not belong there
D. as do not belong there
5. He had stomach pains the cause _____ was unknown.
A. that
B. of which
C. which
D. from which
6. The cat has started to sleep with the dog _____ belongs to the woman that the man wants to marry.
A. who
B. that
C. whose
D. whom
7. Thousands, _____ were from the surrounding towns, came to watch the performance.
A. of those many
B. many of those
C. of them many
D. many of whom
8. The company has developed a new laptop computer _____ will make it attractive to students.
A. such low cost
B. so low cost
C. whose low cost
D. the same low cost
9. This may have preserved the elephant from being wiped out as well as other animals _____ in Africa.
A. hunted
B. hunting
C. that hunted
D. are hunted
10. The physicist has made a discovery, _____ of great importance to the progress of science and technology.
A. I think which is
B. that I think is
C. which I think is
D. which I think it is
11. Peter shared a flat with a boy who was a philosophy student and _____ wanted to sit up half the night discussing philosophy.
A. whom
B. who
C. he
D. which
12. There are five flights going to Chicago every day. I don’t care which one we take. We can take _____ fits in to your schedule.
A. whichever one
B. what one
C. the same one
D. such one
13. _____ more closely, they would have found what they needed.
A. Searched had they
B. Searched they had
C. They had searched
D. Had they searched
14. He then became involved in a row with the party chairman, _____ he accused of lying.
A. that
B. as
C. when
D. whom
15. I wanted to talk about the problems in my class and in the office generally _____ really bother me.
A. who
B. as
C. whom
D. which
16. He returned with tobacco, matches, and _____ were needed.
A. those provisions as
B. the same provisions as
C. such provisions as
D. those provisions such
17. I only wish I _____ him, but I’m sure I heard him correctly.
A. have misunderstood
B. had misunderstood
C. misunderstood
D. misunderstand
18. I think they were part of a teenage gang _____ just wanted to cause trouble.
A. who
B. whom
C. which
D. whose
19. In his spare time he read _____ he could get hold of.
A. what few books
B. which few books
C. such few books
D. as few books
20. Is she the one with the husband _____ never helps her at all?
A. whom
B. as
C. that
D. which II．Identify the one underlined part that is wrong.
21. The manager gave interviews to a few candidates, from amongwho he wanted to choose one.
A B C D
22. Whatwould you do about the problem if you are in his shoes?
A B C D
23. Which is announced in today’s news paper, there will be a powerful typhoon in the next
A B C D
few days.
24. We have just installed two air-conditioners in our apartment, thatshould make great
A B C
differences in our life next summer.
D
25. I had never touched the books, most of themwerein German.
A B C D
26. If we had been more careful, we would have got much better result now.
A B C D
27. British shipyards are now quoting prices as compare favorablywith foreign competitors.
A B C D
28. The person who left this bag, which must be very careful, will probably come back for it.
A B C D
29. The manufactures stopped marketing the drug, thatwas foundto have serious side effects.
A B C D
30. The Tower of London, which so many people lost their lives, is now a tourist attraction.
A B C D
III. Read through the following text, underlining and numbering each relative clause. Then, in the space provided, write “R” for restrictive and “NR” for the non-restrictive relative clause.
I have a friend who was born in China, which always surprises people, because he doesn’t look Chinese at all. His mother, who was English, and his father, whom he never met, were both working in China just before the war.
There were many foreigners who couldn’t leave the country, most of which was suddenly in chaos when war broke out. There was nothing his mother could do. She eventually had a healthy body, which was a miracle in the circumstances, but the father, who had gone on a field trip, was never seen again. Mother and baby managed to survive with the help of some people who risked their lives in those terrible times.
31. _________ 32. ________ 33. ________ 34. ________ 35. ________
36. _________ 37. ________ 38. ________ 39. ________ 40. ________
IV. Transform the sentence structure as required.
41. They tie up parcels with string. This is so weak that the parcel usually comes to pieces before you get it home. (Combine the pair into one sentence containing a relative clause.)
42.During the last vacation, I visited many areas of the United States. I had never seen these areas before. (Combine the pair into one sentence containing a relative clause.)
43.The speaker posed four highly important questions. The answers to these questions proved very illuminating.(Join the pair of sentences by changing the second one into non-definite relative clause.)
44.Most teenagers who claim that they want to do what they like are in fact doing the same things.(Rewrite the sentence and omit the words that are likely to be omitted.) 45.He lost two games early in the tournament. Despite this, however, he managed to carry off the championship.(Join the pair of sentences by changing the second sentence into a non-definite relative clause.)
46.The whole family wants to immigrate to a country in which there is more scope for individual enterprise.(Replace the words used to introduce the relative clause by when, where, or why.)
47. He asked me to explain to him the art of writing poetry, but it cannot be taught. ( Transform the sentence into one containing a relative clause.)
48.In some area of Britain, unemployment is a fact of life. People have grown accustomed to facing this fact.(Combine the pair into one sentence containing a relative clause.)
49. The scientists who are researching the causes of cancer are making progress.(Rewrite the sentence and omit any words that are likely to be omitted.)
50. She said that the men were thieves. This turned out to be true. (Combine the pair into one sentence containing a relative clause.)
【参考答案与解析】
I. Multiple choices.
1.【C】这是一个条件句，表示与事实相反的事情，所以采用真是条件句would have done + had done的形式。
2.【D】此题考查考生对关系分句的认识情况。先行词occasion在主句中作宾语，关系副词when在此句中引导关系分句，而不是时间状语从句。
3.【B】这是一个嵌入式关系分句。嵌入式关系分句指一个关系分句，它既是先行项的后置修饰语，同时又是另一分句结构的宾语。
4.【C】本句中由that引导的是表语从句，表语从句中包含了一个关系分句，其先行项为people, 因此，C向为正确的选项。
5.【B】of which是一个由“介词+关系代词”引导的关系分句。介词of由the cause of stomach pains而来。
6.【B】这个句子有两个关系分句，that belongs to the woman为第一个关系分句，修饰the dog，第二个关系分句是that the man wants to marry修饰the woman 。
7.【D】在非限制性关系分句中all, both, each, enough, few, half, little, many, most, neither none, several, some 等常可与of whom 或of which 连用。
8.【C】由关系代词whose引导的关系分句修饰表示事物的名词短语a new laptop computer 。
9.【A】此句中的other animals 和elephant是并列关系，hunted in Africa 做other animals的后置修饰语。
10.【C】选择项C部分的内容是一个非限制性关系分句，修饰名词discovery, 引导非限制性关系分句的引导词用which 而不用that。
11.【B】这是一个双重关系分句。双重关系分句指的是一个先行项之后有两个关系分句的句子。
12.【A】whichever是关系代词which的扩展形式，其在关系分句中的用法与which 同。
13.【D】这是一个省略引导词if的条件句。当条件句省略if时，其主谓要倒装。
14.【D】whom用来引导关系分句，修饰the party chairman。关系代词whom 在关系分句中作动词短语accused of 的宾语。
15.【D】当先行项与关系分句之间存在一个或更多的状语短语时，关系代词的选择会产生一些混乱，在选择关系代词前要确定先行项。
16.【C】当名词与such连用的时候，常可跟一个由as引导的关系分句，这里as 的作用就像who或which。
17.【B】动词wish后加关系分句可以表达一种愿望，希望事情不是实际存在的那样，从句中的that常可省略。
18.【C】关系分句的先行项是part of a teenage gang。名词短语part of the crowd, a small group 等表示人群的先行项可以用关系代词which来指代。
19.【A】由what 引导的名词性关系分句是一种特别的分句，它像名词从句，但又不是间接问句。它与一般的关系分句也不一样，前面没有先行项。它包含了名次和关系代词两重意思，相当于the things which 或something that。
20.【C】关系代词that在现代英语中常常用来指人，尤其是在非强调的情况下。II. Identify the one underlined part that is wrong.
21.【C】非限制性关系分句的引导词from among whom中的from among为一双词介词，whom为宾语。关系分句from among whom he wanted to choose one相当于because he wanted to choose one。
22.【D】D项改为were即可。这是一个第三种类型条件句的基本形式，其结构为：条件从句simple past + 主句would do 。
23.【A】as用于引导非限制性关系分句时，其先行词通常是整个句子，用来指它前面或后面的主句所表达的意思。As从句的位置很灵活，可以出现在句首、句中或句末，与主句之间用逗号隔开。
24.【B】that 改为which 即可。which在这里引导的是非限制性关系分句，修饰整个句子，前面用逗号与主句隔开。
25.【B】most of them改为most of which即可。在非限制性关系分句中，不定代词all, both, each, enough, few, half, little, many, most, neither, none, several, some等常可与of which 或of whom 连用。
26.【C】C项改为would be getting即可。这里要考察考生对条件句与主语的时体交叉现象的认识。
27.【B】将as改为which或that均可。
28.【B】非限制性关系分句的引导词改为who即可。当一个先行项受两个关系分句修饰时，限制性关系分句紧跟着先行项，然后才是非限制性关系分句。
29.【B】将that 改为which即可。That不能引导非限制性关系分句。
30.【A】A项改为where即可。在表示时间、地点和原因的限制性和非限制性系分句中，可以用when, where和why来代替“介词+关系代词”引导的关系分句。本句中的where既代表in which。
III. Read the following text, underlining and numbering each relative clause. Then, in the space provided, write “R” for restrictive and “NR” for non-restrictive types.
31.【R】who was born in China
32.【NR】which always surprises people
33.【NR】who was English
34.【NR】whom he never met
35【R】who couldn’t leave the country
36.【R】most of which suddenly in chaos
37.【R】his mother could do
38.【NR】which was miracle in the circumstances
39.【NR】who had gone on a field trip
40.【R】who risked their lives in those terrible times
IV. Transform the sentence structure as required.
41. The string (which / that) they tie up parcels with / The string with which they tie up parcels is so weak that the parcel usually comes to pieces before you get it home.
42. During the last vacation, I visited many areas of the United States I had never seen before.
43. The speaker posed four highly important questions, the answers to which proved very illuminating.
44.Most teenagers claiming that they want to do what they like are in fact doing the same things.
45.He lost two games early in the tournament, despite which, however, he managed to carry off the championship.
46. The whole family wants to immigrate to a country where there is more scope for individual enterprise.
47. He asked me to explain to him the art of writing poetry, which cannot be taught.
48. In some area of Britain, unemployment is a fact of life people have grown accustomed to facing.
49.The scientists researching the causes of cancer are making progress.
50. She said that these men were thieves, which turned out to be true.
第十七章 关系分句和条件句
第十七章关系分句和条件句（一） 16. I had no idea where in the world _____ her information from. A. could she have got B. she could have got C. if she could have got D. that she could have got 17._____ is known to the world, Mark Twain is a great American writer. A. That B. Which C. As D. It 18. If the weather had been more favorable last winter, the crops _____ still better. A. would grow B. would have grown C. would be growing D. would have been growing 19. We have just installed two air-conditioners in our apartment, _____ should make great differences in our life next summer. A. which B. what C. that D. they 20. Moreover, in the modern age _____ human beings depend so much on machines, Francis Chichestes had given men throughout the world new pride. A. when B. whether C. more D. ever 21.Had the United States built more houses for the poor people in 1955, the housing problem now in some parts of the country _____ so serious. A. wouldn’t be B. will not have been C. wouldn’t have been D. would have not been 22. It wasn’t such a good dinner _____ she had promised us. A. that B. which C. as D. what 23. The goal _____ he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him. A. after which B. for which C. with which D. for that 24. He looks as though he never _____ a square meat, but in fact his wife feeds him very well. A. get B. gets C. got D. does get 25._____ he would admit he was wrong, his friends might be more sympathetic. A. If only B. Whether C. Only if D. For 26. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of mountain climbing than _____ in the public mind today. A. exists B. exist C. existing D. to exist 27. It isn’t everybody _____ can learn a foreign language so easily. A. which B. whom C. he D. / 28.I t might only add to our difficulties if we _____ yet another person’s opinion. A. ask B. asked C. have asked D. would have asked 29. He is quite worn out from years of hard work. He is not the man _____he was twenty years ago. A. which B. that C. who D. whom 30. _____ both sides accept the agreement _____ a lasting peace be established in this region. A. Only if, will B. If only, would C. Should, will D. Unless, would
第33课《我下了班就去看房子了》教案
第33课《我下了班就 去看房子了》教案 -CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN
第33课《我下了班就去看房子了》教案 ——《汉语教程》 授课时间：100分钟 授课者：Andrew 本课重点：“才”、“就”作为副词，在动词前做状语的常见用法 以关联词语“虽然”、“但是”引导的转折关系的复句 教学环节： 开场白（2分钟）——集中学生的注意力 复习（18分钟）三十三课课文的第一部分（一）我想再看看房子 （1）让学生介绍一下自己的宿舍复习生词：套、房子、客厅、卧室、卫生间、厨房 （2）用“要是就”造句 （3）听写：第一部分的关键句如：要是决定了，就给我来个电话 第二部分的生词才、就、周围、环境、一条河、交通方便、车站旁边、附近、体育馆 处理生词（30分钟）（就着听写来处理，其中兼顾汉字教学） 1．才、就（板书） 才和就作为副词放在动词前面做状语的主要用法 才：表示事情发生得晚或结束得晚就：表示事情发生的早或结束得早 （1）老师讲了十遍，他才懂。（1）老师只讲了一遍，他就懂了。 （2）从北京坐火车十三个小时（2）从北京坐飞机三个小时 才能到上海。就能到上海。 （3）他早上十点才起床。（3）我早上六点就起床了。 才和就放在动词前面做状语的另一些情况： 才：表示事情刚刚发生之意 她才来了半年就已经说得不错了。才到家。 就：表示事情在短时间内发生，事情很容易或进行得顺利 她来中国以前就学汉语了。飞机一小时前就到了。 2．周围名词离人或事物较近的地区 朴善培的周围都是他的同学。 学校周围有许多饭店。 3．环境名词：周围的情况和条件这里的环境不错。西郊宾馆的环境很好。4．条量词用于细长的东西一条河一条鱼两条腿一条线 （形状细长的东西面条枝条） 5．河名词river 6. 交通名词 7．方便形容词交通方便：不堵车离车站、不用转车 （动词：方便群众；另一意：合适） 8．车站名词：等车的地方
分句的解释及造句
分句的解释及造句 导读：分句拼音 【注音】：fenju 分句解释 【意思】：语法上指复句里划分出来的相当于单句的部分。分句和分句之间一般有停顿，在书面上用逗号或者分号表示。分句和分句在意义上有一定的联系，常用一些关联词语（连词、有关联作用的副词或词组）来连接，如：天睛了，雪也化了。参看〖复句。 分句造句 1、这两个分句由一个逗号分开。 2、通常，相关的句子、分句是夹杂于论坛的长帖子、博客、一叠叠无限制问卷的答复。 3、即使分句之间已经用了连词来连接，只要第一个子句里已经有了一个或多个逗号，也可以使用分号来连接两个中间已经加了连词的两个完整子句。 4、例如，挥手再见，乐曲分句，婴儿的一阵啼哭和其他所有的姿势都持续大概3秒钟。 5、这里像是一个前后分句的结构，配上和弦。 6、专家们表示，用计算机分句、翻译并重新组成句子，这极为困难。 7、如果两个或者更多的分句在语法上已经完整，但是没有使用连词来构成一个复合句，恰当的标点符号应该是分号。
8、简单句是含有一个分句的句子，以作主语的名词词组开头。 9、代词和先行词之间相隔的分句数而不是字数在一定程度上也影响代词加工。 10、言内行为是说出词、短语和分句的行为，它是通过句法、词汇和音位来表达字面意义的行为。 11、这两个分句由一个连词连在一起。 12、什么是短语？什么是分句？ 13、句子可以分成分句，分句能分成短语。 14、名词与名词词组、名词词组与名词分句之间的结构联系是分别通过扩展和紧缩这两种对立的方式实现的。 15、在英语语法著作中，都有专门的章节阐述所谓的复合句、包括从属分句和领句。 16、独立分句：拥有独立的主语和谓语，句中没有其他成分仍然是一个完整的句子。 17、第一节考察儿童语言中各类复句及其次类出现的时间、频率以及分句间的逻辑关系； 18、复杂句中的主句（独立分句）至少应有一个主语和动词。 19、在以上研究的基础上，文章结合一些英语中的实例，对转述分句的语义及语用功能进行了具体分类和描述。 20、复句中的分句间和句群中的句子间，在结构关系上总的讲是一致的。 21、这几天她将把巴赫的赋格曲分成旋律分句。
分句与合句法
分句法、合句法 英汉两中语言在句法结构存在很大差异。英语重形合，连接词较为发达，句子结构层层包孕，叠床架屋，句子在空间上呈大树型结构，长句较多；汉语重意合，句子与句子之间缺乏必要的连接词，积词成句，积句成章，流水句较多，呈线型排列，一句接一句，短句较多，句子结构呈竹竿型分布。针对英汉句子结构的不同特征，在翻译时要根据各自的语言习惯作响应的转换，以确保译文通顺流畅。 在进行英汉翻译时，有时我们可以把原文的整个句子结构保存下来或稍加些许改动即可。但在多数情况下，需对原句子作较大的改动以符合目的语的表达习惯。分句法和合句法就是改变句子结构的两种重要的方法。 所谓分句法是指把原文的一个简单句译成两个或两个以上的句子。 所谓合句法是指把原文两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句在译文中用一个简单句来表达。
一、分句法 （—）副词的分译 1）The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements. --中国人似乎为他们经济建设上取得的巨大成就感到自豪，这是合乎情理的。 2）Jerry quickly ordered everyone to put on life jackets, and tried unsuccessfully to put out the fire. --杰里立即叫大家穿上救生衣，并且奋力灭火，但却无济于事。 They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all. (adv.） 他们根本没有答复，这是不足为奇的。 She wished she were at Kangding. Ordinarily, she would have been here two hours ago. ( adv.) 她真愿意那时已在康定。要是在平常的日子里，她早已到康定三个小时了。 Characteristically, Mr. Smith concealed his feelings and watched and learned. 史密斯先生没有表露自己的感情，只是察言观色，心领神会，这是他的特点。
从疑问句到关系分句
从疑问句到关系分句 1. _____ with prices keeping on rising. A. Unrest will be prevailing B. Unrest will be prevailed C. There will be widespread unrest D. Unrest will be widely spread out 2. _____ one thing and another, they haven’t made up their mind yet. A. With B. What for C. What with D. But what 3. There _____ no love lost between the couple. A. expects to be B. seems to be C. be D. had expected to be 4. The son wanted to take _____ put his parents to the trouble of fetching more. A. less money to B. less money than C. less money rather D. less money rather than 5. _____ to be much chance of his research group making breakthrough in the field. A. This doesn’t seem B. That doesn’t seem C. It doesn’t seem D. There doesn’t seem 6. It is of no use _____ with him. A. to argue B. argue C. arguing D. to have argued 7. Do you have anything _____? A. with which to treat our guests B. to treat our guests with it C. which to treat our guests with D. treating our guests 8. John being an experienced driver, _____ to cover the distance as it did me. A. it took him as long as half B. he took long as half C. he took half as long D. it took him half as long 9. There is _____ in persuading him when he turns a deaf ear to you. A. of no use B. without any use C. of no good D. not much point 10. The plane crashed in mid-air _____ no one came out alive. A. and so that B. and therefore C. but D. because 11. John Joseph Pershing _____ in 1919, the first highest rank held by any American citizen except George Washington. A. to be a full general B. he made a full general C. was made a full general D. was being made a full general 12. “You are booked on a four o’clock flight.”“What chance _____ of taking an earlier plane?” A. is there B. there is C. it is D. is it 13. During a hurricane, _____ to keep the air pressure equalized. A. partially opening some windows B. some windows should open partially C. it partially opens some windows D. there should be some windows partially opened 14. Traditionally, _____ in New England on Thanksgiving Day. A. when served is sweet cider B. when sweet cider is served C. is served sweet cider D. sweet cider is served
关系分句
关系分句——定语从句 简介:关系分句即定语从句,就是由关系词引导的分句结构。这种分句的主要功能就是作名词修饰语(即定语)。 依据定语从句与先行项的语义关系:1、限制性定语从句 2、非限制性定语从句 热身体验: 1、限制性定语从句:缺少定语,作为先行项的名词便不能明确表示其所指对象。 例如: He is the boy who damaged the vase、 2、非限制性定语从句:省略定语,先行项所指意义不受影响。 例如:My cousin, who is an engineer, went to Europe last week、 限制性定语从句 1、限制性定语从句在口语中前后没有停顿,在书写中通常不用逗号。例如 The man who did the robbery has been caught、 The chair (which) i sat was a broken one、 Can you show me the house where Shakespeare once lived? The reason why i was alone in the mountains is that i had a difficulty with my guide、 2、限制性定语从句通常出现在下列搭配中: 2、1、当名词中心词带有表示类别的不定冠词时,其后的定语从句通常为限制性定语从句。 She was a woman who must be treated decently、 He spoke to me in a tone which i don’t at all like、 2、2、当名词中心词带有前照应定冠词时,其后的定语从句也必定就是限制性的。例如: He is the man who told me the news This is the car i bought last year、 2、3、当名词中心词带有all, any, some, every, no 等不定限定词时,其后的定语从句也通常就是限定性的。例如: The first flame from Rainbarrow sprang into the sky, attracting all eyes that had been fixed on the distant conflagration、 Any man who smokes cigarettes is, the doctors say, risking his health、 Some friends that i made in colleges were more interested in grades than in learning、 He has read almost every book on linguistics that he could get hold of in the library、 No visitors who come to Beijing would fail to see the Great Wall、 非限定性定语从句 1、这种定语从句在口语中有停顿,在书写中常用逗号隔开。引导词通常就是who,
关系分句
关系分句（Relative Clause） 关系分句也叫定语从句（attributive clause） 限制性关系分句于非限制性分句： 限制性分句与先行词是不可分割的。缺了它，句子的表述就不完整。 Stone is one of the teachers (who) I like most. 非限制性关系分句与先行词的关系比较松散，没了，句子也完整。 Stone’s speech, which bored everyone, went on and on, he ignoring our protest. 一般来说，当先行词带有表示类别的不定冠词，定冠词或all, any, some, every, no等限定词的时候，其后的关系分句是限定性的。 She was a woman who must be treated decently. He is the man who told me the news. Anyone who knows the answer please raise your hands. 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词或指示代词所修饰时，后面的关系分句是非限定的（P420）。My cousin, who is an engineer, went to Europe last week. Stone, who is my grammar teacher, is a very perverted/obscene man. 但是也有定冠词the修饰先行词，后面用限制性关系分句的。 The Chairman, who spoke first, sat on my right. 另外一点，非限制性关系分句还可以修饰整个句子，把前面的主句作为先行词。 Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 除了which外，as也能引导非限制关系分句，区别（P421 讨论） 关系词的选择： 1. 用that不用which的情况 1) 先行词既指人又指物，后面用that不用who。例如： They are talking about the people and countries that they had visited. 2) 在限制性定语从句中有形容词最高级的先行词后面： He is the best student that I have ever met. 3) 在以“It is...”,“It was...”等开头的强调句中，和相应的疑问句中： What is it that he wants? 4) 在only,, the first, the last, all, everything, someting, little, much, the one和否定意义的词nothing, little, none等的后面： This is all that I know. There is no person that is always in the right. 5) 避免重复，当主句中已有疑问词who或which时，要用关系代词that： Which is the bike that you lost? 用which不用that的情况 1) 介词后面不用that，物用which，人用whom（非正式可用who）
第33课《我下了班就去看房子了》教案
第33课《我下了班就去看房子了》教案 ——《汉语教程》 授课时间：100分钟 授课者：Andrew 本课重点：“才”、“就”作为副词，在动词前做状语的常见用法 以关联词语“虽然”、“但是”引导的转折关系的复句 教学环节： ?开场白（2分钟）——集中学生的注意力 ?复习（18分钟）三十三课课文的第一部分（一）我想再看看房子 （1）让学生介绍一下自己的宿舍复习生词：套、房子、客厅、卧室、卫生间、厨房 （2）用“要是就”造句 （3）听写：第一部分的关键句如：要是决定了，就给我来个电话 第二部分的生词才、就、周围、环境、一条河、交通方便、车站旁边、附近、体育馆 ?处理生词（30分钟）（就着听写来处理，其中兼顾汉字教学） 1．才、就（板书） 才和就作为副词放在动词前面做状语的主要用法 才：表示事情发生得晚或结束得晚就：表示事情发生的早或结束得早 （1）老师讲了十遍，他才懂。（1）老师只讲了一遍，他就懂了。 （2）从北京坐火车十三个小时（2）从北京坐飞机三个小时 才能到上海。就能到上海。 （3）他早上十点才起床。（3）我早上六点就起床了。 才和就放在动词前面做状语的另一些情况： 才：表示事情刚刚发生之意 她才来了半年就已经说得不错了。才到家。 就：表示事情在短时间内发生，事情很容易或进行得顺利 她来中国以前就学汉语了。飞机一小时前就到了。 2．周围名词离人或事物较近的地区 朴善培的周围都是他的同学。 学校周围有许多饭店。 3．环境名词：周围的情况和条件这里的环境不错。西郊宾馆的环境很好。4．条量词用于细长的东西一条河一条鱼两条腿一条线 （形状细长的东西面条枝条） 5．河名词river 6. 交通名词 7．方便形容词交通方便：不堵车离车站、不用转车 （动词：方便群众；另一意：合适） 8．车站名词：等车的地方
复句关系划分及答案精编版
一：什么是复句？ 复句由两个或两上以上有一定意义关系，在结构上互不作句子成分的单句组成的句子称为复句，其中组成复句的单句叫分句。 说明：复句并不是几个单句简单的组合，这些单句间应有一定的逻辑关系，并互不作句子成分。复句的构成可以根据句中的关联词语来分析，若无关联词语，则需从分句间的内在逻辑上入手来进行分析。 二：复句基本类型 根据分句之间不同的语义和逻辑关系的不同，我们可以把复句分成以下八种类型： ⒈并列关系的复句。它的各个分句表示几个意义相关的情况，或者是一件事情的几个方面，它们之间没有主次之分都是并列地组合在一起。如：我们一边走，一边高兴地谈笑着。 ⒉承接关系的复句。它的各个分句表示几个连续的动作，或者是先后发生的几种情况，它们之间是前后相接的。如：电光闪闪，雷声隆隆，一会儿下起了瓢泼大雨。 ⒊选择关系的复句。它的各个分句表示事物存在着多种可能的情况，其中至少有一种情况存在，或者需要选择或取舍。 如：星期天，我们是去郊游呢，还是去图书馆？ ⒋递进关系的复句，它的各个分句在意义上程度一个比一个深。如：美不美不光在外表，还看能不能为人们做事。 ⒌转折关系的复句，它的两个分句表示两个事物或者一个事物的两个方面，它们在意义上是相对或相反的，如：虽然他个儿长得矮小，但是力气可大着呢！ ⒍因果关系的复句，它的两个分句这间存在着因果关系，有时前一分句说因，后一分句说果；有时前一分句说根据，后一分句说结论。 如：困为雷锋叔叔为人民做许多好事，所以人民永远怀念他。 ⒎假设关系的复句，它的各个分句表示假设因果关系。前一分句提出一个假设的原因或情况，后一分句说由于这个假设或原因所产生的结果。如：要是你能刻苦学习，成绩就会提高。 ⒏条件关系的复句，它的各个分句表示条件因果关系。前一部分提出一个条件， 后一部分说明在这个条件下产生的结果。如：只要功夫深，铁杵磨成针。无论困难多大，他都能克服。 三：多重复句及分析 多重复句是指分句之间的关系在两个层次以上的复句。 分析多重复句的层次和关系，可采用“划线法”用“｜”划出第一层，并注明关系；用“｜｜”划出第二层，并注明关系；以此类推。 分析多面复句的步骤： 第一步要统观全局，从总体上分析，找出全句第一层的有关分句。弄清分句之间的关系； 第二步再对第一层次的各个分句作分析，看它们是不是复句、如果是复句，再找出这些分句构成这个复句的分句，弄清它们之间的关系，这便是第二层次； 以此类推，直到分析到所有的分句都是单句为止。 分析多重复句，要一看分号，二看关联词语，三看逻辑关系。有分号，就在分号那划一层。如果一个复句没有关联词语，那就看分句之间的逻辑关系。 例如：有一些人怀念他们的过去，（转折）但是过去的东西永远不会再来（因果）因此他们感到将来的渺茫。（因果）从不把希望寄托在将来。（陶铸《崇高的理想》） 句群是由句子组合而成的。它是汉语里最大的级语言使用单位。组成句群的句子在语义上前后衔接连贯，从几个方面共同说明一个中心语义。句群中句与句之间的组合方式基本和复句相同。 四：巩固训练 分析下列二重复句，并指明分句间的关系：
(完整版)复句关系整理版
复句关系 【学习要点】 掌握常见复句（并列、选择、递进、转折、因果、假设、条件）的基本结构，正确理解关联词语。 【学法指导】 关联词语是复句的一个重要标志。正确理解和使用关联词语有助于我们正确理解和表达分句的逻辑关系。 根据分句之间不同的逻辑事理关系，可以把复句分为并列、选择、递进、转折、因果、假设、条件等类型。1．并列复句：由两个或两个以上的分句并列组合而成，叙述相关的几件事情，或说明相关的几种情况，分句之间没有主次之分，常用的关联词有“既a，又b”。例如： ①单丝不成线，独木不成林。 ②不是 ．．存在决定意识。 ．．意识决定存在，而是 ③绿既．是美的标志，又．是科学、富足的标志。 ④人的明智并非 ．．与经验的吸引力成正比。 ．．与经验成正比，而是 ⑤悲观的人虽生犹死，乐观的人永生不老。 2．递进复句：由两个有递进关系的分句组成，后一个分句表示意思比前一个分句进了一层。常用的关联词语有“不但（不光、不只）a，而且（还、又）b”、“而且”、“并且”“尚且a，何况b”、“别说a，就 连（就是）b”。例如 ①他不仅 ．．工作好，尤其是思想好。 ．．学习好，而且 ②城里尚且 ．．买不到，乡下她哪里能得到手呢？ ③他不认识我，甚至 ．．连我的名字都不知道。 ④这次展出的年画，数量多，而且 ．．题材新颖、形式风格多样。 ⑤老年人热情都那么高，何况 ．．我们青年人呢？ 3．选择复句：几个分句分别说出几种情况，要求从中选择一种，表示“或此或彼”、“非此即彼”、“与其这样不如那样”等意思。常用关联词语有“或者（或）a，或者（或）b”、“不是a，就是b”、“是a， 还是b”、“与其a，不如b”。例如： ①不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡。 ②他是．忘了，还是 ．．故意不来？ ③我宁可 ．．自己多做些，也．不．想把工作推给别人。 ④与其 ．．拼出一条生路来。 ．．这样等死，不如 ⑤不是 ．．网破。 ．．鱼死，就是 4．转折复句：由两个有转折关系的分句组成，几个分句的意思不是顺着前一个分句的意思说下去，而是来一个转折，转到相反的意思上去。常用的关联词语有：“虽然a，但是b”、“虽然a，不过b”、“可是”、 “然而”、“却”等。例如： ①自然是伟大的，然而 ．．人类更伟大。 ②天气虽然 ．．我身上还在出汗呢。 ．．这么冷，但是 ③麻雀虽．小，五脏俱全。 ④钱有的是，可．是．不能乱用。 ⑤虽然 ．．倒是收拾得很整洁。 ．．房间不大，不过 5．因果复句：由两个有因果关系的分句组成，分句之间是说明原因和结果的关系。常用的关联词语有“因为a，所以b”、“既然a，（那么）就b”、“因此”。例如： ①因为 ．．从不害怕失败。 ．．他有坚定的信心，所以 ②既然 ．．产品质量又好又适用，就．一定畅销。 ③今天进城要办的事情很多，因．而．一清早他就出门去了。
分句、合句法翻译
第四章分句、合句法 教学目的：让学生了解如何运用分句、合句译法 重点、难点：单词和复合句的分句、合句译法 方法：讲解、提问、讨论 教学步骤 分句、合句法 定义 分句法---把原文的一个简单句译成两个或两个以上的句子。 合句法---把原文两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句在译文中用一个单句来表达。分句法 把原文中的一个单词译成句子，使原文的一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。副词 The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achiev ements. 译文：中国人似乎为他们在经济上取得的成就而自豪，这是合乎情理的。 Incidentally, I hope to get better medical treatment in these countries than I can Possibly get here in the United Stated. 译文：我希望能在这些国家得到比我在美国这里所能得到的更好的治疗。 They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all. 译文：他们根本没有答复，这是不足为奇的。 He wished he were at home. Ordinarily, he would have been the re three hours ago. 译文：他真愿那时候已在家里。要是在往常的日子里，他早已到家三小时了。 Illogically, she had expected some kind of miracle s olution. 译文：她满想会有某种奇迹般的解决办法。这是不合情理的事。 But, occasionally, through haste or carelessness, mistakes we re made, so that at the end of the business day one teller wo uld be short on cash, the other long. 译文：但是，偶尔也有这种情况，由于仓促匆忙或者粗心大意而造成错误，结果当天停业结算时，有的出纳会短了现金而另一个却会多了现金。 形容词 Chairman Mao might have spoken with understandable pride of h i s policy of “self-reliance”. 译文：毛主席在谈到他的“自力
第一节 从属分句222
第一节从属分句 subordinate clause 什么是从属分句及其分类 ?复合句（complex sentence）由一个主句（principal clause）和一个或一个以上的从属分句（subordinate clause）构成。 ?从属分句按语法功能可以分成： ?名词性分句（nominal clause） ?关系分句（relative clause） ?状语分句（adverbial clause） ?在从属分句语法点中，涉及状语分句和关系分句的考题比例较大。 一、状语分句 ?定义 ?划分： ?根据状语分句的语法功能，状语分句可分为时间状语从句、地点、原因、结果、程度、目的、条件、让步和方式状语从句。 ?考点： ?方式、条件、让步和时间状语从句上。其中方式状语从句最重。 （一）方式状语从句（adverbial clause of manner） ?1. 连词than 引导方式状语从句 ?确切的说是连词than引导的是比较状语从句（adverbial clause of comparison），也是一种方式状语从句。 考点： ?（1）省去主语，保留谓语部分，这种结构多见于正式文体中。 ?Eg. Don’t eat m ore than is good for you. 不要吃得过量。 真题 ?The experiment requires more money than ______. (2002\2007) A. have been put in B. being put in C. has been put in D. to be put in ?The indoor swimming pool seems to be a great more luxurious than ______. A. is necessary B. being necessary C. to be necessary D. it is necessary ?（2）省去部分谓语，保留主语和be, have或助动词。 ?这时，从句中的be, have或助动词可以放置于主语之前，形成倒装结构。 ?Eg. No leader of a party has kept himself in greater detachment from the sentiment of his than has the late Prime Minister. 任何政党的领袖都没有像已故首相那样不动感情。 真题 ?Western Nebraska generally receives less snow than _______ Eastern Nebraska. (1996) A. in B. it receives in C. does D. it does in ?（3）省去整个谓语部分，保留主语。 ?Eg. She eats less than a bird. 她的食量比鸟还少。 ?（4）省去主语和部分谓语，保留宾语或修饰语。 ?Eg.It’s more pleasant traveling by day than by night. 白天旅行比夜晚旅行愉快。
Chapter 18 关系分句
Chapter 18 关系分句 1.whose和of which 必备知识 Li Dong’s house 所有关系 The tapping of the sea 动宾关系 The development of economy主谓关系 在非人称现行词后 ⑴表示“所有”时意义时，既可用whose 又可用of which The house whose windows the windows of which of which the windows are broken is unoccupied. ⑵表示“部分”意义时，只能用of which I can lend you five books, none of which of which are very good. whose none不能用 在非人称现行词后 ⑴表示“所有”时，只能用whose Nicholas, whose wife teaches singing, is
himself a teacher of the piano. People whose rents have been raised can appeal. ⑵表示“部分”意义时，只能用of whom The eighty-nine passengers, four of whom of whom were British, all escaped without serious injury. It’s a family of eight children, all of whom of whom all are studying music. 2.as和which作关系代词 ⑴作宾语（一般可以替换） He saw the girl, as / which he had hoped. ⑵作主语（一般可以替换） He was late for school, as / which was usual with him. ⑶as分句可以视为“状语+定语”的混合 She has married again, as (it) often happens, 3.the same … as…和such … as…中的as ⑴the same … as …的词性
郑伯克段于鄢(分句翻译)
郑伯克段于鄢 初，郑武公娶于申，曰武姜，生庄公及共叔段。 ☆从前，郑武公在申国娶了一位妻子，叫武姜，她生下庄公和共叔段。庄公寤生，惊姜氏，故名曰寤生，遂恶之。 ☆庄公出生时脚先出来，武姜受到惊吓，因此给他取名叫“寤生”，于是就很厌恶他。 爱共叔段，欲立之，亟请于武公，公弗许。 ☆（武姜）偏爱共叔段，想立共叔段为世子，多次向武公请求，武公都没有答应。 及庄公即位，为之请制。 ☆到庄公即位的时候，（武姜）就替共叔段请求分封到制邑去。 公曰：“制，巖邑也，虢叔死焉，佗邑唯命。” ☆庄公说：“制邑是个险要的地方，从前虢叔就死在那里，若是封给其它城邑，我都可以唯命是从。” 请京，使居之，谓之京城大叔。 ☆（武姜）便请求封给京邑，（庄公答应了，）让他住在那里，称他为京城太叔。 祭仲曰：“都城过百雉，国之害也。先王之制，大都不过参国之一，中五之一，小九之一。今京不度，非制也。君将不堪。” ☆大夫祭仲说：“分封的都城如果超过三百方丈，那就会是国家的祸害。先王的制度规定：国内最大的城邑不能超过国都的三分之一，中等的不得超过它的五分一，小的不能超过它的九分之一。现在京邑的城墙不合规定，这不是先王的制度，这样下去您将会控制不住的。”公曰：“姜氏欲之，焉辟害？”
☆庄公说：“姜氏想要这样，哪里能够躲开祸害呢？” 对曰：“姜氏何厌之有！不如早为之所，无使滋蔓；蔓，难图也。蔓草犹不可除，况君之宠弟乎！” ☆（祭仲）回答说：“姜氏哪有满足的时候！不如及早给他安排个（便于控制的）地方，别让祸根滋长蔓延，一滋长蔓延就难办了。蔓延开来的野草还不能铲除干净，何况是您受宠爱的弟弟呢？” 公曰：“多行不义必自毙，子姑待之。” ☆庄公说：“多做不义的事情，必定会自己垮台，你姑且等着瞧吧。”既而大叔命西鄙、北鄙贰于己。 ☆过了不久，太叔段使原来属于郑国的西边和北边的边邑也属于自己。 公子吕曰：“国不堪贰，君将若之何？欲与大叔，臣请事之；若弗与，则请除之，无生民心。” ☆公子吕说：“国家不能使土地有两属的情况，现在您打算怎么办？（您）如果打算把郑国送给太叔，那么就请您允许我侍奉他；如果不给，那么就请除掉他，不要使人民产生两属的心理。” 公曰：“无庸，将自及。” ☆庄公说：“不用除掉他，他自己将要赶上（灾祸）的。” 大叔又收贰以为己邑，至于廪延。 ☆太叔又把两属的边邑改为自己统辖的地方，一直扩展到廪延。 子封曰：“可矣！厚将得众。”公曰：“不义不昵，厚将崩。” ☆子封说：“可以行动了！土地扩大了，他将得到老百姓的拥护。”庄公说：“多行不义之事，别人就不会亲近他，土地虽然扩大了，他也会垮台的。” 大叔完聚，缮甲兵，具卒乘，将袭郑。
【小学语文阅读理解教案】第7讲 认识句子间的关系(教案)
第七讲认识句子间的关系 一、趣味知识“酷” “打”字趣谈 ----- 钱本殷 “今天，钱老师和同学们聊聊有趣的‘打’字。”在语文兴趣小组学习时，钱老师诙谐地说，“‘打’字在汉语中是个活泼有趣的词，它可以身兼数职，用法多种多样，奇妙无比。” 钱老师先和同学们聊了“打”字的本义。他告诉大家，“打”字的本义为“击”，一般敲击的动作都可以用“打”字。比如：打铁、打桩、打鼓等等。还有两人之间的斗殴，或以拳腿相击，或以兵器对击，都可以说“打”。还可以由一对一的“单打”，变为“双打”，乃至于群体的打，如：打仗、打游击等。 接着，钱老师说了“打”的引申义。他说：“‘打’的目的是为了捕获或者消除对象，所以‘打’又可以引申为‘捕’。如：我们平常说渔民出海‘打鱼’，这里的‘打’就是‘捕’的意思，没有谁会理解为把鱼拿来‘打’。” 同学们一听，乐得哈哈直笑。 “还可以引申为‘除’的意思。”钱老师滔滔不绝，“如：平常农民常说‘打杂草’，就是清除杂草的意思。请同学们分组讨论讨论。” 讨论了几分钟后，各组长汇报了各自的发现。钱老师把它们一一列在黑板上。 “提水”叫“打水”； “织毛衣”叫“打毛衣”； “翻开本子”叫“打开本子”； “画格子”叫“打格子”； “写草稿”叫“打草稿”； “通电话”叫“打电话”； 去食堂“买饭”叫“打饭”； 商店晚上关门下班叫“打烊”； 与人交往叫“打交道”； …… 写到这儿，钱老师又做了补充：“还有现在常听见的‘打官司’‘打杂活’。表现身体的某些动作，‘打瞌睡’‘打滚儿’‘打盹儿’等等，这些词语中的‘打’都看不出与‘击’有什么直接关系，也都属于引申义啦！” 钱老师还说：“更有趣的是，涂脂抹粉、穿红着绿还可美称为‘打扮’；过去有患疟疾称为‘打摆子’；‘打’还有表示‘从’的意思呢，比如：‘打那以后’；此外，‘打’可以作为量词（读作ｄá），十二个为‘一打’。” 同学们越听越感兴趣，他们不仅增长了知识，而且感受到祖国语言文字的神奇。 二、黄金十五分 怎样正确认识句子间的几种关系 一、正确认识句子间的因果关系：前后分句之间存在着原因和结果的关系。 二、正确认识句子间的条件关系：1、有这个条件就会有相应的结果；没有这个条件， 也不一定没有这个结果。2、有这个条件才会有相应的结果；没有这个条件就不会有这个结果。3、任何条件下，都会产生相应的结果。 三、正确认识句子间的转折关系：前后分句之间存在着意思相反或相对的关系。 四、正确认识句子间的递进关系：表示后一个分句比前一个分句意思更进一层。