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A Patient’s Guide to

A P

Foot Anatomy

Montana Spine & Pain Center

500 W. Broadway

3rd Floor

Missoula, MT 59802

Phone: 406-327-1670 Fax: 406-329-5697

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Montana Spine & Pain Center

Please take the time to explore our web office. Discover all we have to offer. We hope you will find the time spent on our website rewarding and informative. Here at Montana Spine & Pain Center, we are dedicated to providing ways for those we serve to access the information needed to make informed decisions about healthcare in orthopaedic and sports medicine. We encourage you to explore our site and learn more about our practice, staff, facilities and treatment options. Check out the Patient Resources section of our site. You will find educational materials to help you understand orthopaedic problems and what options for treatment are available in our clinic.

The Staff of the Montana Spine & Pain Center.

Montana Spine & Pain Center 500 W. Broadway 3rd Floor

Missoula, MT 59802

Phone: 406-327-1670 Fax: 406-329-5697https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0612810826.html,

Introduction

Our feet are constantly under stress. It's no

wonder that 80 percent of us will have some sort of problem with our feet at some time or another. Many things affect the condition

of our feet: activity level, occupation, other health conditions, and perhaps most impor-

tantly, shoes. Many of the problems that arise in the foot are directly related to shoes, so it is very important to choose shoes that

are good for your feet.

The foot is an incredibly complex mecha-nism. This introduction to the anatomy of the foot will not be exhaustive but rather highlight the structures that relate to condi-tions and surgical procedures of the foot.This guide will help you understand ? what parts make up the foot ? how the foot works Important Structures

The important structures of the foot can be divided into several categories. These include ? bones and joints

? ligaments and tendons ? muscles ? nerves

? blood vessels

Bones and Joints

The skeleton of the foot begins with the talus , or ankle bone, that forms part of the ankle

joint. The two bones of the lower leg, the large tibia and the smaller fibula , come together at the ankle joint to form a very stable

structure known as a mortise and tenon joint.The mortise and tenon structure is well known to carpenters and craftsmen who use this joint in the construction of everything from furniture to large buildings. The arrangement is very stable.

The two bones that make up the back part of the foot (sometimes referred to as the hindfoot ) are the talus and the calcaneus , or heelbone. The talus is connected to the calcaneus at the subtalar joint . The ankle joint allows the foot

to bend up and down . The subtalar joint allows the foot to rock from side to side .

Just down the foot from the ankle is a

set of five

bones called

tarsal bones

that work

together as

a group.

These bones

are unique

in the way

they fit

together.

There are

multiple

joints between the tarsal bones. When the foot

is twisted in one direction by the muscles of

the foot and leg, these bones lock together and

form a very rigid structure. When they are

twisted in the opposite direction, they become

unlocked and allow the foot to conform to

whatever surface the foot is contacting.

The tarsal bones are connected to the five

long bones of the foot called the metatarsals.

The two groups of bones are fairly rigidly

connected, without much movement at the

joints.

Finally, there are the bones of the toes, the

phalanges. The joints between the metatarsals

and the first phalanx is called the metatarso-

(MTP). These joints form the

(M

phalangeal joint

ball of the foot, and movement in these joints

is very important for a normal walking pattern.

Not much motion occurs at the joints between

the bones of the toes. The big toe, or hallux,

is the most important toe for walking, and the

first MTP joint is a common area for problems

in the foot.

Ligaments and Tendons

Ligaments are the

soft tissues that

attach bones to

bones. Ligaments

are very similar

to tendons. The

difference is that

tendons attach

muscles to bones.

Both of these

structures are made up of small fibers of a

material called collagen. The collagen fibers

are bundled together to form a rope-like struc-

ture. Ligaments and tendons come in many

different sizes, and like rope, are made up of

many smaller fibers. The thicker the ligament

(or tendon) the stronger the ligament (or

tendon) is.

The large Achilles tendon is the most impor-

tant tendon for walking, running, and jumping.

It attaches the calf muscles to the heel bone

to allow us to raise up on our toes. The poste-

rior tibial tendon attaches one of the smaller

muscles of the calf to the underside of the

Collagen

foot. This tendon helps support the arch and

allows us to turn the foot inward. The toes

have tendons attached that bend the toes down

(on the bottom of the toes) and straighten the

toes (on the top of the toes). The anterior tibial

tendon allows us to raise the foot. Two tendons

run behind the outer bump of the ankle (called

the lateral malleolus) and help turn the foot

outward.

Many small ligaments hold the bones of the

foot together. Most of these ligaments form

part of the joint capsule around each of the

joints of the foot. A joint capsule is a water-

tight sac that forms around all joints. It is made

up of the ligaments around the joint and the

soft tissues between the ligaments that fill in

the gaps and form the sac.

Muscles

Most of the motion of the foot is caused by

the stronger muscles in the lower leg whose

tendons connect in the foot. Contraction of

the muscles in the leg is the main way that we

move our feet to stand, walk, run, and jump.

There are numerous small muscles in the foot.

While these muscles are not nearly as impor-

tant as the small muscles in the hand, they do

affect the way that the toes work. Damage to

some of these muscles can cause problems.

Most of the are arranged

ar

muscles of the foot

in layers on the sole of the foot (the plantar

surface). There they connect to and move the

toes as well as provide padding underneath the

sole of the foot.

Nerves

The main nerve to the foot, the tibial nerve,

enters the sole of the foot by running behind the

inside bump on the ankle, the medial malleolus.

This nerve supplies sensation to the toes and

sole of the foot and controls the muscles of the

sole of the foot. Several other nerves run into

the foot on the outside of the foot and down the

top of the foot. These nerves primarily provide

sensation to different areas on the top and

outside edge of the foot.

Muscles of the foot

Tibial nerve

Other nerves

Blood Vessels

The main

blood supply

to the foot,

the posterior

tibial artery,

runs right

beside the

nerve of the

same name.

Other less

important

arteries enter

the foot from

other directions. One of these arteries is the

dorsalis pedis that runs down the top of the

foot. You can feel your pulse where this artery

runs in the middle of the top of the foot.

Summary

As you can see, the anatomy of the foot is very

complex. When everything works together,

the foot functions correctly. When one part

becomes damaged, it can affect every other

part of the foot and lead to problems.

Dorsalis pedis

Notes

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