外文文献翻译
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外文文献翻译
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2016年12 月6 日
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3．外文文献翻译附于开题报告之后：第一部分为译文，第二部分为外文文献原文，译文与原文均需单独编制页码（底端居中）并注明出处。本附件为封面，封面上不得出现页码。
4．外文文献翻译原文由指导教师指定，同一指导教师指导的学生不得选用相同的外文原文。
第一部分：译文
媒介政策的范式转变：一种新的传播政策范式
传播和媒介政策的出现
传播政策的出现始于追求国家利益与工商业企业利益之间的互动。政府和产业界通过特权、法规和一些限制来追求共同利益。一般而言，政策指的是为实现某些目标而有意识制定的（公共）方案，以及实现方案的方法和时间进度表。政府政策的特定内容反映了特定时期和地点政府与产业界的交易以及权力与利益之间的平衡。从这个层面上说，虽然在20世纪，政府在形式上变得更加民主，全球化的浪潮也愈演愈烈，政府和产业界的权力和利益之间的交易并没有多大改变。然而即使是这样，媒介政策领域也发生了巨大的变化，这尤其反应在传播技术的演变以及在“后工业”社会（或是更多地被称为“信息社会”）中传播重要性的提高。
虽然在几百年之前，国家就出于控制、财政和战略的目的，对交通和旅游进行干预和管制，但如果说传播政策在自19世纪中期电话发明以来的一系列电子媒介出现以前就有了，那就错了。在本文中，我们将传播政策阶段分为三个连续的阶段：（1)新兴传播业政策阶段，（2)公共服务媒介政策阶段，和（3)新传播政策范式阶段。
传播政策的一般形态
媒介政策的主要元素撇开时间的变化与环境的差异不说，媒介政策和电信政策的主要元素包括：所追求的目标或目的、界定目标的价值观念和标准、被政策规范的各种内容和传播服务；不同的传播渠道（主要有印刷出版、有线电视、卫星电视、广播和电信）以及相应的政策措施和实施方法（主要包含于法律、法规、自律和市场惯例）。这个社会传播系统的普遍模型是从政策制定者的角度来描绘的，这些元素也是人为组合到一起的，它并不能被普遍性地运用到所有的国家。另外这个模型也显得有点过时，因为各个国家的社会体制和传播技术在一段时间内会发生重大的改变。为了阐明这个模型所表达的信息和解释的方便，我们首先需要回顾一下政策制定的几个连续阶段，因为这些政策不仅在传播系统上留下了历史痕迹，也影响着当今媒介政策所遇到的挑战。我们将首先讨论早期新兴的媒介和传播政策阶段，这个阶段大约持续到二战。它不仅打开了改变世界的大门，而且与电视这个大众媒介交相辉映地发展着。
新型传播政策：
政策制定者仍然面临许多困境和未解决的问题。对于一个国家来说，这些主要的问题有: 定义公共领域媒介的范围和目标；经济手段、法规和自律等政策方式的选择；为所有媒
介领域寻找一致的原则和管制框架；如何定义和制定国家文化媒介政策；如何平衡传播自由以及社会需求。政策融合？在科技的影响下，通过选择相同的目标、原则和方式应用于统一的管制法规，媒介政策是否回趋于融合？这样的观点已经获得了广泛的支持25并得以施行（如2002年英国传播法案），但是这个问题并不能以简单地以‘‘是”或‘‘不是”来回答。虽然有理由淡化各种媒介之间的界限，但对所有不同的媒介服务都使用同一种法规是没有必要的。欧洲现在的趋势是：尽管鼓励整体性的政策思考，但也鼓励发展各国独立的国家法规权利机构来控制公共领域的媒介运作。当前有足够的理由要求拥有一个连贯一致的政策体系(特别对待自由和多样性），但这并不意味着整齐划一地处理所有媒介内容（广告、艺术、新闻、色情等等）。因为媒介内容与受众都存在着明显的不同。所以，针对不同的用途使用不同的法规是可能的、甚至是必须的。公众的传播自由还是非常重要的，也不应该让任何一个单一的机构对某种传播方式施加过多的压力，而且对待不同的媒介也应该有特例和特殊的措施。另外，同样重要的一个方面是：为了保障传播所影响的受众/公民的利益，我们也应该保留一块政治和社会文化价值观的领域。
新传播政策范式的核心原则
尽管还存在许多未知情况，我们仍有余地为兴起的新政策范式的核心原则提一些暂时的看法。这些看法基于科技、政策和经济变化的趋势，以及现存公认的社会和政治限制。虽然公共服务广播和普遍电信服务还不太可能从政治议事日程上消失，技术融合、传播市场自由化以及信息和传播的迅速扩张要求我们对传播政策进行一次不同的概念化思考。如果对未来的估计是正确的，以下三个概念将对新传播政策模型起核心作用：传播自由、使用权、和控制传播自由应该是未来所有传播政策的主要目标。传播自由可以被表述为负面和正面两个方面。对前者来说，它指信息传播者独立于政府（没有审查），独立于经济或阻碍讯息自由交流的其它力量（如，经济垄断和其他主导市场的力量），也包括社会和政治压力。从正面来说，自由指人在社会中所能进行的自由活动，如参加政治议题的市民辩论，或表达艺术创意。这两方面的规定都是政策目标所需要的。
传播法规与传播系统在许多不同的方面相关，即，传播业的市场结构，传播参与者的市场行为或传播的内容。传播自由的负面主要与市场结构和市场行为相关，而正面自由主要与内容和使用权相关，而后者也是我们关注的第二个核心原则。
对于互联网来说，三个核心原则中的两个对其政策制定有一定启发，即，自由和使用权。互联网从一开始起就带有自由的属性，虽然如果没有政府最初的赞助，它也许不会发展至今。由于多种原因，互联网的使用权已经被广泛的接纳为政策目标。尽管互联网政策的发展与前文所提到的传播政策历史有些许相似，但未来的互联网政策依旧不可预测。互联网第一阶段的发展以经济和商业利益为目标，而我们现在进入的是以控制公众利益为目标的第二阶段。目前还有很多问题等待解决：对传播行为和内容（公众利益）采取什么样的控制手段？什么样的负责限度是适合的？任何新出现的传播政策范式都必须对上述问题做出回应。
文献来源：本文原载于《欧洲传播杂志》（European Journal of Communication，2003，18-2:181 - 207)。本文的早期版本曾在1998年作为会议论文发表，并被编入R. Picard的《演变中的媒介市场》
第二部分：外文文献原文
Media Policy Paradigm ShiftsTowards a New Communications Policy Paradigm
The emergence of communications and media policy
The origins of communications policies lie in the interaction between the pursuit of national interests by states and the operations of commercial/ industrial enterprises. Both government and industry have sought mutual advantage by way of privileges, regulations and restrictions. Policies in general refer to conscious (public) projects for achieving some goal, together with the proposed means and time schedule for achieving them. The specific content of government policies reflects the deal made in the particular time and place and the balance of power and advantage between government and industry. At this level of generality, not a great deal has changed, despite the general transition during the 20th century to more democratic forms of government and increasing trends towards globalization. Even so, in the field of media policy there have been significant developments, especially reflecting the changing technologies of communication and the increased importance of communication in ‘postindustrial’societies, which are more often known as ‘information societies’.
Although for centuries there have been state interventions and regulations relating to transport and travel, for purposes of control, finance or for strategic reasons, it would be anachronistic to speak of communications policies before the series of electronic inventions beginning with the electric telegraph in the mid-19th century. In this article, we identify three main phases of communications policy-making. We may label these consecutive phases as (I) the phase of emerging communications industry policy, (II) the phase of public service media policy, and (III) the phase of a new communications policy paradigm.
The general shape of communications policy
The main elements or factors of policy for media and telecommunications policy, leaving aside the question of changes over time and differences between contexts, consist of: the goals or objectives to be pursued; the values and criteria by which goals are defined or recognized; the variouscontent and communication services to which policy applies; the different distribution services (mainly print publishing, cable, satellite and broadcast dissemination and
telecommunications); and finally the appro-priate policy measures and means of implementation (mainly embodied in law, regulation, self-regulation or market practices).
The goal of economic welfare has been subject to changing definitions as far as communication is concerned. Minimum requirements are for infrastructure provisions that allow a national economy to function efficiently in production and market terms. Increasingly, under conditions of an information society, the communication system is an integral part of the economy and forms an important and elaborate market in its own right. Relevant values aside from general ones of efficiency, employment and profitability include those of innovation and interconnection.
This general model of the social communications system viewed according to the perspective of policy-makers is an artificial composite of elements that will not apply to all national cases very well. It is also anachronistic, combining national experiences over a long period during which society and communication technology have been changing considerably. In order to make more sense of the information and interpretations it summarizes, we need to sketch the successive phases of policy-making which have each left their mark on communication systems and still exert an influence on the way the challenges of today are handled. In the description that follows we make an initial distinction between an early stage of emerging policy for media and communications that lasted approximately until the watershed of the Second World War, which opened the way for change in much of the world and also coincided with the rise of television as a major mass medium.
New communication policy:
Policy makers still face many difficulties and unsolved problems. For a country, these main problems: the scope and objectives of the definition of public domain media; economic means, regulation and self-discipline, policy choice; for all areas of the media for consistent principle and regulation framework, how to define and develop the national culture media policy; how to balance the communication freedom and social demand. Policy convergence? Under the influence of science and technology, through the choice of the same objectives, principles and methods applied to a unified regulatory laws and regulations, whether the media policy tends to convergence? This view has been widely supported and can be
implemented (for example, the British Communications Act of 2002), but the problem can not be answered with a simple "yes" or "no" to answer the 25 question. While there are reasons to dilute the boundaries between different media, it is not necessary to use the same regulations for all different media services. Europe is now the trend is: Despite the encouragement of the overall policy thinking, but also to encourage the development of independent state laws and regulations of the country to control the media operations of the public sphere. Currently there are enough reason to ask to have a coherent policy system (especially towards freedom and diversity), but this does not mean that the whole uniform handling of all media content (advertising, art, news, sex, etc.). Because the media content and the audience are obviously different. So it is possible and necessary to use different regulations for different purposes. Public freedom of communication is still very important, and should not allow any single institution to put too much pressure on a certain mode of transmission, but also the treatment of different media should have a special case and special measures. In addition, one important aspect is that, in order to protect the interests of the audience / citizens, we should also keep a political and social cultural values.
Looking for the new policy paradigm
Although much remains uncertain, there is scope for making a provisional judgement concerning the core principles of the emerging paradigm. This can be based on certain clear trends in technology, policy and economics, plus a recognition of social and political inputs and constraints. Although public service broadcasting and universal tele-communications service are unlikely to disappear from the political agenda, convergence in technology, liberalization of communication markets and information and communication abundance demand a different conceptualization of communications policy.
Freedom of communication should remain the main objective of any communications policy to be designed. Freedom can be expressed negatively as well as positively (Lichtenberg, 1990). In the former respect it refers to the independence of communication participants from government (no censorship), from economic and other forces hindering exchange of messages (e.g. economic monopolies and other dominant market positions) as well as from social and political pressure groups. In its positive aspect, freedom refers to all those activities people in society can be enabled to do with their freedom, e.g. to contribute to the civic debate on
politics or to express artistic creativity. There should be provision for both aspects as policy goals.
Communication regulation relates to different dimensions of the communications system, that is the structure of the communication market, the market conduct of communication participants or the content of communication (see McQuail, 1992: 87—96). Negative freedom of communication relates mainly to market structure and market conduct, whereas positive freedom primarily relates to content and also requires attention to our second principle, that of access.
As far as the Internet is concerned, the implications for policy are clear enough in respect of two of the three basic principles advocated, namely freedom and access. The Internet began in freedom, although it might not have done so without government sponsorship originally. Access to the Internet has been widely adopted as a suitable goal of policy, for various reasons. The story of emerging policy for the Internet cannot yet be told, although there are some parallels with the history of communications policy as told in this article. The first stage was one of encouragement to develop for economic and industrial reasons and we are entering a second stage where reasons for control on public interest grounds are beginning to assert themselves. However, large questions remain to be answered about what form of control can or should be applied to conduct or content (in the ‘public interest’）and about what kind and degree of accountability, if any, is appropriate. Any new paradigm for communications policy will have to indicate some answers.
Source:This article appeared in the "European Communication magazine" (European 2003, Journal of Communication, 18-2:181 - 207). An earlier version of this article was published in 1998 as a conference paper, and was incorporated into the R. Picard "in the evolution of the media market"
英文文献翻译
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
外文文献及翻译
文献翻译 原文 Combining JSP and Servlets The technology of JSP and Servlet is the most important technology which use Java technology to exploit request of server, and it is also the standard which exploit business application .Java developers prefer to use it for a variety of reasons, one of which is already familiar with the Java language for the development of this technology are easy to learn Java to the other is "a preparation, run everywhere" to bring the concept of Web applications, To achieve a "one-prepared everywhere realized." And more importantly, if followed some of the principles of good design, it can be said of separating and content to create high-quality, reusable, easy to maintain and modify the application. For example, if the document in HTML embedded Java code too much (script), will lead the developed application is extremely complex, difficult to read, it is not easy reuse, but also for future maintenance and modification will also cause difficulties. In fact, CSDN the JSP / Servlet forum, can often see some questions, the code is very long, can logic is not very clear, a large number of HTML and Java code mixed together. This is the random development of the defects. Early dynamic pages mainly CGI (Common Gateway Interface, public Gateway Interface) technology, you can use different languages of the CGI programs, such as VB, C / C + + or Delphi, and so on. Though the technology of CGI is developed and powerful, because of difficulties in programming, and low efficiency, modify complex shortcomings, it is gradually being replaced by the trend. Of all the new technology, JSP / Servlet with more efficient and easy to program, more powerful, more secure and has a good portability, they have been many people believe that the future is the most dynamic site of the future development of technology. Similar to CGI, Servlet support request / response model. When a customer submit a request to the server, the server presented the request Servlet, Servlet responsible for handling requests and generate a response, and then gave the server, and then from the server sent to
1外文文献翻译原文及译文汇总
华北电力大学科技学院 毕业设计（论文）附件 外文文献翻译 学号：121912020115姓名：彭钰钊 所在系别：动力工程系专业班级：测控技术与仪器12K1指导教师：李冰 原文标题：Infrared Remote Control System Abstract 2016 年 4 月 19 日
红外遥控系统 摘要 红外数据通信技术是目前在世界范围内被广泛使用的一种无线连接技术，被众多的硬件和软件平台所支持。红外收发器产品具有成本低，小型化，传输速率快，点对点安全传输，不受电磁干扰等特点，可以实现信息在不同产品之间快速、方便、安全地交换与传送，在短距离无线传输方面拥有十分明显的优势。红外遥控收发系统的设计在具有很高的实用价值，目前红外收发器产品在可携式产品中的应用潜力很大。全世界约有1亿5千万台设备采用红外技术，在电子产品和工业设备、医疗设备等领域广泛使用。绝大多数笔记本电脑和手机都配置红外收发器接口。随着红外数据传输技术更加成熟、成本下降，红外收发器在短距离通讯领域必将得到更广泛的应用。 本系统的设计目的是用红外线作为传输媒质来传输用户的操作信息并由接收电路解调出原始信号，主要用到编码芯片和解码芯片对信号进行调制与解调，其中编码芯片用的是台湾生产的PT2262，解码芯片是PT2272。主要工作原理是：利用编码键盘可以为PT2262提供的输入信息，PT2262对输入的信息进行编码并加载到38KHZ的载波上并调制红外发射二极管并辐射到空间，然后再由接收系统接收到发射的信号并解调出原始信息，由PT2272对原信号进行解码以驱动相应的电路完成用户的操作要求。 关键字：红外线；编码；解码；LM386；红外收发器。 1 绪论
计算机网络-外文文献-外文翻译-英文文献-新技术的计算机网络
New technique of the computer network Abstract The 21 century is an ages of the information economy, being the computer network technique of representative techniques this ages, will be at very fast speed develop soon in continuously creatively, and will go deep into the people's work, life and study. Therefore, control this technique and then seem to be more to deliver the importance. Now I mainly introduce the new technique of a few networks in actuality live of application. keywords Internet Network System Digital Certificates Grid Storage 1. Foreword Internet turns 36, still a work in progress Thirty-six years after computer scientists at UCLA linked two bulky computers using a 15-foot gray cable, testing a new way for exchanging data over networks, what would ultimately become the Internet remains a work in progress. University researchers are experimenting with ways to increase its capacity and speed. Programmers are trying to imbue Web pages with intelligence. And work is underway to re-engineer the network to reduce Spam (junk mail) and security troubles. All the while threats loom: Critics warn that commercial, legal and political pressures could hinder the types of innovations that made the Internet what it is today. Stephen Crocker and Vinton Cerf were among the graduate students who joined UCLA professor Len Klein rock in an engineering lab on Sept. 2, 1969, as bits of meaningless test data flowed silently between the two computers. By January, three other "nodes" joined the fledgling network.
外文文献翻译助手
五分钟搞定5000字－外文文献翻译 在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手"。 具体操作过程如下： 1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献； 2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了； 3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。 另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。 注： 1、Google翻译：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0013144583.html,/language_tools google，众所周知，谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。我利用它是这样的。一方面可以用它查询英文论文，当然这方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜索，在此不赘述。回到我自己说的翻译上来。下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧 比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译， 首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的，根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做，一般比较准确。
在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。大家应该都有词典吧，按中国人的办法，把一个一个词分着查出来，敲到google里，你的这种翻译一般不太准，当然你需要验证是否准确了，这下看着吧，把你的那支离破碎的翻译在google里搜索，你能看到许多相关的文献或资料，大家都不是笨蛋，看看，也就能找到最精确的翻译了，纯西式的！我就是这么用的。 2、CNKI翻译：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0013144583.html, CNKI翻译助手，这个网站不需要介绍太多，可能有些人也知道的。主要说说它的有点，你进去看看就能发现：搜索的肯定是专业词汇，而且它翻译结果下面有文章与之对应（因为它是CNKI检索提供的，它的翻译是从文献里抽出来的），很实用的一个网站。估计别的写文章的人不是傻子吧，它们的东西我们可以直接拿来用，当然省事了。网址告诉大家，有兴趣的进去看看，你们就会发现其乐无穷！还是很值得用的。https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0013144583.html, 3、网路版金山词霸（不到1M）：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0013144583.html,/6946901637944806 翻译时的速度： 这里我谈的是电子版和打印版的翻译速度，按个人翻译速度看，打印版的快些，因为看电子版本一是费眼睛，二是如果我们用电脑，可能还经常时不时玩点游戏，或者整点别的，导致最终SPPEED变慢，再之电脑上一些词典（金山词霸等）在专业翻译方面也不是特别好，所以翻译效果不佳。在此本人建议大家购买清华大学编写的好像是国防工业出版社的那本《英汉科学技术词典》，基本上挺好用。再加上网站如：google CNKI翻译助手，这样我们的翻译速度会提高不少。 具体翻译时的一些技巧（主要是写论文和看论文方面） 大家大概都应预先清楚明白自己专业方向的国内牛人，在这里我强烈建议大家仔
快速外文文献翻译
快速外文文献翻译 在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手"。 具体操作过程如下： 1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献； 2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了； 3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。 另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。 注： 1、Google翻译：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0013144583.html,/language_tools google，众所周知，谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。我利用它是这样的。一方面可以用它查询英文论文，当然这方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜索，在此不赘述。回到我自己说的翻译上来。下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译， 首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的，根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做，一般比较准确。 在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。大家应该都有词典吧，按中国人的办法，把一个一个词分着查出来，敲到google里，你的这种翻译一般不太准，当然你需要验证是否准确了，这下看着吧，把你的那支离破碎的翻译在google里搜索，你能看到许多相关的文献或资料，大家都不是笨蛋，看看，也就能找到最精确的翻译了，纯西式的！我就是这么用的。 2、CNKI翻译：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0013144583.html, CNKI翻译助手，这个网站不需要介绍太多，可能有些人也知道的。主要说说它的有点，你进去看看就能发现：搜索的肯定是专业词汇，而且它翻译结果下面有文章与之对应（因为它是CNKI检索提供的，它的翻译是从文献里抽出来的），很实用的一个网站。估计别的写文章的人不是傻子吧，它们的东西我们可以直接拿来用，当然省事了。网址告诉大家，有兴趣的进去看看，你们就会发现其乐无穷！还是很值得用的。https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0013144583.html, 3、网路版金山词霸（不到1M）：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0013144583.html,/6946901637944806 翻译时的速度： 这里我谈的是电子版和打印版的翻译速度，按个人翻译速度看，打印版的快些，因为看电子版本一是费眼睛，二是如果我们用电脑，可能还经常时不时玩点游戏，或者整点别的，导致最终SPPEED变慢，再之电脑上一些词典（金山词霸等）在专业翻译方面也不是特别好，所以翻译效果不佳。在此本人建议大家购买清华大
外文文献及翻译
To connect SQL Server database First we introduce the basic knowledge of the database,be regarded as the warm-up exercise that study database weave distance front! 1.warm-up exercise Needing first avowal is relation database that database knowledge that we here introduce all point. The so-called relation database is to mean data as that the form gather, passing to establish simple form an a kind of database for of relation to defining construction. I ignore the watch at how saving way in physics in the document in database is,it can see to make an a line for with row, with electronics form is similar with the row.In relation database, the line were called the record, but the row then is called word segment. This form inside each an all in formations for is a record, it including particular customer, but each record then included the same type with the word segment of the quantity:Customer's number, name etc. Form is logic set that a kind of related information that press a line of arranging with row, similar in single form in work. Each row of the word a database form inside calls a word segment. Watch is from every kind of word a definition of its containment of, each word a data for describing its implying. While creating to set up a database, the beard assign for each word segment a the piece belongs to the sex with the other according to the type,biggest length.The word segment can include every kind of word sign,arithmetic figure even sketch. An information of relevant customer deposits in the line of the form, is called record.By any large, arbitrarily two records for database form to create set up can't be same. Key be a certain word segment( or several words segment) of the form inside, it() for fast inspect but drive index. The key can be unique, and also can then the right and wrong is unique, being decided by it() whether admission repetition. Unique key can specify for main key, using each one that come to unique marking form. The norm turns the database design of mission be method that the data of buildup,but the data of buildup, should can dissolve otiose repetition, and for have the necessary information offering to check to seek the path quickly. For attaining this kind of target but separate information to the process gone to in every kind of independent form, be called the norm turn. It is complicated process to use many appointed rules to proceed the norm with the type of the different Class that norm turn. That process studies and discuss already beyond the reach of textual scope.But,the norm of the simple database in majority turn and can use the simple experience in underneath rule completes: include the form of the information of repetition must be divided into independent a few forms dissolve repetition.
变电站_外文翻译_外文文献_英文文献_变电站的综合概述
英文翻译 A comprehensive overview of substations Along with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life. Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。Therefore, power transmission and distribution is critical. Substation is to enable superior power plant power plants or power after adjustments to the lower load of books is an important part of power transmission. Operation of its functions, the capacity of a direct impact on the size of the lower load power, thereby affecting the industrial production and power consumption.Substation system if a link failure, the system will protect the part of action. May result in power outages and so on, to the production and living a great disadvantage. Therefore, the substation in the electric power system for the protection of electricity reliability,
外文文献翻译
估计技术和规模的希腊商业银行效率：信用风险、资产负债表的活动和 国际业务的影响1 1.介绍 希腊银行业经历了近几年重大的结构调整。重要的结构性、政策和环境的变化经常强调的学者和从业人员有欧盟单一市场的建立，欧元的介绍，国际化的竞争、利率自由化、放松管制和最近的兼并和收购浪潮。 希腊的银行业也经历了相当大的改善，通信和计算技术，因为银行有扩张和现代化其分销网络，其中除了传统的分支机构和自动取款机，现在包括网上银行等替代分销渠道。作为希腊银行（2004 年）的年度报告的重点，希腊银行亦在升级其信用风险测量与管理系统，通过引入信用评分和概率默认模型近年来采取的主要步骤。此外，他们扩展他们的产品/服务组合，包括保险、经纪业务和资产管理等活动，同时也增加了他们的资产负债表操作和非利息收入。 最后，专注于巴尔干地区（如阿尔巴尼亚、保加利亚、前南斯拉夫马其顿共和国、罗马尼亚、塞尔维亚）的更广泛市场的全球化增加的趋势已添加到希腊银行在塞浦路斯和美国以前有限的国际活动。在国外经营的子公司的业绩预计将有父的银行，从而对未来的决定为进一步国际化的尝试对性能的影响。 本研究的目的是要运用数据包络分析（DEA）和重新效率的希腊银行部门，同时考虑到几个以上讨论的问题进行调查。我们因此区分我们的论文从以前的希腊银行产业重点并在几个方面，下面讨论添加的见解。 首先，我们第一次对效率的希腊银行的信用风险的影响通过检查其中包括贷款损失准备金作为附加输入Charnes et al.(1990 年)、德雷克（2001 年）、德雷克和大厅(2003 年)，和德雷克等人（2006 年）。作为美斯特(1996) 点出"除非质量和风险控制的一个人也许会很容易误判一家银行的水平的低效；例如精打细算的银行信用评价或生产过高风险的贷款可能会被贴上标签一样高效，当相比银行花资源，以确保它们的贷款有较高的质量"(p.1026)。我们估计效率的银行和无此输入调整为不同的信用风险水平和对效率的影响。 第二，以往的研究中，希腊银行业，我们考虑资产负债表活动期间估计的效率得分。几个最近的研究审查效率的DEA 或随机前沿技术的银行，承认银行在非传统的活动中更多地参与，包括任何非利息（即费）收入（e.g. Lang和Welzel，1998年；德雷克，2001 年；托尔托萨Ausina，2003年）或资产负债表项目（例如阿尔通巴什等人，2001 年；阿尔通巴什和查克，2001年；架和Hassan，2003a、b ；Bos 和Colari，2005 年；饶， 1原文出处及作者：巴斯大学管理学院2007年硕士毕业论文，作者Fotios Pasiouras
博物馆 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献
第一篇： 航空博物馆与航空展示公园 巴特罗米耶杰·基谢列夫斯基 飞翔的概念、场所的精神、老机场的建筑---克拉科夫新航空博物馆理性地吸取了这些元素，并将它们整合到一座建筑当中。Rakowice-Czyzyny机场之前的旧飞机修理库为新建筑的平面和高度设定了模数比例。在此基本形态上进一步发展，如同裁切和折叠一架纸飞机，生成了一座巨大的建筑。其三角形机翼是由混凝土制成，却如同风动螺旋桨一样轻盈。这个机翼宽大通透，向各个方向开敞。它们的形态与组织都是依据内部功能来设计的。机翼部分为3个不平衡的平面，使内外景观在不断变化中形成空间的延续性，并且联系了建筑内的视觉焦点和室外的展览区。 新航空展示公园的设计连接了博物馆的8栋建筑和户外展览区，并与历史体验建立联系。从前的视觉轴线与通道得到尊重，旧的道路得到了完善，朝向飞机场和跑道的空间被限定出来。每栋建筑展示了一个主题或是一段飞行史。建筑周围伸展出巨大的平台，为特殊主题的室外展览提供了空间。博物馆容纳了超过150架飞机、引擎、飞行复制品、成套的技术档案和历史图片。这里的特色收藏是飞机起源开始的各种飞行器，如Jatho1903、Grade1909、莱特兄弟1909年的飞机模型和1911年的鸽式单翼机。 The first passage: Museum for aviation and aviation exhibition park Bartiomiej Kislelewski The idea of flying, the spirit of place, the structure of the historic airfield – the new Museum of Aviation in Krakow takes up these references intellectually and synthesizes them into a building. The old hangars of the former airport Rakowice Czyzyny set the modular scale for the footprint and the height of the new building. Developed from this basic shape, as if cut out and folded like a paper airplane, a large structure has been generated, with triangular wings made of concrete and yet as light as a wind-vane propeller. The wings are generously glazed and open in all directions. Their form and arrangement depend on the interior uses. In the floor plans of the wings, the three offset
土木工程类外文文献翻译
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文献综述,外文翻译,论文网站
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机器人外文翻译(文献翻译-中英文翻译)
外文翻译 外文资料： Robots First, I explain the background robots, robot technology development. It should be said it is a common scientific and technological development of a comprehensive results, for the socio-economic development of a significant impact on a science and technology. It attributed the development of all countries in the Second World War to strengthen the economic input on strengthening the country's economic development. But they also demand the development of the productive forces the inevitable result of human development itself is the inevitable result then with the development of humanity, people constantly discuss the natural process, in understanding and reconstructing the natural process, people need to be able to liberate a slave. So this is the slave people to be able to replace the complex and engaged in heavy manual labor, People do not realize right up to the world's understanding and transformation of this technology as well as people in the development process of an objective need. Robots are three stages of development, in other words, we are accustomed to regarding robots are divided into three categories. is a first-generation robots, also known as teach-type robot, it is through a computer, to control over one of a mechanical degrees of freedom Through teaching and information stored procedures, working hours to read out information, and then issued a directive so the robot can repeat according to the people at that time said the results show this kind of movement again, For example, the car spot welding robots, only to put this spot welding process, after teaching, and it is always a repeat of a work It has the external environment is no perception that the force manipulation of the size of the work piece there does not exist, welding 0S It does not know, then this fact from the first generation robot, it will exist this shortcoming, it in the 20th century, the late 1970s, people started to study the second-generation robot, called Robot with the feeling that This feeling with the robot is similar in function of a certain feeling, for