微生物英文名词解释

微生物英文名词解释

1.Mycoplasma：The mycoplasma are a group of the smallest organisms without

cell wall that can be free-living in nature, can pass through bacterial filter and also grow on laboratory media.

2.Chlamydia：Chlamydia are small Gram-negative bacteria which are obligate

intercellular parasites like virus, but differ from them in that they have both RNA and DNA, ribosome, cell wall, and divided by binary fission.

3.L forms of bacteria：In osmotically protective media, removal of the bacterial

wall with lysozyme or penicillin liberate protoplasts from Gram-positive cells and spheroplasts from Gram-negative cells. If such wall-defective cells are able to grow and divide, they are called L forms. L forms are difficult to cultivate. They require a special media. Some L form can revert tothe normal bacillary form. L form in the host may produce chronic infection that are relatively resistant to antibiotic treatment.

4.Capsule：Many bacteria synthesize large amounts of extracellular polymer when

growing in their natural environments. When the polymer forms a condensed, well-defined layer closely surrounding the cell, it is called the capsule. With one known exception (the polypeptide capsule), the polymer is polysaccharide.

5.Pyrogen：This is a fever-producing substance synthesized by bacteria. In fact, it

is the lipopolysaccharide of Gram-negative bacteria. For the injectable medicament, it is especially important to avoid the contamination of pyrogen in the course of pharmic production.

6.Exotoxin：Exotoxins are proteins produced inside Gram-positive bacteria cells

and secreted into the environment. These toxins are some of the strongest poisons known to man and cause violent reactions in host organisms.

7.Endotoxin：Endotoxins are made up of lipids and carbohydrates associated with

the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. These toxins usually produce fever, weakness, and capillary damage.

8.Disinfection: Reduce or eliminate pathogens病原体in or on inanimate无生命

的objects to a safe level, which are no longer health hazard危险.

9.Sterilization: A physical or chemical process that completely destroys or

removes all microbial life，including bacteria spore and viruses.

10.Antisepsis: Use chemical agents to inhibit or destroy the growth of

microorganisms on skin or other living tissue.

11.Plasmids：Plasmids are small genetic elements that replicate independently of the

bacterial chromosome. Most plasmids are circular, double-stranded DNA molecules varying from 1,500 to 400,000 base pairs. Like the bacterial chromosomal DNA, they can autonomously replicate and as such are referred to as replicons.

12.Transformation：It is the process by which bacteria take up fragments of naked

DNA and incorporate them into their genomes. During transformation, DNA

fragments from a dead degraded bacterium bind to DNA binding proteins on the surface of a competent recipient bacterium.

13.Conjugation：Conjugation is the transfer of DNA directly from a living donor

bacterium to a recipient bacterium during the mating of the bacteria. A sex pilus produced by the donor bacterium (or male) binds to the recipient (or female). The sex pilus then retracts, bringing the two bacteria in contact and the transferred DNA passes through the sex pilus.

14.Transduction：Transduction is mediated by a bacteriophage, which pick up

fragments of DNA and package them into bacteriophage particles. The DNA is delivered to infected cells and becomes incorporated into the bacterial genomes.

15.Normal flora:The various bacteria and fungi that are permanent residents of

certain body sites, especially the skin, oropharynx, colon, and vagina.

16.Dysbacteriosis：If flora disequilibrium occurs, for example, when the resident

flora is disturbed, some little significant microorganisms may colonize, proliferate and produce diseases, which are called dysbacteriosis. Dysbacteriosis mainly result from long term and large bacteriosis mainly result from long term and large bacteriosis mainly result from long term and large doses antibiotics taken. Antibiotics can suppress the drug-susceptible components of fecal flora.

Soon thereafter the counts of fecal flora rise again to normal or higher than normal levels, principally of organisms selected out because of relative resistance to the drugs employed. The drug susceptible microorganisms are replaced by drug-resistant ones and cause correlative disease, microbial selection and substitution.

17.Toxemia：Bacteria multiply at invading location and do not enter blood stream,

but the exotoxins enter blood and cause corresponding toxic symptoms.

18.Endotoxemia：Gram-negative bacteria multiply at location or in blood stream,

release a lot of amount endotoxin released from bacterial cell rupture.

19.Protein A ：Protein A is a cell wall component of many S. aureus strains that

binds to the Fc portion of IgG molecules except IgG3. The Fab portion of IgG bound to protein A is free to combine with a specific antigen. Protein A has become an important reagent in immunology and diagnostic laboratory technology; for example, protein A with attached IgG molecules directed against

a specific bacterial antigen will agglutinate bacteria that have that antigen

(“coagglutination”). Protein A probably contributes to the virulence of S. aureus by interfering with opsonization.

20.Elementary body（EB）：Elementary body（EB）are small round cells about

0.2～0.4μm with an electron-dense nucleoid. They possess a cell wall. They are

extracellular form and the environmentally stable infectious particle ，and metabolically inactive. The EB have a high affinity for host epithelial cells and rapidly enter them，creating a protected membrane-bound environment around the chlamydiae，and the Elementary body is reorganized into a larger one called metabolically active Reticulate body（RB）.

21.Reticulate body（RB）：The intracellular large form known as the reticulate body

Measuring about 0.5～1μm and devoid of an electron-dense nucleoid. Its

presence will reflect the stage of replication. Within the membrane-bound vacuole，the elementary grows in size and divides into repeatedly by binary fission. Eventually，the entire vacuole becomes filled with elementary bodies derived from reticulate bodies to form a cytoplasmic inclusion. The newly formed elementary bodies may be liberated from the host cell to infect new cells. The developmental cycle takes 24-48 hours.

22.nucleocapsid：The simplest of virus particles consists of a protein coat (capsid)

which surrounds a strand of nucleic acid and are thus called naked viruses or nucleocapsid.

23.Abortive Infections：Not all infections lead to new progeny virus. Productive

infections occur in permissive cells and result in the production of infectious virus. Abortive infections fail to produce infectious progeny, either because the cell may be nonpermissive and unable to support the expression of all viral genes or because the infecting virus may be defective, lacking some functional viral gene.

24.defective virus：A defective virus is one that lacks one or more functional genes

required for viral replication. Defective viruses require helper activity from another virus for some step in replication or maturation. One type of defective virus lacks a portion of its genome (i.e., deletion mutant). The extent of loss by deletion may vary from a short base sequence to a large amount of the genome.

Deletion mutants may arise spontaneously or may be constructed in the laboratory using biochemical techniques.

25.Interferons (IFN s)：Interferons (IFN s)are proteins made and released by host

cells in response to the presence of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, parasites or tumor cells. They allow for communication between cells to trigger the protective defences of the immune system that eradicate pathogens or tumors. 26.Antigenic drift: Antigenic drift is constantly occurring in both influenza A and

influenza B viruses. The HA and/or NA of the new strain are sufficiently different to evade (at least partially) the pre-existing human immunity. This leads to the seasonal epidemics.

27.Antigenic shift:Antigenic shift occurs only in influenza A virus. It describes the

emergence of an entirely new virus sub type. When this new sub type emerges, it causes a pandemic because there is no pre-existing immunity in humans.

系解名词解释

名词解释 1．标准解剖学姿势（anatomical position）:人体直立，两眼平视，上肢下垂，手掌向前，两足并拢，足尖向前。 2．胸骨角（sternal angle）:胸骨柄与胸骨体连接处微向前突的部分成为胸骨角，两侧平对第二肋，胸骨角向后平对第四胸椎体下缘，是计数肋的重要标志。 3．翼点（pterion）:颞窝前下部较薄，在额、顶、颞、蝶骨的会合处最为薄弱，此处常形成H形的缝，成为翼点，其内面有血管沟，有脑膜中动脉的前支通过，骨折时易伤及此动脉，是是临床上X线检查的部位。 4．椎间盘（intervertebral disc）:是连接相邻两个椎体的纤维软骨盘（第1及第2颈椎之间除外），由周围的纤维环和中央的髓核构成。 5．喙肩韧带:为三角形的扁韧带，连于肩胛骨的喙突与肩峰之间，它与喙突、肩峰共同构成喙肩弓，防止肩关节向上脱位。6．斜角肌间隙（scalene fissure）:前、中斜角肌与第1肋之间的间隙为斜角肌间隙，有锁骨下动脉和臂丛神经通过。 7．咽峡（isthmus of fauces）:腭垂、腭帆游离缘、两侧的腭舌弓及舌根共同围成咽峡。 8．肝门（porta hepatis）:脏面中部有略呈“H”形的三条沟，其中横行的沟位于脏面正中，有肝左、右管，肝固有动脉左、右支，肝门静脉左、右支，和肝的神经、淋巴管等由此出入，故

称肝门。出入肝门的这些结构被结缔组织包绕，构成肝蒂。9．Calot三角（或胆囊三角）：胆囊管、肝总管和肝的脏面围成的三角形区域成为胆囊三角，三角内常有胆囊动脉通过，因此该 三角是胆囊手术中寻找胆囊动脉的标志。 10．弹性圆锥：又称环声膜，是圆锥形的弹性纤维膜。其余甲状软骨前角后面，呈扇形向后、向下止于杓状软骨声带突和环状软 骨上缘。其上缘游离增厚，紧张于甲状软骨与声带突之间，称 声韧带，较前庭韧带厚而短。声韧带连同声带肌及覆盖于其表 面的喉粘膜一起，成为声带。弹性圆锥中部弹性纤维增厚称环 甲正中韧带（急性喉阻塞时，为抢救病人生命可在环甲正中韧 带处进行穿刺，以建立暂时性通气道。当紧急切开动脉圆锥进 行抢救时，注意切勿损伤环甲动脉吻合弓）。 11．声带（vocal cord）:由声韧带、声带肌和喉粘膜构成。声门裂是位于两侧声襞及杓状软骨底和声带突之间的裂隙比前庭裂长 而窄，是喉腔最狭窄之处。声带和声门裂合称为声门（glottis）。12．气管隆嵴：在气管杈的内面，有一矢状位向上的半月状嵴称气管隆嵴，略偏向左侧，是支气管镜检查时判断气管分叉的重要 标志。（异物坠落偏向左侧） 13．肺门（hilum 0f lung）:纵膈面即内侧面，与纵膈相邻，其中央为椭圆形凹陷，称肺门，肺门为支气管、肺动脉、肺静脉、

大学英语语言学期末考试名词解释和论述答案

名词解释 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0d13435844.html,petence and Performance: The distinction is discussed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s. Competence----the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance----the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. (American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s proposed the distinction between competence and performance. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speaker’s knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc.. Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard. ) 2.Sociolinguistics: is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.( It is a field of study that assumes that human society is made up of many related patterns and behaviors, some of which are linguistic.) https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0d13435844.html,nguage Acquisition: refers to t he child’s acquisition of his mother tongue, i.e. how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community. (Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. In general, language acquisition refers to children’s devel opment of their first language, that is, the native language of the community in which a child has been brought up.) 4.the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis: The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is a theory put forward by the American anthropological linguists Sapir and Whorf (and also a belief held by some scholars). It states that the way people view the world is determined wholly or partly by the structure of their native language. (2) The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis consists of two parts, i.e. linguistic determinism and relativism. Whorf proposed first that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on language. Or put it more bluntly, language determines thought, i.e. the notion of linguistic determinism. Because languages differ in many ways, Whorf also believed that speakers of different languages perceive and experience the world differently, i.e. relative to their linguistic background, hence the notion of linguistic relativism. 5.Phrase structure rule: The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule, such as: NP →(Det) + N +(PP)……e.g. those people, the fish on the plate, pretty girls. VP →(Qual) + V + (NP)……e.g. always play games, finish assignments. AP →(Deg) + A + (PP)……very handsome, very pessimistic, familiar with, very close to PP →(Deg) + P + (NP)……on the shelf, in the boat, quite near the station.

半导体工艺英语名词解释

半导体工艺英语名词解释 CMP CMP 是哪三个英文单词的缩写 答：Chemical Mechanical Polishing (化学机械研磨) CMP是哪家公司发明的 答：CMP是IBM在八十年代发明的。 简述CMP的工作原理 答：化学机械研磨是把芯片放在旋转的研磨垫(pad)上，再加一定的压力，用化学研磨液(slurry)来研磨的。为什幺要实现芯片的平坦化 答：当今电子元器件的集成度越来越高，例如奔腾IV就集成了四千多万个晶体管，要使这些晶体管能够正常工作，就需要对每一个晶体管加一定的电压或电流，这就需要引线来将如此多的晶体管连接起来，但是将这幺多的晶体管连接起来，平面布线是不可能的，只能够立体布线或者多层布线。在制造这些连线的过程中，层与层之间会变得不平以至不能多层迭加。用CMP来实现平坦化，使多层布线成为了可能。 CMP在什幺线宽下使用 答：CMP在微米以下的制程要用到。 什幺是研磨速率（removal rate） 答：研磨速率是指单位时间内研磨膜厚度的变化。 研磨液(slurry)的组成是什幺 答：研磨液是由研磨颗粒(abrasive particles)，以及能对被研磨膜起化学反应的化学溶液组成。 为什幺研磨垫(Pad)上有一些沟槽(groove) 答：研磨垫上的沟槽是用来使研磨液在研磨垫上达到均匀分布，使得研磨后芯片上的膜厚达到均匀。 为什幺要对研磨垫进行功能恢复(conditioning) 答：研磨垫在研磨一段时间后，就有一些研磨颗粒和研磨下来的膜的残留物留在研磨垫上和沟道内,这些都会影响研磨液在研磨垫的分布,从而影响研磨的均匀性。 什幺是blanket wafer 什幺是pattern wafer 答：blanket wafer 是指无图形的芯片。pattern wafer 是指有图形的芯片。

高考英语作文万能短语

高考英语作文万能短语 1first, second, third……首先，第二，第三….. 2firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally首先，第二，第三，最后 3to begin with, then, furthermore, finally首先，然后，其次，最后 4to start with, next, in addition, finally首先，然后，其次，最后 5first of all, besides, last but not least首先，其次，最后 6most important of all, moreover, finally最重要的，其次，最后 7on the one hand, on the other hand 适用于两点的情况一方面，另一方面 8for one thing, for another 适用于两点的情况一方面，另一方面 英语作文：短语优先原则 写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处： 其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文章太简单,必然会看你低一等。相反，如果发现亮点—精彩的短语，那么你的文章定会得高分了。 其二、凑字数，用短语是一个办法! 比如：I cannot bear it.我无法忍受它了。可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it.我无法忍受它了。I want it.我想要它。 可以用短语表达：I am looking forward to it.我想要它。 It’s important.这个很重要。 可以用短语表达: It’s of great importance.这个很重要。 英语作文：过渡语原则 并列用语： as well as也 not only…but also不仅……还 including,包括 英语作文：对比用语 on one hand 一方面

系解名词解释

系解名词解释 1.骺软骨：位于长骨的干骺端，幼年时保留，成年后骨化遗留骺线 作用是使骨长长。 2.胸骨角：位于胸骨柄与胸骨体连接处，两侧平对第二肋，是计数肋的标志。向后平对第四胸椎体下缘。 3.椎间盘：为连接相邻两个椎体的纤维软骨盘，中央部为髓核，周围部为纤维环，纤维环破裂时，髓核容易向后外侧突出，突入椎管或椎间孔，压迫脊髓或神经，临床称为椎间盘突出症。 4.肋弓：第8-10肋软骨的前端不直接与胸骨相连，而依次与上位肋软骨构成软骨连接，在两侧各形成一个肋弓。 5.界线：由骶骨岬向两侧经骶骨盆面上缘、弓状线、耻骨梳、耻骨结节、耻骨嵴和耻骨联合面的上缘构成的环状线。把骨盆分为大小骨盆，同时也是小骨盆的上口。 6.翼点：位于颞下窝的前下部，由额、顶、颞、蝶骨会合形成的H形缝，此处骨壁最为薄弱，其内面有脑膜中动脉前支通过。 7.斜角肌间隙：位于前、中斜角肌和第1肋之间的空隙，内有臂丛和锁骨下动脉通过。 8.膈：起止：胸骨部起自剑突后面；肋部起自下6对肋骨和肋软骨；腰部胰左右两个膈脚起自上2-3个腰椎。各部均止于中央的中心腱。 裂孔：主动脉裂孔 T12内有主动脉和胸导管通过 食管裂孔 T10内有食管和迷走神经通过 腔静脉孔 T8内有下腔静脉通过

作用：是主要的呼吸肌，收缩时，胸腔容积增大，以助吸气9.腹股沟韧带：腹外斜肌腱膜的下缘卷曲增厚连于髂前上棘和耻骨结节之间叫做腹股沟韧带。 10.腹股沟镰（联合腱）：腹内斜肌的下部肌束行向内下方，跨过精索后延为腱膜，再向内侧与腹横肌的腱膜会合形成。 11.腹股沟管：在腹股沟韧带内侧半的上方，内口为腹股沟管深环（腹环）位于腹股沟韧带中点上方1.5厘米，外口为腹股沟管浅环（皮下环），位于耻骨结节的外上方，男性内穿精索，女性内穿子宫圆韧带。补：股三角：由腹股沟韧带，长收肌内侧缘和和缝匠肌内侧缘围成。三角内有股神经，股血管和淋巴结等。 12.咽峡：腭垂、腭帆游离缘，两侧的腭舌弓及舌根共同围成，它是口腔和咽的分界。 13.十二指肠大乳头：位于十二指肠降部十二指肠纵襞的下端的突起，胆总管和胰管开口于此，其距中切牙约75厘米。 14.十二指肠悬韧带（Treitz韧带）：十二指肠空肠曲被十二指肠悬肌固定于腹后壁的右膈脚上，十二指肠悬肌和包绕其下段的腹膜皱襞共同构成十二指肠悬韧带，是手术中确定空肠起始的重要标志。15.齿状线：肛瓣与肛柱的下端共同形成锯齿状的环形线，此线以上为黏膜，以下为皮肤。 16.白线：肛梳下缘有一不明显的环形线，称白线。活体肛门指诊检查时可触及此处有一条环形浅沟，是肛门内外括约肌的分界处。17.肝门：位于肝脏面的一条横沟，是肝固有动脉，肝门静脉，肝左

英文写作名词解释

What is a summary? A summary is a short piece of writing that gives the main facts or ideas of a story or article,etc. The qualities of a good summary? It should be objective,that is,the writer does not include any ideas of his/her own. It should be complete ,that is,the writer does not leave out important facts or ideas. It should be balanced,in other words,the writer gives equal attention to each main idea. The goal of a summary? It is to give readers an objective,complete,accurate and balanced view of something(an article,a story ,a novel,a play,etc) Paragraph unity A unified paragraph contains only sentences that explain or support the general statement made in the topic sentence.Any sentence that does not relate to (=is not connected in some way)the main idea will not develop it. How to achieve paragraph unity? Begin with a discussable point and express it in a topic sentence. Stick to this single point throughout,that is,all other sentence should be about this point. Prove or develop the point;don 't merely repeat it. Link your sentence to make your ideas easy to follow. How to outline (=to give the main facts about something) a story? Divide the story into smaller parts. Summarize each part in one sentence. Number your sentence summaries to make them an outline of the story. What is a narrative paragraph? A narrative paragraph is one that briefly describes an incident or a personal experience. Requirements that a good narrative paragraph should meet? Though its length is limited,it is complete,that is,it has a beginning,middle and end. It includes as little conversation as possible. Its sentences are connected by suitable linking words or expressions. Here are some common time linking words/expressions. Afterward later when shortly afterward soon while the next day/night then Paragraph coherence(Coherence is connection ) A coherent paragraph is one in which every sentence after the first is connected to the one before it,to the topic sentence ,or to both ,and readers can readily follow the writer 's train of thought(= a related series of thoughts) An incoherence paragraph is one in which the sentences are badly connected or not connected at all,and the readers are likely to lose their way. How to achieve paragraph coherence? Arrange sentence in a clear order. Use correct pronouns Use correct linking words and expressions. What is exposition?

半导体行业的英文单词和术语

半导体行业的英文单词和术语 A 安全地线safe ground wire 安全特性security feature 安装线hook-up wire 按半周进行的多周期控制multicycle controlled by half-cycle 按键电话机push-button telephone set 按需分配多地址demand assignment multiple access(DAMA) 按要求的电信业务demand telecommunication service 按组编码encode by group B 八木天线Yagi antenna 白噪声white Gaussian noise 白噪声发生器white noise generator 半波偶极子halfwave dipole 半导体存储器semiconductor memory 半导体集成电路semiconductor integrated circuit 半双工操作semi-duplex operation 半字节Nib 包络负反馈peak envelop negative feed-back 包络延时失真envelop delay distortion 薄膜thin film 薄膜混合集成电路thin film hybrid integrated circuit 保护比（射频）protection ratio (RF) 保护时段guard period 保密通信secure communication 报头header 报文分组packet 报文优先等级message priority 报讯alarm 备用工作方式spare mode 背景躁声background noise 倍频frequency multiplication 倍频程actave 倍频程滤波器octave filter 被呼地址修改通知called address modified notification 被呼用户优先priority for called subscriber 本地PLMN local PLMN 本地交换机local exchange 本地移动用户身份local mobile station identity ( LMSI) 本地震荡器local oscillator

英语写作必背短语

1、具有别人不可比拟的优势have an incomparable advantage over others 2、承担责任assume one’s responsibility Parents should assume their responsibility to educate their kids. 3、基础知识rudimentary /fundamental knowledge 4、缺乏自信lack of confidence 5、适应adapt oneself to I try to adapt myself to the new environment. 6、头脑简单simple-minded without the proper education, children will become simple-minded 7、拥有明显优势possess an apparent advantage over 8、智慧ability and wisdom 9、摆脱get rid of 10、充分准备full preparation passing the ielts requires your full preparation. 11、感情交流emotional contact 12、过去的辉煌和成绩past glory and achievement 13、积极参加active participation 14、交际能力social skill 15、教学设施teaching facilities 16、老师和校方领导school teacher and administrator 17、强烈的失落感 a strong sense of loss 18、使熟悉acquaint oneself with acquaint myself with the oversea academic circumstances 19、消除孤独感和不适应感remove loneliness and disorientation 20、校方school authorities 21、校园活动campus activity 22、昂贵的学费costly tuition fee 23、毕生的记忆lifelong memories Studying under Mr.zhang’s instruction will always be my 24、辨明是非distinguish right from wrong 25、成就感a sense of achievement 26、抵挡住诱惑resist the temptation 27、独立思考和学习independent thinking and learning 28、高素质、有经验的老师highly qualified, well-experienced teaching staff 29、极大的财富an immense asset 30、尖端科学advanced science 31、经济负担financial burden/ strain 32、开阔视野widen one’s horizon/broaden one’s mind 33、跨文化交际cross-cultural communication 34、扩大知识面broaden one’s scope of knowledge 35、全身心投入be immersed in I might as well be immersed in learning another tongue. 36、人才短缺shortage of talent 37、人际交往能力interpersonal skill 38、伤感情的emotionally damaging 39、适应性强的be more adaptable 41、脱颖而出stand out from the crowd The new policy will enable those who stand out from the crowd to receive better education. 42、一流的设备first-rate facilities 43、易受到社会恶习腐蚀be vulnerable to social evils 44、语言障碍language barrier

系解英文名词解释

1.Piphyseal cartilage(epiphysial line)骺软骨（骺线） 长骨的两端膨大称为骺。幼年时，骨干与骺之间的有透明软骨，成年后软骨骨化，骨干与骺融为一体，其间遗留的痕迹，叫骺线。 2.Pterion翼点 翼点是额、顶、颞、蝶四骨会合处，骨质薄弱，内面有脑膜中动脉前支通过。Paranasal sinuses鼻旁窦 又名副鼻窦，是上颌骨，额骨，筛骨，蝶骨内骨腔，位于鼻腔周围，并开口于鼻腔。共四对，均位于同名骨内。由于鼻旁窦粘膜与鼻腔粘膜相续，故鼻腔炎症可蔓延至鼻旁窦引起鼻窦炎。 3.Diploe 板障 颅盖骨表层为密质，分别称内板和外板。两板之间的松质称为板障，有板障静脉通过。 4.Vertebral foramen(vertebral canal) 椎孔（椎管） 椎体与椎弓围成椎孔，各椎骨的椎孔连成椎管，椎管内容纳脊髓及其被膜。5.Intervertebral foramina 椎间孔 相邻椎骨椎弓根的上下切迹围成椎间孔，有脊神经和血管通过。 6.Sternal angle 胸骨角 胸骨柄和体连接处微向前凸，称胸骨角，可在体表扪及，两侧平对第2肋，是计数肋的重要标志。向后平对第4胸椎体下缘。 7.Intervertebral disc 椎间盘 椎间盘是连结相邻两个椎体的纤维软骨盘。 8.Costal arch 肋弓 为第8～10肋软骨各与上位肋软骨相连形成；为重要的体表标志。 9.Scalene fissure 斜角肌间隙 为前、中斜角肌与第1肋围成的三角形的空隙；内有臂丛神经及锁骨下动脉通过。 10.Isthmus of fauces(oropharyngeal isthmus) 咽峡 腭垂、腭帆游离缘、两侧的腭舌弓，和舌根共同围成咽峡。是口腔和咽的分界处。 11.Calot triangle(cystohepatic triangle) 卡洛氏三角（胆囊三角） 胆囊管、肝总管及肝脏脏面三者构成的三角形区域称为胆囊三角，内有胆囊动脉通过，是胆囊手术中寻找胆囊动脉的标志。 12.Dentate line 齿状线 连接各肛柱下端与各肛瓣边缘的锯齿状环行线称齿状线。 13.Costodiaphragmatic recess 肋膈隐窝 肋胸膜和膈胸膜互相转折处形成较大的间隙。 14.Renal region 肾区 是指竖脊肌外侧缘与第12肋之间的区域，为肾门的体表投影处（相当于第1腰椎水平）。 15.Renal hilum 肾门 renal sinus肾窦 肾内侧缘中间凹陷称为肾门，是肾盂，肾动静脉，淋巴管，神经的出入处。出入肾门的结构合成肾蒂（从前向后静动盂，从上到下动静盂）。由肾门深入肾实质的凹陷称为肾窦。

半导体名词解释

ACTIVE AREA主动区(工作区) 主动晶体管(ACTIVE FRANSISTOR)被制造的区域即所谓的主动区(active area)在标准之MOS制造过程中ACTIVE AREA是由，一层氮化硅光罩及等接氮化硅蚀刻之后的局部特区氧化(LOCOS OXIDATION)所形成的，而由于利用到局部场氧化之步骤．所以Active AREA 会受到鸟嘴(BIRD’S BEAK)之影响而比原先之氮化硅光罩所定义的区域来得小以长0.6UM 之场区氧化而言大概会有O.5 UM之BIRD'S BEAK存在也就是说ACTIVE AREA比原在之氮化硅光罩定义之区域小O.5UM Acetone丙酮 1.丙碗是有机溶剂的一种，分子式为CH30HCH3 2.性质：无色，具剌激性薄荷臭味之液体 3.用途：在FAB内之用途，主要在于黄光室内正光阻之清洗、擦拭 4﹒毒性：对神经中枢具中度麻醉性，对皮肤粘膜具轻微毒性，长期接触会引起皮肤炎，吸入过量之丙酮蒸气会刺激鼻、眼结膜、咽喉粘膜、甚至引起头痛、念心、呕吐、目眩、意识不明等。 5﹒允许浓度:1000ppm ADI显影后检查 After Developing Inspection之缩写 目的：检查黄光室制程;光阻覆盖→对准→曝光弓显影。发现缺点后，如覆盖不良、显影不良‥‥等即予修改(Rework)﹒以维产品良率、品质。 方法：利用目检、显微镜为之。 AEI蚀刻后检查 1. AEI 即After Etching Inspection，在蚀刻制程光阻去除、前反光阻去除后，分别对产品实施主检或抽样检查。 2. AEI之目的有四： 2-1提高产品良率，避免不良品外流。 2-2达到品质的一致性和制程之重复性。 2-3显示制程能力之指针。 2-4防止异常扩大，节省成本 3. 通常AEI检查出来之不良品，非必要时很少做修改。因为重去氧化层或重长氧化层可能造成组件特性改变可靠性变差、缺点密度增加。生产成本增高，以及良率降低之缺点。Air Shower空气洗尘室 进入洁净室之前，须穿无尘衣，因在外面更衣室之故﹒无尘衣上沽着尘埃，故进洁净室之前﹒须经空气喷洗机将尘埃吹掉。 Alignment对准 目的：在IC的制造过程中，必须经过6至10次左右的对准、曝光来定义电路图案，对准就是要将层层图案精确地定义显像在芯片上面。

诊断学大体题目和名解英文

名解： 1.症状symptom 2.体征sign 3.发热fever 4.稽留热continued fever 5.弛张热remittent fever 6.间歇热intermittent fever 7.波状热undulant fever 8.回归热recurrent fever 9.不规则热irregular fever 10.水肿edema 11.咳嗽cough 12.咳痰expectoration 13.咯血hemoptysis 14.呕血hematemesis 15.放射痛或牵涉痛radiating pain P41 16.呼吸困难dyspnea 17.心源性呼吸困难或心源性哮喘cardiac asthma 18.Kussmaul 呼吸 19.Saegesser 征 20.腹泻diarrhea 21.黄疸jaundice 22.Gilbert综合征 23.Crigler-Najiar综合征 24.Rotor综合征 25.Dubin-Johnson综合征 26.夏科Charcot三联征 27.血尿haematuria 28.尿频frequent micturition 29.尿急urgent micturition 30.尿痛odynuria 31.尿路刺激征 32.神经源性膀胱 33.意识障碍disturbance of consciousness 34.嗜睡somnolence 35.意识模糊confusion 36.嗜睡stupor 37.昏迷coma 38.谵妄delirium 39.问诊inquiry 40.主诉chief complaint 41.现病史history of present illness 42.既往史past history 43.系统回顾review of systems 44.月经史menstrual history 45.体格检查physical examination 46.检体诊断physical diagnosis 47.视诊inspection 48.触诊palpation 49.叩诊percussion 50.叩诊音percussion sound 51.清音resonance 52.浊音dullness 53.实音flatness 54.鼓音tympany 55.过清音hyperresonance 56.听诊auscultation 57.嗅诊olfactory examination 58. 生命征vital sign 59.无力型asthenic 60.超力型sthenic type 61.正力型ortho-sthenic type 62.营养不良innutrition 63.营养过剩excess nutrient 64.精神障碍mental disorders 65.自知力insight 66.二尖瓣面容mitral facies 67.甲亢面容thyrotoxic facies 68.体位position 69.被动体位passive position 70.强迫体位compulsive position 71.端坐呼吸orthopnea 72.间歇性跛行intermittent claudication 73.发绀cyanosis 74.色素沉着pigmentation 75.斑疹maculae 76.玫瑰疹roseola 77.丘疹papules 78.斑丘疹maculopapule 79.荨麻疹urticaria 80.瘀点petechia 81.紫癜purpura 82.瘀斑ecchymosis 83.血肿hematoma 84.蜘蛛痣spider angioma 85.肝掌liver palms 86.溃疡ulcer

(完整版)英美文学名词解释最全版

01. Humanism(人文主义) 1>Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. 2> it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. 02. Renaissance(文艺复兴) 1>The word “Renaissance”means “rebirth”, it meant the reintroduction into western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome. 2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation. 3> the real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist. 03. Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌) 1>Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. 2>with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. 3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life. 04. Classicism(古典主义) Classicism refers to a movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes. 05. Enlightenment(启蒙运动) 1>Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in France and swept through western Europe in the 18th century. 2> the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century. 3>its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. 4>it celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education. 5>famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like Alexander pope. Jonathan Swift. etc. 06.Neoclassicism(新古典主义) 1>In the field of literature, the enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.