文档库 最新最全的文档下载
当前位置:文档库 › Rhetoric

Rhetoric

Rhetoric
Rhetoric

Rhetoric

Division of Rhetoric

?Communicative Rhetoric 交际修辞

(Negative Rhetoric 消极修辞)

-- To add to people’s knowledge; accurate, plain;

?Aesthetic Rhetoric 美学修辞

(Positive Rhetoric 积极修辞)

-- To get people affected, or moved; vivid, brilliant, colorful.

1. Simile(明喻)

俗称直喻,是依据比喻和被比喻两种不同事物的相似关系而构成的修辞格。由(as)... as, like等引导,这些引导词被称作比喻词(acknowledging word),它们是辨别明喻的最显著的特征,明喻较为直白,比喻物和被比喻物之间相似点较为明显

? 1.three parts : subject (主体) reference (喻体)indicator of resemblance (比喻词)

?My love is like a red red rose.

?2。主体和喻体一般指两个不同的事物。

John is as tall as a Maypole.五朔节花柱(庆祝五朔节围绕此柱歌舞)

Like and as型

?Marriage is like a beleaguered fortress; those who are without want to get in, and those within want go get out .

?婚姻象是一个被包围的堡垒;外面的想要进去,里面的人想要出来。

?Love goes towards love , as schoolboys from their books; But love from love , towards school with heavy looks.(Shakespeare)

赴情人的约会,象学童抛开书一样,和情人分别,象学童板着脸上学堂?This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.

?这头象和任何人见到的一样像一条蛇。

?He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit.

?他看上去好像刚从我的童话故事书中走出来,像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去。

作用The use of simile can show the suffering of Negro slaves much more vividly, and arouse the audiences' sympathy. It makes the speech more vivid.

2. Metaphor隐喻

?无需借助比喻词,直接将甲事物当作乙事物来描写。也称隐喻,是依据比喻和被比喻两种不同事物的相似或相关关系而构成的修辞格。例如:? 1.His friend has become a thorn in his side.(他的朋友已变成眼中钉肉中刺。)

? 2.You are your mother’s glass.(你是你母亲的翻版。)

?He is as poor as a church mouse, and a church mouse like him eats like a

horse. (他一贫如洗,赤贫的他又特别能吃。)

? b.The huge sunlight flamed like a monstrous dahlia with petals of yellow

?fire.(煤气灯燃得像一朵巨大的大丽花,黄黄的火舌恰似花瓣。)作用A metaphor is a figure of speech that constructs an analogy between two things or ideas; the analogy is conveyed by the use of a metaphorical word in place of some other word.

It not only helps the audiences better understand the address but also makes the speech more vivid and novel.

3. Personification:(拟人)

拟人手法是把物,诸如动物、植物、物体、思想或抽象概念等比作人,赋予它们人的特性、外表、思维、动作。即把本来适用于人的词汇用于物,使之人格化。

?It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). 把事、物、观念等拟作人,赋予它们以人的思想。感情与行为方式。

? e.g The wind whistled through the trees.

?Money talks; money prints; money broadcasts; money reigns.

?The sun looks over the mountain’s rim.(太阳挂在山边。)

4. Euphemism(委婉)

以较文雅,悦耳或温婉的说法来代替粗野,刺耳或直露的话。委婉的英语定义是speak with good words,就是把话说得好听些,婉转些,使听者感到愉快。委婉法在各种语言中都有使用,十分广泛。

?英语中的委婉修辞大致可以分为两类,一类是用暗示手法,转换角度使语言温和愉悦,另一类是用好字眼来代替不好的刺眼的字眼。

? 1.Your painting is not so good. (画画得差,却说成“不太好”,good总比bad 好听。)2.He wasn’t at all embarrassed by her low-income, and decided to marry her soon.(这里的low-income其实是贫穷poverty的婉转暗示。) ? 3.Jackson, a black brought up in the inner city, ran swiftly along the track and beat all the others. (inner city用来婉称slum——贫民窟,表示了对那位黑人运动员的尊重。)

?And , it being low water, he went out with the tide.(Charles Dickens,Davidcopperfield)

?正是退潮的时候,他跟潮水一道走了。(溺水而死)

5、提喻(synecdoche)

?又称举隅法,主要特点是局部代表全体,或以全体喻指部分,或以抽象代具体,或以具体代抽象。例如:

?1、The Great Wall was made not only of stones and earth, but of the flesh and blood of millions of men.

?长城不仅是用石头和土建造的,而且是用几百万人的血和肉建成的。

?句中的“the flesh and blood”喻为“the great sacrifice”(巨大的牺牲)?Many eyes turned to a tall,20—year black girl on the U.S. team. ”。很多人将眼投向美国队一个高高的20岁的黑姑娘。这里的“many eyes”代替了

“m any persons

6、Metonymy

借代故意不用需要说明的人或物的本称,而是借与该人或该物密切相关的事物来代替。指两种不同事物并不相似,但又密不可分,因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。

?What is learned in the cradle is carried to the grave .(幼小所学,终身不忘) ?Cradle (birth ), grave (birth ) 表达简练,具体,生动,有趣。

7.夸张(hyperbole)

夸张手法是人们从主观出发,有意识地把事实夸大,故意言过其实,以达到强调或突出的一种修辞手法。它偏重于情感,而不太注重事实,表达得比实际事情更高、更强烈、更有集中性,具有诙谐、讥讽、褒贬等功用。一般说来,凡事物,都可适当地利用夸张去修饰。

?(1)利用数词

?①His eyes fell on the page, but his mind was a million miles away.(他的眼睛在书页上,可心思却在十万八千里之外。)

?(2)利用极端概念

?①I’ll keep it a secret till the end of the world.(我将把秘密保持到世界末日。) ?(3)利用形容词和副词

?②I am thirsty to death for the book.(我想那本书想得要命。)

?如果用terrible, terrific, awful, horrible, fantastic等感情强烈的词去修饰并不重要的事情,就具有夸张的成分。

?(3)利用形容词和副词的最高级

?①I’m the happiest man in the world.(我是世界上最幸福的人。)

?(5)利用介词短语

?①Bill Gates rounded up a wealth beyond calculation.(比尔·盖茨聚财无数。)

8、矛盾修饰法(oxymoron)

?顾名思义,这种修饰法就是把明显矛盾的词用在一起,以产生语言上的奇效。既然是矛盾的词,其词汇意义往往相对立,形成反义关系,它们用在一块可以深刻地揭示事物间矛盾对立,同时又协调统一的方面。例如:? 1.The interview lasted for an endless morning, I got quite exhausted.

(“morning”不可能“endless”,因为“interview”把人搞得“exhausted”,才有了时间上的“endless”。把有限和无限的东西放在一起,形成矛盾修饰。) ?矛盾修饰法的特点就是构成相互关联的、属于反义的词被安排在一块,二者之间彼此对立,却又有着必然的联系,其产生的语言效果非常独特,令人过目不忘。比如:

?cruel kindness 残酷的仁慈painful pleasure 悲喜交加ugly beautiful 丑中带俊

结构

?(1)形容词+名词:cruel kindness, orderly chaos, wise fool, painful pleasure ? (2)动词分词+名词:loving hate, walking dead

? (3)形容词+形容词:ugly beautiful, bitter sweet, poor rich

?(4)副词+形容词:mercifully fatal, deadly alive, disagreeably pleasant

?(5)副词+动词分词:changelessly changing, stably moving

?(6)名词+名词:enemy friend, life-and-death

?(7)动词+副词:hurry slowly, talk silently, live deadly

9、移位修饰法(transferred epithet)

移位修饰法就是将仅可用于修饰某种东西的词汇移植修饰到另类东西上的一种语言使用手法,即将甲事物的修饰成分转移到乙事物上,使风马牛不相及的成分凑在一起,反而使得语言简练凝缩,形象生动。比如我们经常使用的“Happy New Year!”, “year”是不会“happy”的,如果非要生硬地说“You fee l happy in the new year.”,反倒累赘了。其它如“a sleepless night”,“the smiling spring”,“? 1.由修饰人物转为修饰事物

?(1)He lay in bed, smoking his thinking pipe.(他躺在床上,抽烟思考。)

? 2.由修饰动物转为修饰事物

?(1)The neighborhood couldn’t stand to hear the gnawing cry from the husband over his wife’s death. (邻居们不忍听到丈夫因妻子去世而撕心裂肺的哭声。——gnaw指虫子等的“咬啮”,形容的那种哭声难以言状。) ? 3.由修饰人转为修饰人的某部分或与人有关的状态

?(1)Hans shrugged a scornful shoulder.(汉斯轻蔑地耸耸肩。——scornful 常用于修饰人的心理状态。)

? 4.由修饰具体事物转为修饰抽象事物

?(1)I have mountainous difficulty in understanding Shakespeare’s works.(我理解莎士比亚的作品有极大困难。——mountainous表示“多山的”,如mountainous district, mountainous continent用来修饰“困难”,则表示“巨大的”。)

? 5.由修饰抽象事物转为修饰具体事物

?(1)The sky turned to a tender palette of pink and blue.(天空变成了粉红碧绿的柔色色板。)

? 6.事物之间转移修饰

?(1)He lift swiftly as the baking interview completed.(倍受煎熬的面试一结束他便急速离开。——baking原意是烤面包,此处修饰interview,为了烘托难熬的气氛。)

10. Pun双关

?Definition: To pun is to play on words, or rather to play with the form and meaning of words, for a witty or humorous effect.

?双关(pun)双关的定义是“A figure of speech depending upon a similarit y of sound and a disparity of meaning”,可见双关就是用发音相似的词来表达特殊意义的修辞手法,它非常能够体现使用者的睿智机敏、幽默俏皮,造成印象隽永的效果。它的使用场合亦庄亦谐,既常见于故事、笑话、谜语、儿歌等,又可用于正式场合,表达严肃的思想和深邃的感情。

? 2.— Why is an empty parse always the same?

?— Because there is never any change in it.(change既表示“零钱”,又表示“变化”。“空钱包”里边没“零钱”当然就永远瘪着,毫无“变化”了。)

?好处:双关可使语言表达得含蓄、幽默,而且能加深寓意,给人以深刻印象。

?When does the baker follow his trade?

Whenever he kneads the dough.

译文:面包师傅什么时候营业?

每当他揉面的时候。

11. 借代(metonymy)

借代是借用依附于某一事物的另一事物的名称来代替该事物的名称的手法,换句话说,借代法不直接说出事物的本来名称,而是换用另一种说法。所以借代不是比喻,不需要两个事物相比。

?(1) 以人的装束指代人woman in furs or men in grand coats(借代有钱人)?black gown(借代美国的大学生)。

?(2) 以人体部分或器官指代人或物

?I won’t let my heart rule my head.(我不会用感情代替理智。)

?(3) 以人、物的显著特征指代人、物

?the gray hair(老年人)the egg head(秃头)zebra crossing(横穿人行道)

(4) 以颜色指代the black, the white, the yellow(代各种肤色的人)

?“Come on!” said the big white, pushing a small pike of reds.

?(“开始吧!”大个子白人说,推出了一小堆红色筹码。)

?(5) 以容器指代乘物He indulged in glass.(他沉湎于喝酒。)

? A pilot should know there must be 18 hours between bottle and throttle.(飞行员应知道喝酒后18小时才能飞行。)

?(6) 以乘物指代容器

?They ordered 2 beers and 1 whisky. (beer为不可数名词,不可能说2 beers,显然指的是2 glasses of beer,同样1指1 glass of whisky。) ?(7) 以人名指代作品

?I often read Luxun. Will Mozart be played at the concert? Sandwich

?(7) 以所在地指代机构

?Berlin(德国政府) The Pentagon(美国国防部)Beijing(中国政府)

?(9) 以工具指代动作或行为

?Only a knife could save him.(只有动手术他才有救。)

?He chose the gun instead of the cap and gown.(他选择当兵而不是上大学。) ?The pen is mightier than the sword.(文治强于武攻。)

12.换称(Antonomasia)

?概念:一个专有名词如果具有了家喻户晓的概念,就可以成为某种象征。

以此带换一个普通的名词,必然唤起固有的联想,赋予这个普通名词以同

样的联想。换称(Antonomasia)同借代(Metonymy)的最大区别在于换称中的专有名词通常来自三个渊源:宗教、古代和当代的历史、文学。而借

代中的专有名词则无须这种起源。

?借代

?Uncle Sam (山姆大叔)---------the United States (美国)

?The Pentagon(五角大楼)--------- U.S. State Defence Department (美国国防

部)

?换称(1)宗教和神话渊源(biblical or mythological figures)

?Solomon (所罗门)-----a wise man (聪明人)

?(2)历史渊源(historical figures)

the Rubicon (鲁比肯河)----an irrevocable step (破釜沉舟,无可挽回)

13.头韵(alliteration)

头韵,是指文章中(通常是散文或诗)某一句段里两个或两个以上的词词首发音相同,通过作者的安排,产生有韵律的特殊发音,从而增强语言特色和效果的一种修辞手法。这种词首通常是铺音,如drip-dry, bag and baggage,有时也可是元音,如Oh, the evil omen over the ocean!

The two friends were faithful through thick and thin. 这对朋友同甘共苦、始终不渝。

?作用Alliteration refers to repetition of a particular sound in the first syllables

of a series of words and/or phrases.It makes the speech more rhythmical.

making the speech sound music and rhythmical.

话语结构修辞

14.对照法(antithesis)

即有意将意义相反的词句平行或平衡地排列起来,以表示对立概念的修辞手法。它可以深刻揭示和暴露事物间的对立和矛盾,在读者头脑里形成强烈的反差,借此突出作者要表达的意图。用对照法写出的句子,有的语言非常简练,声韵和谐,不仅是语言的享受,更具文学内涵的品位

? 1.Man proposes, God disposes. (谋事在人,成事在天。)

? 2.The old think before they do while the young think after they do.(老年人先想后做,年轻人先做后想。)

作用A rhetorical term for the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in balanced phrases or clauses.

?It can make the speech possess the quality of music.

15平行(Parallelism)

?平行是指在一个句子或一组句子中重复使用相同的或相似的话语结

构,即词、短语、从句等保持平行,使句子有平衡感、节奏感和清晰感。

例如:

? 1.Endeavor, confidence and opportunity are the basic elements of one’s success. 努力,信心和机会是成功的基本元素。——<名词平行>。

作用In grammar, parallelism is a balance of two or more similar words, phrases, or clauses. Parallelism may also be known as parallel structure or parallel construction.

?It helps achieve emphasis and make the speech more rhythmical, forceful and

passionate. With the similiar structures in grammar, the compound sentences achieve the effect of emphasis, making the speech more rhythmical and passionate

16倒装(Inversion)

?倒装是把句子中的某一成分放在开头或结尾以达到强调的效果。例如:1.Only then did I understand what he meant. 只到那时我才明白他的意思 2.Next door to ours lives an old man who has just retired from work.

?我们的隔壁住着一个刚刚退休的老人。

? 3.Under no circumstances will China first use nuclear weapons.

?在任何情况下中国都不会首先使用核武器。

17反复(Repetition)

反复是把词、词组、从句等进行有意识的重复,以达到强调的效果。

其他修辞

1.讽刺Irony

讽刺(Irony)是辞面和辞里的背反,语言意义和思维内容的抵触。用含蓄的褒义词表示批判性的评价,用反意进行强调,属于双重聚焦的思维模式,焦点在两者的背反

?It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the

opposite of their usual sense. 即通常所谓的说反话,反意正说,正意反说。

常用于讽刺或嘲弄的场合. e.g

?We are lucky.(when something bad happens)

?An instance of using a word, phrase, or clause more than once in a short passage--dwelling on a point.

?Used deliberately, repetition can be an effective rhetorical strategy for achieving emphasis and cohension.

2.Analogy: (类比)

It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance. The pattern is : a is to b as c is to d借助一些共同的相似之点来做平行的比较,比明喻和暗喻着眼点更广阔。

? e.g Shoe is to foot as tire is to wheel ;

3.Understatement: 低调陈述/含蓄陈

It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it or minimizing the importance, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. 轻描淡写地陈述一种想法。

?The man is no fool. 这个人决不是个傻瓜

4.Anti-climax or bathos: (突降)

It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating one’s thoughts in a descending order

of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. 采用突然下降的手法使句意从严肃、深刻、重要等等的概念中急转到滑稽、平庸、琐细等的概念上,从而造成一种语义上的大的反差而获得一种鲜明、幽默的交际效果。

What shall I do? I have lost my lover and lipstick too.

5.省略;Ellipsis

得到母亲去世的消息,我很悲痛。(“得到”= “我得到”)(朱德:《母亲的回忆》)On hearing of my mother’s death,I was caught in a tremendous grief.

(“on hearing of”= “as soon as I heard of ”)

6.设问;Question and Answer

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? (问)

Thou art more lovely and more temperate. (答)

7.反问;Rhetoric Question

B y chance you’re born from grasses of decay,dare you fly near where shines the light of day?

为了加强语气,有意向读者或听者从反面提出不答自明、答在其中的问题,叫做反问,英语里称rhetoric question

RHETORIC

English Rhetoric 英语修辞学 I. Connotation of Rhetoric:rhetoric的含义 1. Rhetoric may be used as an ordinary(普通用词)word and a technical term(专业术语). 1) As an ordinary word, rhetoric in a derogatory sense means “skilful argumentation”(巧辩)and “empty or exaggerated eloquence”(虚夸的话). e.g. the exaggerated rhetoric of presidential campaigns(总统竞选期间唱的高调);the empty rhetoric of the politicians(政客们的花言巧语); flowery rhetoric(华丽的辞藻) Rhetoric also means (1) “language designed to have a persuasive or impressive effect on its audience”(言语,辞令), e.g. employ stirring rhetoric; soothing rhetoric; glowing rhetoric (2) “a rtistic language”(艺术语言), e.g. the rhetoric of fiction(小说的艺术语言); the rhetoric of film(电影语言); body rhetoric(肢体语言) 2) As a technical term, rhetoric has several senses. In America, the writing course or the writing textbook is entitled “rhetoric”. Apart from the above senses, rhetoric also has the following important senses: (1) Speaking rhetoric(演讲修辞): the art of speaking (2) Compositional rhetoric(写作修辞): the art of writing (3) Stylistic rhetoric(风格修辞,文体修辞): the style of writing 2. Rhetoric may also be subdivided into the following: 1) Lexical rhetoric(词汇修辞): the rhetorical law of choosing words and phrases 2) Sentence rhetoric(句子修辞): the rhetorical law selecting sentence patterns 3) Paragraph rhetoric(段落修辞): the rhetorical law of organizing paragraphs 4) textual rhetoric(语篇修辞): the rhetorical law of organizing texts II. Definition of Rhetoric修辞学的定义 What is rhetoric ? 1.Origin of modern rhetoric: 现代修辞学的起源 Rhetoric originated in “speaking”(说话). Aristotle(亚里士多得), in the 4th century BC, first defined rhetoric as the art of persuasion, equivalent to argumentation as people understand today. John Locke(约翰.洛克), English philosopher of the late 17th century, described rhetoric as “the science of oratory(演说术)” or “the art of speaking with propriety, elegance and force(修辞学是说话得体、优美和有力的艺术)”. All this explains why the word “rhetoric”means “speaking”in such European languages as Greek, Latin, French, Spanish and Italian. In the book Modern Rhetoric by American linguists Brooks(布鲁克斯)and Warren(沃伦)rhetoric is defined as “the art of using language effectively(修辞学是有效地使用语言的艺术)”. In the New Oxford Dictionary of English rhetoric is described as “the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the exploitation of figures of speech or other compositional techniques(修辞学是有效或有说服力的演说或写作的艺术,特别是运用英语修辞格或其它写作的艺术)”. 2.Rhetoric and Figures of Speech: Figures of speech are quite different from rhetoric, but they are important components in English rhetoric. In the New Oxford Dictionary of English, “figure of speech” is defined as “ a word or phrase used in a non-literal sense too add rhetorical force or interest to a spoken or written passage”(修辞格是用一个非字面意义的单词或短语使一段口头或笔头的文字增加修辞效果或兴趣). They refer to

高级英语学习方法

《高级英语》的学习方法漫谈 学习方法的重要性不言自明,学习方法得当,有利于培养和提高学习活动中的各种学习能力,从而有助于加速学习进程。常有学生询问“如何才能迅速提高英语水平”、“英语学习有什么捷径”等等,严肃认真的英语教师很难回答这样宽泛的问题,学生也很难得到满意的回答。其实,学习英语根本没捷径可言,但“授人以鱼不如授人以渔”。因此,我们拟结合多年教学经验,就学习《高级英语》这门课程提供一些建议或者称作方法。 我们认为,学生在学习该课程时往往存在一些误区,例如:(1)在课外阶段,学生沿袭基础英语阶段的学习习惯,精力集中在查单词、找例句、抄词典,忽视词义的选择。查完课文中所有的生词也就意味着预习的结束。(2)在课上阶段,学生多

逐句理解,忽略背景知识、篇章意义;重视词汇短语和难句的解释,忽略课文结构、课文主题、写作过程的分析;满足于对课文的字面理解,不求隐含、引申意义,不求批判性思考。总的来说,学生仅仅把该门课当成是基础英语的延伸,结果常抱怨“学不到东西”、“英语水平没提高”,影响了学生的学习能力和自信心。老师也认为学生在口、笔头表达上仍然没条理、没逻辑,对课文的主题等宏观理解问题知之甚少,就是所谓的“见木不见林”,达不到“高级”的要求。目前,有些学校由于各种原因采用了大班授课的方式,学生的自主学习以及学习方法就更加重要。学生该怎么学《高级英语》要学什么首先,必须弄清《高级英语》这门课的性质。《高级英语》是英语专业三、四年级主干课,《高等学校英语专业教学大纲》中规定:“高级英

语是一门训练学生综合英语技能尤其是阅读理解、语法修辞与写作能力的课程。课程通过阅读和分析内容广泛的材料,包括涉及政治、经济、社会、语言、文学、教育、哲学等方面的名家作品,扩大学生知识面,加深学生对社会和人生的理解,培养学生对名篇的分析和欣赏能力、逻辑思维与独立思考的能力,巩固和提高学生英语语言技能。”由此看来,这门课除了和其它课程一样担负着发展学生的人文素质的任务外,从英语学习的角度看,还要巩固和提高学生英语语言技能,即听、、说读、写、译的能力。然而,学生面临的新任务是发展“对名篇的分析和欣赏能力、逻辑思维与独立思考的能力”。为此,学生要实现几个转变:从低年级那种机械性的“词汇—语法—练习”学习为主转移至课文分析与理解为主;从对课文的字面理解为主转移

英语修辞学课程教学大纲

《英语修辞学》课程教学大纲 一、教师或教学团队信息 教师姓名职称办公室电话电子信箱徐桦副教授 本教师教授过的本科课程有:综合英语、英语泛读、英语视听说、英语写作、商务英语写作、英语语言风格、英语修辞学、英语词汇学等。所教授的英语写作获得2014年度学院“精彩课堂”奖;所教授的英语写作、英语词汇学、英语修辞学等课程获得学生评教高分。 本教师主要研究方向为英语课程论和英语写作教学。参加编写过多种英语词典、英语专业课本、和英语教辅书籍,其中参与编写的《英语语言学与教学丛书·写作教程系列》获2008年度上海师范大学教学成果三等奖。撰写和发表重要专业论文十余篇。担任2006-2008年度上海师范大学精品课程建设项目“中级英语写作”项目以及2009-2011年度上海市教委重点课程“英语写作基础”系列课程项目负责人。 二、课程基本信息 课程名称(中文):英语修辞学 课程名称(英文):English Rhetoric 课程类别:□通识必修课□通识选修课□专业必修课专业方向课 □专业拓展课□实践性环节 课程性质*:学术知识性方法技能性□研究探索性□实践体验性 课程代码: 周学时:2总学时:32 *2 学分: 4 先修课程:英语写作,英语语法 授课对象:英语(师范)专业本科三年级(5+6学期) 三、课程简介 本课程作为一门选修课程,向具备英语写作基础的学生介绍现代英语修辞学的研究内容、方法和主要修辞手段的运用;教学内容涉及词法、句法和段篇的修

辞特色、组织安排及表达手段。教学目的是让学生了解英语语言较深层次的表达特点和规律,辨别英汉修辞技巧的异同,能够利用修辞知识分析英语读物,提高欣赏水平和语言修养,并恰当地使用修辞手段,提高语言交际效果。 本课程对于高年级的英语语言文学专业的学生是不可或缺的学习领域及环节,它集理论性和实践性为一身,具备较高的实用价值,对于提升学生的专业水平具有重要帮助。 四、课程目标 英语修辞学的教学内容涉及词法、句法和段篇的修辞特色、组织安排及表达手段;通过修辞中的美学和非美学两套标准,系统传授英语修辞学的相关理论及实践技巧。教学目的是让学生了解英语语言较深层次的表达特点和规律,辨别英汉文化及修辞技巧的异同,能够利用修辞知识分析英语读物,提高欣赏水平和语言修养,并恰当地使用修辞手段,提高笔头及口头的语言表达效果。总之,本课程旨在培养学生针对不同目的、场景、对象,使用相应风格的英语交际能力,以及一定的研究英语语言有效表达的学术素养。 五、教学内容与进度安排*(满足对应课程标准的第2条) 本课程内容分三个大方面,第一方面为现代修辞学的研究对象、内容和方法,英语修辞活动的层次;第二方面为不同句法的修辞特色,短篇组织安排,文章写作和修改;第三方面为一些专题研究内容以及常用修辞格。

语用学与修辞学讲义

语用学与修辞学讲义 第一章绪论 第一节语用学与修辞学的概念 一、什么是语用学 Pragmatics这一术语由美国哲学家C.Morris在《符号学理论基础》(1938)一书中首次提出。如果以1977年在荷兰创刊的《语用学杂志》为标志,则语用学作为一们独立的学科迄今不过30多年的历史。 1、定义:Charles W.Morris在其《符号理论基础》中提出:语用学研究“符号与符号解释者的关系”,研究“符号与有生命的方面,即研究符号作用下出现的所有心理、生理和社会现象”。 列文森(Levinson S.C.,1983:转引自何兆熊,1989:8-9)有关语用学的几个定义: (1)“语用学是对在一种语言的结构中被语法化后被编码的语言和语境之间的关系的研究”; (2)“语用学是对所有那些未能纳入语义理论的意义侧面研究”; (3)“语用学是对语言和语境之间对于说明语言理解来说是十分根本的那些关系的研究”; (4)“语用学是对语言使用者把句子和使这些句子得以合适的语境相匹配的能力的研究”; (5)“语用学是对指示(至少是其中的一部分)、含义、前提、言语行为以及话语结构各个侧面的研究。” (6)“语用学多要研究的是语言使用者在特定的语境中运用合适的语句的能力。”(英·列文森 S。C。Levinson,Pragmatics,Cambrige University Press。1983 P。24。 再来看看其他学者对语用学的定义(何兆熊,1989:10-11): (1)“语用学是对语言行为以及实施这些行为的语境所作的研究(Stalnaker,1972)”; “语用学是一种旨在描述说话人如何使用一种语言的句子达致成功交际的理(2) 论(Kempson,1975)”; (3)“语用学是对语言的使用和语言交际进行的研究(Akmajian,1979)”; (4)“语用学可以有效地定义为对话语如何在情景中取得意义的研究。”(英·利奇G。N。Leech,Principles of Pragmatics,Longman,1983。P。X。 何自然:“语用学研究特定情景中的特定话语,研究不同的语言交际环境下如何理解和运用语言。”(《语用学概论》第1页 金定元:“语用学就是研究语境的科学。”(《语用学——研究语境的科学》载《中国语文天地》1986年第1期。) 周礼全:“语用学是符号学的重要部分……它研究:在一个语境中,说话者如何应用话语准确地表达和传达自己的思想感情给听话者,从而达到自己的意图;它也研究:在一个语境中,听话者如何准确地了解说话者通过话语所表达和传达的思想

四六级翻译30个常用句型

1)It is+形容词+that It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life. 可想而知,知识在我们的一生中扮演着一个重要的角色。 2)It is+形容词+to do/ doing She had said what it was necessary to say. 她已经说了一切有必要说的话。 3)祈使句/名词+and/ or Work hard, and you will finally be able to reach your destination. 努力工作,你就能实现自己的目标。 4)as+many/ much+名词+as It is said that visitors spend only half as much money in a day in Leeds as in Lon-don. 据说,游客每天在利兹的花销仅为在伦敦的一半。 5)倍数词+as+形容词+as The reservoir is three times as big as it was ten years ago. 这个水库的面积是十年前三倍。 6) 倍数词+ more +名词/形容词十than Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills seven times more people each year than automobile accidents. 吸烟对人体健康的危害极大,每年死于吸烟的人比死于车祸的人多七倍。 7)(not)as/ so...as(和……(不)一样)

Rhetoric

Rhetoric Division of Rhetoric ?Communicative Rhetoric 交际修辞 (Negative Rhetoric 消极修辞) -- To add to people’s knowledge; accurate, plain; ?Aesthetic Rhetoric 美学修辞 (Positive Rhetoric 积极修辞) -- To get people affected, or moved; vivid, brilliant, colorful. 1. Simile(明喻) 俗称直喻,是依据比喻和被比喻两种不同事物的相似关系而构成的修辞格。由(as)... as, like等引导,这些引导词被称作比喻词(acknowledging word),它们是辨别明喻的最显著的特征,明喻较为直白,比喻物和被比喻物之间相似点较为明显 ? 1.three parts : subject (主体) reference (喻体)indicator of resemblance (比喻词) ?My love is like a red red rose. ?2。主体和喻体一般指两个不同的事物。 John is as tall as a Maypole.五朔节花柱(庆祝五朔节围绕此柱歌舞) Like and as型 ?Marriage is like a beleaguered fortress; those who are without want to get in, and those within want go get out . ?婚姻象是一个被包围的堡垒;外面的想要进去,里面的人想要出来。 ?Love goes towards love , as schoolboys from their books; But love from love , towards school with heavy looks.(Shakespeare) 赴情人的约会,象学童抛开书一样,和情人分别,象学童板着脸上学堂?This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see. ?这头象和任何人见到的一样像一条蛇。 ?He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit. ?他看上去好像刚从我的童话故事书中走出来,像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去。 作用The use of simile can show the suffering of Negro slaves much more vividly, and arouse the audiences' sympathy. It makes the speech more vivid. 2. Metaphor隐喻 ?无需借助比喻词,直接将甲事物当作乙事物来描写。也称隐喻,是依据比喻和被比喻两种不同事物的相似或相关关系而构成的修辞格。例如:? 1.His friend has become a thorn in his side.(他的朋友已变成眼中钉肉中刺。) ? 2.You are your mother’s glass.(你是你母亲的翻版。) ?He is as poor as a church mouse, and a church mouse like him eats like a

英语修辞学-亚里士多德的三种说服方式知识讲解

英语修辞学-亚里士多德的三种说服方式

亚里士多德的三种说服方式 亚里士多德认为修辞演讲就是对听众的一种说服,让听众形成某种判断,认同、赞成并采纳自己所持的观点或采取某种行动,因而修辞学的目标就是研究如何能够达到最大的劝说效果。亚里士多德在《修辞学》第一卷第2章和第二卷18至26章中就如何取得说服的成功作了较为全面系统的阐述。他认为演说取得成功有两种手段,一类是不属于技术范围的或“非人工的”手段(inarti ficial proofs) ,如证据、证人、法律条文等这些已经存在无须演说者提供只需要恰当地加以利用即可的条件,另一类是属于技术范围的或“人工的”手段( artificial proofs) ,即需要演讲者凭借修辞方法达成的说服论证。亚里士 多德提出了属于技术范围的三种基本说服方式——人品诉求(et hos)、情感诉求(pathos)和理性诉求(logos)。 人品诉求是指修辞者的道德品质、人格威信,亚里士多德称人品诉求是“最有效的说服手段”,所以演讲者必须具备聪慧、美德、善意等能够使听众觉得可信的品质,因为“人格对于说服几乎可以说是起支配作用的因素”(Kenn edy 1991: 38) 。“当演说者的话令人相信的时候,他是凭他的性格来说服人,因为我们在任何事情上一般都更相信好人”(亚里士多德 1991:29)。一位成功的演说家在演讲中“除了设法使受众成员进入最有利于说服工作获得成功的感情状态以及向他们‘摆事实,讲道理’之外,还必须展示出一种能赢得他们尊重和信赖,对他们具有感召力的人格,并利用这一人格所具有的威信来影响他们的决定”(刘亚猛 2004:165) 。人品诉求不仅仅是演讲者与听众建立可信性的桥梁,同时也是对雅典人所认为的可信人群品质的研究。 情感诉求是指通过对听众心理的了解来诉诸他们的感情,用言辞去打动听众,即我们通常所说的“动之以情”。它是通过调动听众情感以产生说服的效力,或者说是一种“情绪论证”(pathetic proofs) ,主要依靠使听众处于某种心情而产生。演讲者通过带有倾向性或暗示性的语句向听众施加某种信仰和情感来激起感情并最终促使他们产生行动,可以说,“对情感诉求的研究是一

英语修辞学考试试题

英语修辞学考试试题 i、单项选择题(本大题共20小题,每题2分,共40分) choose the best answer from the choices given: 1. in the end , he __________. [ ] a. got invited b. gets invited c. was invited d. was to be invited 2. he wore dark glasses to avoid __________. [ ] a. having been spotted b. to be spotted c. spotted d. being spotted 3. a new theory __________ before it can be put into practice. [ ] a. must be tested b. be tested c. can be tested d. to be tested 4. sooner than __________ for others, she started her own business. [ ] a. working b. worked c. to work d. work 5. i can‘t afford as __________ car as this one. [ ] a. expensive a b. an expensive c. a more expensive d. a most expensive, 6. do what i tell you -__________~ [ ] a. or else b. or so c. and that d. and do 7. this is the house __________ windows were broken. [ ] a. whose b. which c. its d. of which 8. a hot shower, a cup of milk, a bag of potato chips, and then a good sleep __________ the luxury that he needed after the examination. [ ] a. are b. was c. were d. is,

实用英语修辞PracticalEnglishRhetoric

Practical English Rhetoric I. Introduction 1. What Is Rhetoric? Rhetoric is the art or science of communication in words. Longman Modern English Dictionary 修辞是依据题旨情境,运用各种语言材料,各种表现手法,恰当地表现写说者所要表达的内容的语言活动。 《辞海》Rhetoric is choice in a context for a purpose. (Patrick Hartwell: Open to Language) 修辞学,照我们的看法,应该是在各种可供选择的语言手段之间,各个词语之间,各种句式之间,各种风格之间进行选择,选择那些最适合、最需要的,用于当前特定的目的。 吕叔湘修辞就是选择。 张志公Summary 1. Rhetoric is the art or science of effective communication in words. Whether speaking or writing, one has to get oneself across effectively, ., to be eloquent, accurate, impressive, persuasive and expressive. The study of how to express oneself effectively is the main concern of rhetoric. 2. Effective communication is based on precise and appropriate choice of words, sentence patterns and figures of speech, etc. In other words, rhetoric is choice of linguistic means and choice of ways of expression. So, in this sense, rhetoric is “choice”. 2. Classification of English Rhetoric Communicative Rhetoric 交际修辞:炼字;锻句

翻译专业考研资料

翻译专业本科教育为四年,一、二年级的学生必须修读英语系的核心技能课程和基础国情课程, 以继续雕琢英语的听说读写基本功并增进对英语国家社会文化的了解,同时,他们还必须修读专 门设计的小班讲授的中文课程以拓展并提升自己的母语修养。随着基础阶段教学的推进,本专业 的学生将于二年级后半期开始接受口笔译的基础训练;进入三四年级后,他们除了每周8小时的专 题笔译以及各种形式口译的高强度训练外,还需要修读以英文讲授的英语语言和文学、社会和文 化研究、国际政治与经济、国际新闻与传播等领域的选修课程以拓宽知识面,以及各种翻译专业 课程以提升学科意识和从业潜力。本科就业去向包括各大部委、各级政府或企事业单位的翻译或 外事部门、中国驻外机构、涉外出版社、传媒单位、网络媒体的海外部、涉外企业以及跨国公司,具体从事口笔译或更广义的与语言文字相关的设计、策划、咨询、跨文化交流等工作。 (三十九) 翻译理论导论 课程编号:YYY2071 课程名称:翻译理论导论 教学目的与内容: 本课程是一门理论与实践紧密结合的课程,主要内容是用理论来指导实践,通过实践来掌握理论,通过一年的翻译教学使学生掌握最基本的翻译理论,教学内容包括介绍我国翻译的历史、发展、现状和前瞻,翻译的标准和原则,翻译家所应具备的素质,英汉语言对比的分析,英语国家文化特点的汉译,直译与意译,以及翻译的基本过程与过程。如:阅读理解原文——通过上下文来理清词义——最后以汉语语言习惯表达原义等,以语言学理论为指导,在词、词组、句子、篇章四个层次上进行翻译实践,除教材外,可适时补充一些适时性强的新材料(如国际时势评论、科技发展动态等),增强学生对翻译理论的理解。 使用教材 刘宓庆:《当代翻译理论》,中国对外翻译出版公司,1999年 刘宓庆:《文体与翻译》,中国对外翻译出版公司,1986年 参考书目 Eugene A. Nida, Language, Culture, And Translation, Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press. John I. Saeed, Semantics, Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000. Mona Baker, In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation,Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000. 黄忠廉:《翻译变体研究》,中国对外翻译出版公司,2001年 思果:《翻译研究》,中国对外翻译出版公司,2001年 考核方式: 平时成绩占30%,期末考试成绩占70%。 (四十)英汉语言文化对比研究 课程编号:YYY2081 课程名称:英汉语言文化对比研究 教学目的与内容: 鉴于翻译理论和技巧必须建立在不同语言和文化的对比分析的基础上,本课程旨在通过对英汉两种语言在语法、修辞、文化以及思维方式等方面的对比研究,帮助学生提高英汉双向翻译的水平,要求学生对汉英两种语言各自的特点和之间的相同或相似之处进行较为详细的分析,找出其规律,以期达到更有效地从事口笔译的工作。本课程的主要以讲座和讨论的方式授课,本课程内容大致分为四个部分:词汇对比:包括词汇总特征;构词法;词汇语义学对比,语法对比:包括句型对比;时间概念表达对比;句子成分对比,修辞对比:包括夸张手法、委婉手法和逻辑关系表述对比,语篇对比:包括连贯性、思维的逻辑性、文体的多样性对比。

英语翻译常用句型

翻译中常见的句型 1.否定句型 1)部分否定。其否定意义只局限于整体中的一部分。其形式:“概括词all, every等+not+谓语动词”。常用于该句型词:all, both, everybody, everywhere, always, altogether, entirely, wholly等。 All is not gold that glitters. I do not wholly agree. 2) 完全否定。其形式:no, none 等否定词+肯定式谓语。常用于该句型词:no, none, nobody, nothing, nowhere, never, neither, nowhere, nowise, 等。还有一种句型:all等概括词+肯定式谓语+否定意义的词。 No words can describe the scene. 任何言词均不能描绘那景色。 All his plan came to nothing. 3)双重否定 a.主语+cannot+ help/refrain/keep + from + v-ing He could not help showing his pleasure.他不由得喜形于色。 b.主语+cannot+ but/choose but/ help but +do They can not choose but admit that they are wrong. c.(there be) not +主语+but+谓语 (There is )Nobody but has his faults. 人人都有缺点。 2.判断句型 1)强调判断句 a.主语+be+ no/none +other than/but +表语(强调内容) The tall figure that I saw was none other than our commander. b.主语+be+ nothing+(else)but/ else than/ less than+ 表语 Genius is nothing but labor and diligence.天才只不过是劳动加勤奋而已。 c.it is/was +强调部分+that/ who +从句 It is I who am to blame. 2) 正反判断句 a.主语+be +not+表语a, but +表语b What I admire in Columbus is not his discovered a world, but his having gone to search for it on the faith of an opinion. b.(it is) not… that(who) …, but…that (who) Not that we are afraid of them, but that they are afraid of us. 3)比较判断句: a.主语+be less+表语a +than表语b / more+表语b+表语a Experience shows that success is due less to abilities than to zeal. b.主语+be+表语b+ rather than+表语a He is an artist rather than a philosopher. c.主语+be+ not so much +表语a+ as+表语b It is so much advice as approval that he seeks. 他寻求的与其说是忠告,不如说是忠告。3.倍数表示句型: a.主语+be+倍数+that of 被比较对象/ as +形容词+as+被比较对象

英语修辞学考试复习重点

Rhetorical options *1、What is rhetoric?( Definitions of rhetoric) the art or science of communication in words; this art or science practiced or taught as a formal discipline, esp. the doctrine formulated by Aristotle and taught throughout the Middle ages; overornate or ostentatious language. (Longman Modern English Dictionary) 2、What’s the purpose of rhetoric?(两种说法) ①The prevailing view about the purpose of rhetoric is to express oneself well and to communicate effectively in order to secure a desired result by employing rhetorical means efficiently. ②“to enlighten the understanding , to please the imagination, to move the passion ,or to influence the will.” “促进理解、引起想象、调动感情、或者说影响人们的意志” (18世纪苏格兰修辞学家George Campbell) *3、What is discussed in rhetoric?(contents of rhetorical) Rhetoric is composed of theoretical rhetoric and practical rhetoric. Theoretical rhetoric deals with the theoretical problem of rhetoric, while practical rhetoric helps us improve our ability to use the English language effectively. rhetoric covers all the elements of oral and written things, including structure, diction. Rhythm, tone, style, and anything related to the effective use of language. 4、The Highest Principles of Rhetoric the highest principle of rhetoric is to adapt to specific situation, that is, “adaptability”or “appropriateness”. Sentence(syntactic device) 1、What is sentence? A sentence is a group of words which expresses a complete thought. Generally, an effective sentence must possess five essential qualities: correctness, clearness, unity, coherence and emphasis.(正确、清楚、统一、连贯、强调) 2、句子的组成 A sentence must contain a subject and a verb (although one may be implied). ①words ②correct grammar ③meaning

Rhetoric_Devices修辞格的使用

Rhetoric Devices:(修辞) (Stylistic Devices, Figures of Speech) 1.Alliteration:(头韵)( repetition of initial consonant sound :The initial consonant sound is usually repeated in two neighbouring words (sometimes also in words that are not next to each other). Alliteration draws attention to the phrase and is often used for emphasis. Examples: If neighbouring words start with the same consonant but have a different initial sound, the words are not alliterated. Examples: 1). a C anadian c hild….2). h onoured and h umbled (the ?h‘ in honoured is silent) 2. Allusion:(引喻) indirect reference to a person, event or piece of literature Allusion is used to explain or clarify a complex problem. Note that allusion works best if you keep it short and refer to something the reader / audience is familiar with, e.g.: famous people ; history ; (Greek) mythology ; literature ; the bible . If the audience is familiar with the event or person, they will also know background and context. Thus, just a few words are enough to create a certain picture (or scene) in the readers‘minds. The advantages are as follows: 1). We don‘t need lengthy explanations to clarify the problem. 2). The reader becomes active by reflecting on the analogy. 3). The message will stick in the reader's mind. Examples: 1). The software included a Trojan Horse. (allusion on the Trojan horse from Greek mythology) 2). Plan ahead. It was not raining when Noah built the Ark. (Richard Cushing) (allusion on the biblical Ark of Noah) Many allusions on historic events, mythology or the bible have become famous idioms. Examples: 1). to meet one‘s Waterloo (allusion on Napoleons defeat in the Battle of Waterloo) 2). to wash one‘s hands of it. (allusion on Pontius Pilatus, who sentenced Jesus to death, but washed his hands afterwards to demonstrate that he was not to blame for it.) 3). to be as old as Methusalem (allusion on Joseph‘s grandfather, who was 969 years old according to the Old Testament) 4). to guard sth with Argus‘s eyes (allusion on the giant Argus from Greek mythology, who watched over Zeus‘ lover Io.) 3. Anaphora:(首语重复法)successive clauses or sentences start with the same word(s)

相关文档
相关文档 最新文档