unit 4 passage two——The Internet Doesn’t Hurt People — People Do The New Digital Age

The Internet Doesn’t Hurt People —People Do: ‘The New Digital Age’

The rise of the Internet has been one of the most transformative developments in human history, at least comparable in impact to the advent of the printing press and the telegraph. Over two billion people worldwide now have access to vastly more information than ever before, and can communicate with each other almost instantaneously, often using

Web-connected mobile devices they carry everywhere. But according to Eric Schmidt and Jared Co hen, the Internet?s disruptive impact has only just begun.

“Mass adoption of the Internet is driving one of the most exciting social, cultural, and political transformations in history, and unlike earlier periods of change, this time the effects are fully global,” Schmidt and Cohen write in their new book, The New Digital Age, published Tuesday.

Perhaps the most profound changes will come when the five billion people worldwide who currently lack Internet access get online. The authors do an excellent job of examining the implications of the Internet revolution for individuals, governments, and institutions like the news media. But if the book has one major short-coming, it?s that the authors don?t spend enough time applying a critical eye to the role of Internet businesses — particularly giants like Google and Facebook— in these sweeping changes.

Schmidt and Cohen, who first met in Baghdad in 2009, are well-situated to document the digital changes transforming our society, and they spent three years writing the book, which includes interviews with several prominent figures, including former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange. Schmidt, a 58-year-old billionaire, was Google?s CEO for a decade; he now serves as the company?s executive chairman. Cohen, a 31-year-old geopolitical expert, is now director of Google Ideas, the company?s New York-based “think/do tank.” This year, Cohen, who earned undergraduate and graduate degrees from Stanford and Oxford, is

on the TIME 100 list of the most influential people in the world. (MORE: Is Broadband Internet Access a Public Utility?)

In The New Digital Age, the authors aim to provide the most authoritative volume to date that describes — and more importantly predicts — how the Internet and other new technological advances will shape our lives in the coming decades and beyond. Schmidt and Cohen paint a picture of a world

in which individuals, companies, institutions, and governments must navigate two realities, one physical, and one virtual.

At the core of the book is the idea that “technology is neutral, b ut people aren?t.” By using this concept as a starting point, the authors aim to move beyond the now familiar optimist vs. pessimist dichotomy that has characterized many recent debates about whether the rise of the Internet will ultimately be good or bad for society. In an interview with TIME earlier this week at Google?s New York City headquarters, Cohen said that although he and his co-author are certainly optimistic about many aspects of the Internet, they?re also realistic about the risks and dangers that lie ahead when the next 5 billion people come online, particularly with respect to personal privacy and state surveillance.

“We have a fundamental belief that there is no country that?s worse off because the Internet arrived,”Cohen told TIME. “We don?t believe the Internet makes countries worse. So yes, we?re optimistic about that, but

we?re also realistic about the world?s problems, and we?re determined to have an honest and frank conversation about the good and the bad that awaits us, where technology is implicated, and where technology can be a useful tool.”

In developed countries like the United States, Schmidt and Cohen write, the Internet and other technological advances will make individuals and companies more efficient, increasing productivity and improving standards of living. Imagine driverless cars, thought-controlled robotic motion, and “augmented reality,” the likes of which Google has begun testing with

its Google Glass Web-connected spectacles. The rise of 3-D printing — in which designs are downloaded from the Internet and manufactured on a smale scale — could herald the emergence of a new generation of producers, who will bring “an unp recedented variety to the products used in the developed world.” And forget about the traditional conference call: Meeting participants will be projected as holograms into your home or office. (MORE: How the …Maker? Movement Plans to Transform the U.S. Economy)

In the future envisioned by Schmidt and Cohen, new technologies and information systems will streamline mundane, everyday tasks: Imagine a refrigerator that automatically orders groceries, or a washing machine that cleans, dries, and folds laundry, before “algorithmically” recommending the optimal outfit based on the weather and day of the week. Robots

will vacuum our homes, take out the trash, and manage the recycling. Haircuts will be automated. Personal schedules and to-do lists will be stored online and linked to the rest of your devices. Typing itself may soon become

a lost art as emails, terms-papers, articles, and speeches are dictated using the next generation of voice-recognition software. The automation of everyday chores will leave more time for people to address the most important tasks, according to Schmidt and Cohen, such as preparing for a key work presentation, watching an important lecture, attending a child?s sports game, or simply engaging in what the authors call a “deep think.”The impact of the Internet, mobile phones and

technological miniaturization in the developing world may be even more profound. Consider the Congolese fisherwoman who will leave fish on the line in the river until individual orders are phoned in, rather than bringing her entire catch to market and watching it spoil in the heat. Or the Masai herder in the Serengeti, who will check market prices and the whereabouts of predators, and receive spoken answers from his mobile device. Or the young Kenyan inventor who designed a tiny, pressure-activated electronic chip, that, when placed in a shoe, can charge a mobile phone with every step.

The authors?optimistic-but-realistic orientation is a welcome approach, particularly when it comes to international affairs. The Internet is not a panacea for solving the world?s ills, Schmidt and Cohen arg ue, but it can make a huge difference in the lives of billions of people around the world. Technology can help spark and accelerate revolutionary movements, as it did during the Arab Spring. But activists on the ground — real people —bear the responsibility and dangerous work of toppling dictators, and must be prepared to replace autocratic regimes with democratic governments. “It?s the people who make or break revolutions, not the tools they use,” Schmidt and Cohen write. “Building a Facebook page does not constitute a plan; actual operational skills are what will carry a revolution to a successful conclusion.”

(MORE: Google Fiber Heading to Austin as Cities Race to Boost Web Speeds)

Because no one government, institution, or company controls the Internet, it amounts to “the largest experiment involving anarchy in human history,” Schmidt and Cohen write. “Hundreds of millions of people are, each minute, creating and consuming an untold amount of digital content in an online world that is not truly bound by terrestrial laws.” In this r espect, the Internet shares a key trait with the classic theory of international relations that describes an anarchic, leaderless world. On the global stage, the most significant impact of the emergence of the Internet will be the reallocation of power from states and institutions to individuals. “Authoritarian governments will find their newly connected populations more difficult to control, repress and influence, while democratic states will be forced to

include many more voices (individuals, organizations and companies) in their affairs.”

But this state of anarchy on the Internet comes with a dark side, the authors acknowledge. The lack of a central authority allows the proliferation of online scams, bullying campaigns, hate-group websites, and terrorist chat rooms. Unlike traditional media, in which reporters and editors place a premium on accuracy and context, Internet-based media allow anyone with a connection to publish inaccurate information, libel, or outright propaganda on a massive scale — frequently with few consequences to the author. (Consider a notorious recent example, when the Associated Press Twitter account was hacked, and a false message was sent to the news organization?s two million followers saying the White House had been attacked and President Obama had been injured. The message was quickly removed, but not before the stock market plunged 130 points, wiping out $130 billion in a matter of seconds.)

The emergence of hundreds of millions of potential “citizen journalists” with Internet connections will fundamentally change the nature of the news media business, the authors write. People all over the world will become amateur reporters: Remember the man in Abbottabad, Pakistan

who tweeted that a helicopter was hovering overhead the night Osama bin Laden was killed? These new “correspondents” will play an important role as eyes and ears on the ground, according to Schmidt and Cohen. The mainstream media, meanwhile, will serve as a “credibility filter,” as its function “primarily becomes one of an aggregator, custodian and verifier.” The elite will come to rely even more on the mainstream media for

cogent analysis, the authors argue, “simply because of the massive swell of low-grade reporting and information in the system.”

(MORE: After Austin: Five Reasons You?ll Want Google Fiber in Your City)

Another risk that Schmidt and Cohen identify is “data permanence,” in which our personal information, from financial and medical data, to our status updates and Tweets, to that photo from the graduation party you forgot you posted, will live online, often permanently. “This is the first generation of hum ans to have an indelible record,” the authors write. Rarely a week goes by these days when a private citizen doesn?t find his or her supposedly private information disseminated widely online. Hackers and online vigilantes routinely “dox” both public and private figures who provoke their ire, by publishing social security numbers, home addresses, and credit card numbers. The public will have to demand strict privacy protections from governments and companies, the authors write, but no information you put online will ever be 100% secure.

Data permanence, coupled with the spread of mobile devices, also has troubling implications for surveillance, blackmail, and even darker outcomes, in authorita rian states. “Without question, the increased access to people?s lives that the data revolution brings will give some repressive autocracies a dangerous advantage in targeting their citizens,” Schmidt and Cohen write. “What little privacy existed before wi ll be long gone, because the handsets that citizens have with them at all times will double as the surveillance bugs regimes have long wished they could put in people?s homes.” Repressive states and other malevolent actors, meanwhile, will use advances in facial and voice recognition to pick dissidents and protestors out of crowds at demonstrations in order to target them.

It?s clear from the book that although Schmidt and Cohen believe in the power of the Internet to improve people?s lives, they aren?t shy ing away

from the potential risks and downsides of billions of Internet-connected, mobile device-wielding citizens. They?re also clear-eyed about the limits of technology in the poorest and most violent regions of the world. “You can?t eat a cellphone,” Cohen told TIME. “It?s not medicine. If a bullet is being shot in the direction of somebody, it won?t stop that. And it doesn?t stop the police from showing up at your door at 3 o?clock in the morning. But it is

a tremendous source of information to increase the likelihood that those things won?t be as devastating.”

The rapid pace of global technological change underscores one of the most important lessons of the book: the need for interdisciplinary expertise and insight. It is no longer satisfactory for experts in the discrete fields of technology, business, politics, and international affairs to remain cloistered

in their respective silos. Because technology permeates all of these areas, the next generation of experts, journalists, and policymakers will need to be

well-versed in each, in order to understand how technology, the catalytic driver of change in today?s world, is radically transforming industries, governments, and the age-old dynamic at the heart of political science: the relationship between the individual and the state.

互联网不会伤害人,人们做的事:“新数字时代”

互联网的兴起是人类历史上最具革命性进展,至少可比影响印刷机和电报的出现。全球超过二十亿人拥有远远比以往更多的信息,并且可以互相交流几乎瞬间,经常使用联网的移动设备他们无处不在。但据埃里克·施密特和贾里德?科恩说,互联网的破坏性影响才刚刚开始。

“大规模采用互联网是开车最激动人心的一个社会、文化、历史和政治的转换,与之前不同的变化,这一次完全的全球影响,”施密特和科恩写在他们的新书《新数字时代,周二发表。

也许最深刻的变化将会在全球五十亿人目前缺乏互联网上网。作者做一个出色的

审查互联网革命的影响个人、政府和新闻媒体等机构。但是如果这本书有一个主要的缺陷,那就是作者不花足够的时间申请一个批判的眼光互联网企业的作用——尤其是像谷歌和Facebook这样的巨头——在这些大刀阔斧地改革。

施密特和科恩,在2009年第一次见到在巴格达,招揽更多记录的数字变化改变我们的社会,他们花了三年写这本书,其中包括采访几个知名人物,包括前国务卿亨利·基辛格,维基解密创始人阿桑奇。58岁的亿万富翁,施密特是谷歌的首席执行官了十年,现在他是公司的执行主席。科恩,一名31岁的地缘政治专家,现在Google Ideas的董事,该公司的总部设在纽约的“思考/做柜。”科恩,今年他获得了斯坦福大学和牛津大学的本科和研究生学位,是100年的时间列出世界上最有影响力的人。

(更多:宽带互联网接入公用事业吗?)

在新的数字时代,作者旨在提供迄今最权威的体积描述——更重要的是预测互联网和其他新技术的进步将如何影响我们的生活在未来几十年。施密特和科恩的一个人的世界,公司,机构和政府必须导航两个现实,一个身体,一个虚拟的。

这本书的核心是“技术是中性的,但人不是。”通过使用这个概念作为起点,作者旨在超越现在熟悉的乐观主义者与悲观主义者的二分法为特点的许多最近讨论互联网的兴起是否会最终对社会是好是坏。本周早些时候在一次采访中随着时间的推移,在谷歌的纽约总部,科恩说,尽管他和他的合著者肯定是看好互联网的许多方面,他们也现实的风险和危险,接下来的50亿人上线时,尤其是对个人隐私和状态监控。

“我们有一个基本信念,没有国家的更糟,因为互联网来了,”科恩告诉时间。“我们不相信互联网会使国家更糟。是的,我们持乐观态度,但我们也对世界的现实的问题,我们决心要有一个诚实和坦率的讨论正在等着我们的好与坏,技术有牵连,技术可以是一个有用的工具。”

在像美国这样的发达国家,施密特和科恩写道,互联网和其他技术进步将使个人和公司更有效率,提高生产力和提高生活水平。想象无人驾驶汽车,思想控制机器人运动,“增强现实”,谷歌已经开始测试的喜欢用谷歌玻璃联网眼镜。三维打印的崛起——设计从网络下载和制造规模斯梅尔——预示着新一代的生产者的出现,将“前所未有的各种产品在发达国家使用。”,忘记传统的电话会议:会议参与者将投影全息图到你的家庭或办公室。

(更多:“制造商”运动计划如何改变美国经济)

未来设想由施密特和科恩,新技术和信息系统将简化平凡,日常任务:想象一个冰箱自动订单杂货,或清洗洗衣机,干,并折叠衣服,之前“算法”推荐最优机构根据天气和星期。机器人将真空家里,把垃圾拿出去,和管理回收。发型可以自动化。个人日程和任务列表将存储网络和与你其他的设备。艺术类型本身可能很快成为了电子邮件,terms-papers、文章和演讲决定使用语音识别软件的下一代。日常家务的自动化将更多的时间为人们解决最重要的任务,根据施密特和科恩,如准备关键工作演示,观看一个重要的讲座,参加孩子的体育游戏,或者仅仅是参与作者称之为“深度思考。”

互联网的影响,发展中国家的移动电话技术小型化可能更深刻。考虑刚果农说谁将离开在河里的鱼,直到个人订单打电话,而不是把她的整个抓住市场和在高温下看它变质。或马赛牧民在塞伦盖蒂,谁将检查市场价格和捕食者的下落,并接受口语答案从他的移动设备。或年轻的肯尼亚发明家设计了一个小小的pressure-activated电子芯片,放置在鞋时,可以用每一步手机。

作者的人满意,同时比较现实取向是一种受欢迎的方法,特别是当涉及到国际事务。互联网是没有解决世界问题的灵丹妙药,施密特和科恩认为,但它可以产生巨大的差异在全世界数十亿人的生活。技术可以帮助引发和加速革命运动,就像在“阿拉伯之春”。但活动人士在地上——真实的人承担的责任和危险的工作推翻独裁者,和必须准备好取代独裁政权的民主政府。“这是革命成败的人,不是他们所使用的工具,”施密特和科恩写道。“建设一个Facebook页面不构成计划;实际操作技能是将革命”成功的结论。

(更多:谷歌光纤前往奥斯汀随着城市竞相提高网络速度)

因为没有一个政府、机构或公司控制互联网,它相当于“人类历史上最大的实验涉及无政府状态”,施密特和科恩写道。“数以百万计的人们,每一分钟,创建和使用无数的数字内容在一个网络世界,不是真正受地面的法律。“在这方面,互联网股票的一个关键特征与经典理论描述了一个无政府状态的国际关系,群龙无首的世界。在全球舞台上,最重要的影响互联网的出现将权力从国家和机构的重新分配给个人。“威权政府将发现他们的新连接的数量很难控制,抑制和影响力,而民主国家将被迫包括更多的声音(个人、组织和公司)在他们的事务。”

但是这种无政府状态在互联网上也有黑暗的一面,作者承认。缺乏一个中央权力机构允许的扩散网络诈骗,欺凌活动,仇恨集团网站、聊天室和恐怖。不像传统媒体,记者和编辑重视准确性和背景下,网络媒体允许任何人连接发布错误的信息,诽谤,或者直接大规模宣传,经常与一些后果。(考虑最近的一个臭名昭著的例子,当美联社Twitter账户被黑客攻击,和一个错误的消息被发送给新闻机构的二百万名追随者说白宫遭到了袭击,奥巴马总统已经受伤了。消息很快被删除,但在此之前,股市暴跌130点,在几秒钟之内消灭1300亿美元。)

数亿潜在的出现“公民记者”与互联网连接将从根本上改变新闻媒体业务的性质,作者写道。全世界的人都将成为业余记者:还记得那人在阿伯塔巴德,巴基斯坦人推,直升飞机在头顶盘旋着一晚奥萨马·本·拉登被杀?这些新“记者”将发挥重要作用的眼睛和耳朵在地上,据施密特和科恩。主流媒体,与此同时,将作为“信誉过滤器,”作为其功能”主要是一个聚合器之一,托管人和校验。“精英将会更加依赖的主流媒体有说服力的分析,作者认为,“仅仅因为低级的大规模膨胀的报告和信息系统”。

(更多:在奥斯汀:五个原因你会希望谷歌纤维在你的城市)

施密特和科恩识别的另一个风险是“数据持久性,”我们的个人信息,从金融和医疗数据,我们的状态更新和twitter,毕业晚会的照片你忘记你了,经常会在线直播,永久。“这是第一代人类不可磨灭的纪录,”作者写道。这些天很少周当一个普通公民没有找到他或她所谓的私人信息网上广为传播。黑客和网络义务警员经常“阿霉素”公共和私人人物激起他们的愤怒,通过发布社会安全号码,家庭地址和信用卡号码。公众必须严格的隐私保护措施,从政府和企业的需求,作者写道,但没有信息放到网上会100%安全。

数据永久,再加上移动设备的普及,也困扰了监视,勒索,甚至更深的结果,在独裁国家。”毫无疑问,增加访问数据革命带来人们的生活将给一些专制独裁政权一个危险的优势针对本国公民,”施密特和科恩写道。“小隐私之前还有很长的路要走,因为公民和他们的手机在任何时候将双监测bug政权一直希望他们可以把人们的家园。“专制国家和其他恶意的演员,与此同时,将使用先进的面部和语音识别选择持不同政见者和抗议者在示威人群为目标。

很明显从这本书,尽管施密特和科恩相信互联网的力量来改善人们的生活,他们

不回避的潜在风险和缺点数十亿联网,移动device-wielding公民。他们也看得非常清楚的极限技术在世界上最贫穷和最暴力的地区。“你不能吃手机,”科恩告诉时间。“这不是药。如果一颗子弹击中人的方向,它不会停止。这并不阻止警察出现在早上3点钟你的门。但这是一个巨大的信息来源的可能性增加这些东西不会是毁灭性的。”

全球技术的快速变化突显出这本书的最重要的课程之一:需要跨学科的专业知识和洞察力。它不再是满意的离散领域的专家技术,商业、政治、国际事务保持隐居在各自的筒仓。因为技术渗透到所有的这些地区,下一代的专家、记者、和决策者需要精通,为了了解技术,变革的催化司机在当今世界,从根本上改变行业,政府,和古老的动态政治学的核心:个人和国家之间的关系。

大学英语综合教程1练习答案

Unit 1 Growing Up Part II Language Focus V ocabulary Ⅰ. 1. 1. respectable 2. agony 3. put…down 4. sequence 5. hold back 6. distribute 7. off and on 8. vivid 9. associate 10. finally 11. turn in 12. tackle 2. 1. has been assigned to the newspaper’s Paris office. 2. was so extraordinary that I didn’t know whether to believe him or not. 3. a clear image of how she would look in twenty years’time. 4. gave the command the soldiers opened fire. 5. buying bikes we’ll keep turning them out.

3. 1. reputation, rigid, to inspire 2. and tedious, What’s more, out of date ideas 3. compose, career, avoid showing, hardly hold back Ⅱ. 1. composed 2. severe 3. agony 4. extraordinary 5. recall 6. command 7. was violating 8. anticipate Ⅲ. 1. at 2. for 3. of 4. with 5. as 6. about 7. to 8. in, in 9. from

高中英语专项突破和能力巩固 完形填空 句间逻辑推理能力

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