GMAT曼哈顿中文版总结
曼哈顿重点注意事项总结
1、 "Best" Does Not Mean Ideal
It is very important to recognize that Sentence Correction questions ask for the best option
of those given, not the best option in the universe. Indeed, often you will feel-andrighdy
so-that all the answers, including the correct one, "sound bad." Correct GMAT Sentence
Correction answers can sound very formal or awkward, so it is important to keep in mind
that your task is to evaluate the given answer choices, not to create the ideal sentence.
The ideal sentence often is not an option, and the right answer may sound rather wrong. To complicate matters, incorrect answer choices often sound right, Indeed, the GMAT exploits
the fact that the English we hear is commonly riddled with grammatical mistakes.
2、 GMAT SC常考知识点：
(1) Subject-Verb Agreement 主谓一致
(2) Parallelism 平行
(3) Pronouns 代词
(4) Modifiers 修饰语
(5) Verb Tense, Mood, & Voice 时态、虚拟语气和主被动语态
(6) Comparisons 比较
(7) Idioms. 习语/固定搭配
3、对于SC的一个基本原则和态度：
GMAT的SC部分的题，往往一道题涵盖多个知识点，当在复习的时候，要充分利用每一道题把所有提及到的知识点都尽量掌握。
但在考试的过程中，每道SC题都要求平均在1分半中完成，理想的情况是尽量在一分钟左右完成。这样的时间要求，使得我们在考试的时候要善用考试技巧和策略：
1）读完题，画出句子基本结构（以及很明显的错误）；
2）纵向比较各个选项的不同之处，选出一个自己有把握的考点（即不同点）将选项分成两派，尽量分成2-3split的形式(即2个一派，3个一派)。
3）在2-3 split中选出正确的一派，排除不正确的选项。
4）再将剩下的选项再纵向比较，根据另一个有把握的考点分类，再继续排除，以此类推直到选剩1个选项。
5）把这仅有的一个选项再带回原句double check一下。
PS：即做题时使用考试策略，看解释分析答案时要有每一个知识点、易错点都不放过的精神和态度！
PS的PS：读题一定不能贪快，心急，一定到读完全句，对没划线部分的句子也绝对不可以掉以轻心！！！！！！
4、 GMAT中SC最佳答案要符合以下三个要点：
1、语法正确（Grammar）
2、句子意思清楚明确(Meaning)
3、简洁有效（Concision）
做题思考过程：begin by looking for errors in grammar After you have found grammar errors, look for meaning issues. Finally, if you have still not singled out an answer, choose the remaining choice that is most concise.
Do not alter the author's intent when you make your choice!
特别注意助动词！！！助动词的小小变化会使得句子意思大不相同！
5、 Meaning的三个常见考法：
A．小词位置的变换：
If a word changes its position in the answer choices, you must consider whether the change has an impact on the meaning of the sentence. Look out especially for short words (such as only and all) that quantify nouns or otherwise restrict meaning.
B．词的选择
例如助动词的选择，相近意思的词的选择，同根词的选择等等。
C．Connected words 要 make sense together！
6、主谓不可缺失
一般的，对于这个考点，GMAC往往设置以下两种traps：
1）缺少谓语动词：动词有，但变体为V-ed或V-ing成了定语.
Wrong: The electron named in 1894.
Right: The electron WAS NAMED in 1894.
2）由which, that, when, who等引导词开头的句子：因为由这些词开头的句子都是从句，是不能单独成句的，缺少主句（main clause）
Wrong: BECAUSEthe dog was never mine.
Wrong: WHICH will be approved tomorrow.
7、主谓要make sense together!
Example：
Wrong: The development of a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling.
这句话初看觉得OK，但仔细分析主谓，就会发现the development will be able to travel hundreds of miles, 发展怎么能跑几百公里呢？！这就是主谓没有一起make sense，犯了逻辑错误。应该是车能跑几百公里。
Right: Once developed, a hydrogen CAR based on expected performance parameters Will BE able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling.
总结：要发现这种错误，就需要认清句子结构，有时候往往句子很长，主语和谓语离得远就容易让人忘记，所以在读题的时候，就要一边把句子的基本的主谓宾划出来，这样这种错误就会比较容易发现。
8、怎么找到句子的主语
方法：把句子中修饰的成分都去掉，只剩主谓宾!
哪些是修饰成分：
1、介词短语（）
如：a cat of the girl 中，cat是主语，of the girl 是介词短语。
PS：介词短语都是介词开头的噢，所以不要误以为a car of是介词短语
介词短语中的名词是绝对不能当主语的，所以介词短语都是修饰成分，不过有一些习惯用语的例外，如由some, none, many, much, all这类词修饰时，of后面的才是主语，如some of the students里，students才是主语；再如a number of pictures也是，pictures 才是主语。不过the number of pictures里，the number是主语。还有所有表示百分数和分数的数量短语，主语都是of后面的名词，因此，和SANAM一样，它们的主谓一致由of后的名词决定！
2、从句（状语从句充当big adv. 定语从句充当big adj. 主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、
同位语从句充当big noun）
所有从句都不可以单独成句的，是依附于主句的，其中除了主语从句和宾语从句，其他从句都是起修饰补充作用的，可以去掉
如：When.the auditors left, the executive who had been interviewed was/were glad.
3、过去分词和现在分词（在句中起到修饰其他成分的作用，做定语或状语时）
如：Limping, the horse once considered one of the favorites was/were taken away.
PS: 现在分词可以作主语，谓语永远用单数
4、形容词、副词，这个不用说啦！O(∩_∩)O
注意逗号！Commas are another helpful sign to identify modifiers, since commas sometimes separate modifiers from the rest of the sentence.
9、主谓一致（GMAC出题的方法往往是把主语藏起来）
找到了主语，就很好判断主谓一致了。前面的第8点讲了如何找主语，但当两个单数主语被“and”连接时，谓语动词就要用复数了。但当两个主语是由additive phrases 连接时，谓语动词仍然是单数。
记住：有且仅有两个单数主语由and连接时，谓语动词才是复数，要么是单数。
Additive phrase：即意思相当于“and”的短语，如：
along with Polly in addition to surgery accompanied bv me
together with a tie as well as the mayor including salt and pepper
注意：Mathematics，aerobics 和diabetes都是单数，虽然他们都以S结尾。
关于either…or…和neither…nor…的主谓一致
Either A or B中，A和B中有一个是单数，一个是复数，那动词要求与离它最近的一个主谓一致。例如：A是单数，B是复数，那B离动词更近，所以动词要是复数形式。Neither…nor…的主谓一致规律也一样。
另外，如果either 或neither单独修饰句中成分，即没有or或nor，则认为其修饰的名词是单数，动词永远是单数形式。
关于集体名词的主谓一致
集体名词在GMAT中几乎全部认为是单数。只有个别强调集体中的个体时，才用复数（这里就要靠逻辑去判断！），但这种情况在GMAT中极少出现。集体名词有：
关于人的: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra, team
关于物的: baggage, citrus, equipment, fleet, fruit, furniture
PS:在gmat中，只要是在原有名词加了s的，我们都当它是可数来对待，谓语使用复数。但是citrus是个例外，它不是复数名词，而是这个词本身就是以s结尾的集体名词。News本身也是不可数名词，用单数。
关于anyone，someone，everybody，some等这一类表示非特质的代词的主谓一致
以下这些词都用单数：
Anyone, anybody, anything No one, nobody, nothing
Each, every (as pronouns) Someone, somebody, something
Everyone, everybody, everything Whatever, whoever
Either, neither (may require a plural verb ifpaired with or/nor)
PS：所有以-one，-body，-thing结尾的，都用单数
以下5个词可以作单数也可以作复数，由of后面的名词的单复数决定：
（PS：这5个代词是特殊的，需要考虑到of介词短语，这是因为真正的主语是of后的名词，主谓一致自然由真正的主语决定。详见上文“如何找到主语”）
Some, Any, None, All, More/Most
Example：
Some of the money WAS stolen from my wallet. (money is singular)
Some of the documents WERE stolen from the bank. (documents is plural)
但none of+复数名词，动词可以是单数也可以是复数，但no one of + 复数名词，动词永远是单数。
关于each和every的主谓一致
Each和every单独做主语时，谓语动词是单数；each和every放在任何主语名词前时，哪怕这个名词时复数，谓语动词也要用单数，即便是each和every后跟了两个由and连接的主语，也是用单数。
Right: Every dog HAS paws.
Right: Every dog and cat HAS paws.
Right: Each of these shirts IS pretty.
但each和every放在主语名词后面的话，对主谓一致没有任何影响，按常规方法判断：They each ARE great tennis players.
关于表示数量的短语的主谓一致
1、表示百分数、分数的数量短语如half of，quarter of，都和前面提到的SANAM代词一样，动词的单复数由of后面的名词的单复数决定，因为主语是of后的名词。
2、The words majority, minority, and plurality are either singular or plural, depending on their context. If you want to indicate the many individual parts of the totality, use a plural verb.
If you want to indicate the totality itself then use a singular verb form.
“depending on context”即指由逻辑合理性和作者的原意去判断！
Example：
The majority of the students in this class ARE hard workers.
In the Senate, the majority HAS coalesced into a unified voting block.
关于现在分词作主语和主语从句的主谓一致
现在分词短语作主语或者从句充当主语，谓语动词一律是单数形式。
Example：
Right：Having good friends IS a wonderful thing.
Right：Whatever they want to do IS fine with me.
关于主谓倒装后的主谓一致
Example1：
Wrong: Near those buildings SIT a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.
Flip it! ：A lonely house，inhabited by squatters, SITS near those buildings.
Right: Near those buildings SITS a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.
Example2：
Wrong: There IS a young man and an older woman at the bus stop.
Flip it!：A young man and an older woman ARE there at the bus stop.
Right: There ARE a young man and an older woman at the bus stop.
这个要靠自己仔细体会，努力发现了！！！！There be 句型属于这种情况！
注意：there be句型不是总是wordy，there be强调的是“这里存在XXXX”
在主谓一致问题中，如果不确定的话，就把赌注压在单数上吧，概率高啊！！！！
10、平行
平行！首先要逻辑平行！而这逻辑的平行主要体现1、平行的人或事物的性质相同或相似；
2、主谓宾要make sense together;
3、动词的形式变化要合逻辑，如下例：
上面这个句子，在语法形式上都非常平行，不过在逻辑上主语Sal和arrive,skip,leave都是主动的关系，这里都用了被动的过去分词形式，所以错误，更正如下：
注意：不是要求对比或并列的每一个词都要平行对称，但最关键的词要是平行对称的。
关键的词或者成分，就是两个平行或对比句要对比或要并列的部分。意会~~
要求平行的结构里并不是两个时态一致的选项就是对的。能表达清楚句意的时态就是正确的时态
常见Parallel Makers:
and; or; but; both; both…and…; not…but…; not only…but also;
rather than; from…to…; either…or…; neither…nor…
X act as Y, distinguish X from Y, X is the same as Y, As X, So Y, estimate X to be Y, X is good, and so too is Y, X instead of Y, X, such as Y, compared to X, Y…,
X is known to be Y, think of X as Y, consider X Y, X is less than Y, make X Y, declare X Y, Mistake X For Y, Whether X Or Y, X develops Into Y, X Differs From Y, regard X As Y
（以上的组合中发现：只要有and, as, or的组合都要求平行，另外只要是表示比较的也都要平行，还有一个举例的。。。）
除了以上这些常见的外，还有很多平时要注意积累。
平行不仅仅局限于出现了parallel maker，在一个结构中要表达2个或2个以上的人或事物in the same way都需要平行。
关于并列连词
并列连词多表并列（and）、转折（but）、选择（or）。并列连词可以引导一个句子svo, 引导vo，引导o，也有“but+介词短语, 句子”或者“but+从句，主句”的情况；而从属连词只能引导完整的句子。
关于从属连词
从属连词这种连词是用以引导名词性从句和状语从句的. 由从属连词所引导的句子叫从句,而含有从句的句子叫作复合句。（因此从属连词只能引导完整的句子<这个完整的句子包括连接代词本身>，不能引导词或短语）
从属连词在名词性从句中有:that; weather; if
关于A is to B what C is to D
另外，系动词也是parallel maker,系动词包括：
Be（所有形式）, appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, represent, resemble, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn
记住一个大原则：所有句子中要表达两个或两个以上事物或人时，都需要平行！！！！！！
并列常见形式总结：（形式对称）
1、介词短语与介词短语并列；
2、名词(短语)与名词(短语)并列，尤其是动作性名词(短语)的并列；实物名词和动作性名词
不能并列，简单的动名词和其他动作性名词都不能并列。
3、动词(短语)与动词(短语)的并列；
4、分词短语与分词短语并列
5、现在分词可以和过去分词并列，作定语；
6、形容词与形容词并列
7、名词短语可以和what从句并列
8、副词短语可以和介词短语并列，作状语
9、Than从句可以和介词短语并列，作状语；
10、不定式与不定式并列，除第一个不定式的to不能省略外，其它并列的不定式的to可以省略
11、Be likely to do…and be unable to do…（be不能省略）
12、不同时态的动词或短语并列；prep07的第一部分46题就是忽略了这条
13、系表结构可以跟动词结构平行
14、宾语从句并列，连词that不能省略：verb.+that…,that…,and that...
15、定语从句并列必须承前使用相同的代词：n.+in which..,in which…,and in which…
16、宾语从句并列overestimate that and underestimate that
2概念对等
A）抽象名词不能对具体名词slowing growth or damaging forest
B）动作名词不能对纯名词assignment or staff
C）。整体名词不能对个体概念no money or staff members
D）。泛指不能对特指less lending and the increased pressure
E) 前者是介词结构,后者是动词结构
3.功能相同
定语从句不能与状语从句并列，WHAT从句不能与HOW 从句并列
当and连接多个并列元素时，各元素都用逗号分开，只有最后那个元素前面加and，如X,Y,Z, and K; 当并列形式为：X and Y的时候，一般是没有逗号的，但
如果X是从句且非常长的话，也可以选择在and前面加逗号。
以上一个句子是个多重并列，注意最后那个and前面有个逗号，就是告诉我们，最后这个and和前面的and property没有关系！
SC做题口诀：
1.见到谓语看主语，主谓一致看状语
2.见到代词找指代，指代通常不合理
3.见到平行看结构，形式功能要对称
4.见到比较看对象，对象通常不可以。
在GMAT考试过程中特别喜欢考比较对象对等
1.平行规则（高阶）
?实体名词和动词性名词不能平行（逻辑平行范畴）
实体名词即那些表示实际物体的名词，如：
rock，chicken，egg，light，desk，table…
动词性名词，包括词义为表示动作变化的名词、由动词衍生出的同根名词以及-ing形式的动名词，如：change, development, pollution, eruption, growth, swimming, running, skiing…..
?简单的动名词和其他动作性名词也不能平行
1）什么是简单的动名词：其实就是现在分词！是在句子或短语
中仍然是动词的作用和性质，但由于搭配介词、表示伴随、表示
修饰，作主语或充当谓语外的其他成分等原因把动词形式改成了
-ing形式。
Example:
Wrong: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed regions, significant reductions in overall troop levels,
raising the rebel flag on holidays, AND a general pardon.
分析：这里raising明显不对，在短语“raising the rebel flag on holidays”
里还是做动词用！只是因为有介词form，所以要变成-ing形式，
这就是现在分词！！！！！
2）要想和其他动词性名词平行，就得把动名词复杂化，把它变成真正的名词作用。一般的，就是在动名词前面加量词a, an, the或者
在动名词前面加形容词，然后再在动名词后面+of…，这样彻底
就变成名词了。这样的动名词短语才能和其他动词性名词平行。
根据这个规律，上面的错句子应该改成：
Right: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from
disputed regions, significant reductions in overall troop levels,
THE raising OF the rebel flag on holidays, AND a general pardon.
?如果这个动作本身就有名词形式，就不要去创造一个动名
词短语形式。
Example:
Wrong: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from
disputed regions AND releasing certain political prisoners.
Wrong: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from
disputed regions AND THE releasing OF certain political
prisoners.
Right: The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from
disputed regions AND THE RELEASE OF certain political
prisoners.
?动名词要避免用“X’s+动名词”形式, 可以用“物主代词+
动名词”（有效性错误）
?谓语动词只能和谓语动词平行
The plant BOTH exceeded output targets AND ran more smoothly than ever.
?不定式和不定式平行
1）除了第一个不定式，其他不定式都可以省略to，但格式要一致，省略to就都省略，不省略to就都不省略：
Example:
Wrong: It is critical to suspend activities, to notify investors AND say
nothing.（红色字体部分格式不一致）
Right: It is critical to suspend activities, notify investors AND say nothing.
2）当第一个不定式前面有parallel maker时，后面的不定式的to都不可以省略：
Right: It is critical either to suspend activities or to notify investors.
分析：“either”就是parallel maker
这样的parallel maker有：
both…and…; not…but…; not only…but also…; from…to…;
either…or…; neither…nor…; distinguish X from Y, As X, So
Y, estimate X to be Y, compared to X, Y…, think of X as Y,
consider X Y, make X Y, declare X Y, Mistake X For Y,
Whether X Or Y, regard X As Y
?形容词、现在分词、过去分词可以平行（分词作定语时）
Example:
A mastodon carcass, thawed only once AND still fresh, is on display.
Only a few feet wide BUT spanning a continent, the railroad changed history.
?不定式和现在分词在句尾的区别
1）不定式在句尾表示目的
2）现在分词在句尾表示结果或伴随
Present Participle: Investors sold the stock rapidly, CAUSING panic.
Infinitive: Investors sold the stock rapidly TO CAUSE panic.
如果句中没有明确表示是指目的，就用现在分
词！
?从句平行
从句只有和引导词相同的从句才可以平行！除此之外，和任
何词、短语、从句都不平行。
Example:
Wrong: A mastodon carcass, thawed only once AND which is still fresh. is
on display.
Right: A mastodon carcass, which has been thawed only once AND which is
still fresh, is on display.
?关于either…or…的平行
Either…or…在句子中位置的不同，导致平行的变化如下（OG SC 56）：
A．either在动词前面:
……either fashioned from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or fashioned
from
Gandharan grey schis.
B．Either 在介词前面：
……fashioned either from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or from
Gandharan grey schis.
C．Either 在名词前面：
……fashioned from either the spotted sandstone of Mathura or
Gandharan grey schis.
?总结：平行的8大常见考点
11、比较结构
◆比较结构的信号词：
?最重要的四个信号词是：like，unlike，than，as！遇到这四个词，
就一定要注意比较结构的考点。先找出比较的两个对象，然后从逻
辑上判断这两个对象是否是同种性质相比较的；从语法上判断是否
语法结构平行。
下图是其他比较结构信号词：
◆as 和like（更高阶的请看曼哈顿P248-249）
? like
1) like是一个介词，后面只能跟名词、代词和名词短语，不能跟从
句和介词短语。Like是用于两个名词间的比较的。
Right: LIKE her brother. Ava aced the test.
2) Like后可以跟动名词：like swimming，running….
3) Like不能用来举例："the preferred way to introduce examples is with
phrase such as, rather than with the word like, which suggests a
comparision."
Such as在举例的时候，可以分开，如：such crops as corn and
beans
4) unlike和like短语都可以放在句首或句尾。此时，跟在unlike和like
后面的名词都只是与句子主语作比较
? As
As是可以当介词（引导名词），也可以当连词使用（引导句子），
as当介词时，不是比较的作用，也不是“相似”的意思，而是翻译
为“作为”的意思，所以只有当as是连词时，才能表比较。因此as
只可以引导两个完整句子的比较，不能引导两个名词的比较。
Example：
Wrong: LIKE her brother DID, Ava aced the test.
Right: AS her brother DID, Ava aced the test.
在GMAT中，as和like都可以引导比较，不过as引导句子，like引导名词，
如下例：
Right：Like her brother, Ava aced the test
Right：As her brother did, Ava aced the test.
As作比较时的变体固定搭配
Right: JUST AS the trains were late yesterday, the buses are late today.
Right: JUST AS the trains were late yesterday, SO TOO are they late
today.
◆逻辑上平行
即两个用于比较的对象要是相类似的东西，是同性质的东西。
Wrong：Frank's build, LIKE his brother, is broad and muscular.
以上这个句子中，比较对象是“Frank’s build”和”his brother”，体格和人怎么能比较呢，所以是逻辑上不平行，逻辑错误。正确的表达方式有以下两种，其中第一句中的相同的词“build”就省略了，避免重复；第二句用that代替build也是可行的方法。
Right: Frank's build, LIKE his brother's, is broad and muscular.
Right: Frank's build, LIKE that of his brother is broad and muscular.
Right: Frank, LIKE his brother, has a broad and muscular build.
◆语法结构上平行
详细内容参见平行那一章
◆词语省略（只要逻辑合理，重复的都能省，所以逻辑为王！）
?在比较结构中，所有格’s后面的重复内容通常都省略
My car is bigger than Brian's [car}. My toes are longer than Brian's [toes}.
My car is bigger than the Smiths' [car}. My toes are longer than the Smiths' [toes}.
?只要没有歧义，重复提到的单词、词组甚至是句子都可以省略
In general, you should put in the omitted words or appropriate Helping Verbs
(such as be,do, and have) only if you need' to remove ambiguity.
Example：
Right: Whereas I drink 2 quarts of milk a day, my friend drinks 3 [quarts}.
Right: I walk faster than Brian [walks}.
Right：I walk as fast now as [I walked} when I was younger.
?怎么判断产生歧义与否
一般的，比较对象在句中都充当同样的成分，如主语或宾语。如果
在后的比较对象既可以理解为在原句中充当主语，又可以充当宾
语，且都没有逻辑错误和语法错误，那就产生歧义了。
Example：
Ambiguous: I like cheese more than Yvette. {Yvette could be subject or object.}
Yvette在原句中既可以做主语，表示“我比Yvette更爱芝士”；也可以做宾语，
表示“我爱芝士比我爱Yvette多”，产生了歧义。
?如何消除歧义
1) 当比较对象做宾语时，将省略的主语和谓语都补充完整
Right: I like cheese more than I DO Yvette. (= than I like Yvette)
如何补充完整：把than前面的比较对象cheese换成Yvette，谓语like由助
动词代替，然后照抄到than后面。
2) 当比较对象做主语时，将助动词补充进来
Right: I like cheese more than Yvette DOES. (=than Yvette likes cheese)
Yvette做主语，助动词要变成第三人称单数，cheese是相同的宾语，可以
省略。
平常s1 v o at the same time as s2 有s2与o比较的歧义，所以为了
避免造成这种歧义，就把动词补助，将其限定为s1与s2两主语的比
较，如果这个动词后没有带宾语，不补助动词也不会引起歧义，补
了助动词反而是redundant
?如果句子本身不存在歧义，多加了助动词或本该省略的词，就比较
wordy了。但是，GMAT中也出现过这种wordy的现象，所以GMAC
为王，千万不要以多余助动词的出现作为排除选项的标准，只是分
析题目的时候，这个知识点要识别的出来。
Example：
Right: Vishal eats more carrots than donuts. (donuts must be the object)
Wordy: Vishal eats more carrots than HE DOES donuts.
?隐喻式的比较是不被GMAT接受的，要用than使比较明确起来，所以
如果句子中没有than，就不可以用比较级！
Example：
Wrong: With winter coming, I will have HIGHER energy bills.
Wrong: I will have HIGHER bills OVER last year.
Right: I will have HIGHER bills THAN last year.
Always use than with a comparative form. 12、动词和比较（高阶）
◆助动词
1) 在动作重复的时候，后半部分的动词和宾语可省略，用助动词be, do,
have/has代替。不过，如果前后部分动作一样但时态不一致时，便
不能省略主要动词以及宾语，其中宾语可以由代词代替，避免重复。
如下例：
Example:
Wordy: I have never seen an aardvark, but my father has seen an aardvark.
Better: I have never seen an aardvark, but my father HAS.
Wrong: I have never seen an aardvark, but last year my father DID.
Right: I have never seen an aardvark, but last year my father saw one.
2) 在一些罕见的情况下，and的前后动作时态可以不一样，如下例：
Example:
Wrong: Our cars were designed to inspire envy, and they ARE.
Right: Our cars were designed to inspire envy, and they DO.
分析：第二句中，“do”和前面部分的时态不一致，前面是一般过去时，后
面是一般现在时。由于they指代的是cars，根据逻辑句意知道，do
后面省略的是inspire，而inspire和cars是主动关系，所以用do不
用are。
3) do, be, have这些助动词永远代表肯定的意思，如下例：
Right: Some people do not eat soup. but others do. (= do eat soup)
Right: Some people do not eat soup as others do. (= do eat soup) Use be, do and have in this way only if you mean the positive form of the verb.
◆情态动词
1) 情态动词的位置：放在谓语动词前面
Example:
Wrong: Our division spent significant funds on HAVING TO build facilities.
Right: Our division HAD TO spend significant funds on building facilities.
2) 如果句子中其他词语已经表达了情态动词要表达的意思，就不能再
出现情态动词以免重复。如下例：
Example:
Wrong: This plan ensures that action MUST be taken.
Right: This plan ensures that action WILL be taken.
3) “be to”在GMAT中不能用，得用will或should
“be to”本来表示“某种义务或者将来会做…”，在GMAT里不用
“be to”表示这两种意思，转而用“will”和“should”表示将来
或义务。(PS: should 不能表命令) 如下列：
Example:
Wrong: We ARE TO receive an invitation.
Right: We WILL receive an invitation. OR We SHOULD receive an
invitation.
◆倍数的说法见曼哈顿P250
◆其他比较结构
1) less或more在修饰“adj.+noun”时容易引发的歧义
wrong：We have even MORE efficient engines than before.
Right: We have even MORE engines that are efficient than before.
Right: We have engines even MORE efficient than before.
分析：错句里，more既可以修饰efficient，也可以修饰engines，引发歧义。
2) 没有逗号在中间的exceed和surpass也有比较的意思，要平行：
Right: The incidence of the disease among men EXCEEDS the incidence
among women.
Right: The incidence of the disease among men EXCEEDS its incidence
among women.
Right: The incidence of the disease among men EXCEEDS that among
women.
3) In addition+名词，表示“除…之外”
Rights: IN ADDITION TO taxes, death is inevitable.（主语比较）
Right: IN ADDITION TO Munster cheese，I like Swiss.（宾语比较）13、代词
代词指代错误在GMAT中经常发生，所以每一次在题目中看到代词，都要去检查，看其是否指代正确！步骤是：
1）找到代词的先行词（先行词一定是名词），并且看先行词是否唯一
2）把先行词带入代词所在的句子或短语中，看逻辑是否错误
3）看先行词与代词的单复数形式是否一致
PS：这个步骤不仅对于发现代词问题很重要，并且对主谓的检验也非常重要。碰见主谓时，都要问问自己，这个动词的主语是什么;主语和动词是否make sense together;
是否做到了主谓一致
错误一：先行词必须存在
关于这一点，GMAC经常设的圈套是，把本来是名词的词在剧中当形容词用，但是记住一点：先行词一定存在于句子中并且是一个名词！所以，在句中充当形容词角色的所谓“名词”，是不能充当先行词的，也就是说，该句子缺少主语！如下面这个例子：Example:
Wrong：The park rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires, which would be devastating to IT.
Right：The rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires, which would be devastating to THE PARK.
在这个例子中，代词it的先行词应该是park，但是park在这里不是做名词，而是修饰rangers的形容词，所以这道题缺少先行词。
注意：Watch out for nouns used as adjectives! They cannot be antecedents of pronouns!!
The antecedent to which you want to refer must actually exist in the sentence
and be functioning as a noun!!!!
错误二：先行词带入代词的句子或短语后，逻辑不对，没有make sense together!
错误三：一个代词有多个先行词的可能，导致ambiguous
Example:
Wrong: Researchers claim to have developed new "nano-papers" incorporating tiny cellulose fibers, which THEY allege give THEM the strength of cast iron.
Right: Researchers claim to have developed new "nano-papers" incorporating tiny cellulose fibers, which allegedly give THESE MATERIALS the strength of cast
iron.
Wrong的例子中，“they”和“them”都既可以指代”researchers”也可以指代
new ”nano-paper”,虽然通过上下文和逻辑可以推测，但不能百分百确定就是
ambiguous！！！！
错误四：先行词和代词单复数不统一
这个和主谓一致类似，GMAC挖的陷阱也和主谓一致类似，详情请参考主谓一致。
特别注意：
1. 代词在句子主语的位置上，通常会被认为指代与其平行句子的主语。
EG: Supernovas destroy their immediate environments in vast explosions, BUT by synthesizing heavy chemical elements, THEY provide the universe with the possibility of biochemistry-based life as we know it.
“They”在第二个句子中充当主语，虽然除了“supernovas”还有“environments”和“explosions”可以充当先行词，但基于以上所提的原则，“they”只能指代第一个并列句子的主语。注意：这条规律的前提条件是“平行的句子”，所以第一要平行，第二要是两个分开的句子，而不是一个句子中的主从句。
2.主格和宾格代词不能指代所有格名词
Example:
Wrong: The board is investigating several executives' compensation packages in order to determine how much may have been improperly awarded to THEM. Better: The board is investigating the compensation packages of several executive in order to determine how much They may have been improperly awarded. Best: The board is investigating the compensation packages of several executives in order to determine how much The executives may have been improperly
awarded.
分析：在第一个句子里，宾格代词“them”不能指代所有格名词；在第二个句子里，虽然executives不再是所有格，可以指代，但是“them”的先行词既可以是executives也可以是packages，指代模糊；第三个句子为了防止以上两个句子的错误，把代词换成了那个本要被指代的名词，虽然重复，但是句子正确。千万要记住，concision（简洁）是选择答案最后才考虑的，不是首要考虑的！！！另外，主要到几个句子的所有格既可以用’s.也可以用of.
总结：即代词不能指代N’s X中的N, 但可以指代X of N中的N。
3. which，that 只能指代物，只有who, whom 才能指代人
4. that 和those 指代的是一个new copy of 先行词，而不是完全相同的指代
Example:
The money spent by her parents is less than that spent by her children.
The executives of her company are more excellent than those of competitors.
在第一个例句中，that的出现，是为了防止重复使用“the money“, 而不是指代“the money spent by her parents”. 这一点，it，they等代词却不同，他们都是指代完全相同的一个事物或人物。
在第二个例句中，those指代的是复数形式的先行词的new copies.表示new copy 的时候，Those和That也只能指代物，不能指代人指代new copy，单数用that，复数用those。
再如下例：
Lacking information about energy use, people tend to overestimate the amount of energy used by equipment. such as lights, that are visible and must be turned on and
off and underestimate that used by unobtrusive equipment, such as water heaters.
Manhattan总结(中文)——GMAT语法
Chapter 1 SC Basics (1) Chapter 2 GRAMMAR, MEANING, CONCISION (1) Chapter 3 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT (3) Chapter 4 PARALLELISM (5) Chapter 5 PRONOUNS (6) Chapter 6 MODIFIERS (8) Chapter 7 Verb tense , mood, & voice strategy (11) Chapter 8 comparison strategy (13) Chapter 9 Idioms——看原书 Chapter 10 Odds & ends (15) Chapter 11 GMC/S-V /PARALLELISM: ADVANCED (18) Chapter 12 pronouns & modifiers: advanced (19) Chapter 13 verbs & comparisons：advanced (22) Chapter 1 SC Basics 1、各个选项中最好的答案并不一定是完全正确、完美的 2、日常口语中实际上有很多语法错误 3、SC的做题方法： 将每个选项逐个代入句子读一遍再寻找错误是很费时间的，更好的方法应该是使用分类排除的方法（split）。将五个选项按照某个语法点的区别分成两组或更多，找到你所确认的错误排除其中的一些组；再次分组，再次排除，直到剩下最终答案。 4、在一道题中将会测试多个语法点，平常练习中需要找出所有的点，而在考试时只需要找到一个能排除该选项的即可；而且每个选项往往都有多个点可以将其排除。 5、注意划线外部分，注意划线部分与划线外部分的关系，有许多重要的线索在远离划线部分的地方。 选择一个选项后要重读一遍句子,确认选项使得句子完整。 Chapter 2 GRAMMAR, MEANING, CONCISION 1、在做SC时，判断选项是否错误应该从语法开始，然后考虑意思，最后考虑简洁。 语法：GMAT测试你区分好和不好的语法的能力。许多语法错误的句子看起来很自然。 意思：句子不能有歧义，并且句子必须反映作者的真实的意愿，在选择选项时不要随便改变句子的原意（除非原句错误）。 简洁：不使用多余的词。 2、GRAMMAR：包括主谓一致、平行、代词、修饰语、时态、语气语态、比较、惯用语。 3、MEANING：不要随便改变句子原意。GMAT考试中，意思上的小错误常常容易被忽略。 在MEANING上的主要考点主要可以归类为：选择正确的词、词的正确位置和词与词之间的一致。（1）选择正确的词： 常考的是相近的词相互替代而使句子意思发生改变。如：
GMAT曼哈顿语法---精华汇总
曼哈顿 SC 总结 Chapter 1 Sentence Correction Basics 1.一道例题 Although William Pereira first gained national recognition for his movie set designs, including those for the 1942 film "Reap the Wild Wind",future generations remember him as the architect for the Transamerica Tower, the Malibu campus of Pepperdine University and the city of Irvine. A:including those for the 1942 film "Reap the Wild Wind",future generations B: like that for the 1942 film "Reap the Wild Wind",future generations will C:like those for the 1942 film "Reap the Wild Wind",future generations D: including that for the 1942 film "Reap the Wild Wind",future generations will E:including those for the 1942 film "Reap the Wild Wind",future generations will 这道题用两点split。 1.1GMAT规定，Like不能用于举例；注意，在之后的说明中，曼哈顿说The GMAT used to claim that ‘like’ simply meant‘similar to’ and could not introduce examples. However, the exam writers have moderated this hardline duty in published explanations. As a result, either ‘including’ or‘likelihood would technically work in the sentence. 1.2GMAT规定，进行指代时，如果有单复数转换，不能用代词指代，而应换作相对应的 名词。 2.做题时间 一般不多于90秒钟，理想状况下，花费60-75秒。 3.做题步骤 3.1细读原文 理解原文中作者本意，顺带看是否有错误出现。 如发现错误，默默记下，以备之后作为排除依据； 如未发现错误，不要留恋，只要保证理解了文字的字面意思和作者本意即可。 3.2纵向扫描，找split 不要读选项，只是纵向寻找不同点（split）。 看句首和句尾，此两处必有split，不然画线不会画到它们。 迅速找到多个split，找最容易区分的。 3.3选取最简单split进行筛选 所谓简单，就是容易找/容易比较/容易决定。语法语义两个角度来分析 3.4选定第一个split 3.5用同一个split，去检查其他选项是否也犯了同样的错误
Ron 笔记 gmat 语法
Ron 笔记 1、平行 first two both 2 are correct ＊the parallel structures are indicated by “parallel tags” Most fossils of species X were found in Tennessee or Kentucky Most fossils of species x were found in T or in K. FOLLOW the tags are included. *proceed from RIGHT to LEFT in your analysis Look at the words following the tag
tags: the list of 3 or more items, the COMMAS and the “AND” are tags!! Focus on the sentence ” ITS ”
USAGE OF “COMPARED TO/WITH” with statistics/quantities: *DO NOT include any other words of comparison “28 percent of American husbands were married to wives with more years of schooling, compared to 6 percent in 1971.” NO additional word re: ” more “ “ less” ”N times” etc
曼哈顿FOV笔记
曼哈顿FoV. CR笔记 目录 1.All about the Argument (1) Sound argument vs. valid argument (1) On the GMAT (2) The arguer’s job and your job (2) List of the twelve flaws (2) Details of the twelve flaws (3) A. Unjustified Assumptions (3) B. Causation Errors (4) C. Comparison Errors (5) D. Math Errors (6) E. Communication Errors (7) Find the gaps in arguments (7) 2.Decoding the Question Stem and Stratege (8) 1. All about the Argument Sound argument vs.valid argument Every complete argument has two components written down on paper: ? Premises—supporting statements ? Conclusion— the main point or biggest claim of the argument A sound argument is successful on every level: the premises are true, and the conclusion logically follows from the premises. When a conclusion follows logically from true premises, that conclusion is therefore true. A valid argument is one in which the conclusion follows logically from the premises—but the premises may or may not be true. In a valid argument, if the premises are true, then the conclusion will also be true. In a good, valid argument, the premises lead to the conclusion in a direct way. They provide enough evidence to guarantee the truth of the conclusion (which is occasionally implied rather than stated explicitly).
GMAT语法知识点归纳
OCEAN的语法知识点总结 By Roxas605（ChaseDream）资料来源：OG12、OG12-verbal、OG10、Prep07、Prep08、GWD、Manhattan 一、独立主格 总结：独立主格只做状语，放在句首或句尾，表示伴随原因、条件、状态、目的、时间、补充说明等 ●独立主格三种形式： 1)一般形式：n.+n.，n.+V-ed/v-ing，n.+介词短语/形容词短语 独立部分与主句部分无太多关联 2)with形式：with+宾语+宾补，如：with+n.+v-ed/v-ing/介词短语/形容词短语 与主句主语有紧密的逻辑关系 3)each形式：each+v-ed/v-ing/介词短语/形容词短语；each+n.+介词短语 必须前面有复数名词 *：with型独立主格在GMAT中常常被判累赘 ●另外，存在一种with+n.+/with+n.+定语从句,可以看做概括性同位语 分析：放在句首，一定修饰主语，放在句尾既可以修饰主语也可以修饰谓语 二、同位语 总结：类似定语，修饰名词或者名词短语、代词（不是核心词指代） 1)名词性同位语：名词解释名词。（以下三种，第二个n.后可以跟修饰词） i.N., n.; ii.n., a/an + n.或a/an + n., n.; iii.the + n., n.（前面的the + n 为同位结构） 2)内容具体化同位结构：抽象名词（theory/evidence/belief/principle）+that 从句 that从句对抽象名词进行具体化解释（注意与of 结构的区别），that从句部分才是同位语。(that是小品词，连词，和一般的名词性that分句中的that一样) 3)概括性同位语：短语/句子，n. + that / doing / done... （+doing、done形式和独立主格相同） 用一个概括性的名词去概括前面的修饰对象： ※同位语和独立主格的区别： 1. 同位语修饰名词，独立主格修饰句子 2.同位语表示前面名词的具体内容和特征，而独立主格是一种伴随状态，描述与伴随分局同步发生的事情（原因、条件）
GMAT语法笔记
GMAT语法笔记 May 18, 2013 综述 Gmat语法在verbal中是最重要的部分，16/41。是最严格的美式书面英文。做题时间1:10/Q 规律性强 比如：maybe一定错，一般改为probably , perhaps。因为maybe是口语词，但是may be不一定错，may be 不是口语词。 句式复杂，难句多，考法新 是最严格的美式书面英文 Eg. 1）表“建议”suggest that S（subject,主语）should V-原型 这是虚拟语气的句型 表“建议”或“命令”的词（suggest, order, demand, mandate, require, insist, dictate, propose, recommend, stipulate）后，跟的从句should+V-原型，should必须省! 【注】suggest表“暗示”的时候，不是虚拟语气 2）team, family, group, army等这些词全部是单数，用is。 99%的名词只要加了s就是可数名词，少数1%如某种疾病diabetes:糖尿病。 3）定语从句that可以指人，也可以指物，但是Gmat考试中that只可以指物，不能指人，因为人要用who。 五种简单句 1）SV 主语+动词 2）SCP 主系表 3）SVO 主谓宾 4）SVOO 主谓双宾 Eg. Tom gave Jerry a book. Tom advises Jerry that the movie (should) start early. 错！ 没有advice sb that, 只有tell, persuade, convince,这三个词可以+ sb that SVO(SVO表从句)，其他的单词均不能用+sb that的结构，同时这三个单词不能直接+that,且这三个词可以用自己的固定搭配Eg. Persuade sb to do sth或persuade sb into doing. 5）SVOC 主谓宾宾补 Eg.We call him Tom I think I love you. 错！that宾语从句的that在句中不能省略，但是是相对错，因为一般 say that中的that都省略。 LIKE
曼哈顿语法笔记讲解学习
Chapter 3: 主谓一致 注意主语和谓语之间构成的逻辑意义相符合 Wrong: The development of a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling. Right: Once developed, a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling. 主语谓语之间必须做到单复数相符合 Eliminate the middlemen and Skip and warmup (准确做到正常的跳读) 没有必要的句子成分尽量少读 介词短语，从句，其他修饰成分 善于利用句子的机构去判断单复数 The tidal forces to which an object falling into a black hole is subjected are sufficient to tear the object apart. And和additive phases （注意mathematics，aerobics，diabetes,citus都是单数的形式） Media是medium的复数形式。 Either or（就近原则确定谓语单复数） 集体名词 People: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra, team Items: baggage, citrus, equipment, fleet, fruit, furniture. 用单数 Our army of a hundred thousand soldiers is attacking the enemy. 不定代词 SANAM：some, any, none, all, more/most 这几个词语要依据不同情形确定单复数 Any of these women is a suitable candidate for marriage to my son. Not one of my friends is here this weekend. Every and each Every dog has paws. Every dog and cat has paws.
GMAT SC Manhatten曼哈顿语法总结(770NN)
GMAT SC Manhatten曼哈顿语法总结(770NN)
目录 Subject-verb agreement (7) Fragment: Subject and verb must both exist (7) Sense: Subject and verb must make sense together (8) Number agreement: Subject and verb must agree in number (9) Additive phrases (9) Or, either…or, neither…nor: nearest . 9 Collective nouns: almost always singular (9) Indefinite pronouns: usually singular.9 SANAMM words: some; any; none; all; more; most; (9) Each and every (9) Quantity words and phrases (9) Subject phrases and clauses: always singular (10) Parallelism (10) Parallel markers (10) Parallel elements (11) You can split apart the expressions:.. 12 Parallel clauses should start with the same word (12) Lists with AND (13) Idioms with parallel structure (13) Superficial parallelism vs. actual parallelism (13) Watch out for linking verbs (14)
GMAT语法总结 (1)
第一章：句子结构(一划句子结构) 一、名词性从句： 一）主语从句：it may (well) be that + 主从; it be +adj./ed/n. + that + 主从; it seem/happen/appear + that + 主从 二） 宾语从句：动词型：that 不能省略/ 介词型：介词后只能接疑问词引导的宾语从句(除in that, except that, but that) 三）表语从句：主语+be+that 从句/疑问词型从句 二、特殊结构： 一）强调：it is…that …; it is not until…that…;many n…..,if not most, do sth; n. is as…as…, if not more so. 二）倒装： 三）as 结构： Prep.: accept/ classify/ define/ describe/ know/ name/ refer to/ regard/ speak of/ state/ think/ think of/ view as n. Conj.: (just) as …, 主句; (just) as …, so 主句; (just) as …, so too 主句(部分倒装); Pron.: 代替单主句 (e.g. indirect socialization also occurs, as when television shows reinforce stereotyped images) 四）同位结构：同位语，主语…（一定要一致） ● 解释：n.,n.; a n., n.; n., a n.; the n., n.; ● 内容具体化：抽象n.(theory/ evidence/ belief/ principle/hypothesis) + that 从句 (that 不能省略);of 表示所属关 系，强调部分概念。 ● 概括：a n. (program/ information/ effort/ practice) that ● 修饰：n., n. that 从句 ● 代词：n., one/ones + that 从句 五）独立主格：(with/each) + n./ ed/ ing/ adj.phrase/ prep.phrase （注意each 后接单数its 非their ） 六）省略结构：V .+that 两个句子并列，第一个含有be 作为助动词或become ，第二个句子中的be 或become 必须省略。 七）否定结构： Is not A, but B; not A, but rather B; is A, rather than B; is A, not B. 八）时态 练习： 1. Ozone is formed in the atmosphere when hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides react with sunlight. 2. Quasars are believed to be the cores of galaxies in an early stage of development. 3. while some propose to combat widespread illegal copying of computer programs by attempting to change people’s attitudes toward pirating, others suggest reducing software prices to decrease the incentive for pirating, and still others are calling for the prosecution of those who copy software illegally. 4. South Korea’s church membership is expanding by 6.6.% a year, fully two -thirds of the growth coming from conversions rather than increases in the population. 5. Modernizing the steel mill, a program that can, it is hoped, be completed in the late 1980’s, will cost 51 million dollars. 6. Many writers of modern English have acquired careless habits that damage the clarity of their prose, but they can break these habits if they are willing to take the necessary trouble. 7. Dozens of New York’s small museums are devoted to either local history or various ethnic groups, and there are also many one-of-a-kind museums from Manhattan to the Bronx that are open for exploration on summer weekends. 8. The administration, worried over the removal of some foreign trade barriers and the failure of our exports to increase as a result of deep cuts in the value of the dollar, has formed a group to study ways to sharpen our competitiveness. 9. In terms of physics, the characteristic feature of the roller coaster is that the potential energy of the cars, gained as a Often visible as smog, Conj. Two major pollutants emitted by automobiles Conj. Conversions 与 increases 形势对称，increases 强调增加本身，increasing 强调动作 Hope: ,it is hoped, 作插入语；it is hoped that+从句 They 优先代指从句主语 独立主格: (with/each)+ n./ ed/ ing/ adj.phrase/ prep.phrase Worry+about/over Cars ’ potential energy 错
GMAT语法知识点总结：
语法知识点总结： 1. 句子结构： A. run-on SVO, and SVO, and SVO.对的 SV, V, and V.对的 FANBOYS(for, and, nor,but, or , yet, so) B. 主谓一致 C. 缺少主谓宾（主句和从句） D. 从句省略： Although SVO, SVO 从句的S省略：条件主从句的主语相同；从句谓语中有be动词，也可以省略Although(he is)fat,he still eats a lot. When(he was)walking back home, he came across a dog. 考点：主语还原后发现意思不和逻辑 E. 倒装句 判断的方法：。。。。 Alongside the trail on which we ride bike every morning runs a line of rugged old oak trees.
2. 平行结构： A.平行配搭：要求绝对的平行 not only...but also...; not...but... (not) so much....as.... neither...nor... either...or... B. 功能相同的成分才可以平行：Doing...and done....,SVO. doing和done都是定语，修饰主语 I believe that....and that....功能相同的从句C. and, but, or平行标志词，前后结构一定相同(OG13-40题) doing and doing; to do and to do; as if...and as if 3 比较结构： A. 比较搭配：the same...as... ;more than...; as...as...;like/unlike/different from B. 比较从句：than; as...as... I am taller than Li Lei (is) I walk as fast as (I did) when I was younger. 主从句句式绝对対称；比较对象对等 be动词可省可不省；倒装；什么相同省略什
曼哈顿GMAT系列SC笔记
一、语法和语义 Grammar and Meaning 1.Grammar: Does the sentence adhere to the rules of Standard Written English? 2.Meaning: Does the sentence clearly indicate the author’s intended meaning? Meaning Errors 1. Choose your words Eg: right: The court declared that Jack must pay full damages Wrong: The court declared that Jack should pay full damages explanation: on the GMAT exam, the word” should” only mean “moral obligation”, something the court cannot impose. 2. Place your words 3.Match your words (主语和谓语在一起要有意义) 4.Avoid Redundancy a. GMAT考试中很常见的一种累赘错误是在一个句子中使用了两个 意思重复的词语。例如：The value of the stock rose by a 10% increase . Right: The value of the stock rose by 10% b. 要注意时间的表达词语。尤其是当一个时间表达未被划线，或 者两个表达相同时间的词语看起来不同
GMAT网络课程语法笔记(11)
GMAT网络课程语法笔记(11) 1. Temporary-employment agencies benefit not only from the increasing demand for clerical workers but also the higher profits made when highly paid professionals are placed, requests for whom have increased in the recent wave of corporate takeovers. (A) the higher profits made when highly paid professionals are placed, requests for whom (B) the higher profits that are made in the placement of highly paid professionals, requests for whom (C) from the requests for highly paid professionals, who make higher profits for the agencies when placed and whose requests (D) from highly paid professionals, whose placement makes higher profits for the agencies and whose requests (E) from the higher profits made in placing highly paid professionals, requests for whom 2. In December of 1987 an automobile manufacturer pleaded no contest to criminal charges of odometer tampering and agreed to pay more than $16
GMAT曼哈顿语法中文版资料
My Manhattan(5th) Notes ——Daisyotw CH1 SC Basics 1.控制在60s~75s 2.做题步骤：理解原句，垂直阅读选项，split排除错误，放回原文检查 CH2 Grammar&Meaning 一.语法： 主谓一致，平行，代词，修饰语，动词时态、语态和主被动，比较和习语 二.语义： 1.词的选择： (1)注意一词多义 Economic-经济的；economical-节约的；合算的；有效的 Aggravate-加重，恶化；aggravating-令人愤怒的 Known as –被认为是，很著名；known to be-被承认…；known for Loss of –失去；loss in-贬值 Mandate-命令；have a mandate-拥有选举权 Native of- （人）来自；native to –物种起源于 Range of –多种的；ranging-变化 Rate of –速度或频率；rates for –价格… Rise-上升,无方向，单纯上升；raise-（打赌或工资）上涨，有方向 Such as –比如；like-好像（举例只能用such as, 不能用like） Try to do –努力去完成；try doing –尝试去做 Impale-刺穿；impel-逼迫 (2)情态动词(may,will,must,should)不要随意添加或改变 (*should 表“应该”，不表示likelihood;法律法规只能用must不能用should) (3)选项和原文态度一致 2.词的位置：关注重点词(all,only)和句子整体顺序 3.词的搭配：主谓一致，逻辑一致，make sense 三.避免冗余： 1. 在一个句子中，不要用两个意思一样的词 Rise-increase; sum-total; regain-again; enable-be able to; attempt-try; other than-opposite; drop-decrease;
GMAT网络课堂语法笔记-俞敏洪主讲
请找出以下题目中的语法错误 1. Poor management, outdated technology, competition from overseas, and steel's replacement to materials like aluminum and fiber-reinforced plastics has all been cited as causes for the declining of the United States steel industry. 2. One noted economist has made a comparison of the Federal Reserve with an automobile as racing through a tunnel, bounce first off one wall, then the other. 3. In the late seventh century, in a dispute about if the Prophet Muhammad's son-in-law, Ali, should carry on to be the fourth caliph, Muhammad's successor, Islam split in two branches, the Sunnis and the Shiites. 4. Because of natural gas are composed most in methane, a simply hydrocarbon, vehicles powered by natural gas emits fewer of certain pollutants than the burning of gasoline or diesel fuel. 5. The brochure notes in the seminar the importance that communication is a two-way process will be emphasized. 6. A grow number of farm families while the first decades of the nineteenth century begin to specialize in the production of grain or cotton and using the cash proceeds from selling its crops for buying necessities. 7. Prompt by new evidences that the health risk posed by radon gas is far serious than was previously thought, property owners are advised by authorities to test all dwellings below the third floor for radon gas and making repairs as need. 8. In terms of physics, the characteristic feature of the roller coaster is the car's potential energy, gained through their being lifted by a chain drive through the Earth's gravity to the top of the first drop, have been converted to kinetic energy by the time the ride ends. 请找出以下题目中的语法错误 1. In terms of physics, the characteristic feature of the roller coaster is the car's potential energy, gained through their being lifted by a chain drive through the Earth's gravity to the top of the first drop, have been converted to kinetic energy by the time the ride ends.
manhattan语法中文语法笔记
二、意思和简洁度 GMAT改错题关键的三个要点，顺序依次为： 1、首先看有无语法错误 2、看意思表达是否准确 3、是否简洁 （一）意思 情态动词 （1）当原句意思上没有问题时，忠实原句，不做任何修改，即使修改过来也成立。（2）当原句意思上有问题的，要替换为相对好点的那个。EG：should 在GMAT中表示“道德上的义务”，而不是“好像”的意思、 2、位置 （1）要关注一些重点词，all, only； （2）关注句子的整体顺序，是否会产生歧义； （3）在英语中，主语一般会放在谓语前面，因此一般不会用倒装结构，除非开头是否定词。定语从句中，一般不用倒装。例如：OG129。 （二）简洁 §简洁是GMAT 最后考到的点，只有在语法和意思都无误的情况，才选择最简洁的；换言之，如果语法无问题，即使很长也会比一个语法有问题，很短的句子好。 §GMA T语法题中，如果一个词可以搞定的意思，不要用一个短语 切忌冗余： EG: OG12 unacompanied是不好的表达，意思不如not accompanied 清晰；另外关于什 么的增长，一般的用法是increase in sth，而不是increased sth 三、主语与谓语 每一个句子都必须有一个主语和谓语（动词），且主语和谓语要一致。 （一）连词开头的句子一定要有主句，否则是错误的。 Eg: Because the dog was never mine. 错误，缺乏一个主句 （二）主语和谓语从逻辑上一定要合理,主语和谓语在单复数上要一致 Eg: The development of a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling. （三）容易引起主语不明显的两个情况 1. 插入语：在主语和谓语之间插入一些说明的成分 2．前置短语：在主语之前放一些修饰成分 Eg: (when the auditors left), the executive( who had been interviewed )was glad. 说明：从句始终只是句子中辅助的成分，类似大形容词，大名词或大副词 （四）and 和表示连接的词 1. and 连接几个不同的名词的时候构成复数结构，谓语动词要用复数 2. 其他连接性的词（along with, in addition to, as well as, together with, including）连接不同的名词，只是起着修饰的作用，不会改变主语的单复数，不影响谓语动词 （五）either or, neither nor 1. 就近原则：离谓语动词近的是单数，谓语动词就用单数；复数就用复数 Eg: Neither the coach nor the players are going to the beach. 2. 若仅仅只有either or neither, 没有or 、nor，则谓语动词一定要用单数 （六）集合性名词：一般被认为是单数名词，通过跟单数谓语
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