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1、The Colonial Period（1607-1765）

American Puritanism ( in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th)

北美第一位女诗人Anne Bradstreet(宗教气息，夫妻恩爱)

Edward Taylor 都受英国玄学派影响（metaphysical）

2、The Enlightenment and Revolution Period

Benjamin Franklin:Poor Richard's Almanac The Autobiography---“美国梦”的根源

3、American Romanticism（end of 18th to the civil war）

American writers emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature.

早期浪漫主义Washington Irving father of American Literature 短篇小说

James Fenimore Cooper 历史，冒险，边疆小说《The Leather-stocking Tales>文明发展对大

自然的摧残与破坏

William Cullen Bryant 美国第一个浪漫主义诗人《To a Waterfowl>美国

山水，讴歌大自然，歌颂美国生活现实

Edgar Allan Poe ---(48 poems,70 short stories)

He greatly influenced the devotees of “Art for art’s sake.”

He was father of psychoanalytic criticism , and the detective story.

Ralph Waldo Emerson---The chief spokesman of New England Transcendentalism

American Transcendentalism (also known as “American Renaissance”) It is the high tide of American romanticism Transcendentalists spoke for the cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society. 《Nature》---the Bible of Transcendentalism by Emerson 《Self-Reliance》表达他的超验主义观点Henry David Thoreau------ Walden

he regarded nature as a symbol of spirit.Thoreau was very critical of modern civilization.

小说家：Hawthorne-赞成超验He is a master of symbolism The Scarlet Letter《红字》

Melville 怀疑，悲观，sailing experiences Moby Dick百科全书式性质/海洋作品/动物史诗

诗人Longfellow《I Shot an Arrow...》《A Psalm of Life》第一首被完整地介绍到中国的美国诗歌Whitman （Free Verse---without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme ）

《Leaves of Grass》《One's Self I Sing》《O Captain! My Captain!》song Dickinson inner life of the individual ---died for beauty

4、The Age of Realism

James upper reaches of American society. <一位女士的肖像》inner world of man

Howells, concerned himself chiefly with middle class life.

Twain the lower strata of society. humor and local colorism

American Naturalism 自然主义（新型现实）

Stephen Crane；《Maggie: A Girl of the Streets》《The Red Badge of Courage》pessimistic

Theodore Dreiser；Sister Carrie；Jennie Gerhardt；An American Tragedy(Trilogy of Desire)

O.Henry (William Sydney Porter)：The Gift of the Magi；The Cop and the anthem

Jack London：The Call of the Wild；Martin Eden

5、The Modern Period The 1920s-1930s ( the second renaissance of American literature)

The Roaring Twenties ，The Jazz Age ，“lost”(Gertrude Stein) and “waste land”(T.S.Eliot)

现代主义小说家

F. Scott Fitzgerald：《The Great Gatsby》被视为美国文学“爵士时代”的象征，以美国梦American Dream 为主线。

Hemingway迷惘一代Iceberg Principle (Theory):The dignity of movement of the iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.

《The Sun Also Rises 1926》《The Old Man and the Sea 》

William Faulkner ：Yoknapatawpha Country---以故乡为原型虚构南方贵族家庭的没落

The Sound and the Fury 取自莎士比亚的《麦克白》

Anderson ：《Winesburg, Ohio 》，又称“小镇畸人”

现代主义诗人：Two characteristic strains：introspection自省&social criticism

Imagism 意象派

Pound：《In a Station of the Metro》《Cantos》

Stevens：《Anecdote of the Jar》〈The Man with the Blue Guitar>

Williams:

T.S.Eliot::

浪漫派：Frost：《The Road Not Taken》《Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 》

Hughes：---Poet Laureate of Harlem，Harlem Renaissance 开创黑人文学

Dreams 《梦想》Border Line 《分界线》

6、当代，后现代时期The Post-War Period（The Beat Generation ，Black Humor，寻找自我）

Ellison（黑人）：Invisible Man 《看不见的人》---“寻找自我”主题的代表作

Allen Ginsberg（Jewish）：《Howl》—跨掉的一代代表作

Heller：Catch-22 《第二十二条军规》---黑色幽默代表作

J．D．Salinger（Jewish）:《Catcher in the Rye>

Bellow（Jewish）:

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美国文学选读期末复习资料 The Colonial Period or The Enlightenment and Revolution Period American Puritanism ( roughly from the settlement of America in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th) 一、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林 作品：1、Poor Richard's Almanac 《格言历书》--- A Collection of maxims, or proverbs, on the value of work and savings for success. 2、The Autobiography 《自传》---“美国梦”的根源 3、参与起草《独立宣言》 American Romanticism The Romantic Period stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. It is a period of the great flowering of American literature. 浪漫主义两大主题：爱和大自然的力量 The social and cultural background of Romanticism： ---The young Republic was flourishing into a politically, economically and culturally independent country. ---The Romantic writings revealed unique characteristics of their own in their works and they grew on the native lands. ---The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. ---The American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values. Romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics: moral enthusiasm, faith in value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies as a source of corruption.