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基于Linux的Beowulf机群构建方法

基于Linux的Beowulf机群构建方法
基于Linux的Beowulf机群构建方法

基于Linux的Beowulf机群构建方法

崔焕庆

(山东科技大学信息科学与工程学院,山东青岛 266510)

摘要:Beowulf机群系统是目前使用最为广泛、可扩展性也较好的一种机群系统。本文利用运行Linux操作系统的若干台PC机,通过配置NIS、NFS、RSH等服务,提出一种基于Linux利用MPICH的构建方法,并简要介绍了MPICH 的使用方法。

关键词:Beowulf;NIS;NFS;MPICH;RSH

中图分类号:TP 393.03文献标识码:A

Constructing Method of Beowulf Cluster Based on Linux

Cui Huan-qing

(College of Information Science and Technology SDUST, Qingdao 266510)

Abstract: Beowulf Cluster System is the most popular one with better scalability. This paper provides a building method of Beowulf cluster system based on MPICH using some PCs with Linux by means of profiling NIS, NFS, and RSH etc, and introduces how to use MPICH.

Keywords: Beowulf, NIS, NFS, MPICH, RSH

1、引言

随着科学技术的飞速发展,越来越多的大型科学与工程计算问题对计算机的计算速度提出了非常高的要求。但大型机、巨型机的昂贵价格,使之不能普遍应用。将许多计算能力相对低的计算机构建成HPC机群 [1],通过并行计算方式,以低廉的价格获得强大的计算能力,成为计算机系统发展的一个重要方向。

利用相互独立的、各自执行开放源码的操作系统并使用私有网络连接的PC机构成Beowulf

机群是目前使用最为广泛而且具有良好的可扩展性的的机群系统[1,2,5]。而这种机群系统的编程模式是基于消息传递的[2,5]。MPI [2,4,5]是目前使用最为广泛的基于消息传递的并行编程标准,它有很多的实现方式。MPICH是使用比较多的一种。1994年,Thomas Sterling和Don Becker将16台带有DX4处理器的计算机组合成了一个计算机机

群系统,并把这些计算机命名为Beowulf。目前,Beowulf机群计算机已被认为是HPC领域的一种流派。

对于什么是Beowulf机群,尚未有一个明确定义。杜克大学Robert G. Brown教授认为:Beowulf机群是由具有源码开放软件并在一个私有网络中的标准硬件组成的性能可扩展的机群。图1是一个典型的Beowulf机群的示意图。可以发现,一个Beowulf机群应当具有如下特点[5]:

z节点只用于Beowulf机群,不作其他用途。z使用的网络是Beowulf专有的,不作他用。z节点机都是M2COTS(Mass-Market COTS)计算机。

z使用的网络是COTS的。

z所有的节点运行源代码开放软件。

z形成的机群主要用于高性能计算。

日前,Beowulf机群以其低廉的价格、较高的性能获得青睐,并取得越来越广泛的应用。2、Beowulf机群的构建

假设如图1所示的机群中,服务器节点地址为192.168.130.10,节点机的地址为192.168.130. 101~130,服务器名称为Server,而节点则为Node1~Node30。NIS的域名假设为REDHAT。

2.1 NIS服务的配置

NIS提供了通用数据库访问设施,实现向网络上的所有主机分发信息。从而使网络看起来像一个独立系统,在所有的主机上有着相同的帐号。这种方式对于管理一个没有Internet连接的小LAN是十分方便和快捷的,而Beowulf机群实质上也是这样一个LAN。NIS是基于RPC的,是由一个服务器、一个客户端库以及几个管理工具组成。

2.1.1 NIS服务器配置

在服务器节点以根用户登陆,执行如下操作,以将其配置为一个NIS服务器。

图1 Beowulf机群

Figure1. Beowulf Cluster

(1)启动portmap服务。执行命令:

[root@server]# service portmap start

(2)启动time和time-udp。编辑/etc/xinetd.d目录中的time和time-udp文件,将其中的disable=yes改为disable=no。然后执行命令:[root@server]# service xinetd restart

(3)编辑/etc/sysconfig/network文件,追加行NISDOMAIN=REDHAT

在/etc/rc.d/rc.local文件中追加

/bin/nisdomainname REDHAT

设置NIS的域名。执行命令:

[root@server]# nisdomainname REDHAT

使设置的域名立即生效。

(4)设定ypserv.conf,以保证NIS的安全性。在这个文件中,追加允许访问NIS服务器的节点。格式为:<主机名称/IP>:<域名>:<数据库类别>:<安全性>。其中安全性主要有三种参数:none:表示可以无条件进入本机。

port:表示仅允许1024以下的端口进入。

deny:不允许进入本机。

des:访问时需要DES(数字加密标准,Data Encryption Standard)加密。

根据前面的假设,可以这样设定:

127.0.0.0/255.255.255.0: * : * :none

192.168.130.0/255.255.255.0:*:*:none

*:*:*:deny

由于在Linux操作系统中,只有root用户才可以开放1024以下的端口,所以更安全的设定可以将上述设定中的none改为port。

(5)设定网络信息用户组。建立/etc下的netgroup文件,由于在上一步中已经设定了关于安全的项目,所以该文件的内容可以为空,表示全部的主机、帐号与组都接收。

(6)启动ypserv和yppasswdd。执行命令:[root@server]# service ypserv start

[root@server]# service yppasswdd start

如果需要设定它们为开机启动,执行命令:[root@server]# chkconfig --level 35 ypserv on [root@server]# chkconfig –level 35 yppasswdd on (7)制作数据库。执行命令:

[root@server]# /usr/lib/yp/ypinit –m

在要求输入另一个主机名时,按

这个命令在每次修改数据库时都需要执行,而且要重新启动ypserv和yppasswdd。

(8)重新启动服务。执行命令:

[root@server]# service yppasswdd restart

2.1.2 NIS客户端配置

在节点机上,执行如下操作,以将其配置为一个NIS客户端。

(1)启动portmap并设定开机启动。执行命令:[root@server]# service portmap restart

[root@server]# chkconfig –level 35 portmap on (2)设定NIS服务器IP地址对应的主机名。在/etc/hosts文件中追加

192.168.130.10 Server.REDHAT

(3)设定NIS的域名及主机。执行命令:[root@server]# nisdomainname REDHAT

并在/etc/rc.d/rc.local和/etc/sysconfig/network按照设定服务器的第三步追加行,设定NIS域名。在文件/etc/yp.conf中加入

domain REDHAT

ypserver Server.REDHAT

设定NIS主机。

(4)修改密码启动方式。在/etc/passwd最后一行加入

+::::::

即加号之后六个连续的冒号。修改文件/etc/nsswitch.conf,找到相应的参数,并改成:passwd: files nis nisplus

shadow: files nis nisplus

group: files nis nisplus

hosts: files nis dns

其中files指本机文件,nis指定通过nis查询,nisplus指定NIS+。上面的设定表明passwd,即

使用者数据查询分别为: /etc/passwd,nis和nisplus。shadow,即使用者密码的查询分别为/etc/shadow,nis,nisplus。group即使用者的组查询使用/etc/group,nis及nisplus。hosts即主机名与IP地址的查询为/etc/hosts,nis及/etc/resolv.conf。

(5)启动ypbind并设定开始启动。执行命令:[root@server]# service ypbind start

[root@server]# chkconfig –level 35 ypbind on 在命令行中输入“authconfig”,在“Use NIS”选项前选中,并设置“Domain”为“REDHAT”,“Server”为服务器节点的IP地址。

NIS服务至此设置完成。

需要注意的是,若需要增加或者删除用户,一定要在NIS服务器上进行。在服务器端执行useradd来增加用户、userdel来删除用户、passwd 改变密码。不论执行何种操作,都要执行[root@server]# /usr/lib/yp/ypinit –m

重新制作数据库。

2.2NFS服务的配置

NFS可以通过网络,让不同的机器、不同的操作系统可以彼此共享文件。可以简单的看作是一个文件服务器,这个服务器可以使计算机将远程的NFS主机共享的目录挂载到本地机,而且在本地机看起来,远程主机的目录就像是自己的一个分区。NFS也使用RPC来协助运行。2.2.1 NFS服务器端配置

以root用户登陆服务器,进行如下操作,将之配置为一个NFS服务器。

(1)编辑/etc/exports文件,格式为:

[要共享的目录] [主机名称/IP(参数列表)] 其中,参数列表中的参数可以是:

z rw:可读写的权限。

z ro:只读权限。

z no_root_squash:登陆NFS服务器的使用者如果是root,则对共享目录用户就具有root权限。(极不安全,不建议使用。)

z root_squash:登陆NFS服务器的使用者若是root,则对共享目录用户具有匿名用户权限。z all_squash:不论登陆NFS服务器的身份是什么,都会变成匿名用户。

z anonuid:设定root_squash、all_squash匿名用户的UID。

z anongid:设定root_squash、all_squash匿名用户的GID。

z sync:文件同步写入内存和硬盘。

z async:文件先存放在内存中,而不是直接写入硬盘。

为了与前面配置的NIS服务配合使用,假设建立的NIS用户的家目录是/home,则可以这样设定exports文件:

/home 192.168.130.* (rw, sync, root_squash)

(2)启动portmap和nfsd。执行命令:

[root@server]# service portmap start

[root@server]# service nfs start

(3)如果修改了/etc/exports文件,则需要重新设定载入。执行命令:

[root@server]# exportfs –rv

(4)设定开机启动nfs。执行命令:

[root@server]# chkconfig –level 35 nfs on

3.2.2 NFS客户端配置

NFS客户端配置要简单的多,如果是在开机后挂载服务器共享的目录,则执行命令:[root@server]# mount –t nfs Server: /home /home 方便起见,可以在/etc/fstab中加入下面一行,以保证节点机开机便挂载NFS:

Server.REDHAT:/home /home nfs defaults 0 0

2.3RSH服务的配置

在执行并行程序时,各个节点之间必须支持RSH才可以保证相互之间的通信。对于服务器和节点机都执行如下操作,以设定RSH服务。(1)编辑/etc/xinetd.d/rsh,将“Disable = Yes”改成“Disable = No”。并重新启动xinetd。(2)编辑/etc/hosts.equiv,设定该机器可以由哪些机器以rsh登入且不需要密码验证。格式为:主机名用户名

若用户名使用“+”则表示任意用户;若主机名使用“+”则表示任意主机。

(3)一个用户要能不用认证便能以RSH登陆主机,他的目录下必须有.rhosts这个文件,其中设定允许的主机名。对于本例即为Sever.REDHAT。

如果对以后新建立的用户都可以使用RSH,则在/etc/skel/.rhosts文件中增加这样一行:Server.REDHAT。

(4)设定RSH开机启动。执行命令:

[root@server]# chkconfig –level 35 rsh on

2.4 MPICH的安装和配置

MPI是用于编写基于消息传递的并行程序

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0516952499.html,

的一种标准,是目前使用最为广泛的编程标准之一。它有很多实现方式,MPICH 是其中一种。在服务器及各个节点机上,执行如下操作,安装MPICH 。

(1)对下载的MPICH 压缩包解包,在形成的目录中执行:

[root@server]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/share/ mpich-1.2.6

此处假设/usr/share/mpich-1.2.6是MPICH 的安装目录。

(2)在上述目录中继续执行: [root@server]# make

(3)在每个用户的启动配置文件中,重新设置环境变量PATH ,加入路径: /usr/share/mpich-1.2.6/bin 。

(4)修改安装目录下的文件“/util/machines/ machines.LINUX ”,加入节点和服务器名。

需要注意的是,在Linux 的安装过程中,如果选择全部安装,会安装MPI 的另一个实现——LAM ,为了不引起冲突,在安装MPICH 前,一定要卸载LAM 包。

3、 Beowulf 机群使用示例

使用20台双CPU 、运行Linux 操作系统的

机器作为节点机,使用1台运行Linux 操作系统的Pentium IV 机器作为服务器,从而构成一个Beowulf 机群。MPICH 的安装目录的文件/perftest/mpptest.c 是MPI 提供的测试机群性能的程序。使用如下命令编译并执行该程序: [root@server]# mpicc –o mpptest mpptest.c [root@server]# mpirun –np n mpptest

其中n 为启动的进程个数。n 取2、4、5、8、10、20时,得到如图2所示的结果。

由图可见,随着节点数的增加,程序的执行时间会随之减少,当启动n 个进程时,该程序的加速比接近于n 。

2

4

5

81020

节点数(个)

时间(秒)

图2 mpptest 的执行结果

Figure.2 The Execution Results of mpptest

4、 结束语

Beowulf 机群系统是利用互相连接的多个独立计算机构成的。这些计算机可以具有不同的体系结构,每个节点机具有自己的的存储器、I/ O 设备和操作系统。但是都要运行同一个(比如Linux )操作系统。从用户角度来看,Beowulf 机群是一个单一的系统。它可以为用户提供廉价的高性能环境。

参考文献

[1] Kai Hwang. Advanced Computer Architecture: Parallelism, Scalability, Programmability [M]. 北京:机械工业出版社,1999.

[2] MPI Forum. MPI: A Message -Passing Interface Standard [M]. 1995.

[3] 花嵘, 傅游. 基于PC 机群并行环境的构建方法[J]. 山东科技大学学报, 第21卷第3期. 2002.9. 28~30 [4] 都志辉. 高性能计算之并行编程技术— MPI 并行程序设计[M]. 北京:清华大学出版社. 2001.

[5] Robert G . Brown. Engineering a Beowulf-style Compu -ter Cluster[M].美国:杜克大学. 2004.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0516952499.html,

英国文学作品选读复习提纲

English Renaissance (1500-1625) 14.15世纪 Humanism人文主义: Emphases the worth of life in this world, and the dignity of human being Three periods: 1.Imitation and assimilation同化------14世纪末到16世纪上半叶 2.Elizabethan Age-flowering time -----16世纪下半叶----Shakespeare 3.Epilogue收尾of the English Renaissance------------17世纪初 Effect:not confined to literature, music and the fine arts, but affected the whole development of civilization, a broad line dividing Middle Age and Modern Age. William Shakespeare 代表作:Hamlet,哈姆雷特Othello, King Lear,李尔王, Romeo and Juliet The Merchant of V enice:Bassanio巴萨尼奥Antonio安东尼奥,Shylock夏洛克,Bassanio’s girlfriend, Portia Theme: praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a woman of great wisdom, and to disclose the cruelty of shylock. The play is a triumph of friendship and love over greed and avarice, good over evil, humanity over inhumanity. The 17th Century Metaphysical School 玄学派 特点:complex, highly intellectual verse诗filled with intricate错综的and far-fetched牵强附会metaphor. Many are about love and death and religion. 1.John Donne 代表作:An Anatomy解剖in the medieval中世纪, Of the Progress of the soul, A Valediction告别演说: Forbidding Mourning 2.John Milton Paradise Lost---epic Satan: intelligent and eloquent雄辩的, pride, courageous and cannot be defeated, question the authority of God, stand for freedom and liberty. God: cruel, unjust, and selfish Adam and Eve: power of man—humanism Miltonic style:Long and involved sentence, a varity of pause, oratorical and logical, use inversion倒装and allusion典故. The 18th century 1.Daniel Defoe 代表作:The life and strange surprising adventure of Robinson Crusoe Theme: struggling against nature and human fate with an indomitable不屈的will and highly praise his creative labor, mental and physical, an allusion to the glorification赞颂of the bourgeois资产阶级creativity when it was a rising and more energetic class in the initial stage原始期of its historical development.

英国文学名词解释

Allegory is a tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. Thus, an allegory is a story with two meaning, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning. Bildungsroman: a novel that traces the initiation, development, and education of a young person. Examples are Dickens’s David Copperfield and James Joyce’s Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Byronic hero is a character-type found in Byron’s narrative Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage. He is a boldly defiant but bitterly self-tormenting outcast, proudly contemptuous of social norms but suffering for some unnamed sin. Emily Bronte’s Heath cliff is a later example. Conceit: a kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things. A conceit usually provides the framework for an entire poem. An especially unusual and intellectual kind of conceit is the metaphysical conceit, used by certain 17th-century poets, such as John Donne.. Comedy of manners is a kind of comedy representing the complex and sophisticated code of behavior current in fashionable circles of society, where appearances count for more than true moral character. Its humor relies chiefly on elegant verbal wit and repartee. In England, the comedy of manners flourished as the dominant form of Restoration comedy in the works of Etheredge, Wycherley and Congreve. It was revived in a more subdued form in the 1770s by Goldsmith and Sheridan, and later by Oscar Wilde. An epic is a long narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, typically one derived from ancient oral tradition, narrating and celebrating the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the past history of a nation. Epiphany(顿悟): a sudden revelation of truth about life inspired by a seemingly trivial incident Heroic couplet is the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. Intrusive narrator: an omniscient narrator who, in addition to reporting the events of a novel’s story, offers further comments on characters and events, and who sometimes reflects more generally upon the significance of the story. Iambic pentameter: a poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Iambic pentameter is the most common verse line in English poetry. Metaphysical poetry: the poetry of John Donne and other 17th-century poets who wrote in a similar style. It is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborate imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas . Metaphysical Poetry Metaphysical Poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets try to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. They are characterized by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form. John Donne is the lead ing figure of the “metaphysical school.” Naturalism: a post--Darwinian movement of the late 19th century that tried to apply the laws of scientific determinism to fiction. The naturalists went beyond the realists’ insistence on the objective presentation of the details of everyday life to insist that the materials of literature

哆啦A梦 牧场物语 各角色NPC喜好一览表(含菜品制作方式(手动整理,超级全面))

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英国文学选读

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然后看见人群中的你。你站在人群中不动,与周围的一切是那么的格格不入,阳光吧你的发梢染上了淡淡的金黄,嘴角有好看的弧线上扬。 我眯了眯眼,记住了那个安静的男生。 那时连空气,都沾上了清淡的玉兰花香。 >>>2.竹蜻蜓没电了,于是我也无法飞翔——在你的世界里。 忘了是从哪本书上看来的,它说:“如果一个人的愿望足够强大,可以改变风的方向,物体的大小,甚至是天空的颜色。不相信的人之所以永远无法改变,是因为他们的愿望不够强大。” 是这样的吧。 所以,后来才会和你分到同一班。身为班长的我,在帮老师编排新座位的时候做了一点小手脚,就成了你的后桌。 原来你并不是过于安静内向的男孩子,你也会和同桌讨论最新的球赛赛况,会和同桌约好一起去打游戏。偶尔你会从家里带些爸爸出差时带回来的小零食,分给周围的人。并不用功读书,有时在课堂上睡着,我看向黑板的时候会看见你清晰的肩线。不会疏离人群,但是貌似更愿意在自己的世界里远远观望的男生。 开始逐渐熟络, 所谓的熟络,不过是笔掉了的时候会用手点点你的后背,你疑惑的转过头来的时候指指地上的笔示意你帮忙捡起来。你捡起来递给我以后,转过身去继续看书或继续刚才正在通关的游戏。

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(完整版)英国文学名词解释

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英国文学简史期末考试复习要点资料

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Iambic pentameter is a commonly used type of metrical line in traditional English poetry and verse drama. The term describes the rhythm that the words establish in that line, which is measured in small groups of syllables called "feet". The word "iambic" refers to the type of foot that is used, known as the iamb, which in English is an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. The word "pentameter" indicates that a line has five of these "feet". Iambic rhythms come relatively naturally in English. Iambic pentameter is the most common meter in English poetry; it is used in many of the major English poetic forms, including blank verse, the heroic couplet, and some of the traditional rhymed stanza forms. William Shakespeare used iambic pentameter in his plays and sonnets. Allegory Allegories are typically used as literary devices or rhetorical devices that convey hidden meanings through symbolic figures, actions, imagery, and/or events, which together create the moral, spiritual, or political meaning the author wishes to convey. Epic(史诗) An epic is a long oral narrative poem that operates on a grand scale and deals with legendary or historical events of national or universal significance .Most epics deal with the exploits of a single individual and also interlace the main narrative with myths, legends, folk tales and past events; there is a composite effect, the entire culture of a country cohering in the overall experience of the poem . Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period of its history. 简史P39Blank verse is poetry written in regular metrical but unrhymed lines, almost always iambic pentameters.[1] It has been described as "probably the most common and influential form that English poetry has taken since the 16th century"[2] and Paul Fussell has estimated that "about three-quarters of all English poetry is in blank verse."[3]Christopher Marlowe was the first English author to make full use of the potential of blank verse. The major achievements in English blank verse were made by William Shakespeare. Blank verse, of varying degrees of regularity, has been used quite frequently throughout the 20th century in original verse and in translations of narrative verse. Ode(颂歌) Long, often elaborate formal lyric poem of varying line lengths dealing with a subject matter and treating it reverently. It aims at

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