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Marva Collins‘Way翻译

Marva Collins‘Way翻译
Marva Collins‘Way翻译

1 Marva was a striking woman with high cheekbones and strong angular features, which she inherited along with a love of jewelry from a great-grandmother who was a Choctaw Indian. Slender though not willowy, Marva was immediately discernible()可辨别的in a crowd——even without the visibility afforded by her height——for she had acquired a poise(体态,姿态)and sophistication(成熟,有教养的)that gave her appearance a deliberate(深思熟虑的)style. 马文是一个引人注目的女人,她有着高高的颧骨,瘦而强健,这都遗传自她那乔克托印第安人血统的曾祖母。马文老师瘦削而不软弱,就算她没有那么高,在人群中时还是一眼就能识别出来——因为她有着特别的镇静及教养,这些都使她有了一种严谨的风格。

2 Marva would rarely wear slacks, and she never wore loose-fitting shirts or casually(随意的)assembled(组合的)bloused and skirts. Sloppy(肥大的)dressing showed disrespect(无理)for oneself, for the children, and for the profession(同行). From the first day of class Marva was teaching that self-respect is the most important thing a person can have. For herself and for the children Marva dressed impeccably(无可挑剔的), favoring cashmere sweaters, suits, and herring-bone tweeds. Her clothing was tailored(裁制)and stylishly simple, but she usually added an ornamental(装饰的)touch: a carved belt cinched over a sweater, a gold medallion on a chain(链条), an organdy boutonniere, or perhaps a lace handkerchief fanned in pleats across a pocket and held in place by a beaded lion’s-head brooch. In Marva’s opinion, it was important to have a unique imprint(印记). She felt she was different from most people and delighted in her difference. It was an attitude often mistaken for arrogance(自大).

马文很少穿宽松衣服,也决不穿宽大的直筒连衣裙或不正式的短衫及裙子。马文认为宽大的衣服是对自己、对学生、对教师这一职业的不敬。从开学的第一天起,马文老师总会告诉设法让孩子们懂得:自尊是一个人最可宝贵的东西。马文的着装总是无可挑剔,这既是为了自己,也是为了学生们:她爱穿开司米羊毛衫、套装以及人字形花呢服装。她的衣服都剪裁得很合适,时髦而简单,但她常常会加上一个装饰品:在羊毛衫上配上一条雕有花纹的腰带,或一条有圆形浮雕的锁链,或玻璃纱襟花,抑或是一块用狮头胸针别在口袋上的花边手巾。在马文老师看来,给人留下独特的印象是很重要的。她欣然于自己的与众不同,但这有时也会引起一些误解,认为这是自大的表现。

3 “I am a teacher,” she said to the class on this first day. “A teacher is someone who leads. There is no magic here. Mrs. Collins is no miracle worker. I do not walk on water, I do not part the sea. I just love children and work harder than a lot of people, and so will you.

4 “Some teachers sit behind a big desk, like a king in a castle, and the children are like the poor peasants. The desk isolates them from the children. But I don’t sit behind a big desk in front of the class. I walk up and down the rows of desks every day and I hug each of you every day. “Have you ever been afraid to go up to the teacher’s desk? Did you think someone would laugh at you if you made a mistake?” Marva didn’t wait for an answer. She knew e ach child was following her closely. “Tell me when I’m wrong. You must never be afraid to tell a teacher if she is wrong. I’m not God. My mouth is no prayer(祈祷)book. We shall work together. How many of you have been afraid to ask other teachers questions?” Hands immediately went up.

“一些老师坐在大大的桌子后面,就像一座城堡里的国王,而学生们则像是贫困的佃农——这桌子使老师和同学们分离开来。而我不会坐在教室前那张大大的桌子后面。我每天都会在教室里来回走动,我每天都会拥抱你们。”“以前你们害怕走到老师的办公桌前吗?你们是否觉得如果犯了错,有人会嘲笑你们?”马文并没有留给孩子们回答的时间,她明白,大家此刻都在紧跟着她的思路。“如果我犯了错,请你们告诉我。如果老师错了,你们不要不敢告诉她。我不是神,我的嘴也不是祈祷书。我们将会一起努力。你们中有多少人原来害怕向

老师提问的?”孩子们立刻举起了手。

5 “Why were you afraid to ask, Michele?” “I was afraid the teacher would holler(抱怨).” “Why were you afraid, Jerome?” “I was afraid I would get hit with a ruler,” he said flatly(直截了当的), expecting the snickers(偷笑)that came from his classmates. “When you were afraid of a teacher, Bernette, what were you afraid of?” “I was afraid she would make ever yone laugh at me. My other teacher used to act like she was perfect or something. She used to make me feel dumb(哑的).”

6 “Sometimes I don’t like other grown-ups very much because they think they know everything.

I don’t know everything.” Marva said. “I can learn all the time.”“You have a right to your opinion. You say what you think.” Marva told him. “Don’t care what anyone else thinks. What’s inside of you is important.”There was excitement building and Marva worked the momentum, like an entertainer(表演者)who felt the pulse脉搏of an audience. “Oh, I love to see your eyes dance, ” she said. “New children have such dull目无光彩的eyes, but yours are already coming alive.”马文老师触动了孩子们兴奋的神经,她就像是一个能够触到观众脉搏的表演者。“哦!我喜欢看你的眼睛起舞!”她说。“新一届的学生总是两眼呆滞,但你的双眼看上去却充满了生机。”

7 “I know most of you can’t spell your name. You don’t know the alphabet, you don’t know how to read, you don’t know homonyms or how to syllabicate. I promise you that you will. None of you has ever failed. School may have failed you. Well, goodbye to failure, children. Welcome to success. You will read hard books in here and understand what you read. You will write every day so that writing becomes second nature to you. You will memorize a poem every week so that you can train your minds to remember things. It is useless for you to learn something in school if you are not going to remember it. “But you must help me to help you. If you don’t give anything, don’t expect anything. Success is not coming to you, you must come to it.” The Children looked puzzled. They were accustomed to warnings, threats, and rules of order on the first day of class. If nothing else, Marva vowed发誓she would get through to these children because she was so determined. Or just plain简单的stubborn顽固. She was, in fact, more strong-willed than most, maybe even a bit too strong-willed for her own good. Over and over her mother used to warn her, “Marva, you’ll never come to any good ‘cause once your mind is set, there’s no telling you what to do.’”

“我知道,你们中的大多数人都不会拼写自己的名字。你们不认识字母表,不知道如何朗读那些字母,不知道同形同音异义词或者怎样读出各个音节。但我向你们承诺,你们将会学会这些。你们都不是失败的孩子,是学校辜负了你们。现在,让我们对失败说再见吧,成功正在前面等着你们。你们将在这里读到难读的书籍并充分理解它们。以后你们每天都会写字,这样它就能变成你们的一种习惯。你们每周要背诵一首诗,这样你们便能很好地训练你们的记忆力。如果你们不设法将在学校所学的东西记住的话,一切都只是枉然。”“但要达到这些目标,我还需要你们的帮助。没有付出,便没有收获。成功不会主动向你们走来,你们必须主动地迎向它。”孩子们都听得一脸茫然。开学的第一天里,他们受到的通常是警告、威胁或是规章制度的洗礼。而如今,却是马文老师坚定的誓言——抑或仅仅是固执。事实上,她的意志比绝大多数人都要坚定——甚至也许是坚定过度了。她的母亲一再地警告她:“马文,你总是在做出决定后便听不进别人的建议,你这样是不会有好结果的。”

8 It was Marva Collins’ attitude that made children learn. What she did was brainwash them into succeeding. She was forever sa ying “You can do it,” convincing her students there wasn’t anything they could not do. There were no excuses for a child’s not learning. There was no point

in fixing the blame on television, or parents, or a child’s environment. The decisive factor was the teacher up in front of the class. If a child sensed a teacher didn’t care, then all the textbooks and prepackaged lesson plans and audio-visual equipment and fancy, new, carpeted, air-conditioned building facilities weren’t going to get that child to lear n.

正是马文?科林斯的态度使学生们开始了真正的学习,她总是在给学生们灌输对于成功的渴望。她一直在说“你能做到”,使学生们相信世界上没有他们做不到的事情。一个孩子不愿学习没有任何的理由,责怪电视、父母或是成长环境都没有丝毫意义。真正的决定性因素在于讲台前的那个老师。如果一个孩子察觉到老师并不在意他,那么,所有的课本、预先准备好的教案、视听设备以及昂贵的铺上地毯并装有空调的新建筑设施也不会让这个孩子产生想要学习的欲望。

9 “Children,” she began, “today will decide w hether you succeed or fail tomorrow. I promise you,

I won’t let you fail. I care about you. I love you. You can pay people to teach, but not to care.

10 She liked to begin the school year with “Self Reliance自力更生.” Marva believed that it was one of the most important things a student, especially a black student, could ever learn. “Now, she said, “self-reliance means to believe in yourself. What does self-reliance mean? To be——.” “To believe in yourself,” echoed a few fai nt虚弱的voices. “Everybody, in big outdoor voices, what does it mean?” “To believe in yourself,” the children said, more boldly.

11 “The author of ‘Self Reliance’ was a man named Ralph Waldo Emerson,” she continued. “Ralph Waldo Emerson was born in Boston, Massachusetts, and his father was a minister. when Ralph was not quite eight years old, as old as some of you, his father died. The family was so poor that Ralph and his brother had to share the same winter coat. Yet Ralph and all of his three brothers stud ied hard and they all went to Harvard College when they grew up.” She move around the room as she spoke, patting a head of caressing爱抚的an arm. “When he graduated, Ralph Waldo Emerson became a teacher for a while to help pay for his brother William’s coll ege education, and then he became a minister. Mr. Emerson was always questioning life, and he didn’t always agree with the church or the other ministers. How many of you question life? How many of you wonder why things happen the way they do?”

12 Two students immediately raised their hands. The rest watched curiously, surprised by their classmates’ willingness to respond. “Do you mean to tell me that only a few of you question the way things are?” Marva asked, exaggerating夸张的her amazement “Well, I guess m ost of you think life is wonderful. Everyone always has enough to eat, a good place to live. There is no suffering, no poverty…” Her words were muffled听不清的by the children’s groans and giggles 轻笑. “Every time you say ‘That’s not fair’ or you wonder why som ething is the way it is, you are questioning life, just as Mr. Emerson did. He believe that every person has a free will and can choose to make his life what he wants it to be. I believe that. I believe that you can make your life anything you want it to b e.” Mr. Emerson is telling us to trust our own thoughts, to think for ourselves and not worry about what other people tell us to think.

两名学生立即举起了手,其他人于是好奇地看着他们,为两名同学回应老师的意愿而感到吃惊。“你们是想告诉我你们中仅有极少数人质疑过事物的本质吗?”马文老师发问道,并且还夸大了自己的惊讶。“好吧,我想,在座的大多数人都认为生活是美好的。所有人都总有足够的食物果腹并有好居所。这个世界上没有苦难,没有贫困……”她的话被孩子们的抱怨声及咯咯的笑给掩住了。“当然,你们不会这样想,”她缓缓地继续着。“每当你们说‘这不公平’或思考事情为何会如此时,你们就是在叩问生活——就像爱默生先生那样。他相信每个人都有自由的意志,并且可以选择去过自己想要的生活。我相信这一点。我相信你们都

能过上自己想要的生活。”

13 Tanya, what does Emerson tell us to do?” “Trust ourselves,” replied Tanya. Fr eddie, tell me what you learned from Mr. Emerson’s essay.” Freeddie looked attentively专心的at Marva but didn’t answer. “You have a right to your opinion. You say what you think.” Marva told him. “Don’t care what anyone else thinks. What’s inside of you is important.” “I learned about self-reliance.” Freddie whispered. “Speak in a big voice, peach. What does self-reliance mean? Believing in——.” “Believing in yourself?” “Of course it does, but say it with confidence so we all know you believe in what you’re saying. Let us all know how bright you are.” Marva said, nodding. “Chris, what did you learn from Mr. Emerson?”

14 “If you don’t think for yourself, other people will tell you what to think.” Marva’s eyes glistened闪烁. She laughed, sweeping her arm dramatically引人注目的to her brow as she held herself up against the window sill, feigning a swoon昏迷. “Oh, I just can’t stand it. You’re all so bright. You’re all so sagacious睿智的. Sagacious means smart and wise. What does sagacious mean, children?” “Smart and wise,” they chanted. “And who is sagacious?” “We are,” they shouted.

马文老师突然间两眼放光:她笑了;靠着窗台,她戏剧般地抬起手扫了一下额头,佯作晕厥。“啊,我再也忍受不了了!你们都是如此聪明,如此睿智。睿智的意思是聪明而有智慧。孩子们,现在由你们来告诉我,睿智是什么意思?”

15 “You certainly are.” Marva put a throaty emphasis on certainly as she walked the rows of desks ruffling hair, pinching a cheek, squeezing挤压a shoulder. It was a beginning. The skills would come later with the daily drills of sounds and words over and over until Marva was tired of the litany冗长的故事. First she had to convince the children she cared about them, convince them to trust her, and make them believe they could do anything they wanted to do.“你们当然都是睿智的。”马文老师用低沉洪亮的声音强调了“当然”二字。她一边说着,一边在学生们的桌椅间穿梭,弄弄这个孩子的头发,捏捏那个孩子的脸蛋儿,或是压压另一个孩子的肩膀。这还仅仅是个开始。日后,这间教室里还会有反复念诵单词的日常训练——直到马文老师都觉得重复得厌烦了为止。首先,她必须让学生们确信她真的关心他们,说服他们相信她,并让孩子们坚信他们可以做到任何他们想做的事情。

(完整版)医学专业英语翻译及答案

Chapter 1 Passage 1 Human Body In this passage you will learn: 1. Classification of organ systems 2. Structure and function of each organ system 3. Associated medical terms To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc. 了解人体各部分的组成及其功能,对于认识人体是必需的。研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学;研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。 Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article. 解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。本文描绘并阐述了各系统的主要部分。 The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They have various shapes - long, short, cube - shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made. 骨骼系统由骨、关节以及软骨组成。它对软组织及人体器官起到支持和保护作用,并牵动骨胳肌,引起各种运动。人体有206根骨头。骨形态不一,有长的、短、立方的、扁的及不规则的。许多长骨里有一个内层间隙,里面充填着骨髓,这即是血细胞的制造场所。 A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axis - as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints. 关节把骨与骨连接起来。颅骨不能运动,是由于骨与骨之间的连接太紧密。但其它的关节可允许活动,如一个平面上的前后屈伸运动,如肘关节;或是绕轴心旋转运动,如枢轴点允许头部转动。如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里,大辐度的运动(如肩关节、髋关节)即成为可能。 Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infant's skeleton is made of cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult. 软骨是一种比一般骨更具韧性的物质。它是骨连结的保护、缓冲层。它把肋骨与胸骨连结起来,也是鼻腔与内耳的结构基础。一个婴儿的骨骼就是由软骨组成,然后不断生长、

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臣伏见天后时①,有同州下邽人徐元庆者②,父爽为县尉赵师韫所杀③,卒能手刃父仇,束身归罪④。当时谏臣陈子昂建议诛之而旌其闾⑤,且请“编之于令,永为国典。”臣窃独过之⑥。 注释: ①伏见:旧时臣下对君主有所陈述时的表敬之辞,可译为知道,了解。天后:即武则天(624-705),名武瞾。690年,废睿宗李旦自立为皇帝,改洛阳为神都,建立武周王朝,在位十六年。705年,武则天病笃,宰相张柬之发动兵变,迫使武氏退位,史称神龙革命。中宗李哲复位,恢复唐朝。 ②同州:唐代州名,今陕西渭南市大荔县一带地区。下邽(guī):县名,今陕西省渭南县。徐元庆:当时某驿馆的服务人员,徐元庆替父报仇,谋杀官员赵师蕴案是武则天时轰动一时的谋杀案。 ③县尉:县令的属官,专司当地的治安工作。或称御史大夫。 ④卒:最后,最终。束身归罪:自首。 ⑤陈子昂:(661—702),字伯玉。武后时曾任右拾遗,为谏诤之官。旌(jīng):表彰。闾:里巷的大门。 ⑥过:错误,失当。 译文:微臣知道则天皇后时,同州下邽县有个叫徐元庆的人,他的父亲徐爽被县尉赵师韫杀害,他最后能亲手杀掉他父亲的仇人,并且自己捆绑着身体到官府自首。当时的谏官陈子昂建议将他处以死罪,同时在他的家乡表彰他的行为,并请朝廷将这种处理方式“编入法令,永远作为国家的法律制度”。臣私下认为,这样做是不对的。

臣闻礼之大本,以防乱也。若曰无为贼虐①,凡为子者杀无赦。刑之大本,亦以防乱也,若曰无为贼虐,凡为治者杀无赦。其本则合,其用则异。旌与诛莫得而并焉。诛其可旌,兹谓滥,黩②刑甚矣。旌其可诛,兹谓僣③,坏礼甚矣。果以是示于天下,传于后代,趋义者不知所向,违害者不知所立,以是为典可乎?盖圣人之制,穷理以定赏罚,本情以正褒贬,统于一而已矣。 注释: ①贼虐:残害,践踏 ②黩(dú)刑:滥用刑法。黩,轻率。 ③僭(jiàn):越过,超出本分。 译文: 臣听说,礼的根本作用是为了防止人们作乱。意思是说,不要让礼受到践踏,凡是作儿子的,为报父仇而杀了人,就必须处死,不能予以赦免。刑法的根本作用也是为了防止人们作乱。意思是说,不能让刑受到践踏,凡是当官的错杀了人,也必须处死,不能予以赦免。礼和刑的根本目的是一致的,但是实际应用却不同。表彰和处死是不能同施一人的。处死可以表彰的人,这就叫乱杀,就是滥用刑法太过分了。表彰应当处死的人,这就是过失,破坏礼制太严重了。如果以这种处理方式昭示天下,并传给后代,那么,追求正义的人就不知道前进的方向,躲避刑罚的人就不能辨别立身之道,以此作为法则行吗?圣人制定礼法,是透彻地探究事理来制定赏罚,根据事实来确定奖惩,不过是把礼和刑二者结合在一起罢了。 向使刺谳①其诚伪,考正其曲直,原始而求其端②,则刑礼之用,判然离矣。何者?若元庆之父,不陷于公罪,师韫之诛,独以其私怨,奋其吏气,虐于非辜;州牧不知罪,刑官不知问,上下蒙冒③,吁号不闻。而元庆能以戴天④为大耻,枕戈⑤为得礼,处心积虑,

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