山东省自考英语二Unit3

Unit 3

（山东省自考英语）Text A

Books书

Knowledge may be acquired through conversation，watching television or traveling，but the deepest and most consistent way is through reading．

知识可以通过交谈、看电视或旅游来获得，但最深入、最经常的途径是读书。

If we consider the literate population of the world，we may conclude that a few spend their whole lives on academic reading；如果我们考察一下世界上有阅读能力的人，便可得出这样一个结论：把整个一生用来阅读学术书籍是少数；

many read something light for pleasure，a few dip into something more serious now and then；多数人只是看些闲书消遣；时常浏览一些比较严肃读物的人也是少数；

while very many men，women and children never advance beyond the sports page of a newspaper，a fashion article or a comic．

而更多的男人、妇女和儿童只看报纸上的体育新闻、时装介绍或连环漫画。

If you have learnt to love books as a child，the reading habit will never desert you．

如果从小就学会爱读书，那么你会永远保持读书的习惯，

But if this has not been your good fortune，you tend to think of reading as a bore．

但如果你没有这种好运气养成爱读书的习惯，你就会认为读书是件讨厌的事。

A few，but very few，come to the habit late in life．

有一些人，为数不多，直到晚年才养成爱读书的习惯。

The circumstances which help to set a child on the path to the literary adventure are：

有助于使儿童走上读书道路的环境是：

a life even barely above real poverty，so that there is scope in the family for thoughts and activities not wholly devoted to the struggle for making a living；

有一个略高于赤贫生活水平的家庭，这样的家庭才有机会想些别的而不至于全盘心思为谋生而奋斗；

the availability of free books either at home or in a public library；and the possession （n.拥有）of a character（n.性格）both curious(好奇的)and independent．

或者家中有书，或者可在公共图书馆借书，做到看书不花钱；本人具有求知欲和独立性。

In order to desire to read one must be curious．

一个人想读书，必须有求知欲。

A few children are able to keep this curiosity and their mental independence alive despite the educational system of their country．

少数儿童不论他们国家的教育制度如何，始终能够保持这种求知欲和思想上独立性。

But many fail to do so either because of an overstrict system where what is most important is memory work；or because of a careless and lazy one where even the basic disciplines of literacy are ignored in the sacred name of free expression．

但多数儿童却做不到这一点, 这要么是由于教育制度过于严格，把死记硬背看作天下第一号大事；要么是由于教育制度松散、使人怠惰，在“自由表达”的神圣旗帜下，甚至连读书写字这样的基本要求也被忽视。

It is a wonder that at least a few children survive their schooling and emerge as people who can think，people who are open-minded and knowledgeable．

堪称奇迹的是，至少有少数儿童竟然没有被这种学校教育所糟蹋，而是脱颖而出，成为善于思考、思路开阔、博学多闻的人。

Thus，various circumstances are not favorable for the reading habit．

因此，不利于培养阅读习惯的环境是各种各样的，

And we may add to this the worldwide atmosphere of violence（n.暴力）and anarchy（n.无政府状态），the New Dark Age in which we live today．

我们对此还可加一条，那就是遍及全世界的暴力行为和无政府状态——我们现在就生活在其中的新黑暗时代。

Many of us no longer have the peace of mind necessary to a quiet hour with a book．

我们很多人再也没有静下来读上一小时书所必需的那种心情了。

But it is precisely(adv.精确地) because of our present(现在的) troubles that we should read．然而正是由于当前存在的各种问题，我们更应该读书。

How，otherwise，are we to understand the nature of hatred，of cruelty，of power polities ?

否则，我们怎能理解什么是仇恨、什么是残酷、什么是强权政治呢?

How，otherwise，are we to take a stand on the serious question of individual freedom and authority ?

我们怎能在个人自由和权威这类严肃的问题上表明我们的立场呢?

How，otherwise，are we to comprehend and perhaps solve these urgent(紧急的)problems that face us?

我们怎能理解而且可能解决我们所面临的迫在眉睫的许多问题呢?

Ideally then，a school system should be one in which the love of learning，rather than the acquisition of facts，is cultivated；one in which the spirit (精神)of enquiry （n.询问）is encouraged．

因此，理想的教育制度应该培养学生酷爱学习，而不是只是为了获取事实应该鼓励探索精神。Ideally（a.完美的），family and governmental policy should be to see that we have a great number of books—any books．

而理想的家庭和政府方针应该保证我们有大量的书籍——什么书籍都有。

A person with a book is a real person alive on the earth；without a book he is a foo1．

手不释卷是活在世上真正的人；不然，就是一个傻瓜。

第三课

1、Never desert（放弃）him when your friend is in the trouble.

不要在朋友困难的时候抛弃他。

对比：desert放弃——dessert甜食；甜糕点

2、To improve national economy（经济）is the government’s consistent（一贯地）policy. 发展国民经济是政府的一贯政策。

3、China took a stand on these issues.

中国在这问题上标明了立场。

4、It is wrong to ignore（不理睬）their suggestions.

不理睬他们的建议是不对的。

5、I always prefer（更喜欢）starting early, rather than leaving everything to the last minute.

我总是先开始工作，而不愿把事情留到最后才做。

6、Please see (to it) that my children are taken good care of when I am away.

请务必在我外出的时候照顾好我的孩子。

7、The precise（准确的）meaning of one word can only be defined（定义）from the context （上下文）.

一个词准确的意思只能在上下文中来确定。

8、The instruction（教育）of the policeman set the convict（罪犯）on the right path（小路）.

警察的教育使这个罪犯走上了正路。

9、Nowadays, many people commit（干坏事）illegal（违法的）acts in the name of science.

当前，有许多人打着科学的旗号干一些违法的事情。

10、These tickets are available（有用的）on (the) day of issue only.

这种车票（仅在发售当天）有效。

对比：电影票价为五美元。The admission（允许进入）to the movie was five dollars.

11、You don’t have any authority（权力）for entering this house, It’s private（私有的）.

你们没有任何权力进入这所房子，这是私宅。

12、I hope you will give favorable（赞成的）consideration（考虑）to my suggestion.

我希望你对我的建议作出肯定的表示。

13、Many of us no longer have the peace of mind necessary to a quiet hour with a book．

我们很多人再也没有静下来读上一小时书所必需的那种心情了。

14、A person with a book is a real person alive on the earth；

手不释卷是（活在世上）真正的人。

1V．

Great books deal ( v t.对付；应付,常与with连用)with the persistently unsolved problems of human life．

重要的书籍是用来解决人类生活中难以解决的问题的。

There are genuine [ a.真的；真正的]mysteries [n.神秘小说，侦探小说]in the world that mark the limits( n.极限) of human knowing and thinking．

世界上确实有一些限制人类知识和思维的真正神秘的东西。

Inquiry not only begins with wonder，but usually ends with it also．

询问不仅开始于疑惑，也结束于疑惑。

Great minds acknowledge [v t .承认；表示感谢]mysteries honestly．

伟人都承认神秘的存在。

Wisdom( n.智慧，聪明，才智)is fortified(加强的)not destroyed （v t .破坏，毁灭；消灭）, by understanding its limitations（n.限制；限度，局限）．

智慧是可以通过了解它的限制来得到加强而不是被摧毁。

It is our privilege( n.特权，优惠) ,as readers ,to belong to( 属于)the larger brotherhood（n. [哲学]博爱；手足情谊）of man that recognizes（vt.识别）no national（国家的）boundaries [n.分界线．]

It is our privilege, as readers ,to belong to the larger brotherhood of man that recognizes no national boundaries．

作为读者，我们是属于广范围的集体，没有任何国界，这是我们的特权。

I do not know how to escape [vt.逃脱]from the strait-jacket(约束物)of political nationalism．

我不知道如何摆脱政治国家主义的束缚。

I do know how we become friends of the human spirit(n.精神) in all its manifestations[ n.表明; 现象(显示)，] regardless（a. 不管……的；不顾……的。与of连用）of time and place．It is by reading the great books．

但是我确实知道我们如何在大范围内成为人类精神的朋友，不受时间地点的局限。我们可以通过读好书达到这一点。

Text B

The History of Books 书籍的历史

The first known inventor of printing in Europe was Johannes Gutenberg of Germany．

欧洲第一个著名的印刷术发明家，是德国的约翰.内斯.古腾堡。

The first book printed in his workshop was a Latin Bible．

他在车间里印的第一本书，是拉丁文圣经。

A few copies of this first book still exist．

第一本书的一些复本现在还保存着，

They are now over five hundred years old．

已有500多年的历史了。

The Gutenberg Bible was printed on a hand press with type made of lead．

古腾堡圣经是用手控印刷机在铅字版上印成的。

Most of the copies were printed on paper，but a few were printed on vellum [ n. 羊皮纸．] The books are about 12 inches wide and 16．5 inches long．

这些书大多数印在纸上，但有几本印在羊皮上, 这种书宽约12英寸，长约16．5英寸。

Men who had been trained in Gutenberg’s workshop soon established (vt.成立，建立) themselves as independent printers．

在古腾堡印刷所受过训练的人们，很快就独立开业。

By 1 500，about fifty years after the first Bible was printed, more than 30，000 books had been printed．

到了1500年，大约在第一本圣经印成后50年，已经印成书30 000册以上.

The Bible was still the most popular book．

圣经依旧是最流行的书。

Other church books were also printed，as were Greek and Latin classics，history books，and astronomy books．

此外，还印刷了一些教堂用书、希腊和拉丁的古典名著、历史书及天文学书。

The tools(工具)of the first printers were simple and could be moved about easily．

最初的印刷工人所使用的工具很简单，搬动起来也很容易。

At the end of the fifteenth century there were more than a thousand printers in Europe．

15世纪末，欧洲印刷工人有一千多人。

Since many people could not read Latin and Greek，books were soon printed in various languages．

由于很多人不懂希腊文和拉丁文，不久印刷书籍就包括了各种语言。

The printers also began to make the books smaller，So that they could be handled more easily．印书者开始把书印得小些，以便携带起来更容易。

Furthermore the printers began to make their books more elaborate( 精致的，精巧的)，adding pictures and ornamental [ a.装饰的n.装饰品]letters at the beginning of chapters．

此外，而且他们开始把书印得更精致了，在每一章之前增添插图和装饰性字母，Gradually the letters of the type were made smaller，finer and more delicate．

印刷字母逐渐做得更小、更细、更精致。

The letters began to look less like manuscript letters，and eventually[ adv.最终]，the form of the letters was simplified to the point where they were well—adapted to the metal of the type．

印刷字母开始看起来和手写字母不同了。字母的形式终于大为简化，完全适合铅字的要求。

Sometimes books were illustrated with[用...说明]woodcuts．

书籍的插图有时是木刻的。

Blocks of wood were carved so that the white parts of the picture were below the surface of the wood．

在雕刻标志木头时，图画的白色部分是凹陷的，

When the surface was inked and stamped onto paper，the dark part of the picture was reproduced．

在木头的凸出表面涂上墨水，并印在纸上，图画的黑色部分就复印出来，

The first attempts，of course，were rather crude，but eventually the block printers were making meticulous [ a. extremely careful 细致的，过细的]and artistic[艺术的]illustrations[插图]．

当然，起初的试作是相当粗糙的，但渐渐地木刻印刷工人刻的插图，就变得既细腻又有艺术性了。

Florence，in Italy and Lyons，in France，became famous for their illustrated books．

意大利的佛罗伦斯，德国的里昂，都以出版插图书籍而驰名。

In the seventeenth century，great numbers of religious pamphlets were printed．

17世纪印刷出版了大量的宗教宣传小册子。

These pamphlets were not always neat or artistic because the writers were only interested in spreading their ideas quickly，and the readers did not consider the appearance of the book important．

这些小册子并不总是美观或富于艺术性，因为作者仅仅是为了迅速传播他们的思想，读者也觉得书籍的外观并不重要。

The art of metal engraving was developed about this time and enabled printers to illustrate their books with pictures of very fine，delicate lines．

大约在这个时期，金属雕刻术发展起来，这样一来，印刷者能把他们书中的插图画得非常细腻、精致。

The use of an engraving on the first page of a book became popular．

在书中的第一页上使用雕刻图饰，成了流行的做法。

The quality of the paper improved too．

纸张的质量也提高了。

By 1800，hand printers could not supply enough books to satisfy [使满意]the demand．

到1800年，手工印刷者出版的书已满足不了人们的需要。

Books were not printed fast enough when hand-made paper and wooden hand presses were used．用手工纸和木制的手工印书的速度不够快。

Fortunately[幸运地]，about this time，many machines were invented that aided[辅助的] in the mass production of such products as cotton and woolen cloth [n.布；衣料；桌布]．

幸好，这个时期发明了许多机器，促使大量生产诸如棉布和毛料这样的产品。

The invention [ n.发明，创造]of new types of printing machines and paper machines followed on the heels[后跟] of these inventions and helped to speed [vt.加快]up the production of books．

随着这些发明而来的，是新型印刷机和造纸机的相继发明，这就加速了书籍的印刷和发行。The paper machine produced paper in rolls instead of sheets；and the iron [ n.铁；铁制品]hand press enabled[激活的] the printer to use larger pieces of paper on which more text could be printed in less time．

造纸机生产的纸，不再以张数计，而是以卷数计了。使用铁制手印机，印刷者能用更大的纸张印书，这样在较短的时间里就能印出大量的书。

Finally，the linotype （音：来呢泰扑）was invented，a machine which could cast all entire[全部的]line of type at one time．

后来铸字机也发明了，这种机器一次就可以铸造出整整一行铅字。

In the twentieth century，many books have been produced in paperback editions[ n. 版；版本]．20世纪，许多书籍都以平装印刷发行。

Although these books do not last[持续] as long as those with cloth or leather [n.皮革；皮革制品] bindings[ n. 装订；书的封面]，they are much cheaper．

这些书虽然不如那些用、布面或皮面精装的书籍那么经久耐用，却便宜得多。

Thus，many poor people who could not afford books before，can now buy them．

因此，许多过去买不起书籍的穷人，现在也能购买。

Today books are available to everyone because they are no longer expensive，they do not take long to produce，and，consequently they are no longer rare．

今天，书籍人人都可以得到，因为书籍不再昂贵了。书不需要很长的时间就能印刷出来，因此也不再稀罕了。

Because of this progress[进展] in book production，more and more people are learning to read．由于书籍的印行发展很快，愈来愈多的人都在读书。

More and more people are now writing books，as well as reading them，so that the literature of the world is being constantly [ad. 经常地，不断地]enriched．

愈来愈多的人不仅仅在读书，也在写书。因此，世界上的著作也日益丰富起来。

自考英语二历年试题真题及答案

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山东自考英语二课文翻译

Unit 1 Text A How Difficult Is English? 英语有多难 Like the national push for Asian literacy （n.有文化，有教养，有读写能力）in Australia，就如澳大利亚在全国推行学亚洲语言一样，there has been foreign languages fervor[f??v?] in China，中国也掀起一股外语热，with English on top of the list. 在这股热潮中，英语高居榜首。English is not only taught at schools，colleges and universities，but also at evening classes，on radio and TV．不仅各级学校教英语，夜校、电台、电视台也都设有英语课程。Parents hire private tutors for their school children；父母为学龄的孩子聘请英语家教，adult English learners would sacrifice the weekend at an English corner in a public park practicing their spoken English with peop1e of the same interest and determination. 成年英语学习者会牺牲周末休息日，到公园参加英语角，与志趣相投的英语学习者练习口语。Is English such a difficult language that it really demands people to invest a large amount of time and energy before it is mastered ? 英语真的有这么难，需要人们投入大量的时间和精力才能掌握吗? The answer，if I am asked to offer，is undoubtedly，yes．如果我被问及这个问题，那么毫无疑问，我的答案是：是的。From my personal experience, 从我个人的经验来看，I think learning English means far more than learning its pronunciation，its grammatical rules，its words，etc．英语学习不仅仅是学习英语发音、语法规则、词汇等，It involves learning everything about the countries where it is used and the people who use it．它包括学习与使用该语言的国家和民族有关的所有内容。Without such a complete understanding of the language, 对英语没有这样全面的理解，the English a foreigner speaks will inevitably sound strange or even unintelligible though there is not anything wrong with his pronunciation，sentence structure and the words he uses．即使发音、句子结构、措辞毫无错误，一个外国人所讲的英语也难免听起来稀奇古怪甚至难以理解。The social customs and habits of the English-speaking people contribute a lot to the difficulty a foreigner has in learning it．讲英语民族者的社会风俗习惯增加了外国人学习英语的难度。Take the Chinese English learners for example．以学英语的中国人为例，" Hello "and "Good morning" may sound a little bit simple to Chinese people．"你好"和"早上好"是非常简单的。It is totally beyond the understanding of a Chinese English learner that native English speakers would be annoyed when they're addressed "Where are you going?"，which is a commonly used addressing among the Chinese．"你去哪儿?"是中国人常用的问候语，若英语母语者被问及"你去哪儿?"，他们会因此感到不悦，这一点让中国的英语学习者大为不解。Is there anything wrong with the English sentence structure ? 这个英语句子结构不对吗? Of course not．当然不是。It takes quite some time for a Chinese English learner to understand the western concept of privacy being violated in this address. 学英语的中国人得费点儿时间才能理解这一问候语侵犯了西方人的隐私。By the same token，同样，"Have you eaten?"(which is another addressing term the Chinese people usually use)will sound to native English speakers that the Chinese are so hospitable that they invite people to meals off-handedly. 英语母语者听到"你吃了吗?"(中国人常用的另外一个问候语)，会觉得中国人非常好客，会在事先毫无准备的情况下请人吃饭。Meanwhile，the Chinese would be shocked to hear，"Oh，it's very nice of you．When?"，if the addressee happens to have a craving for Chinese cooking and has not had his dinner yet.如果听话者此刻正希望品尝一下中国美食，又碰巧没有吃饭，他会回答"太好了，什么时候?"，中国人为此也会大吃一惊。 "We can say we are going to have chicken for dinner．Why can't we say pig，bull or sheep for dinner instead of pork，beef or mutton?" Chinese English learners may raise such questions．中国的英语学习者可能会这样问："我们可以说吃鸡，为什么不能说吃猪、吃牛、吃羊，而要说吃猪肉、牛肉、羊肉呢?"Figuring out the reasons for the peculiar English vocabulary is no easy task for Chinese English learners．对学习英语的中国人来说，为这些特殊的英语词汇找出理由并非易事。But the problem is that memorizing English words mechanically would be devastating and inefficient if they did not know what had happened in British history．问题在于如果不懂英国历史，死记硬背英语单词毫无效率。Thus learning English(and other languages as well)involves learning the history of the countries where it is spoken．所以说，学英语(其他语言亦如此)还包括学习使用该语言国家的历史知识。A task of this kind is more difficult for Chinese English learners than for people who speak

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山东自考(00015)英语二课文翻译

Unit 1 Text A How Difficult Is English? 英语有多难 Like the national push for Asian literacy in Australia，there has been foreign languages fervor in China，with English on top of the list. English is not only taught at schools，colleges and universities，but also at evening classes，on radio and TV．Parents hire private tutors for their school children；adult English learners would sacrifice the weekend at an English corner in a public park practicing their spoken English with peop1e of the same interest and determination .Is English such a difficult language that it really demands people to invest a large amount of time and energy before it is mastered ? The answer，if I am asked to offer，is undoubtedly，yes. 就如澳大利亚在全国推行学亚洲语言一样，中国也掀起一股外语热，在这股热潮中，英语高居榜首.不仅各级学校教英语，夜校、电台、电视台也都设有英语课程。父母为学龄的孩子聘请英语家教，成年英语学习者会牺牲周末休息日，到公园参加英语角，与志趣相投的英语学习者练习口语。英语真的有这么难，需要人们投入大量的时间和精力才能掌握吗? 如果我被问及这个问题，那么毫无疑问，我的答案是：是的。 From my personal experience, I think learning English means far more than learning its pronunciation，its grammatical rules，its words，etc．It involves learning everything about the countries where it is used and the people who use it．Without such a complete understanding of the language, the English a foreigner speaks will inevitably sound strange or even unintelligible though there is not anything wrong with his pronunciation，sentence structure and the words he uses． 从我个人的经验来看，英语学习不仅仅是学习英语发音、语法规则、词汇等，它包括学习与使用该语言的国家和民族有关的所有内容。对英语没有这样全面的理解，即使发音、句子结构、措辞毫无错误，一个外国人所讲的英语也难免听起来稀奇古怪甚至难以理解。 The social customs and habits of the English-speaking people contribute a lot to the difficulty a foreigner has in learning it．Take the Chinese English learners for example．" Hello "and "Good morning" may sound a little bit simple to Chinese people．It is totally beyond the understanding of a Chinese English learner that native English speakers would be annoyed when they're addressed "Where are you going?"，which is a commonly used addressing among the Chinese．Is there anything wrong with the English sentence structure ? Of course not．It takes quite some time for a Chinese English learner to understand the western concept of privacy being violated in this address. By the same token，"Have you eaten?"(which is another addressing term the Chinese people usually use)will sound to native English speakers that the Chinese are so hospitable that they invite people to meals off-handedly. Meanwhile，the Chinese would be shocked to hear，"Oh，it's very nice of you．When?"，if the addressee happens to have a craving for Chinese cooking and has not had his dinner yet. 讲英语民族者的社会风俗习惯增加了外国人学习英语的难度。以学英语的中国人为例，"你好"和"早上好"是非常简单的。"你去哪儿?"是中国人常用的问候语，若英语母语者被问及"你去哪儿?"，他们会因此感到不悦，这一点让中国的英语学习者大为不解。这个英语句子结构不对吗? 当然不是。学英语的中国人得费点儿时间才能理解这一问候语侵犯了西方人的隐私。同样，英语母语者听到"你吃了吗?"(中国人常用的另外一个问候语)，会觉得中国人非常好客，会在事先毫无准备的情况下请人吃饭。如果听话者此刻正希望品尝一下中国美食，又碰巧没有吃饭，他会回答"太好了，什么时候?"，中国人为此也会大吃一惊。 "We can say we are going to have chicken for dinner．Why can't we say pig，bull or sheep for dinner instead of pork，beef or mutton?" Chinese English learners may raise such questions．Figuring out the reasons for the peculiar English vocabulary is no easy task for Chinese English learners．But the problem is that memorizing English words mechanically would be devastating and inefficient if they did not know what had happened in British history．Thus learning English(and other languages as well)involves learning the history of the countries where it is spoken．A task of this kind is more difficult for Chinese English learners than for people who speak a western language other than English because Chinese has nothing in common with the alphabetic English and China had little contact with the Western world in modern history．Consequently， the background knowledge of English fascinates large numbers of interested and determined English learners in China but at the same time disheartens quite a few． 中国的英语学习者可能会这样问："我 们可以说吃鸡，为什么不能说吃猪、 吃牛、吃羊，而要说吃猪肉、牛肉、 羊肉呢?"对学习英语的中国人来说，为 这些特殊的英语词汇找出理由并非易 事。问题在于如果不懂英国历史，死 记硬背英语单词毫无效率。所以说， 学英语(其他语言亦如此)还包括学习 使用该语言国家的历史知识。学习英 语的中国人要做到这一点比其他非英 语国家的西方人要困难得多，因为汉 字和英语这种拼音文字毫无共同之 处，并且中国和西方世界在近代史上 很少接触。所以，在中国，英语背景 知识既吸引了大量英语爱好者，也使 许多人丧失信心。 The Western and Oriental values are found to be in confrontation in learning English．Native English speakers may complain about Chinese confusion when using "he" and "she"，for the two words sound the same，though，different in written forms in Chinese．As a result， some native English speakers conclude that the Chinese are unable to tell the difference between the two sexes．But native English speakers are more gender blind than the Chinese when they mention their cousins．The confusion caused by the confrontation of Western and Chinese values，to a certain extent， affects the Chinese English learner's comprehension of what he／she reads and hears．Only by developing an understanding and tolerance（忍受）of different cultural values can a Chinese English learner reach the goal of communicating with native English speakers． 英语学习中，东西方的价值观念是相 互冲突的。英语母语的人会混淆汉语 中"他""她"的用法，因为这两个字尽管 字形不同，读音却相同，他们因此常 常抱怨。结果有些英语母语的人得出 结论，认为中国人不区分两种性别。 但是在涉及表亲的时候，英语母语的 人更是混淆性别。东西方价值观的冲 突造成的语言上的混淆，在一定程度 上影响学习英语的中国人对自己所读 或所听到的内容的理解.学习英语的中 国人只有增加不同文化价值观之间的 理解和宽容，才能达到与英语母语者 交流的目标。 A Chinese English learner could not have a good command of Eng1ish unless he overcomes the cultural barriers(not all，of course!)in learning English．Many Chinese translate what they think about in Chinese into English when they talk or write．This kind of English inevitably affects the fluency and flow of speech， the amount of information conveyed， and，above all，the quality of communication． 学习英语的中国人，只有在学习英语 的过程中克服文化障碍才能很好地掌 握英语。(当然不可能是克服全部文化 障碍!) 很多中国人说话或写作的时 候，将自己汉语思维的内容翻译成英 语，这势必会影响英语表达的流畅、 传达的信息量，最重要的是，影响交 流的质量。 The above is，not wholly，how difficult English is．Some native speakers might have said，"You foreigners don't use good English! " at the time a foreigner fails to understand what he is saying．"Why should l?"1 would protest，though．Still，I have to keep asking myself：Is it possible for a foreigner to command English? 尽管不完全，以上就是学习英语的困 难。英语母语者被外国人误解的时候 可能会说："你们外国人不懂地道的英 语!" 我要反驳："我们为什么要懂?"我还要 问：一个外国人可能精通英语吗? Text B Learning a Language 学 语言 Most students would like to know how to learn a 1anguage more easily. Most linguists and language teachers would also like to know this．Linguists are working on this problem in two ways．First，they are trying to understand how children learn to speak and understand their native language. They are also trying to learn how people learn a second language． 大部分学生都想知道如何能够轻松地 学好一门语言，大部分语言学家和语 言教师也想弄清楚这个问题。语言学 家从两个方面研究这个问题。一方面， 他们致力于弄清楚儿童是如何学会母 语、理解母语的。另一方面致力于研 究人是如何学习第二语言的。 Linguists are not sure how children learn to speak．Some linguists think that children are born with an ability to learn and use a 1anguage．This does not mean that they come into the world knowing their native language. It means that， along with many other things，they are born with the ability to learn their native language. With just a little exposure to the language，and a little help from their parents，they are able to learn to speak．Another group of linguists does not think this is correct． 语言学家并不确定儿童是如何学说话 的。一些语言学家认为儿童生来就有 学习和使用语言的能力。这并不是指 一个人的母语是与生俱来的；而是指 一个人生来具有学习其母语的能力， 这种能力与人在其他方面表现出来的 能力是相同的。孩子只要与要学习的 语言有一定接触，在父母的些许帮助 下就能够学会说话。另外一派语言学 家则对此持有异议。 This second group of linguists thinks that children learn to use a 1anguage from their parents．They believe that parents teach their children to produce sounds and words in their language．When children know some words，their parents will begin to teach them to say sentences．These linguists do not think that parents teach their children in the same way that adults are taught a second language．Instead， parents probably teach their children by talking to them and correcting their use of 1anguage. These linguists feel that children learn their language mainly from the environment . In this case，the environment is their family and their home. As you see，the first group of linguists disagrees． 持反对意见的语言学家认为儿童是跟 着父母学会使用语言的。他们认为父 母首先教孩子发声、吐字。当孩子掌 握一定词汇以后，父母就开始教他们 如何组织句子。但是他们认为，父母 教孩子的方式不同于教成年人学习第 二语言的方法。相反，父母是通过与 孩子交谈并纠正他们的语言错误来教 孩子说话的。这一派语言学家认为， 儿童主要通过语言环境学会使用语言 的。这种情况下，语言环境是家庭和 生活环境。可以看出，第一派语言学 家对此并不赞同。 There are some other theories about how children learn a language．Many people are studying the process of language learning by children．This work is being done in many countries．Linguists are not the only people who are interested in this process．Many psychologists，doctors， and parents are also interested．People who teach foreign languages are interested, too． 关于儿童如何学习语言还有一些其他 理论。许多国家中有很多人正着手研 究儿童学习语言的过程。不仅语言学 家，许多心理学家、医生和父母都对 儿童的语言学习过程感兴趣。外语教 师也对这一过程很感兴趣。 Foreign language teachers are interested in how children learn to speak their native language for a very important reason．If they knew how children learn their native language，perhaps they would have an easy way to teach adults， as well as children, a second language．This is a very interesting idea．Some foreign language teachers believe that adults learn a second language the same way children learn their native language . These teachers try to make their students' learning similar to that of children．These teachers speak only the foreign language in the classroom．They will not talk to students in the native language．They try to expose them to as much of the spoken foreign language as possible．They do not teach them any rules for using the language．Most parents don't teach their children rules for language usage，either. They simply tell them how to say something correctly．Foreign language teachers using this spoken language method do the same thing. For some students，this method is successful．They learn to speak quickly and easily．They seem to enjoy using the language，and they do not pay much attention to whether they use exactly the right rules for what they say．Some students, however，cannot learn a language this way．Linguists are trying to find another way to teach them a language． 外语教师对儿童如何学说母语感兴 趣，有其很重要的原因。他们如果知 道儿童如何学习母语，就可能找到一 种简便的方法教儿童和成年人学习第 二语言。这是一种非常有意思的想法。 有些外语教师认为成年人学习第二语 言的过程和儿童学习母语的过程是相 同的。这部分外语教师模仿儿童学习 语言的过程组织教学：课堂上只讲外 语，不与学生讲母语。他们使学生尽 可能多地接触所学外语的口语形式， 不教学生语言使用的规则。外语教师 采用这种口语教法是因为大多数父母 在教孩子说话的时候也不教孩子语言 使用规则，而只是告诉孩子怎样讲话 是正确的。对一些学生来说，这种方 法是成功的，他们能够轻而易举地、 很快地学会所学的语言。他们似乎很 喜欢去用所学的语言，并不很在意是 否使用了正确的语言规则。另外一些 学生则不适合这种方法，语言学家着 手寻找一种适合他们的教学方法。 A second method，the rule-learning method，sometimes works better with these students．Some linguists believe that learning a foreign language is different from learning to speak one's native language．They feel that students must learn the rules for using the language by memorizing them and must practice saying things in the language and using the rules correctly．These linguists try to teach students the rules of the language they want to learn．Then they give them many sentences in the language to say over and over again．The students are encouraged to make up new sentences， using the rules that they have learned and the words that they know． 另外一种方法--语言规则学习法--更适 合这部分学生。一些语言学家认为学 习外语不同于学习母语。学生必须通 过记忆来学习语言使用规则，必须练 习使用这种语言，练习正确地使用这 些规则。语言教师首先教学生要学的 语法规则，再给学生一些例句让他们 反复练习，同时鼓励学生使用所学过 的语法规则和他们所掌握的词造句。 Some students are very successful with this second, rule-learning method．They learn the language quite quickly and can use it well. They know the rules for using the language and can speak the language and understand it，too．For many students, this is the best way to learn a foreign language．For some students, both of these methods may work. Sometimes teachers use a combination of these methods in class， hoping that everyone will be able to learn the language with one method or the other. Some people can go to a country and "pick up" the language simply from hearing it and trying to communicate in it．These people are rare． 一些学生使用这种语法规则学习法效 果非常好，他们学得很快，用得也好。 他们掌握了语言使用规则，能够使用 所学的语言，也能够理解别人的话。 对一些学生来说，这是学外语最好的 方法。对另外一些学生来说，两种方 法都行之有效。有时候，老师在课堂 上将两种方法结合起来用，目的是让 每个学生都能受益。有些人能够到国 外通过倾听，与人交流等手段自然而 然的学会那个国家的语言。但这毕竟 是少数人。 Most people try to learn a language by taking classes and studying it in some way. Most teachers will try different ways to help students learn a language quickly and easily．Linguists and psychologists are trying to understand how people learn and use a language．Perhaps language 1earning will be easier when they have a clear understanding of how people learn and use a language． 大多数人还是通过课堂或者其他方式 来学语言的。大多数老师也通过不同 的教法来帮助学生轻松快速的学会一 门语言。语言学家和心理学家正致力 于弄清楚人是如何学会并使用语言 的。也许在解决了这个问题之后，语 言学习会变得容易一些。 Unit 2 Text A Caught Between Two Cultures 夹在两种文化之间 I was born and raised in Hong Kong. For the past six years I’ve been living in the United States．I work as a salesgirl in a large department store. Right now I’m going through a difficult period of my life which is hard for me to talk about． 我是土生土长的香港人。六年来一直 生活在美国，是一家大百货商店的女 售货员。目前我正经历人生中一段痛 苦，自己也很难讲述。 A few months ago 1 went to Hong Kong for a visit．It was the first time I’d gone back there since coming to the United States．I was eager to see my parents， my brothers and sisters，and my friends． 几个月前，我回香港探亲，这也是我 到美国后第一次回家探亲。我期待着 见到我的父母、兄弟姐妹和我的朋友。 I really got a shock when I arrived．Hong Kong was not the same city that I left six years ago．Things had changed so much that I didn’t recognize parts of it．My elementary school was gone．The houses on the street where I used to live had been torn down and replaced by office buildings． 到达时，我确实大吃一惊。香港已经 不是六年前我离开时的那座城市了。 这儿发生了巨大的变化，一些地方都 认不出来了。我读书的那所小学已经 不复存在。曾经住过的那条街上的房 子已被拆掉，代之而起的是办公大楼。 The shock from the physical changes in the city，however，was nothing compared to the confusion and hurt I soon began to feel in my parents’ home．My family greeted me warmly when I arrived．While my mother was busy preparing a special dinner in my honor，the rest of the family eagerly asked me questions about my life in the United States．I felt happy that day and for a couple of days after，but then I began to feel that something was wrong．I noticed that my family， especially my mother, would sometimes glance at me in a strange way when I was speaking．They gradually became less warm and friendly toward me，and I became uncomfortable and confused as to（至于）why they were behaving that way. 但是，我到了父母亲家里不久，就发 现了一些令我想不通的问题，情感上 也受到了挫伤。与之相比，香港外观 上的变化给我的震惊算不得什么。我 的家人热情地迎接我回家。我母亲忙 着备饭为我接风，家里其余的人迫不 及待地问我在美国的生活。那天和之 后的几天我都非常高兴, 但是不久我 就开始感觉到事情有些不对劲儿。我 注意到，在我讲话的时候，我的家人， 尤其是我母亲，会以一种奇怪的目光 看我。渐渐地，大家对我疏远起来， 不像开始时那么热情、友好了, 我感到 不舒服，弄不明白他们为什么这样对 待我。 I decided to talk to my mother．She asked me，“Have you forgotten your Chinese way ?”I asked her what she meant．She said．“You’ve forgotten the place of women in a Chinese home．You talk when you should remain silent．You speak on matters that are of concern only to men．You speak openly of your inner feelings and desires．That’s not the way of a Chinese woman．We keep our thoughts and feelings to ourselves．” 我决定和母亲谈一谈。她问我：“你忘 了中国的规矩了吗?”我问她指的是什 么。她回答说：“你忘了中国家庭里女 人的地位了。应该保持沉默的时候， 你却在讲话。你就那些只与男人有关 的事情发表见解。你直言不讳你的内 心感受和愿望，这不是中国女人的做 法。我们的想法和感情都不说出来。” As my mother spoke，I realized what had happened to me．American including American women，are much freer in expressing their thoughts and feelings．Also American women feel as free as men to speak or give an opinion about any subject．They don’t take a silent back seat during a discussion．I guessed that through my association with Americans during the past six years，，I had gradually adopted some of their ways． 听着母亲这样讲，我意识到了是怎么 回事。美国人，包括美国女性，都非 常自由地表达自己的思想和感情。美 国男女一样，对任何问题都自由地发 表见解。在讨论中，她们不会做一个 沉默的旁观者。我想，过去六年和美 国人的交往中, 我渐渐学了他们的一 些做法。 During the next few days I tried to be a Chinese woman．But it didn’t work．My family remained distant from me．They could no longer accept me fully as one of them．I became more uncomfortable and hurt as things were said and done that made me feel that I was an outsider,a stranger in my own country． 接下来的几天，我尽力作一名中国女 性，可是没用。家人和我疏远。他们 无法完全把我当作自己人。身在家乡 却被视为外人，这使我更加不自在， 感觉受到了深深的伤害。 I cut my visit short by three weeks and came back to the United States．But coming back here didn’t lessen the confusion and pain．In fact，I feel more confused than before．I now feel homeless．I don’t feel like an American．Americans haven’t accepted me．The women I work with at the store are polite enough，but they don’t try to get close to me or let me get close to them．During the morning coffee break they make plans to have lunch together and go shopping．On Fridays they talk about the disco place they’re going to that night．My accent，my name，and 1