1 Introduction and number sys

NPU
电子信息学院
脉冲与数字电路
Plus and Digital Circuit
主讲：赵惠玲
Instructor: Zhao Huiling

电子技术发展简史
电子技术是十九世纪末、二十世纪初开始发展起来 的新兴技术，一个世纪以来的高度发展和广泛应用，它 已成为近代科学技术发展的一个重要标志。
基本器件的两个发展阶段
分立元件阶段（1905～1959） 真空电子管 半导体晶体管 集成电路阶段（1959～ ） SSI、MSI、LSI、VLSI、ULSI

进入21世纪，人们面临的是以微电子技术（半导体和集成电路为代表）电子计算机和因特网为 标志的信息社会。高科技的广泛应用使社会生产力和经济获得了空前的发展。现代电子技术在国 防、科学、工业、医学、通讯（信息处理、传输和交流）及文化生活等各个领域中都起着巨大的 作用。现在的世界，电子技术无处不在：收音机、彩电、音响、VCD、DVD、电子手表、数码相 机、微电脑、大规模生产的工业流水线、因特网、机器人、航天飞机、宇宙探测仪，可以说，人 们现在生活在电子世界中，一天也离不开它。
电子技术的应用

分立元件阶段（1905～1959）
第一代电子产品的核心是电子管，它由美国科学家德福雷斯特在英国人 弗莱明发明的真空二极管的基础上研制而成。
电子管
世 界 上 第 一 台 电 子 计 算 机 于 1946 年 在 美 国 研 制 成 功 ， 取 名 ENIAC （Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator）。这台计算机使用了 18800个电子管，占地170平方米，重达30吨，耗电140千瓦，价格48万美 元，是一个昂贵耗电的"庞然大物"。ENIAC每秒可进行5000次加法和减法运 算，把计算一条弹道的时间短为30秒。从1946年2月交付使用，到1955年10 月最后切断电源，ENIAC服役长达9年。

Walter H. Brattain
John Bardeen
William B. Shockley
1947年贝尔实验室的肖克利 (William B. Shockley)，布拉 顿(John Bardeen)，巴丁 (Walter H. Brattain)创造出 了世界上第一只半导体放大器 件——晶体管。这一科技史上 具有划时代意义的成果很快便 在各国得以应用，并迅速地取 代了电子管。
贝尔实验室使用800只晶体管组装了世界上第一台 晶体管计算机TRADIC

集成电路阶段（1959～）
随着半导体技术的发展，1958年美国德克萨斯公司制成了 世界上第一个半导体集成电路，宣告了集成电子技术时代 的到来。特别是进入20世纪60年代后，微电子技术发展迅 猛，大规模集成电路和超大规模集成电路分别在1967年和 1977年出现，从而使电子产品向着高效能低消耗、高精度、 高稳定、智能化的方向发展。
第一个集成 电路
1966年世界上第一台集成电路计算机 PDP-8试制成功

时 期
规 模
集成度 （元件数） <100 102 ～ 103 103 ～ 105
50年代末 小规模集成电路（SSI） 60年代 70年代 中规模集成电路（MSI） 大规模集成电路（LSI）
70年代末 超大规模集成电路（VLSI） 105 ～ 107 80年代 特大规模集成电路（ULSI） 107 ～ 109

1965年，Intel公司创始人之一的董事长Gorden Moore在研究存贮器芯片上晶体管增长数的时间关系时发 现，每过18～24个月，芯片集成度提高一倍。这一关系被称为穆尔定律(Moores Law) ，一直沿用至今。

电子技术发展趋势
与模拟电路相比，数字电路具有精度高、稳定性好、抗 干扰能力强、程序软件控制等一系列优点。从目前的的发展 趋势来看，除一些特殊领域（信号放大、功率放大、整流稳 压等）外，以前一些模拟电路的应用场合，将逐步被数字电 路所取代的趋势 。
微控制芯片（MCU）
可编程逻辑器件（PLD）
数字信号处理器（DSP）
大规模存储芯片（RAM/ROM）

主要内容 (Outline)
? 绪论
小规模集成电路 （SSI）
晶体管开关及逻辑门电路
三 个 中规模集成电路 模 （MSI） 块
大规模集成电路 （LSI）
? ? ? ?
逻辑函数及其化简 组合逻辑电路 集成触发器 时序逻辑电路及脉冲电路
? 半导体存储器 ? 数模、模数转换电路
13

绪论 (Introduction)
一、数字(digital)信号和模拟(analog)信号
数字量和模拟量 数字电路和模拟电路
二、数字信号相关概念
二进制数 Binary Digits 数字信号的逻辑电平 Logic Levels 数字信号波形 Digital Waveforms
14

一、Digital Signal and Analog Signal
时间上 电子 电路 中的 信号 模拟信号 连续 数值上 时间上 数字信号 离散 数值上

模拟信号
T( C) 30 25 20 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 A.M. P.M. t (h) T( C) 30
采样信号 sampled
离散化 25
20 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 A.M. P.M. t (h)
数字化－表示 为由0、1组成 的二进制码

工作在模拟信号下的电子电路是 模拟电路。模拟电路中，我们注重电 路输入、输出信号间的大小、相位关 系。包括交直流放大器、滤波器、信 号发生器等。
★
在模拟电路中，晶体管一般工作 在放大状态。
★

工作在数字信号下的电子电路是 数字电路。研究数字电路时注重电路 输出、输入间的逻辑关系。主要的分 析工具是逻辑代数，电路的功能用真 值表、逻辑表达式或波形图表示。
★
在数字电路中，三极管工作在开 关状态下，即工作在饱和状态或截止状 态。
★

原始声波 麦克风
放大了的声音信号
线性放大器 声音信号 扬声器
模拟电子系统
CD驱动器 模拟声音信号
数字声音信号
数模转换
线性放大器
数字＋模拟电子系统
扬声器

Binary Digits： 1 and 0 表示两种状态 High=1 and Low=0
Logic Level VH(max) VH(min) VL(max) VL(min) Low 0 High 1
Unacceptable

Digital Waveform
High Rising edge 正边沿 Low 上升沿 High Falling edge t0 t1 负边沿 下降沿 Low t0 t1
正脉冲 Positive-going pulse
负脉冲 Negative-going pulse
Periodic wave
tw T1 T2 T3
Period T=T1=T2=T3 Frequency f = 1/T Duty cycle 占空比 =( tw/T) ×100﹪

Nonperiodic wave 1 2 3 clock A 1 0 1
4 1
5 0
6 0
7 0
8 1
A=10110001 Time diagram
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CP A B C
ABC=011

1 Introduction On

On choice-o?ering imperatives Maria Aloni? 1Introduction The law of propositional logic that states the deducibility of either A or B from A is not valid for imperatives(Ross’s paradox,cf.[9]).The command (or request,advice,etc.)in(1a)does not imply(1a)(unless it is taken in its alternative-presenting sense),otherwise when told the former,I would be justi?ed in burning the letter rather then posting it. (1) a.Post this letter!? b.Post this letter or burn it! Intuitively the most natural interpretation of the second imperative is as one presenting a choice between two actions.Following[2](and[6])I call these choice-o?ering imperatives.Another example of a choice-o?ering imperative is (2)with an occurence of Free Choice‘any’which,interestingly,is licensed in this context. (2)Take any card! Like(1a),this imperative should be interpreted as carrying with it a permission that explicates the fact that a choice is being o?ered. Possibility statements behave similarly(see[8]).Sentence(3b)has a read-ing under which it cannot be deduced from(3a),and‘any’is licensed in(4). (3) a.You may post this letter.? b.You may post this letter or burn it. (4)You may take any card. In[1]I presented an analysis of modal expressions which explains the phe-nomena in(3)and(4).That analysis maintains a standard treatment of‘or’as logical disjunction(contra[11])and a Kadmon&Landman style analysis of‘any’as existential quanti?er(contra[3]and[4])assuming,however,an in-dependently motivated‘Hamblin analysis’for∨and?as introducing sets of alternative propositions.Modal expressions are treated as operators over sets of propositional alternatives.In this way,since their interpretation can depend on the alternatives introduced by‘or’(∨)or‘any’(?)in their scope,we can account for the free choice e?ect which arises in sentences like(3b)or(4).In this article I would like to extend this analysis to imperatives.The resulting theory will allow a uni?ed account of the phenomena in(1)-(4).We will start by presenting our‘alternative’analysis for inde?nites and disjunction. ?ILLC-Department of Philosophy,University of Amsterdam,NL,e-mail:M.D.Aloni@uva.nl

1.introduction

Introdution

Mike Jian

INTRODUCTION ?Section A: ?Comprises 8 two mark and 4 one mark multiple choice questions. ?Section B: ?Four 10 mark questions. ?Two 20 mark questions.

INTRODUCTION The examination is a three hour paper with 15 minutes reading and planning time. All questions are compulsory. Some questions will adopt a scenario/case study approach. All those questions will require some form of written response although questions on planning or review may require the calculation and interpretation of some basic ratios.

1.Which TWO of the following should be included in an audit engagement letter? ①Objective and scope of the audit ②Results of previous audits ③Management’s responsibilities ④Need to maintain professional scepticism A.① and ② B.① and ③ C.② and ④ D.③ and ④ (2 marks)

外文翻译关于Linux的介绍(Introduction to Linux)

毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学 专 指导教师： 2014 年 6 月

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