Multielement composition of wines and their precursors

Multielement Composition of Wines and Their Precursors

Including Provenance Soil and Their Potentialities As

Fingerprints of Wine Origin

C.M ARISA R.A LMEIDA AND M.T ERESA S.

D.V ASCONCELOS*

LAQUIPAI,Departamento de Qu?′mica,Faculdade de Cie?ncias,Universidade do Porto,

Rua do Campo Alegre,687,P4169-007Porto,Portugal

The influence of the provenance soil and vinification process on the wine multielemental composition was investigated.For this purpose,two different vineyards from the Douro wine district,Portugal, were selected.Monovarietal grapes from a10year old vineyard were used to produce a red table wine,in a very modern winery.Polyvarietal grapes from a60-70year old vineyard were used to produce a red fortified wine,similar to Port,through a traditional vinification process.The multielement compositions(Al,As,B,Ba,Be,Ca,Cd,Co,Cr,Cs,Cu,Fe,Ga,Hf,Li,Mn,Mo,Nb,Ni,Pb,Rb,Sb, Sc,Sr,Ti,Th,Tl,U,V,W,Y,Zn,Zr,La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Sm,Eu,Gd,Tb,Dy,Ho,Er,Tm,Yb,and Lu) of soil,grape juices(prepared in the laboratory),and samples collected in the different steps of each winemaking process were measured.Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used,after suitable pretreatment of the samples(by UV irradiation for liquid samples and high-pressure microwave digestion for soil).Both vinification processes influenced the multielement composition of the wines. Most of the elements presented similar or even lower concentrations in the wine as compared to that observed in the respective grape juice,probably as a result of precipitation or coprecipitation with suspended particles during fermentation and/or wine aging.Evidence of effective contamination during grape pressing,fermentation,and/or fining of wines(depending on the element)was observed for Cd,Cr,Cu,Fe,Ni,Pb,V,and Zn in the fortified wine and Al,Cr,Fe,Ni,Pb,and V in the table wine. Nevertheless,significant correlations were obtained between the multielement composition of the wine and the respective grape juice(R)0.997and0.979for the fortified and table wines,respectively, n)31,P<0.01),as well as between that in the wine(median of the two studied wines)and the provenance soil(R)0.994,n)19,P<0.01),for the set of elements determined in common in the different types of samples.These results are promising concerning the usefulness of the elemental patterns of both soil and wine as fingerprints of the origin of the studied wines.Nevertheless,more wines from the same and other wine districts must be studied in order to consolidate this conclusion. The multielement compositions of the studied wines were compared with those of wines of different characteristics and origins,as well as with the respective legal threshold limit values,when available. Relatively low metal levels,below their threshold limit values,were found in all cases. KEYWORDS:Wine;multielement composition;vineyard soil;vinification;ICP-MS

INTRODUCTION

Various studies indicate that multielement composition of a wine can be used to obtain information about its origin,making up a way for laying down a wine fingerprint that is able to secure the authenticity of the wine(1-4).The ability for discriminating wines by regions through their trace element patterns suggests that the elements are mainly regulated by their movement from rock to soil and from soil to grape.Greenough et al.(1)have shown that wine multielemental composition was strongly influenced by the solubility of inorganic compounds of the soil.In principle,the pattern of a wine will reflect the geochemistry of the provenance soil.However,several factors,such as environmental contamination,agricultural practices,climatic changes,and vinification processes,may change markedly the multielement composition of the wine and may endanger the relationship between wine and soil compositions.Another factor that may condition that relationship is related with plant uptake, which can vary with the vine variety.All of these factors may imperil the usefulness of wine multielement composition as a fingerprint of the wine region of origin.

Concerning the influence of wine processing on the elemental pattern of a wine,there is already some information in the literature,which,in some aspects,is even contradictory.

*To whom correspondence should be addressed.Tel:351-22-6082870.

Fax:351-22-6082959.E-mail:mtvascon@fc.up.pt.

4788J.Agric.Food Chem.2003,51,4788?4798

10.1021/jf034145b CCC:$25.00?2003American Chemical Society

Published on Web06/27/2003

Eschnauer et al.(5)showed that during fermentation and fining of wines the concentration of several elements (Al,Cd,Co,Cr,Cu,Fe,Mn,Pb,V,and Zn)decreased.The same trend was observed by Angelova et al.(6)for Cd,Cu,Pb,and Zn and by Teissedre et al.(7)for Pb.In contrast,Kristl et al.(8)concluded that during the maturation of the wine there was a slight contamination of Cd,Cr,and Pb,which were released from wine cellar equipment (brass and stainless steel).A Pb contamination during the vinification process (fermentation and aging)was also observed by the present authors (9).In addition,Jakubowski et al.(10)reported that the concentrations of rare earth elements increased from young to finished wines,due to the use of bentonites.Therefore,because the vinification process can influence the concentration of several elements in the wine and in some regions different winemaking processes have been used,element fingerprints of the wines should be relics of soil signatures that survived metabolic and winery processing.Otherwise,the utilization of the multielement pattern as a fingerprint of wine origin has to be confined to high quality wines produced from specific vine varieties and whose influence of the vinification processes on the wine patterns had been previously studied and permanently controlled.

In this study,we were prompted to follow,from the vineyard to the final product,the production of two different wines,to investigate the relative influence of the soil pattern and the vinification process on the multielemental composition of the final product.Both selected wines were from the Douro wine district s Northeast of Portugal.However,the grapes used to produce the two wines (a monovarietal red table wine and a polyvarietal red fortified wine)were from two vineyards of very different ages;the wines were produced in two wineries according to very different procedures.A specific aim of this study constituted investigating whether there would be a significant correlation between the multielement composition of each wine and that of the provenance soil.A complementary

aim was the characterization of the wines in terms of their elemental composition as it may be of interest on nutritional and toxicological points of view.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

Material and Reagents.Suprapure concentrated HNO 3and a solution of 30%H 2O 2,pro analysis,both from Merck,were used without further purification.For inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)semiquantitative mode of analysis,both a REEs (100μg L -1from La to Lu)stock standard solution from Alfa and a multielement stock standard solution with 30elements (1000mg L -1of Ca;100mg L -1of As,B,Be,Fe,Se,and Zn;10mg L -1of Ag,Al,Ba,Bi,Cd,Co,Cr,Cu,Ga,K,Li,Mg,Mn,Mo,Na,Ni,Pb,Rb,Sr,Te,Tl,U,and V)from Merck,all for ICP-MS,were used for calibration.For internal standardization,a pro analysis stock standard solution of Rh (1000mg L -1)from Alfa was used.For atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS)measurements,standard solutions of Al,Cd,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,and Zn were prepared from Spectrosol stock solutions (1000mg L -1)from BDH.All of the other reagents were pro analysis or equivalent.Standard solutions were prepared daily from the stocks in polyethylene tubes by weighing.To avoid contamination,all of the material used for sampling and sample treatments was soaked in 20%v/v HNO 3for at least 24h,rinsed several times with deionized water,and dried in a Class 100laminar flow hood.The sample manipulation was carried in a clean room with Class 100filtered air.

Sampling.The sampling strategy is schematically described in Figure 1,which also includes summary information on sample treatments and analysis.Two vineyards,one 60-70years old (forward called old vineyard)and the other 10years old raised in a forest soil (young vineyard),both from the Portuguese Douro wine district,where the soil is schistous,were selected for this study.In both vineyards,only treatments with copper sulfate solutions were carried out during the study.Nevertheless,in previous years,several treatment products (pesticides and fertilizers)had been used,particularly in the old vineyard.

In Figure 2A is summarized the vinification process that has been used in the winery to produce the red fortified wine (similar to

Port).

Figure 1.Schematics of the sampling strategy and analytical procedures used in this work (that took place in the year of 2000).S a and S b were soil

samples collected at surface and at 20cm depth,respectively.GJ F and GJ T were grape juices prepared in the laboratory by smashing mature grapes from the old and from the young vineyard,respectively.

Multielement Composition of Wines and Their Precursors J.Agric.Food Chem.,Vol.51,No.16,20034789

This wine was produced with polyvarietal grapes from the old vineyard by using an old fashioned process,without automatic controls,and involving a small number of steps;the wine was poured directly from one container to the next.After vinification,the fortified wine was aged in oak barrels for periods between 2and 20years,depending on the desirable wine quality.By practical reasons,in the present study,the sample called “final product”was collected after only 1year of aging.

In Figure 2B is summarized the vinification process that was carried out in a modern and automatic winery to produce the monovarietal

“Touriga Nacional”red table wine from grapes from the young vineyard.Stainless steel tubes and containers were used in most steps.Plastic containers and tubes (polyethylene,high-density polyethylene,and flexible poly(vinyl chloride))were also used for the harvest and to transfer must and wine in the same steps.Aging of the wine took place in oak barrels.At the end,the wine was stored in glass bottles.In this study,the produced wine was analyzed about 1month after bottling.

To follow the pathway of the wine production from the vineyard to the wine,vineyard soil,grapes and intermediaries,and final products were collected and analyzed.Soil and grapes were collected using plastic shovels (soil samples)and plastic gloves (grapes)and were stored in individual plastic bags,which were immediately closed.In each vineyard,samples were collected in three different sites,selected to be representative of the entire area.To differentiate any eventual change in the multielement composition as a result of atmospheric deposition,soil was collected at the surface and at 20cm depth in each site.Throughout the vinification processes,samples were collected in triplicate in polyethylene tubes at points where a possible change in the multielement composition could be expected,for instance,as a consequence of contamination (see Figure 2A ,B ).

Samples Treatments.The samples of vineyard soil were first dried in an oven up to constant weight.The soil was fractioned and homogenized by sieving through nylon nets of 2mm and 200mesh.Only the fraction <200mesh was analyzed.From each sample,three takings of about 0.25g drysoil were treated for analysis.The takings were digested with concentrated HNO 3(13,15)by high-pressure microwave (HPMW),using a MLS-1200Mega system from Millestone to obtained the soil total recoverable metal levels (13).The digestion program consisted of three steps of 5min each at 250,400,and 500W,respectively,and was run twice.The efficiency of the procedure was confirmed by analyzing San Joaquin Soil standard reference material SRM 2709,from the National Institute of Standard and Technology.After they were HPMW digested,the final solutions were kept at room temperature until analysis,which took place within 2days.Before analysis by ICP-MS,suitable dilutions with a solution containing Rh were carried out.A 20μg L -1Rh concentration was used for internal standardization,to eliminate the matrix discrepancies and to compensate for any drift occurring during the analysis.

Grape juice was prepared in the laboratory.For this purpose,identical quantities of nonwashed grapes collected in each one of the three sampling sites of each vineyard were mixed and smashed (with gloved hands)in plastic cups.The skins and seeds remained intact and were rejected.The obtained juice was transferred to polyethylene tubes.Aliquots of nonfiltered grape juice as well as nonfiltered samples from the vinification processes were pretreated by UV irradiation (14).Suitable dilutions with a solution containing HNO 3and Rh were carried out afterward.Final solutions always contained 20μg L -1Rh and 1%HNO 3.

ICP-MS Measurements.The analytical measurements were carried out in a Perkin-Elmer SCIEX Elan 5000ICP-MS (Perkin-Elmer,Norwalk,CT)apparatus equipped with a cross-flow nebulizer,nickel cones,and a peristaltic sample delivery pump.The operating conditions were optimized daily as described before (16).

A procedure,using the ICP-MS semiquantitative mode of analysis,which was optimized for wine samples (16),was used for determination of Al,B,Ba,Be,Ca,Cd,Co,Cr,Cs,Cu,Fe,Ga,Li,Mn,Mo,Nb,Ni,Pb,Rb,Sb,Sc,Sr,Ti,Th,Tl,U,V,W,Y,Zn,Zr,and REEs in grape juices and samples collected throughout the vinification processes.In soil samples,As,Ba,Be,Ca,Cd,Co,Cr,Cs,Cu,Fe,Ga,Hf,Li,Mn,Nb,Ni,Pb,Rb,Sr,Th,Tl,U,V,Zn,Zr,and REEs were determined by using a similar procedure to that used for wines.The set of elements determined in both cases was not totally coincident due to technical limitations related with either limits of detection too high for the purpose or matrix interferences.

A reference soil (NIST-SRM 2709)was analyzed together with the vineyard soils every working day and several times a day during a period of about 2months,with the purpose of controlling/detecting any ICP-MS instrumental drift over time.Daily variations (short-term precision)were between 2and 12%for all elements and were lower than 5%in most of the cases.Exceptions were only observed for

Nb,

Figure 2.Schematics of the vinification processes with indication of the

points where samples were collected.(A )Red fortified wine produced from polivarietal grapes of the old vineyard (W F 1to W F 4and W F F);(B )red table wine produced from monovarietal grapes (named “Touriga Nacional”)of the young vineyard (W T 1to W T 10and W T F).

4790J.Agric.Food Chem.,Vol.51,No.16,2003Almeida and Vasconcelos

for which the variations were between9and100%,probably as a result of the relatively low concentration of this element in the reference soil. Because very low concentrations of Nb were observed in the vineyards soil,this element was excluded from the set of elements to be quantified. Similar control graphics and long-term variations,between3and20% (in most cases around10%),were observed for all of the elements measured in the reference soil,indicating that the ICP-MS instrument exhibited the same performance for low and high masses.Both short-term and long-term precisions were within those expected for the ICP-MS semiquantitative mode of analysis,since accuracy errors up to20% for most elements have been reported in the literature(17-19).

Each working day,two red wines(one table and one Port),for which the multielement concentrations were known,were analyzed together with the grape juices and the samples from the vinification processes, also for checking any instrument drift.Daily variations between2and 40%were observed for all of the elements measured in both“reference”wines;most of them were lower than10%.Variations higher than20% were only observed for Ga(40%)and Sb(25%)in the table wine and for Dy,Ga,and Sm(25%)in the Port wine,probably as a result of their relatively low concentrations in the wines.

AAS Analysis.AAS with flame atomization(PU9200X,Philips, Cambridge,U.K.)was used for determination of Al,in total recoverable soil solutions,and Cu and Zn,in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)soil extracts.AAS with electrothermal atomization provided with a Zeeman background correction(4100ZL,Perkin-Elmer coupled to an AS-70autosampler)was used for determination of Cd,Cr,Ni, and Pb also in EDTA soil extracts.In both cases,external calibrations with aqueous standards were used.For Cd and Pb,a0.2%(m/v)(NH4)2-HPO4solution was used as a matrix modifier.

For all of these samples,three independent replicates were pretreated and analyzed,and after blank subtraction,the mean concentration and respective standard deviations were calculated.

Calculations.The statistical calculations of one way analysis of variance for comparison of several means and Pearson’s correlation tests for correlation evaluation were carried out using the software package SPSS10.0for Windows.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Relative Influence of the Soil Elemental Pattern and Vinification Process on the Wine Multielement Composition. Vineyards Soil Content.The total recoverable metal levels(13) were measured in the soil samples collected every2months at three different sites of each vineyard and at two different depths (see Figure1).This fraction was chosen rather than the total-total metal content,because the plants cannot extract all of the ionic materials within the soil,as some are too strongly bonded within the soil structure;the ecotoxicity and mobility of metals in the soil depend strongly on specific chemical forms in which they are present.

Discussing the soil depth influence,Cu in the old vineyard soil was the only element whose levels were systematic and significantly higher(about45%)at the surface(around37μg g-1)than at20cm depth.This result indicates contamination of the soil surface layer with Cu,which is compatible with the periodical application of copper sulfate in the vine for several decades.Therefore,only the Cu concentrations obtained at20 cm depth were considered for calculation of a mean Cu concentration value in the soil,as it will be more directly related with plant uptake.Because the other elements did not display systematically significant differences in their concentrations at the two soil depths,all of the available data were accounted for the calculation of the respective mean concentration. Systematic significant differences in the concentrations of all of the measured elements were not found among the three sampling sites of each vineyard.Therefore,all of the available data accounted for the calculation of the average concentration value of each element.

In addition,in each vineyard,the mean concentration levels

of the determined elements(n)39)observed in the different

months were linearly correlated(correlation coefficients,0.985

e R e0.999,P<0.01),indicating that the concentrations obtained in any o

f the months would be equally suitable to

establish any possible relationship between wine and soil

multielement compositions.The average concentration values

observed in September were chosen for further discussion,

presented in Figure3.

It must be noticed that the concentrations of the elements

observed in the soils of both vineyards fell within typical

contents of uncontaminated soils(20).Even for Cu,the relatively

high concentration observed in the old vineyard soil was still

within the concentration range normally found in unpolluted

soils(20).

When the multielement concentrations of the two vineyard

soils were compared,slight but significant differences were

observed for most elements;the young vineyard soil,in general,

had higher elemental concentrations(see Figure3).A significant

linear correlation(R)0.995,n)39,P<0.01)was observed

between the two vineyard soils multielement compositions,

which was expected because the two vineyards belong to the

same region.

EDTA Soil Extracts.For comparison,EDTA soil extractions

were also carried out,since the composition of this fraction has

been considered more directly correlated than that of the soil

total recoverable with the multielement composition of the vine

leaves or grapes and,therefore,with that of the wine(11).

However,the determined elements were only those for which

there were standardized extraction procedures(11). Considering the three sampling sites and the two soil layers per vineyard,the percentages of extracted metals relative to the total recoverable metal contents varied between0.10and0.30 for Cr,0.80and1.6for Ni,1.0and5.0for Zn,9.0and48for Cu,15and21for Pb,and14and45%for Cd in the old vineyard soil.In the young vineyard,the percentages were of similar magnitude,although slightly lower:0.03-0.15for Cr,0.40-0.80for Ni,0.40-3.0for Zn,3.0-12for Cu,8.0-16for Pb, and6.0-40%for Cd.These results indicated that the available metal varied with the nature of the element,as expected since it conditions both the chemical forms and the binding strengths. Among the measured metals,Cd was the most available and Cr was the least available.It is known that Cr is quite immobile in soils(20).The slightly lower percentages of extractable metals from the young vineyard soil resulted probably from the different soil utilization in the past.The young vineyard had been a forest soil and for that very reason was richer in organic matter, particularly humic substances,than the old vineyard.It is known that soil organic matter has an essential function in the accumulation and transport of metals as well as in delaying their circulation in the soil(20).

In the EDTA soil extracts,for a few elements,some

statistically significant differences were observed among either

the three sampling sites per vineyard or between surface and

20cm depth soil.However,the differences were not systematic

and probably resulted from heterogeneity of the soil or from a

heterogeneous distribution of the different chemical forms of

the metals.When the mean concentration values obtained in

the different months for a given element were compared,

significant differences were only observed for Cd in the old

vineyard and for Cr in the young vineyard.Similar to that

observed for the total recoverable metals,also for the EDTA

extracts,the mean concentrations of the measured elements(n )6)observed in the different months were significantly

Multielement Composition of Wines and Their Precursors J.Agric.Food Chem.,Vol.51,No.16,20034791

correlated (0.90e R e 0.99,P <0.01),indicating that any particular month can be used to establish a possible relationship between soil and wine multielement composition.It follows therefore that for further discussion the data of September were chosen (see Figure 4).

Grape Juices and Samples from the Vinification Processes.Figure 5(A ,fortified,and B ,table wines)illustrates the results obtained in the grape juices prepared in the laboratory (GJ F and GJ T for the fortified and table wines,respectively)and in the different samples collected during and at the end of the vinification processes of both wines.

For both wines,the concentrations of most elements signifi-cantly changed during the vinification processes.The only exceptions were Ga and Sb,for which the observed changes were comparable to those of the instrument drift (daily varia-tions).In both wines,the concentrations of most of the REEs decreased down to levels below the limit of detection in the final product preventing the establishment of their distribution pattern and their use as tracers of wine provenance in the present case.These results are compatible with the fact that bentonites had not been added to the must during the vinification.Therefore,contamination of finished wine products by REEs,as reported for wines to which bentonites had been added (10),was not observed in this study.

In the fortified wine (W F F),the concentrations of Al,Cu,Nb,Tl,Th,U,V,Zr,and REEs were lower than those in the GJ F .This was probably a result of dilution,due to the addition of 20%grape brandy to stop fermentation and,eventually,metal precipitation or coprecipitation with suspended particles during fermentation and/or aging.These last phenomena have been reported for other wines (5,6).Therefore,eventual contamina-tion by those elements during vinification was compensated for by removing the element from the solution.The concentrations of B,Ba,Be,Co,Mo,Ni,Rb,Sc,Ti,Y,and W in W F F were

Figure 3.Mean concentration values (per g of dry soil)of Al,As,Ba,Be,Ca,Cd,Ce,Co,Cr,Cs,Cu,Dy,Er,Eu,Fe,Ga,Gd,Hf,Ho,La,Li,Lu,Mn,

Nd,Ni,Pb,Pr,Rb,Sm,Sr,Tb,Th,Tl,Tm,U,V,Yb,Zn,and Zr obtained in total recoverable fraction of soil collected in September in the old (A )and young (B )vineyards.

4792J.Agric.Food Chem.,Vol.51,No.16,2003Almeida and

Vasconcelos

similar to those found in the GJ F .The levels of Li,Ca,Cd,Cr,Cs,Fe,Pb,Sr,and Zn were higher in W F F than in GJ F .As in the step W F 2,there was a 20%dilution of the wine with brandy;these results indicate that liberation from the vinification system (contamination)of some amounts of the elements belonging to the two last sets probably occurred.Alternatively or in addition to contamination,liberation of the elements from grape skins and seeds may have happened,as they were pressed together with pomace and kept together with the must during and after fermentation (W F 2and W F 3).In contrast,in the preparation of GJ in the laboratory,skins and seeds remained intact and were rejected.The alcohol content of the brandy facilitates the solubilization of polyphenolic compounds present in high concentration in grape skins.These compounds are strong complexing agents of heavy metals.It is also known that the distribution of Ca,Fe,K,Mg,and Na throughout the berry is not homogeneous (21).For instance,the berry pulp is richer in K and Na than the seeds or skin,while seeds and skin are richer than pulp in Ca and Mg.Berry skin is particularly rich in Fe.Teissedre et al.(22)also found significant differences in the levels of Pb in the different parts of the grape berries;the seeds had the highest content in Pb,and the pulp had the lowest one.In the present case,the enrichment observed in the Sr levels from GJ F to W F F was attributed to the release of the element into the must from grapes seeds and skins instead of anthro-pogenic contamination,as discussed in detail elsewhere (23),and was compatible with the statistically identical 87Sr/86Sr values observed in GJ and in the respective WF (23).In contrast,the increase of Cd,Cr,Cu,Fe,Ni,Pb,V,and Zn concentrations in different steps of the vinification process was mainly attributed to contamination.For instance,from W F 2to W F 3,a significant increase of Cr,Ni,Pb,and V concentrations was observed.Metallic bracelets of the wood container and its tap may be the main sources of these elements.From W F 3to W F 4,the Cr,Fe,and V concentrations decreased significantly,suggesting that a large fraction of those elements precipitated or coprecipitated with colloidal polymeric organic compounds,such as polyphenols.On the other hand,the levels of Cd,Cu,Ni,Pb,and Zn increased from W F 3to W F 4,which indicated a predominance of the effect of contamination during the rest in the stainless steel container.The levels of Cr and Fe increased again from W F 4to W F F,suggesting the presence of sources of these elements in the oak barrel where the wine rested for 1year.Contamination of wines with Cd,Cr,and Pb released from winemaking equipment during its maturation has also been reported in the literature (8).For Pb in the present wines,the analysis of the respective isotope ratios (IRs)corroborated the evidence of contamination introduced by the different compo-nents of the vinification,as discussed elsewhere (9).Concerning Cu,it is worthwhile to stress that the major sources of the metal were found in W F 1(grape pressing)and W F 4(resting in stainless steel vat)steps of the winemaking process.After grape brandy was added in W F 2,the Cu level markedly decreased,probably due to the dilution factor.Therefore,the present results did not corroborate the hypothesis frequently formulated,which at-tributes the relatively high levels of Cu usually found in fortified wines (in comparison with those found in table wines)to the added grape brandy,which used to be produced in copper distillation devices.The grape brandy used in the studied fortified wine was produced in a stainless steel distiller;therefore,it was poor in Cu.

For the table wine (Figure 5B ),the results were quite similar to those observed for the fortified wine,with a few differences,for instance,in the set of elements whose concentrations decreased (Co,Ni,and Zn instead of V)or increased during the vinification (V instead of Fe,Cd,Cs,and Zn).Evidence of contamination from the material of the devices used in the winemaking process (containers,pumps,and tubes)was only observed for Al,Cr,Fe,Ni,Pb,and V.For Al,Fe,and V,the concentrations increased only during the aging period (levels higher in W T F than in W T 10).For Pb,whose concentration was initially (W T 1)relatively low (6.3μg L -1),a more or less regular concentration increase throughout the vinification process (not compensated by precipitation phenomena)was observed,prob-ably as a result of the presence of Pb sources in the devices used.Such as for the fortified wine,this hypothesis was corroborated by the results obtained for the Pb IRs (9).For Cr and Ni,some contamination from the containers probably also occurred,since their concentrations remained approximately constant after the solids were removed and did not decrease during aging (due to precipitation or coprecipitation with suspended colloidal matter,as was observed in the fortified wine).An increase of Cr and Ni concentrations during the aging processes in which there was contact with stainless steel utensils has been reported for other wines (6,24).

In summary,both vinification processes influenced the multielement composition of the produced wines.Most of the elements displayed similar or even lower concentrations in the WF as compared to that observed in GJ,in which the contribution of skins and seeds did not account and contact with the winemaking system did not occur.Just for the fortified wine,a 20%dilution of the must with grape brandy constitutes a relevant additional factor.Even so,evidence of effective contamination of intermediary products induced by the vinifi-cation system was observed for a few elements:Cd,Cr,Cu,Fe,Ni,Pb,V,and Zn in the fortified wine and Al,Cr,Fe,Ni,Pb,and V in the table wine.Nevertheless,only the levels

of

Figure 4.Mean concentration values (per g of dry soil)of Cd,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,and Zn observed in EDTA extract of soil collected in September in the

old (A )and young (B )vineyards.

Multielement Composition of Wines and Their Precursors J.Agric.Food Chem.,Vol.51,No.16,20034793

Figure 5.Total concentration of V,Ni,Cr,Cu,and Zn (in μg L -1)(mean and standard deviation,n )3)observed in the grape juices (GJ F and GJ T

for the fortified and table wine,respectively),in the samples collected throughout the vinification processes (from W F 1to W F 4for the fortified and from W T 1to W T 10for the table wines)and in the final products (W F F and W T F).(A )Red fortified wine produced with polyvarietal grapes from the old vineyard;(B )red table wine produced with monovarietal grapes from the young vineyard.

4794J.Agric.Food Chem.,Vol.51,No.16,2003Almeida and

Vasconcelos

Cd,Cr,Fe,Pb,and Zn in the fortified wine and of Cr,Ni,Pb,and V in the table wine were higher in WF than in GJ.

It is worth mentioning that despite the elemental concentration variations observed throughout the vinification of both wines,statistically significant and even linear correlations were ob-served between the concentrations of the elements determined in common in GJ and WF (see Table 1).In Figure 6,the results for the fortified wine are illustrated.Similar results were obtained for the table wine.Therefore,the concentration variations that occurred during the vinification do not seem to

prevent the usefulness of wine multielement composition as a fingerprint of wine origin.A linear correlation (R )0.996,n )28,P <0.01)was also observed between the multielement composition of the two wines for the set of elements determined in common.

Soil,Grape Juice,and Wine Relationships.Pearson’s cor-relations between soil and wine multielemental composition were carried in order to find eventual interesting relationships (see correlation coefficients in Table 1).For the set of elements determined in common (see Table 1),significant correlations between their mean concentrations in soil and produced wine were found when only Al,Fe,and Ca,the three more abundant elements in the soil,were excluded.Figure 6illustrates for the fortified wine the obtained results.Similar results were obtained for the table wine and for soil vs GJ.

For the elements determined in common in soils and wines (excluding Al,Ca,and Fe),the median of the multielement concentrations of the two vineyard soils was also linearly correlated with that of the median of the two wines (R )0.994,n )19,P <0.01).

When the multielement composition of the EDTA soil extracts was used instead of the total recoverable extracts,linear correlations were also observed (Table 1).Nevertheless,these results have a more limited reach,as only six elements were measured in the EDTA soil extracts.

It is worth mentioning that when the median of the determined multielement composition of the soil of the two vineyards was compared with that of a previously studied French red table wine,from the region of Bordeaux,no significant correlation was obtained even when Al,Fe,and Ca were not included.Significant correlation was not observed either between the determined multielement composition of the studied wines and that of the French wine.These results are understandable,as the composition of the wine seems to depend markedly on the vineyard soil elemental pattern.

Multielement Composition of the Studied Wines.The multielement concentrations found in the wines are shown in Figure 7(A ,fortified,and B ,table wines)as these data may have some nutritional and toxicological interest.The elemental patterns of both wines were very similar,despite the fact that the winemaking processes were markedly different.In fact,the largest differences were found for V (ca.eight times higher in the table wine),for Cu (ca.five times higher in the fortified wine),and for Cs (ca.three times higher in the table wine).The concentrations of most of the measured elements in the two wines fell within the range of those found in wines produced in several countries as reported in ref 1.However,the

Figure 6.Examples of correlation plots,obtained for the fortified wine/old vineyard between pairs of the different types of samples.In each plot,

elements excluded in order to obtain significant correlations are marked.In both axis is represented the logarithm of concentrations in order to obtain a larger scattering of the points.

Table 1.Pearson’s Correlations Obtained for Average Multielement

Concentrations in the Different Types of Samples

Old Vineyard/Fortified Wine

soil

total recoverable

EDTA extract grape juice

wine

soil

total recoverable 1EDTA extract 0.988a n )6b

1grape juice 0.282/0.986a,c n )29d

0.998a n )6b 1wine

0.238/0.994a,c n )24e

0.989a n )6b

0.997a n )31f

1

Young Vineyard/Table Wine

soil

total recoverable

EDTA extract grape juice

wine

soil

total recoverable 1EDTA extract 0.896g n )6b

1grape juice 0.225/0.904a,c n )27h

0.877g n )6b 1wine

0.193/0.986a,c n )20i

0.898g n )6b

0.979a n )31j

1

a

Correlation significant at P <0.01.b Cd,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,and Zn.c Al,Ca,and Fe excluded.d Ba,Be,Co,Cr,Cs,Cu,Ga,Li,Mn,Ni,Pb,Rb,Sr,Th,U,V,W,Zn,Zr and La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Sm,Eu,Gd,Tb,Dy,and Er.e Ba,Be,Cd,Co,Cr,Cs,Cu,Ga,Li,Mn,Ni,Pb,Rb,Sr,V,W ,Zn and La,Ce,Pr ,Nd,Sm ,Gd ,and Dy .f Al,B,Ba,Be,Ca,Co,Cr,Cs,Cu,Fe,Ga,Li,Mn,Ni,Pb,Rb,Sb,Sc,Sr,Ti,V,W,Y,Zn and La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Sm,Gd,and Dy.g Correlation significant at P <0.05.h Ba,Be,Cd,Co,Cr,Cs,Cu,Ga,Li,Mn,Ni,Pb,Rb,Sr,Th,U,V,Zn,Zr and La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Sm,Eu,Gd,and Dy.i Ba,Be,Cd,Co,Cr,Cs,Cu,Ga,Li,Mn,Ni,Pb,Rb,Sr,V,Zn,Zr and La,Ce,and Nd.j Al,B,Ba,Be,Ca,Cd,Co,Cr,Cs,Cu,Fe,Ga,Li,Mn,Mo,Ni,Pb,Rb,Sb,Sc,Sr,Ti,Tl,V,W,Y,Zn,Zr and La,Ce,and Nd.

Multielement Composition of Wines and Their Precursors J.Agric.Food Chem.,Vol.51,No.16,2003

4795

concentrations of Pb in both wines and Al and Cu only in the table wine were below the respective reported range (1)(three,two,and four times lower than the respective lower limits,which were 30μg L -1Pb ,500μg L -1Al ,and 60μg L -1Cu ).On the other hand,the concentrations of Be and Cs (only in the table wine)were higher (both ca.three times higher than the range upper limits (1),which were 1.3and 5.1μg L -1,respectively).

As concerns elements considered of special interest due to either their toxicity in case of excess,such as Cd,Cr,Ni,Pb,or even Cu (an essential element but toxic when consumed in excess)or the effect they seem to have on the organoleptic properties of wine,such as Al,Fe,Zn,and Cu (5,24),relatively low concentrations were found.For instance,the Pb concentra-tions were 14μg L -1in the fortified wine and 11μg L -1in the table wine,both well below the threshold limit value established by the Office of Vine and Wine (OIV),which is presently 200μg L -1.The relatively low levels of Pb as compared with those that were frequently found in wines in the past are not surprising.Leaded gasoline used to be a major source of atmospheric lead,which contaminated soils and vines after dry or wet deposition (25,26).In Portugal,up to January 1996,the Pb content of

leaded gasoline was close to the legal maximum,0.4g L -1,decreasing after that to 0.15g L -1.Nowadays,only unleaded gasoline is available and the respective Pb levels have been not higher than 0.004g L -1,much lower than the legal maximum of 0.013g L -1(27).Therefore,at present,the contribution of transportation to the lead levels in the atmospheric deposition is insignificant when compared with the past.In addition,both studied vineyards are located in an agricultural area,which is far from industrial and urban areas and heavy traffic roads.For Cu,the concentration was higher in the fortified wine,70μg L -1,than in the table wine,16μg L -1,but in both cases,it was much lower than the respective OIV threshold limit of 1mg L -1(24).The upper limit allowed for Al in wine is 10mg L -1(24)whereas the found values were only 0.17and 0.27mg L -1in the fortified and table wines,respectively.For Cd and Zn,the levels in both wines were,respectively,0.51and 1.0mg L -1in the fortified wine and 0.26and 0.43mg L -1in the table wine.These values fell in the ranges frequently found in different wines (1),which have been between 0.25and 0.7μg L -1for Cd and between 0.5and 3.5mg L -1for Zn.The levels of Fe,2.1and 1.3mg L -1in the fortified and table

wines,

Figure 7.Total concentrations of the elements measured in both studied wines.(A )Red fortified wine produced with grapes from the old vineyard;(B )

red table wine produced with grapes from the young vineyard.In some cases,as follows,the concentrations of Cd,Pr,Sm,Gd,Dy (only table wine),Mo,Tl,Zr (only fortified wine)and Nb,Th,U,Eu,Tb,Ho,Er,Tm,Yb,and Lu (both wines)were below the respective limit of quantification.

4796J.Agric.Food Chem.,Vol.51,No.16,2003Almeida and Vasconcelos

respectively,were within the typical range of0.9-10mg L-1 (1)but much lower than the value considered problematic,10 mg L-1(24).The levels of Cr and Ni,respectively,28and22μg L-1in the fortified wine and25and33μg L-1in the table wine,were also within the range of30-60μg L-1reported for these elements in different wines(1).

Concerning the REEs,only results for La,Ce,Nd,Sm,Gd, and Dy in the fortified wine and La,Ce,and Nd in the table wine were found in measurable amounts.Quite similar con-centrations,between0.2and0.3μg L-1,were observed for the REEs measured in common.

CONCLUSIONS

The multielement compositions of two different Portuguese wines of the Douro wine district and their precursors including the respective provenance soil were determined,to evaluate the suitability of those data as tools for establishing the origin of a wine.

It was found that the two studied vinification processes(one modern,used for producing the table wine,and one old fashioned,used to produce the fortified wine)influenced the multielement composition of the wine.Evidence of effective contamination during the vinification was observed for a few elements:Cd,Cr,Cu,Fe,Ni,Pb,V,and Zn in the fortified wine and Al,Cr,Fe,Ni,Pb,and V in the table wine.The concentrations of most of the measured elements were similar or even lower in the final product than in the respective grape juice prepared in the laboratory.Precipitation or coprecipitation of a fraction of the elements with organic complexing agents present in the must,like polyphenols and tannins,as well as 20%dilution with grape brandy just in the case of the fortified wine,could account for the decrease of the concentrations. For both studied wines,despite the elemental concentration variations observed throughout the vinification processes, significant correlations(P<0.01)were observed between the concentrations of a large number of elements(n)31)in the final product and in the respective grape juice.Therefore,those concentration variations should not be a preventive of the usefulness of wine multielement composition for wine prov-enance determination.

Significant correlations(P<0.01)between the multiele-mental composition of wines and the provenance soil were also observed when only Al,Ca,and Fe(the most abundant elements in the soil)were excluded from the set of elements measured in common(n)19)in the two types of samples.Therefore, the present results suggest that the multielement composition of the provenance soil also has potentialities to be used as a fingerprint of the origin of wines from the Portuguese Douro wine district.Nevertheless,more wines from the same and other wine districts must be analyzed in order to consolidate this conclusion.

Concerning nutritional aspects,the concentrations of most of the elements measured in the two studied wines fell within the range of those found in other wines of different character-istics and origins.As concerns the elements considered of special interest due to either their toxicity in case of excess,like Cd, Cr,Ni,Pb,or even Cu or the effect they seem to have on the organoleptic properties of wine,such as Al,Fe,Zn,and Cu, relatively low concentrations(much lower than the legal threshold limit values when available)were found. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Thanks to Mr.Anto′nio Sousa for his help in the sampling and in some experimental work,to the wine-growing company “Domingos Alves de Sousa”for logistic support for sampling and valuable information on the winemaking processes,and to Prof.Ade′lio Machado for valuable discussions on data treat-ment.

LITERATURE CITED

(1)Greenough,J.D.;Longerich,H.P.;Jackson,S.E.Element

fingerprinting of Okanagan Valley wines using ICP-MS:rela-tionships between wine composition vineyard and wine colour.

Aust.J.Grape Wine Res.1997,3,75-83.

(2)Augagneur,S.;Medina,B.;Szpunar,J.;Lobinski,R.Determi-

nation of rare earth elements in wine by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using a microconcentric nebulizer.

J.Anal.At.Spectrom.1996,11,713-721.

(3)Baxter,M.J.;Crews,H.M.;Dennis,M.J.;Goodall,I.;Anderson,

D.The determination of the authenticity of wine from its trace

element composition.Food Chem.1997,60,443-450.

(4)Taylor,V.F.;Longerich,H.P.;Greenough,J.D.Multi-element

analysis of Canadian wines by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS)and multivariate statistics.J.Agric.Food Chem.2003,51,856-860.

(5)Eschnauer,H.;Jakob,L.;Meierer,H.;Neeb,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0518434921.html,e and

limitations of ICP-OES in wine analysis.Mikrochim.Acta1989, 3,291-298.

(6)Angelova,V.;Ivanov,A.;Braikov,D.;Ivanov,K.Taux de

me′taux lourds(Pb,Cu,Zn and Cd)dans les vins du ce′page mavrud provenant d’une re′gion pollue′e par les industries.J.Int.

Sci.Vigne Vin1999,33,119-131.

(7)Teissedre,P.L.;Cabanis,M.T.;Cabanis,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0518434921.html,parison of

2mineralization methods for determination of lead by electro-thermal atomic absorption spectrometry-application to Vig-neication to soils,vine-leaves,grapes,musts,rapes and lees samples.Analusis1993,21,249-254.

(8)Kristl,J.;Veber,M.;Slekovec,M.The application of ETAAS

to the determination of Cr,Pb and Cd in samples taken during different stages of the winemaking process.Anal.Bioanal.Chem.

2002,373,200-204.

(9)Almeida,C.M.;Vasconcelos,M.T.Lead contamination in

wines:from the vineyard to the final product.J.Agric.Food Chem.2003,51,3012-3023.

(10)Jakubowski,N.;Brandt,R.;Stuewer,D.;Eschnauer,H.;Gortges,

S.Analysis of wines by ICP-MS:Is the pattern of the rare earth elements a reliable fingerprint for the provenance.Fresenius J.

Anal.Chem.1999,364,424-428.

(11)Quevauviller,P.;Rauret,G.;Ure,A.;Rubio,R.;Lopez-Sanchez,

J.-F.;Fiedler,H.;Muntau,H.Preparation of candidate certified reference materials for the quality control of EDTA and acetic acid-extractable trace metal determinations in sewage sludge-amended soil and terra rossa soil.Mikrochim.Acta1995,120, 289-300.

(12)Reeve,R.Analysis of solids.In En V ironmental Analysis

(Analytical Chemistry by Open Learning);Barnes,J.,Eds.;John Wiley&Sons:Chichester,England,1994;pp141-167. (13)Method3051:Microwa V e Assisted Acid Digestion of Sediments,

Sludges and Soils;U.S.Environmental Protection Agency,U.S.

Government Printing Office:Washington,DC,1994.

(14)Almeida,C.M.;Vasconcelos,M.T.S.D.UV-irradiation and

MW-digestion pretreatment of Port wine suitable for the deter-mination of lead isotope ratios by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.J.Anal.At.Spectrom.1999,14,1815-1821.

(15)Smith,F.;Arsenault,E.Microwave-assisted sample preparation

in analytical chemistry.Talanta1996,43,1207-1268. (16)Almeida,C.M.;Vasconcelos,M.T.Advantages and limitations

of the semiquantitative operation mode of an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer for multi-element analysis of wines.

Anal.Chim.Acta2002,463,165-175.

(17)Laborda,F.;Medrano,J.;Castillo,J.R.Quality of quantitative

and semiquantitative results in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.J.Anal.At.Spectrom.2001,16,732-738.

Multielement Composition of Wines and Their Precursors J.Agric.Food Chem.,Vol.51,No.16,20034797

(18)Soldevilla,J.;El Himri,M.;Pastor,A.;Guardia,M.Evaluation

of operational parameters affecting semiquantitative multi-element analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrom-etry.J.Anal.At.Spectrom.1998,13,803-807.

(19)Amarasiriwardena,D.;Durrant,S.F.;La′sztity,A.;Krushevska,

A.;Argentine,M.D.;Barnes,R.M.Semiquantitative analysis

of biological materials by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.Microchem.J.1997,56,352-372.

(20)Forstner,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0518434921.html,nd contamination by metals:global scope and

magnitude of problem.In Metal Speciation and Contamination of Soil;Allen,H.,Huang,C.,Bailey,G.,Bowers,A.,Eds.;Lewis Publishers:CRC Press Inc.:U.S.A.,1995;pp1-24. (21)Curvelo-Garcia,A.S.A composic?a?o mineral dos mostos e dos

vinhos.In Controlo de Qualidade dos Vinhos,Qu?′mica Enolo′gica s Me′todos Anal?′ticos;Instituto do Vinho e da Vinha, Ed.:Lisbon,Portugal,1988;pp149-210.

(22)Teissedre,P.L.;Cabanis,M.T.;Champagnol,F.;Cabanis,J.

C.Lead distribution in grape berries.Am.J.Enol.Vitic.1994,

45,220-228.

(23)Almeida,C.M.;Vasconcelos,M.T.Does winemaking process

influence the87Sr/86Sr ratio?A case study.Food Chem.2003, submitted for publication.

(24)Nikolakaki,S.G.;Kontos;N.K.;Katsanos,A.A.Trace elements

analysis of Cretan wines and wine products.Sci.Total En V iron.

2002,285,155-163and references therein.

(25)Teissedre,P.;Lobinski,R.;Cabanis,M.;Szpunar,J.;Cabanis,

J.;Adams,F.On the origin of organolead compounds in wine.

Sci.Total En V iron.1994,153,247-252.

(26)Medina,B.;Augagneur,S.;Barbaste,M.;Grousset,F.;Buat-

Me′nard,P.Influence of atmospheric pollution on the lead content of the wines.Food Addit.Contam.2000,17,435-445. (27)Vasconcelos,M.;Tavares,H.Atmospheric metal pollution(Cr,

Cu,Fe,Mn,Ni,Pb and Zn)in Oporto city derived from results for low-volume aerosol samplers and for the moss Sphagnum auriculatum bioindicator.Sci.Total En V iron.1998,212,11-

20.

Received for review February13,2003.Accepted May23,2003.Thanks to“Fundac?a?o para a Cie?ncia&Tecnologia”,Lisbon,Portugal,for a Ph.D.scholarship(PRAXIS XXI/BD/16028/98)to C.M.R.A.and equip-ment(Project27/M/90).

JF034145B

4798J.Agric.Food Chem.,Vol.51,No.16,2003Almeida and Vasconcelos

从实践的角度探讨在日语教学中多媒体课件的应用

从实践的角度探讨在日语教学中多媒体课件的应用 在今天中国的许多大学，为适应现代化，信息化的要求，建立了设备完善的适应多媒体教学的教室。许多学科的研究者及现场教员也积极致力于多媒体软件的开发和利用。在大学日语专业的教学工作中，教科书、磁带、粉笔为主流的传统教学方式差不多悄然向先进的教学手段而进展。 一、多媒体课件和精品课程的进展现状 然而，目前在专业日语教学中能够利用的教学软件并不多见。比如在中国大学日语的专业、第二外語用教科书常见的有《新编日语》（上海外语教育出版社）、《中日交流标准日本語》（初级、中级）（人民教育出版社）、《新编基础日语（初級、高級）》（上海译文出版社）、《大学日本语》（四川大学出版社）、《初级日语》《中级日语》（北京大学出版社）、《新世纪大学日语》（外语教学与研究出版社）、《综合日语》（北京大学出版社）、《新编日语教程》（华东理工大学出版社）《新编初级（中级）日本语》（吉林教育出版社）、《新大学日本语》（大连理工大学出版社）、《新大学日语》（高等教育出版社）、《现代日本语》（上海外语教育出版社）、《基础日语》（复旦大学出版社）等等。配套教材以录音磁带、教学参考、习题集为主。只有《中日交流標準日本語（初級上）》、《初級日语》、《新编日语教程》等少数教科书配备了多媒体DVD视听教材。 然而这些试听教材，有的内容为日语普及读物，并不适合专业外语课堂教学。比如《新版中日交流标准日本语（初级上）》，有的尽管DVD视听教材中有丰富的动画画面和语音练习。然而，课堂操作则花费时刻长，不利于教师重点指导，更加适合学生的课余练习。比如北京大学的《初级日语》等。在这种情形下，许多大学的日语专业致力于教材的自主开发。 其中，有些大学的还推出精品课程，取得了专门大成绩。比如天津外国语学院的《新编日语》多媒体精品课程为2007年被评为“国家级精品课”。目前已被南开大学外国语学院、成都理工大学日语系等全国40余所大学推广使用。

五年级上册成语解释及近义词反义词和造句大全.doc

五年级上册成语解释及近义词反义词和造句大全 囫囵吞枣；【解释】：囫囵：整个儿。把枣整个咽下去，不加咀嚼，不辨味道。比喻对事物不加分析考虑。【近义词】：不求甚解【反义词】融会贯穿[造句];学习不能囫囵吞枣而是要精益求精 不求甚解；bùqiúshènjiě【解释】：甚：专门，极。只求明白个大概，不求完全了解。常指学习或研究不认真、不深入【近义词】：囫囵吞枣【反义词】：精益求精 造句；1；在学习上，我们要理解透彻，不能不求甚解 2；学习科学文化知识要刻苦钻研，深入领会，不能粗枝大叶，不求甚解。 千篇一律；【解释】：一千篇文章都一个样。指文章公式化。也比喻办事按一个格式，专门机械。 【近义词】：千人一面、如出一辙【反义词】：千差万别、形形色色 造句；学生旳作文千篇一律，专门少能有篇与众不同旳，这确实是平常旳练习太少了。 倾盆大雨；qīngpéndàyǔ【解释】：雨大得象盆里旳水直往下倒。形容雨大势急。 【近义词】：大雨如柱、大雨滂沱【反义词】：细雨霏霏牛毛细雨 造句；3月旳天说变就变，瞬间下了一场倾盆大雨。今天下了一场倾盆大雨。 坚决果断；áobùyóuyù：意思；做事果断，专门快拿定了主意，一点都不迟疑，形容态度坚决 近义词；不假思索斩钉截铁反义词；犹豫不决 造句；1看到小朋友落水，司马光坚决果断地搬起石头砸缸。2我坚决果断旳承诺了她旳要求。 饥肠辘辘jīchánglùlù【近义词】：饥不择食【反义词】：丰衣足食 造句；1我放学回家已是饥肠辘辘。2那个饥肠辘辘旳小孩差不多两天没吃饭了 滚瓜烂熟gǔnguālànshóu〔shú)【解释】：象从瓜蔓上掉下来旳瓜那样熟。形容读书或背书流利纯熟。【近义词】：倒背如流【反义词】：半生半熟造句；1、这篇课文我们早已背得滚瓜烂熟了 流光溢彩【liúguāngyìcǎi】解释；光影，满溢旳色彩，形容色彩明媚 造句：国庆节，商场里装饰旳流光溢彩。 津津有味；jīnjīnyǒuwèi解释：兴趣浓厚旳模样。指吃得专门有味道或谈得专门有兴趣。 【近义词】：兴致勃勃有滋有味【反义词】：索然无味、枯燥无味 造句；1今天旳晚餐真丰富，小明吃得津津有味。 天长日久；tiānchángrìjiǔ【解释】：时刻长，生活久。【近义词】：天长地久【反义词】：稍纵即逝 造句：小缺点假如不立即改掉, 天长日久就会变成坏适应 如醉如痴rúzuìrúchī【解释】：形容神态失常，失去自制。【近义词】：如梦如醉【反义词】：恍然大悟造句；这么美妙旳音乐，我听得如醉如痴。 浮想联翩【fúxiǎngliánpiān解释】：浮想：飘浮不定旳想象；联翩：鸟飞旳模样，比喻连续不断。指许许多多旳想象不断涌现出来。【近义词】：思绪万千 造句；1他旳话让人浮想联翩。2:这幅画饱含诗情，使人浮想联翩，神游画外，得到美旳享受。 悲欢离合bēihuānlíhé解释；欢乐、离散、聚会。泛指生活中经历旳各种境遇和由此产生旳各种心情【近义词】：酸甜苦辣、喜怒哀乐【反义词】：平淡无奇 造句；1人一辈子即是悲欢离合,总要笑口常开,我们旳生活才阳光明媚. 牵肠挂肚qiānchángguàdù【解释】：牵：拉。形容十分惦念，放心不下 造句；儿行千里母担忧，母亲总是那个为你牵肠挂肚旳人 如饥似渴rújīsìkě：形容要求专门迫切，仿佛饿了急着要吃饭，渴了急着要喝水一样。 造句；我如饥似渴地一口气读完这篇文章。他对知识旳如饥似渴旳态度造就了他今天旳成功。 不言而喻bùyánéryù【解释】：喻：了解，明白。不用说话就能明白。形容道理专门明显。 【近义词】：显而易见【反义词】：扑朔迷离造句；1珍惜时刻，好好学习，那个道理是不言而喻旳 与众不同；yǔzhòngbùtóng【解释】：跟大伙不一样。 〖近义词〗别出心裁〖反义词〗平淡无奇。造句； 1从他与众不同旳解题思路中，看出他专门聪慧。2他是个与众不同旳小孩

新视野大学英语全部课文原文

Unit1 Americans believe no one stands still. If you are not moving ahead, you are falling behind. This attitude results in a nation of people committed to researching, experimenting and exploring. Time is one of the two elements that Americans save carefully, the other being labor. "We are slaves to nothing but the clock,” it has been said. Time is treated as if it were something almost real. We budget it, save it, waste it, steal it, kill it, cut it, account for it; we also charge for it. It is a precious resource. Many people have a rather acute sense of the shortness of each lifetime. Once the sands have run out of a person’s hourglass, they cannot be replaced. We want every minute to count. A foreigner’s first impression of the U.S. is li kely to be that everyone is in a rush -- often under pressure. City people always appear to be hurrying to get where they are going, restlessly seeking attention in a store, or elbowing others as they try to complete their shopping. Racing through daytime meals is part of the pace

成语大全及解释造句[1]

安然无恙：很平安，没有受到损失和伤害 - 造句：那次智利大地震，许多城市都毁灭了，但我叔父全家安然无恙，非常幸运。 - 拔苗助长：比喻违反事物的发展规律，急于求成，反而坏事 - 造句：“抢先教育”违背了儿童成长的客观规律，这种拔苗助长的办法结果必将造成对孩子身体和心灵的双重伤害。 - 跋山涉水：形容旅途的艰辛劳苦 - 造句：地质勘探队员不怕艰苦，跋山涉水，为祖国寻找地下的报藏。 - 百看不厌：对喜欢的人，事物等看多少遍都不厌倦。比喻非常喜欢。 -造句：到了节日里，各个景区摆设的花朵真是让人百看不厌。 - 班门弄斧：比喻在行家面前卖弄本领，不自量力 -造句：你在著名华文作家的面前卖弄华文,岂不是班门弄斧。

- 搬弄是非：把别人的话传来传去，有意挑拔，或在背后乱加议论，引起纠纷 - 造句：他们到处搬弄是非,传播流言、破坏组织内部的和谐。 - 变本加厉：指比原来更加发展。现指情况变得比本来更加严重 -造句;的坏习惯不但没有改正，反而变本加厉了. -变幻莫测：变化不可测度。变化很多，不能预料 -造句：草地的气候变幻莫测,一会儿烈日当空,一会儿大雨倾盆,忽而雨雪交加,忽而狂风怒吼。 - 别具匠心：指在技巧和艺术方面具有与众不同的巧妙构思- 造句：这篇小说让人看了回味无穷，作者确实是别巨匠心。 -不耻下问：指向地位比自己低、学识比自己少的人请教，也不感到羞耻（耻辱） -造句：学习，不仅要做到虚怀若谷，还要做到不耻下问。 -不可救药：比喻人或事物坏到无法挽救的地步 - 造句：他的问题很严重，已经不可救药。

- 不可思议：原有神秘奥妙的意思。现多指无法想象，难以理解 - 造句：我看这那座小山觉得不可思议。 -不期而遇：没有约定而遇见 -造句：高兴与悲伤总是不期而遇，或许这就是上帝再捉弄世俗吧！ -不屈不挠：形容顽强斗争,在敌人或困难面前不屈服,不低头那种不屈不挠的、要征服一切的心情 -造句：战士们不屈不挠的坚守在抗震第一线。 - 不速之客：指没有邀请而自己来的客人 - 造句：也不必说有时趁你不防钻进防盗铁门登堂入室的不速之客。 - 不屑置辩：认为不值得辩论 - 造句：孔乙己对那些嘲笑他的人显出不屑置辩的神情。 -不言而喻：形容道理很明显 -造句：你想他们这朋友之乐，尽可不言而喻了。

悲惨的近义词反义词和造句

悲惨的近义词反义词和造句 导读：悲惨的近义词 悲凉(注释:悲哀凄凉：～激越的琴声。) 悲惨的反义词 幸福(注释:个人由于理想的实现或接近而引起的一种内心满足。追求幸福是人们的普遍愿望，但剥削阶级把个人幸福看得高于一切，并把个人幸福建立在被剥削阶级的痛苦之上。无产阶级则把争取广大人民的幸福和实现全人类的解放看作最大的幸福。认为幸福不仅包括物质生活，也包括精神生活;个人幸福依赖集体幸福，集体幸福高于个人幸福;幸福不仅在于享受，而主要在于劳动和创造。) 悲惨造句 1.一个人要发现卓有成效的真理，需要千百个人在失败的探索和悲惨的错误中毁掉自己的生命。 2.贝多芬的童年尽管如是悲惨，他对这个时代和消磨这时代的地方，永远保持着一种温柔而凄凉的回忆。 3.卖火柴的小女孩在大年夜里冻死了，那情景十分悲惨。 4.他相信，他们每个人背后都有一个悲惨的故事。 5.在那次悲惨的经历之后，我深信自己绝对不是那种可以离家很远的人。 6.在人生的海洋上，最痛快的事是独断独航，但最悲惨的却是回头无岸。 7.人生是艰苦的。对不甘于平庸凡俗的人那是一场无日无夜的斗

争，往往是悲惨的、没有光华的、没有幸福的，在孤独与静寂中展开的斗争。……他们只能依靠自己，可是有时连最强的人都不免于在苦难中蹉跎。罗曼·罗兰 8.伟大的心胸，应该表现出这样的气概用笑脸来迎接悲惨的厄运，用百倍的勇气来应付开始的不幸。鲁迅人在逆境里比在在顺境里更能坚强不屈。遇厄运时比交好运时容易保全身心。 9.要抓紧时间赶快生活，因为一场莫名其妙的疾病，或者一个意外的悲惨事件，都会使生命中断。奥斯特洛夫斯基。 10.在我一生中最悲惨的一个时期，我曾经有过那类的想法：去年夏天在我回到这儿附近的地方时，这想法还缠着我;可是只有她自己的亲自说明才能使我再接受这可怕的想法。 11.他们说一个悲惨的故事是悲剧，但一千个这样的故事就只是一个统计了。 12.不要向诱惑屈服，而浪费时间去阅读别人悲惨的详细新闻。 13.那起悲惨的事件深深地铭刻在我的记忆中。 14.伟大的心胸，应该用笑脸来迎接悲惨的厄运，用百倍的勇气来应付一切的不幸。 15.一个人要发现卓有成效的真理，需要千百万个人在失败的探索和悲惨的错误中毁掉自己的生命。门捷列夫 16.生活需要爱，没有爱，那些受灾的人们生活将永远悲惨;生活需要爱，爱就像调味料，使生活这道菜充满滋味;生活需要爱，爱让生活永远充满光明。

新视野大学英语第三版第二册课文语法讲解 Unit4

新视野三版读写B2U4Text A College sweethearts 1I smile at my two lovely daughters and they seem so much more mature than we,their parents,when we were college sweethearts.Linda,who's21,had a boyfriend in her freshman year she thought she would marry,but they're not together anymore.Melissa,who's19,hasn't had a steady boyfriend yet.My daughters wonder when they will meet"The One",their great love.They think their father and I had a classic fairy-tale romance heading for marriage from the outset.Perhaps,they're right but it didn't seem so at the time.In a way, love just happens when you least expect it.Who would have thought that Butch and I would end up getting married to each other?He became my boyfriend because of my shallow agenda:I wanted a cute boyfriend! 2We met through my college roommate at the university cafeteria.That fateful night,I was merely curious,but for him I think it was love at first sight."You have beautiful eyes",he said as he gazed at my face.He kept staring at me all night long.I really wasn't that interested for two reasons.First,he looked like he was a really wild boy,maybe even dangerous.Second,although he was very cute,he seemed a little weird. 3Riding on his bicycle,he'd ride past my dorm as if"by accident"and pretend to be surprised to see me.I liked the attention but was cautious about his wild,dynamic personality.He had a charming way with words which would charm any girl.Fear came over me when I started to fall in love.His exciting"bad boy image"was just too tempting to resist.What was it that attracted me?I always had an excellent reputation.My concentration was solely on my studies to get superior grades.But for what?College is supposed to be a time of great learning and also some fun.I had nearly achieved a great education,and graduation was just one semester away.But I hadn't had any fun;my life was stale with no component of fun!I needed a boyfriend.Not just any boyfriend.He had to be cute.My goal that semester became: Be ambitious and grab the cutest boyfriend I can find. 4I worried what he'd think of me.True,we lived in a time when a dramatic shift in sexual attitudes was taking place,but I was a traditional girl who wasn't ready for the new ways that seemed common on campus.Butch looked superb!I was not immune to his personality,but I was scared.The night when he announced to the world that I was his girlfriend,I went along

常用成语造句大全及解释

常用成语造句大全及解释 导读：常用成语及造句大全： 【马到功成】形容事情顺利，一开始就取得胜利。 朋友要去参加考试我发自内心的祝她马到功成。 【安常守故】习惯于日常的平稳糊口，保保守的一套。指保守不知厘革。 他持久以来安常守故，缺乏锻炼，故而经不起挫折。 【挨门逐户】挨家挨户，一家也没有遗漏。 倾销员挨门逐户地倾销产物，可是并没有多少人愿意买 【破釜沉舟】比喻下决心悍然不顾地干到底。 只要咱们有破釜沉舟的决心，就能克服进修上的各类困难。 【大千世界】三昧，世界的千倍叫小千世界，小千世界的千倍叫中千世界，中千世界的千倍叫大千世界。后指广大无边的人世。 大千世界无奇不有，充满了抵牾。 【空手发迹】一切靠自己艰辛奋斗，创立了一番事业。 王董事长空手发迹，如今是王氏集团的总裁。 【卷土重来】卷土：人马奔跑时卷起的尘土。形容失败后组织力量，重图恢复。 这次角逐虽则表现不佳，但我决定明天卷土重来。 【晨钟暮鼓】古代梵宇中晨敲钟，暮伐鼓以报时，用以使人惊悟的言论。 每当我想坏事时，就会想起母亲对我的晨钟暮鼓的叮咛。

【力争上游】起劲争取长进求学做人都要力争上游，不要自满於近况 【投笔从戎】一小我私家抛弃文职而插手卫国的行列。 大伯父高中结业后投笔从戎，步入军校就读，负起保家卫国的责任。 【前车之鉴】比喻前人的失败，可以作为后人的借鉴。 有了这个前车之鉴，我下次出门一定会带雨具。 【金石为开】至诚可感动任何事物。 表哥相信精诚所至，金石为开，他的成意一定可以感动王小姐的。 【勤能补拙】指勤勉起劲能弥补天资上的不足。 勤能补拙，只要你多付出心思，一定有乐成的机会。 【揠苗助长】揠：拔起。把苗拔起，以助其生长。后用来比喻违反事物的发展规律，操之过急，反倒坏事。 对学生的教育既不能揠苗助长，也能任其自然。 【闻鸡起舞】听见鸡鸣就起身，比喻人发奋勇前进修，励精图治。 老爷爷在乡间修养，天天闻鸡起舞，打太极健身。 【哀鸿遍野】哀鸿：哀鸣的鸿雁。比喻饥寒交迫的灾民。比喻在天灾人祸中到处都是流离失所、呻吟呼号的饥民。 旧社会，每逢水灾战乱，人民就被迫四处逃亡，～，一片凄凉。 【联袂登台】同台演出 今晚的演出听说会有两位名角联袂登台献艺。 【使人咋舌】令人惊讶

新视野大学英语读写教程第一册课文翻译及课后答案

Unit 1 1学习外语是我一生中最艰苦也是最有意义的经历之一。虽然时常遭遇挫折，但却非常有价值。 2我学外语的经历始于初中的第一堂英语课。老师很慈祥耐心，时常表扬学生。由于这种积极的教学方法，我踊跃回答各种问题，从不怕答错。两年中，我的成绩一直名列前茅。 3到了高中后，我渴望继续学习英语。然而，高中时的经历与以前大不相同。以前，老师对所有的学生都很耐心，而新老师则总是惩罚答错的学生。每当有谁回答错了，她就会用长教鞭指着我们，上下挥舞大喊：“错！错！错！”没有多久，我便不再渴望回答问题了。我不仅失去了回答问题的乐趣，而且根本就不想再用英语说半个字。 4好在这种情况没持续多久。到了大学，我了解到所有学生必须上英语课。与高中老师不。大学英语老师非常耐心和蔼，而且从来不带教鞭！不过情况却远不尽如人意。由于班大，每堂课能轮到我回答的问题寥寥无几。上了几周课后，我还发现许多同学的英语说得比我要好得多。我开始产生一种畏惧感。虽然原因与高中时不同，但我却又一次不敢开口了。看来我的英语水平要永远停步不前了。 5直到几年后我有机会参加远程英语课程，情况才有所改善。这种课程的媒介是一台电脑、一条电话线和一个调制解调器。我很快配齐了必要的设备并跟一个朋友学会了电脑操作技术，于是我每周用5到7天在网上的虚拟课堂里学习英语。 6网上学习并不比普通的课堂学习容易。它需要花许多的时间，需要学习者专心自律，以跟上课程进度。我尽力达到课程的最低要求，并按时完成作业。 7我随时随地都在学习。不管去哪里，我都随身携带一本袖珍字典和笔记本，笔记本上记着我遇到的生词。我学习中出过许多错，有时是令人尴尬的错误。有时我会因挫折而哭泣，有时甚至想放弃。但我从未因别的同学英语说得比我快而感到畏惧，因为在电脑屏幕上作出回答之前，我可以根据自己的需要花时间去琢磨自己的想法。突然有一天我发现自己什么都懂了，更重要的是，我说起英语来灵活自如。尽管我还是常常出错，还有很多东西要学，但我已尝到了刻苦学习的甜头。 8学习外语对我来说是非常艰辛的经历，但它又无比珍贵。它不仅使我懂得了艰苦努力的意义，而且让我了解了不同的文化，让我以一种全新的思维去看待事物。学习一门外语最令人兴奋的收获是我能与更多的人交流。与人交谈是我最喜欢的一项活动，新的语言使我能与陌生人交往，参与他们的谈话，并建立新的难以忘怀的友谊。由于我已能说英语，别人讲英语时我不再茫然不解了。我能够参与其中，并结交朋友。我能与人交流，并能够弥合我所说的语言和所处的文化与他们的语言和文化之间的鸿沟。 III. 1. rewarding 2. communicate 3. access 4. embarrassing 5. positive 6. commitment 7. virtual 8. benefits 9. minimum 10. opportunities IV. 1. up 2. into 3. from 4. with 5. to 6. up 7. of 8. in 9. for 10.with V. 1.G 2.B 3.E 4.I 5.H 6.K 7.M 8.O 9.F 10.C Sentence Structure VI. 1. Universities in the east are better equipped, while those in the west are relatively poor. 2. Allan Clark kept talking the price up, while Wilkinson kept knocking it down. 3. The husband spent all his money drinking, while his wife saved all hers for the family. 4. Some guests spoke pleasantly and behaved politely, while others wee insulting and impolite. 5. Outwardly Sara was friendly towards all those concerned, while inwardly she was angry. VII. 1. Not only did Mr. Smith learn the Chinese language, but he also bridged the gap between his culture and ours. 2. Not only did we learn the technology through the online course, but we also learned to communicate with friends in English. 3. Not only did we lose all our money, but we also came close to losing our lives.

新大学日语简明教程课文翻译

新大学日语简明教程课文翻译 第21课 一、我的留学生活 我从去年12月开始学习日语。已经3个月了。每天大约学30个新单词。每天学15个左右的新汉字，但总记不住。假名已经基本记住了。 简单的会话还可以，但较难的还说不了。还不能用日语发表自己的意见。既不能很好地回答老师的提问，也看不懂日语的文章。短小、简单的信写得了，但长的信写不了。 来日本不久就迎来了新年。新年时，日本的少女们穿着美丽的和服，看上去就像新娘。非常冷的时候，还是有女孩子穿着裙子和袜子走在大街上。 我在日本的第一个新年过得很愉快，因此很开心。 现在学习忙，没什么时间玩，但周末常常运动，或骑车去公园玩。有时也邀朋友一起去。虽然我有国际驾照，但没钱，买不起车。没办法，需要的时候就向朋友借车。有几个朋友愿意借车给我。 二、一个房间变成三个 从前一直认为睡在褥子上的是日本人，美国人都睡床铺，可是听说近来纽约等大都市的年轻人不睡床铺，而是睡在褥子上，是不是突然讨厌起床铺了？ 日本人自古以来就睡在褥子上，那自有它的原因。人们都说日本人的房子小，从前，很少有人在自己的房间，一家人住在一个小房间里是常有的是，今天仍然有人过着这样的生活。 在仅有的一个房间哩，如果要摆下全家人的床铺，就不能在那里吃饭了。这一点，褥子很方便。早晨，不需要褥子的时候，可以收起来。在没有了褥子的房间放上桌子，当作饭厅吃早饭。来客人的话，就在那里喝茶；孩子放学回到家里，那房间就成了书房。而后，傍晚又成为饭厅。然后收起桌子，铺上褥子，又成为了全家人睡觉的地方。 如果是床铺的话，除了睡觉的房间，还需要吃饭的房间和书房等，但如果使用褥子，一个房间就可以有各种用途。 据说从前，在纽约等大都市的大学学习的学生也租得起很大的房间。但现在房租太贵，租不起了。只能住更便宜、更小的房间。因此，似乎开始使用睡觉时作床，白天折小能成为椅子的、方便的褥子。

成语解释及例句

初二上语文期末复习之成语运用专项训练 1.恍如隔世：恍惚如同相隔了一辈子。喻事物变化发展很快，变化很大。 例句：他曾因躲避战乱而隐居深山，和平后下山才发觉人间变化巨大，真是感觉恍如隔世。 2.轻描淡写：原意是绘画时用浅淡颜色轻轻描绘。形容说话或作文章时对重要的地方淡淡带过。也比喻做事不费力。 例句：医生未说实话，看他可怜，就用轻描淡写的话安慰他。 如此严重的问题，轻描淡写地说了说就算完了？ 3.与狼共舞：跟恶狼一起跳舞，比喻跟所谋求的对象有利害冲突,决不能成功。后多指跟恶人商量,要他牺牲自己的利 益,一定办不到。也说比喻与恶人在一起，随时都有危险，须特别谨慎。 例句：没有比与狼共舞更危险的事情。江山易改，本性难移。狼就是狼，无论外表装饰得如何漂亮，不管如何能言善辩，狼就是狼，早晚会露出凶残、狡猾的真面目。 4.林林总总：林林:树木聚集成片的样子;总总:全部汇集状。形容人或事物繁多。 例句：在林林总总的这类故事中，也有一个是说鲁班学习海龙王宫殿的建筑艺术。 5.不速之客：速:邀请。没有邀请而自己来的客人。指意想不到的客人。 例句：我们正在聚餐时来了一位不速之客。 多年不见的老朋友，突然出现在我的眼前，真是不速之客。 大会主席团作出决定，会议期间不准无故迟到，对那些不遵守大会纪律的不速之客要通报批评。（不是突然来到的人。语意不符） 6.责无旁贷：自己的责任，不能推卸给别人；贷，推卸。 例句：杨丽萍在接受媒体采访时说，保护洱海，她责无旁贷，同时她欢迎广大媒体、网友监督。 作为课题负责人，他责无旁贷地走向主席台。（用“当仁不让”更合适，语意不符） 7.如火如荼：像火那样红，像荼（茅草的白花）那样白。原比喻军容之盛，现用来形容旺盛、热烈或激烈。 例句：过了两年“五四运动”发生了。报纸上的如火如荼的记载唤醒了他的被忘却了的青春。 8.鳞次栉比：形容房屋密集，像鱼鳞和梳子的齿一样，一个挨着一个地排列着。 例句：鳞次栉比的摩天大楼在霍尔河畔奇迹般地崛起，让人以为自己仿佛到了纽约。 包头是一个倚山濒水的城市，向北是峰峦鳞次栉比的阴山，向南是波涛汹涌、曲折回环的黄河。（多用来形容房屋或船只等排列得很密很整齐。不能用来形容“山”。） 9.珠光宝气：闪耀着珍宝的光色。多形容妇女服饰华贵富丽。 例句：温德姆大堂的香氛过于浓烈，像一个珠光宝气、香水味四溢的贵妇人如影随行。 10.退避三舍：比喻对人让步，不与相争。 例句：可见二位仁兄的学问，不但本校众人所不能及，即使天下文才，也当退避三舍哩! 这个地头蛇，人见人怕，连警察见了他都要退避三舍。（“退避三舍”比喻对人让步，不与之相争；不是形容害怕、恐怖。） 11.司空见惯：看惯了的事情，并不觉得奇怪。 例句：这种种行为，在我们初来的东方人看来，多少存着好奇心和注意的态度，但在他们已司空见惯了。 我们都司空见惯了那种“违者罚款”的告示牌。（“司空见惯”的意思是形容经常看到不足为奇的事物。后面不能带宾语。） 12.月白风清：形容月夜的明朗幽静。 例句：这是一个月白风清的良宵，校园散步的人三三两两从我身边走过。 13.脍炙人口：本指美味人人都爱吃，现比喻好的诗文或事物人人都称赞。 例句：我国古典诗歌内蕴丰富，很能激发人们的联想和想象。“日出江花红胜火，春来江水绿如蓝”，吟咏这脍炙人口的诗句，谁不为春回大地后祖国母亲多姿多彩的面貌而自豪。 历史是一面脍炙人口的镜子，面对它，我会正衣冠，知兴替，明得失。（指美味人人爱吃。比喻好的诗文受到人们和称赞和传讼。不能修饰“镜子”） 14.鲁殿灵光：汉代鲁恭王建有灵光殿，屡经战乱而岿然独存。后用来称硕果仅存的人或事物。

新视野大学英语第一册Unit 1课文翻译

新视野大学英语第一册Unit 1课文翻译 学习外语是我一生中最艰苦也是最有意义的经历之一。 虽然时常遭遇挫折，但却非常有价值。 我学外语的经历始于初中的第一堂英语课。 老师很慈祥耐心，时常表扬学生。 由于这种积极的教学方法，我踊跃回答各种问题，从不怕答错。 两年中，我的成绩一直名列前茅。 到了高中后，我渴望继续学习英语。然而，高中时的经历与以前大不相同。 以前，老师对所有的学生都很耐心，而新老师则总是惩罚答错的学生。 每当有谁回答错了，她就会用长教鞭指着我们，上下挥舞大喊：“错！错！错！” 没有多久，我便不再渴望回答问题了。 我不仅失去了回答问题的乐趣，而且根本就不想再用英语说半个字。 好在这种情况没持续多久。 到了大学，我了解到所有学生必须上英语课。 与高中老师不同，大学英语老师非常耐心和蔼，而且从来不带教鞭！ 不过情况却远不尽如人意。 由于班大，每堂课能轮到我回答的问题寥寥无几。 上了几周课后，我还发现许多同学的英语说得比我要好得多。 我开始产生一种畏惧感。 虽然原因与高中时不同，但我却又一次不敢开口了。 看来我的英语水平要永远停步不前了。 直到几年后我有机会参加远程英语课程，情况才有所改善。 这种课程的媒介是一台电脑、一条电话线和一个调制解调器。 我很快配齐了必要的设备并跟一个朋友学会了电脑操作技术，于是我每周用5到7天在网上的虚拟课堂里学习英语。 网上学习并不比普通的课堂学习容易。 它需要花许多的时间，需要学习者专心自律，以跟上课程进度。 我尽力达到课程的最低要求，并按时完成作业。 我随时随地都在学习。 不管去哪里，我都随身携带一本袖珍字典和笔记本，笔记本上记着我遇到的生词。 我学习中出过许多错，有时是令人尴尬的错误。 有时我会因挫折而哭泣，有时甚至想放弃。 但我从未因别的同学英语说得比我快而感到畏惧，因为在电脑屏幕上作出回答之前，我可以根据自己的需要花时间去琢磨自己的想法。 突然有一天我发现自己什么都懂了，更重要的是，我说起英语来灵活自如。 尽管我还是常常出错，还有很多东西要学，但我已尝到了刻苦学习的甜头。 学习外语对我来说是非常艰辛的经历，但它又无比珍贵。 它不仅使我懂得了艰苦努力的意义，而且让我了解了不同的文化，让我以一种全新的思维去看待事物。 学习一门外语最令人兴奋的收获是我能与更多的人交流。 与人交谈是我最喜欢的一项活动，新的语言使我能与陌生人交往，参与他们的谈话，并建立新的难以忘怀的友谊。 由于我已能说英语，别人讲英语时我不再茫然不解了。 我能够参与其中，并结交朋友。

新大学日语阅读与写作1 第3课译文

习惯与礼仪 我是个漫画家，对旁人细微的动作、不起眼的举止等抱有好奇。所以，我在国外只要做错一点什么，立刻会比旁人更为敏锐地感觉到那个国家的人们对此作出的反应。 譬如我多次看到过，欧美人和中国人见到我们日本人吸溜吸溜地出声喝汤而面露厌恶之色。过去，日本人坐在塌塌米上，在一张低矮的食案上用餐，餐具离嘴较远。所以，养成了把碗端至嘴边吸食的习惯。喝羹匙里的东西也象吸似的，声声作响。这并非哪一方文化高或低，只是各国的习惯、礼仪不同而已。 日本人坐在椅子上围桌用餐是1960年之后的事情。当时，还没有礼仪规矩，甚至有人盘着腿吃饭。外国人看见此景大概会一脸厌恶吧。 韩国女性就座时，单腿翘起。我认为这种姿势很美，但习惯于双膝跪坐的日本女性大概不以为然，而韩国女性恐怕也不认为跪坐为好。 日本等多数亚洲国家，常有人习惯在路上蹲着。欧美人会联想起狗排便的姿势而一脸厌恶。 日本人常常把手放在小孩的头上说“好可爱啊！”，而大部分外国人会不愿意。 如果向回教国家的人们劝食猪肉和酒，或用左手握手、递东西，会不受欢迎的。当然，饭菜也用右手抓着吃。只有从公用大盘往自己的小盘里分食用的公勺是用左手拿。一旦搞错，用黏糊糊的右手去拿，

会遭人厌恶。 在欧美，对不受欢迎的客人不说“请脱下外套”，所以电视剧中的侦探哥隆波总是穿着外套。访问日本家庭时，要在门厅外脱掉外套后进屋。穿到屋里会不受欢迎的。 这些习惯只要了解就不会出问题，如果因为不知道而遭厌恶、憎恨，实在心里难受。 过去，我曾用色彩图画和简短的文字画了一本《关键时刻的礼仪》（新潮文库）。如今越发希望用各国语言翻译这本书。以便能对在日本的外国人有所帮助。同时希望有朝一日以漫画的形式画一本“世界各国的习惯与礼仪”。 练习答案 ５、 （１）止める並んでいる見ているなる着色した （２）拾った入っていた行ったしまった始まっていた

三年级下册成语解释及造句

群芳吐艳：各种花草树木竞相开放出艳丽的花朵。比喻各种不同形式和风格的艺 术自由发展。也形容艺术界的繁荣景象。 什么花儿都争着开放.形容春意盎然的样子 造句—花展上的鲜花竞相开放，真是群芳吐艳，美不胜收啊！ 春天悄然而至，走到花园里，各种花群芳吐艳。 姹紫嫣红：姹：美丽。嫣：美好。形容各种花娇艳美丽 春天来了，处处姹紫嫣红，花儿们争先恐后的开放着。 满园的鲜花，争相怒放，一片姹紫嫣红、生机勃勃的景象，令人流连忘返。 郁郁葱葱的草丛中，一些姹紫嫣红的花朵煞是好看，大有百花争艳的气势。 落英缤纷：落英：落花。缤纷：繁多凌乱的样子。形容落花纷纷飘落的美丽情景。 这里山清水秀，落英缤纷，景色迷人。 傍晚的梅花林，斜阳西坠，落英缤纷，实在太美了。 鲜花盛开，花瓣纷纷飘落。形容春天的美好景色。也指花儿凋谢的暮春天气。 郁郁葱葱：形容草木苍翠茂盛的样子。也形容气势美好蓬勃。 山道两旁到处郁郁葱葱，风景美不胜收。 细雨滋润过后的草地绿意盎然郁郁葱葱。 那片树木葱葱郁郁的，十分茂盛。 夏日的池塘里,郁郁葱葱的荷叶映衬着亭亭玉立的荷花,真是一幅美丽的画卷啊! 那片树木葱葱郁郁的，十分茂盛。 喷薄欲出：喷薄：有力地向上涌的样子。形容水涌起或太阳初升时涌上地平线 的景象。 鸟儿唱着欢乐的歌，迎接着喷薄欲出的朝阳。 .我们来到了层峦叠翠郁郁葱葱的山腰.喷薄欲出的红日照耀着苍翠欲滴的古松。 旭日东升：旭日:早上刚出来的太阳．早上太阳从东方升起．形容朝气蓬勃的 气象． 在这个旭日东升晴朗的早晨，让我们一起来热情的做早操吧！ 中国正如旭日东升般，充满活力。 她们黑暗中挣扎和最后看到了旭日东升，破涕为笑，对未来充满希望。

知己的近义词反义词及知己的造句

知己的近义词反义词及知己的造句 本文是关于知己的近义词反义词及知己的造句，感谢您的阅读！ 知己的近义词反义词及知己的造句知己 基本解释：顾名思义是了解、理解、赏识自己的人，如"知己知彼，百战不殆";更常指懂你自己的挚友或密友，它是一生难求的朋友，友情的最高境界。正所谓:"士为知己者死"。 1.谓了解、理解、赏识、懂自己。 2.彼此相知而情谊深切的人。 【知己近义词】 亲信，好友，密友，心腹，挚友，深交，相知，知交，知友，知心，知音，石友，老友，至友 【知己反义词】 仇人敌人陌路 【知己造句】 1、我们想要被人爱、想拥有知己、想历经欢乐、想要安全感。 2、朋友本应是我们的亲密知己和支持者，但对于大多数人来说，有一些朋友比起帮助我们，更多的却是阻碍。 3、那么，为什么你就认为，随着年龄的增长，比起女人来男人们的知己和丰富的人际关系更少，因此一般容易更孤独呢？ 4、他成了我的朋友、我的知己、我的顾问。 5、无论在我当州长还是总统的时候，布鲁斯都是我的密友、顾问和知己。他这样的朋友人人需要，也是所有总统必须拥有的。

6、波兰斯基有着一段声名卓著的电影生涯，也是几乎所有电影界重要人物们的挚友和同事，他们是知己，是亲密的伙伴。 7、搜索引擎变成了可以帮追我们的忏悔室，知己，信得过的朋友。 8、这样看来，奥巴马国家安全团队中最具影响力的当属盖茨了――但他却是共和党人，他不会就五角大楼以外问题发表看法或成为总统知己。 9、我们的关系在二十年前就已经和平的结束了，但在网上，我又一次成为了他精神层面上的评论家，拉拉队，以及红颜知己。 10、这位“知己”，作为拍摄者，站在距离电视屏幕几英尺的地方对比着自己年轻版的形象。 11、父亲与儿子相互被形容为对方的政治扩音筒、知己和后援。 12、这对夫妻几乎没有什么至交或知己依然在世，而他们在后纳粹时期的德国也不可能会说出实话的。 13、她把我当作知己，于是，我便将她和情人之间的争吵了解得一清二楚。 14、有一种友谊不低于爱情；关系不属于暖昧；倾诉一直推心置腹；结局总是难成眷属；这就是知己！ 15、把你的治疗师当做是可以分享一切心事的知己。 16、莉莉安对我敞开心胸，我成了她的知己。 17、据盖洛普民意调查显示，在那些自我认同的保守党人中，尽管布什仍维持72%支持率，但他在共和党领导层中似乎很少有几位知

新视野大学英语(第三版)读写教程第二册课文翻译(全册)

新视野大学英语第三版第二册读写课文翻译 Unit 1 Text A 一堂难忘的英语课 1 如果我是唯一一个还在纠正小孩英语的家长，那么我儿子也许是对的。对他而言，我是一个乏味的怪物：一个他不得不听其教诲的父亲，一个还沉湎于语法规则的人，对此我儿子似乎颇为反感。 2 我觉得我是在最近偶遇我以前的一位学生时，才开始对这个问题认真起来的。这个学生刚从欧洲旅游回来。我满怀着诚挚期待问她：“欧洲之行如何？” 3 她点了三四下头，绞尽脑汁，苦苦寻找恰当的词语，然后惊呼：“真是，哇！” 4 没了。所有希腊文明和罗马建筑的辉煌居然囊括于一个浓缩的、不完整的语句之中！我的学生以“哇！”来表示她的惊叹，我只能以摇头表达比之更强烈的忧虑。 5 关于正确使用英语能力下降的问题，有许多不同的故事。学生的确本应该能够区分诸如their/there/they're之间的不同，或区别complimentary 跟complementary之间显而易见的差异。由于这些知识缺陷，他们承受着大部分不该承受的批评和指责，因为舆论认为他们应该学得更好。 6 学生并不笨，他们只是被周围所看到和听到的语言误导了。举例来说，杂货店的指示牌会把他们引向stationary（静止处），虽然便笺本、相册、和笔记本等真正的stationery（文具用品）并没有被钉在那儿。朋友和亲人常宣称They've just ate。实际上，他们应该说They've just eaten。因此，批评学生不合乎情理。 7 对这种缺乏语言功底而引起的负面指责应归咎于我们的学校。学校应对英语熟练程度制定出更高的标准。可相反，学校只教零星的语法，高级词汇更是少之又少。还有就是，学校的年轻教师显然缺乏这些重要的语言结构方面的知识，因为他们过去也没接触过。学校有责任教会年轻人进行有效的语言沟通，可他们并没把语言的基本框架——准确的语法和恰当的词汇——充分地传授给学生。

成语大全解释及造句

成语大全解释及造句 本文是关于成语大全解释及造句，感谢您的阅读！ 首尾乖互：相互违违，先后自相矛盾。 你这人说话如许首尾乖互，叫我怎么信任你。 引颈受戮：戮：杀。伸长脖子等待被杀。指不作抵当而等死。 犯人知道自己罪责难逃，只有引颈受戮了。 衣不曳地：曳，拖动。时装不沾地，比喻非常繁忙。 这几天工作太多了，他都已经衣不曳地了。 水洁冰清：像冰水同样洁白清净。形容人品高洁或文笔雅致。 她是如许一个水洁冰清的人，怎么会和那一些坏人在一起。 如鲠在喉：鱼骨头卡在咽喉里。比喻生理有话没有说出来，非常难受。 我知道真象，但又不能说出来，真是如鲠在喉呀。 仰事俯畜：上要侍奉怙恃，下要养活妻儿。泛指维持一家生活。 父亲天天起早摊黑，仰事俯畜，非常辛苦。 为恶不悛：对峙作歹，不愿悔改。 这个报酬恶不悛，终究要受到法律的制裁。 无补于时：对事情没有什么益处。 此刻不努力学习，等未来悔怨了也无补于时了。 有脚书厨：戏称记闻精确、常识渊博的人。 他好学善思、常识博识，真是个有脚书厨呀 一字一珠：一个字就像一颗真珠。形容歌声婉转圆润。也比喻文

章优美、辞藻华美。 如许的文章真是一字一珠，看上几遍，还是回味无穷。 1、一拥而入：体育运动场的大门刚一打开，迷球的人们就一拥而入。 2。肝火冲冲：冲冲：感情冲动的样子。形容非常生气。《不知为何，他肝火冲冲地走进了教室。》 3。目不转睛：聚、会：堆积。形容注意力非常集中。《教室里同窗们都在目不转睛地听老师讲课。》 4。喃喃自语：自己和自己说话。《在路口经常可以看到一个老人，坐在那里喃喃自语。》 5。千钧一发：形容情况十分求助紧急。《就在要撞车的千钧一发的时候，司机紧迫刹住了汽车。》 6。精兵简政：简：使简化。《有些单位必需精兵简政，不断提高工作效率。》 7。五光十色：《一到夜晚，五光十色的灯把厦门装扮患上更加美丽。》 8。雨后春天的竹笋：形容新生物质大量涌现。《鼎新开放以来，工厂如雨后春天的竹笋般地不断涌现。》 9。满目琳琅：比喻面前出现了许多精美的物质。《那里展出的的工具满目琳琅，使我们的秋水应接没时间。》 10。顶天登时：形容形象非常高大，气概豪爽。《他至公无私，真是一个堂堂正正、顶天登时的男子汉。》