快速阅读练习

Exercise 1

If You Think We Think Alike, Think Again

After 20 years of marriage, my husband still doesn’t understand me. Why, he wants to know, am I always doing three things at once? How is it that I am never at a loss for words? And how can I recall the names of the couple we met years ago in Hawaii?

Now I know what to tell him: it’s my brain.

Although there are obviously cultural reasons for our differences in emotions and behavior, recent breakthrough research reveals that the root of many puzzling gender differences may lie in our heads. Men’s and women’s brains have much in common, but they are definitely not the same – in size, structure or sensitivities. Overall, a woman’s brain, like her body, is ten to 15 percent smaller than a man’s, yet the regions dedicated to higher cognition such as language may be more densely packed with neurons.

According to researchers, here are the most important ways women’s brains differ from men’s.

Women use more of their brains.

―Whatever women do—even just wiggling their thumbs—their neuron activity is more greatly distributed throughout the brain,‖ says Dr. Mark George, a psychiatrist and neurologist at the Medical University of South Carolina.

When a man puts his mind to work, neurons turn on in highly specific areas of the brain. When a woman does, her brain cells light up such a patchwork that the scans look like a night view of Las Vegas.

One possible though controversial explanation: the corpus callosum, the bridge of fibers running down the center of the brain, is thicker in females, which may allow more ―crosstalk‖between the emotional, intuitive right hemisphere and the ratinal, just-the-facts left. As a result, the female brain may make connections that might not occur to a man, some call this skill a form of emotional intelligence; others think of it as women’s intuition.

Yet, at least in some instances, men may be better able to focus intensely. This may explain why my husband can immerse himself in a book or the newspaper while the phone rings and the dog barks.

A women’s brain responds more intensely to emotion.

When Mark George scanned the brains of men and women as they recalled emotional experiences, he found the sexes respond differently to emotions, especially sadness. Though prompted by the same kinds of experiences, melancholy feelings activated neurons in an area eight times larger in women than in men. The way our brains react to sadness may, at least in theory, increase vulnerability to depression, which is twice as common in women as in men.

The female brain also may detect others’emotions more accurately. Dr. Raquel Gur, a neuropsychiatrist at the University of Pennsylvania, and her husband, psychologist Ruben Gur, did brain scans on volunteers who viewed photographs of actors depicting various emotions. Both sexes knew happiness when they saw it, but the men had a much harder time recognizing sadness in women. ―A woman’ face had to be really sad for a man to see it,‖ Ruben Gur says.

Women have a way with words.

Girls generally speak sooner and read faster. The reason may be that females use neural regions on both sides of the brain when they read, say Drs. Sally and Bennett Shaywitz, Yale University professors of pediatrics and neurology. In contrast, makes draw only on neural regions in the left hemisphere.

As adults, women also tend to be more verbally adept. In tests women think of more words that start with the same letter, list more synonyms and come up with names for colors or shapes more quickly than men.

Perhaps even more important: the female brain’s dual-hemisphere language processing helps women who suffer stroke or brain injury recover more easily. ―Because women activate a larger network of neurons than men when they speak or read,‖ says Dr. George, ―they’re less vulnerable if part of the brain is damaged.‖

Women navigate differently from men.

On the road, women pay more attention to what they see, particularly to landmarks like the coffee shop on the corner or the church across form the playground. When retracing a route or giving directions, women rely on such landmarks, while men think in terms of direction and distance (―half a mile west, then north two miles‖).

―I suspect men are born with some biological component that gives them an edge in spatial tasks,‖says science writer Deborah Blum, who notes that males consistently score higher in exercises such as mentally rotating an object in three dimensions. It may explain why my husband can park a minivan in a space the size of a postage stamp.

A woman’s memory is sharper.

At every age, women’s memories outperform men’s, reports psychologist Thomas Crook, president of Psychologix, a research organization that has tested the memories of more than 50,000 men and women. ―Women have a greater ability to associate names with faces than men do, and they’re also better at recalling lists.‖

―The events people remember best are those that we tag with an emotion,‖Crook says. ―Since women use more of their right brains, which process emotions, they may do this automatically.‖

The brain ages more slowly for women.

A study reported in the Archives of Neurology found that the male brain shrinks faster than the female brain. Among the consequences: poorer memory, less ability to pay attention, a more depressed mood and, consequently, greater irritability. ―Yes, men do get grumpier with old age,‖says Ruben Gur. ―You can blame it on their brains.‖

The reason that men’s brains change size so drastically may have to do with fuel efficiency. The female brain seems able to reduce its metabolic rate—that is, its use of brain glucose—over time, whereas older men metabolize glucose at higher rates than when they were younger.

But while women’s brains are more durable, they aren’t impervious to the effects of aging. Of the four million Americans affected by Alzheimer’s disease, an estimated three-quarters are women. According to some studies, estrogen replacement therapy may reduce the risk and delay the symptoms of the disease in women.

While we don’t yet know the implications of all these findings, one thing is clear, says Raquel Gur: ―Male and female brains do the same things. But they do them differently.‖

1. This passage tells about many puzzling gender differences.

2. Compared with a woman, a man may be better able to focus intensely.

3. Research shows that the bridge of fibers is thicker in females.

4. Females use both sides of the brain when they read while males draw only on the left hemisphere.

5. When giving directions, men rely on landmarks, while women think in terms of direction and distance.

6. Women recover more easily from heart attacks because of their better language processing ability.

7. Women have a greater ability to associate names with faces than men do, but they’re less at recalling lists.

8. According to Crook, the events people remember best are those ________________.

9. The reason that a man’s brains shrink faster than a woman’s brain may have to do with____________.

10. Of the four million Americans affected by Alzheimer’s disease, women account for_________.

Exercise 2

Patient Information about AVANDIA (rosiglitazone maleate)

2 mg, 4 mg, and 8 my Tablets

What is Avandia?

Avandia is one product in a class of prescription drugs called thiazolidinediones (thigh-a-deen-die-owns) or TZDs. It is used to treat type 2 diabetes by helping the body use the insulin that it is already making. Avandia comes as pills that can be taken either once a day or twice a day to help improve blood sugar levels.

How does Avandia treat type 2 diabetes?

If you have type 2 diabetes, your body probably still produces insulin but it is not able to use the insulin efficiently. Insulin is needed to allow sugar to be carried form the bloodstream into many cells of the body for energy. If insulin is not being used correctly, sugar does not enter the cells very well and builds up in the blood. If not controlled, the high blood sugar level can lead to serious medical problems, including kidney damage, blindness and amputation.

Avandia helps your body use insulin by making the cells more sensitive to insulin so that the sugar can enter the cell.

How quickly will Avandia begin to work?

Avandia begins to reduce blood sugar levels within 2 weeks. However, since Avandia works to address an important underlying cause of type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, it may take 8 to 12

weeks to see the full effect. If you do not respond adequately to your starting dose of Avandia, your physician may increase your daily dose to improve your blood sugar control.

How should I take Avandia?

Your doctor may tell you to take Avandia once a day or twice a day (in the morning and evening). It can be taken with or without meals. Food does not affect how Avandia works. To help you remember to take Avandia, you may want to take it at the same time every day.

What if I miss a dose?

If your doctor has prescribed Avandia for use once a day:

●As soon as you remember your missed dose, take one tablet anytime during the day.

●If you forget and go a whole day without taking a dose, don’t try to make it u by adding

another dose on the following day. Forget about the missed dose and simply follow your normal schedule.

If your doctor has prescribed Avandia for use twice a day:

●As soon as you remember the missed dose, take one tablet.

●Take the next dose at the normal time on the same day.

●Don’t try to make up a missed dose from the day before.

●You should never take three doses on any single day in order to make up for a missed dose

the day before.

Do I need to test my blood for sugar while using Avandia?

Yes, you should follow your doctor’s instructions about your at-home testing schedule.

Does Avandia cure type 2 diabetes?

Currently there is no cure for diabetes. The only way to avoid the effects of the disease is to maintain good blood sugar control by following your doctor’s advice for diet, exercise, weight control, and medication. Avandia, alone or in combination with other antidiabetic drugs (i.e., sulfonylureas or metformin), may improve these other efforts by helping your body make better use of the insulin it already produces.

Can I take Avandia with other medications?

Avandia has been taken safely by people using other medications, including other antidiabetic medications, birth control pills, warfarin (a blood thinner), Zantac (ranitidine, an antiulcer product form GlaxoSmithKline), certain heart medications, and some cholesterol-lowering products. You should discuss with your doctor the most appropriate plan for you. If you are taking prescription or over-the-counter products for your diabetes or for conditions other than diabetes, be sure to tell your doctor. Sometimes a patient who is taking two antidiabetic medications each day can become irritable, lightheaded or excessively tired. Tell your doctor if this occurs; your blood sugar levels may be dropping too low, and the dose of your medication may need to be reduced.

What should I discuss with my doctor before taking Avandia?

Avandia in combination with insulin may increase the risk of serious heart problems. Because of this, talk to your doctor before using Avandia and insulin together. Avandia may cause fluid

retention or swelling which could lead to or worsen heart failure, so tell your doctor if you have a history of these conditions. You should also talk to your doctor if you have liver problems, or if you are nursing, pregnant or thinking of becoming pregnant. If you are a premenopausal woman who is not ovulating, you should know that Avandia therapy may result in the resumption of ovulation, which may increase your chances of becoming pregnant. Therefore, you may need to consider birth control options.

What are the possible side effects of Avandia?

Avandia was generally well tolerated in clinical trials. The most common side effects reported by people taking Avandia were upper respiratory infection (cold-like symptoms) and headache. As with most other diabetes medications, you may experience an increase in weight. You may also experience edema (swelling) and/or anemia (tiredness). If you experience any swelling of your extremities (e.g. legs, ankles) or tiredness, notify your doctor. Talk to your doctor immediately if you experience edema, shortness of breath, an unusually rapid increase in weight, or other symptoms of heart failure.

Who should not use Avandia?

You should not take Avandia if you are in the later stages of heart failure or if you have active liver disease. The following people should also not take Avandia: People with type 1 diabetes, people who experienced yellowing of the skin with Rezulin (troglitazone, Parke-Davis), people who are allergic to Avandia or any of its components and people with diabetic ketoacidosis.

Why are laboratory tests recommended?

Your doctor may conduct blood tests to measure your blood sugar control. Blood tests to check for serious liver problems should be conducted before starting Avandia, every 2 months during the first year, and periodically thereafter.

It is important that you call your doctor immediately if you experience unexplained symptoms of nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, tiredness, anorexia, dark urine, or yellowing of the skin.

How should I store Avandia?

Avandia should be stored at room temperature in a childproof container out of the reach of children. Store Avandia in its original container.

1. This article is about a product which cures type 2 diabetes.

2. When you have type 2 diabetes, sugar does not enter the cells very well.

3. It takes at least 2 weeks for Avandia to be effective.

4. Avandia should be taken at the same time every day.

5. If you miss a dose, take one tablet as soon as you remember it, but don’t try to make up a missed dose from the day before.

6. Avandia should not be taken together with aspirin.

7. Avandia cannot be taken by pregnant women or women thinking of becoming pregnant.

8. High blood sugar level can lead to serious medical problems, such as _____________, if it is not controlled.

9. When taken together with insulin, Avandia may increase the risk of _______________.

10. The most common side effects reported by people taking Avandia were _______________.

Exercise 3

Vote for Our Hero of the Year

Every month, Reader’s Digest spotlights ordinary citizens who risk something big—their reputation, their money, sometimes even their lives—to help someone else. Here we profile seven of the most extraordinary Americans we know. Whose story inspired you the most? Cast your vote at https://www.wendangku.net/doc/11992203.html,/everyday heroes. We’ll update you on our winner in the April issue.

The Good Doctor

The tiny village of Bayou La Batre, Ala., had been without a doctor for several years when Regian Benjamin turned a shuttered pharmacy into a community clinic. And in they came—patients with problems you didn’t often see in medical school: shrimp poisoning from the seafood plants, fishhooks in eyebrows, shark bites.

In 1998 Hurricane Georges roared through, smashing everything in its path. The clinic was destroyed. For two years, Benjamin made house calls in her battered pickup, working weekends as an ER physician and running up her credit cards while rebuilding her clinic.

In June 2002, Benjamin, at 45, became the first woman and the first African American to be named president of the Medical Association of the State of Alabama. But her passion remains her patients. Every once in a while a headhunter calls with a job offer. For Benjamin the answer is easy: ―Not interested.‖

The Shadow

Driving up a residential street in the quiet suburb of Clarkston, Wash., Kim Heimgartner noticed a man pulling a girl of 11 or so into a white sedan. The girl struggled, but the man yanked her by the backpack, shoved her into the backseat and sped off.

―Maybe it was her dad,‖ Heimgartner wondered. Possibly. But …

With her own six-year-old daughter in her Jeep, Heimgartner turned around and followed the sedan out of town. She dialed 911. I’ve witnessed a possible abduction, she explained, describing their remote location near a landfill.

Heimgartner’s hunch was right. After a three-hour standoff with police, the kidnapper surrendered. In his car were a gun, knives, cameras, duct tape and 90 rounds of ammunition. He is now serving a 13-year, 8-month prison term. And Heimgartner knows to trust her gut instinct.

The Brave Boy

―I went into the ditch and flipped over twice,‖recalls Tammy hill of the accident on Thanksgiving, 2002. ―Luckily, the kids were all in car seats. I went through the driver’s side window.‖Hill’s seven-year-old son, Titus Adams, suddenly became the head of the family. He wrapped blankets around his two younger sisters, crawled through the broken window and wearing only his pajamas and socks, walked toward the lights of a dairy farm a third of a mile away. Weather reports showed it was below freezing, and Titus was scared of the dark. Colorado

State Trooper J. R. Peters was the first officer to arrive at the accident scene. ―This kid was unbelievable,‖he said. Tammy’s injuries were severe, but thanks to her son, she’s going to be okay.

The Track Star

All Brad Mccorkle intended that afternoon was to meet his cousin, Kim, for lunch. But when he got to Valley Bank in Davenport, Iowa, where Kim worked as a teller, a man leapt over the gate by the teller’s window and rushed past. Kim pointed at the man and mouthed to McCorkle, a former track star, ―Go get him!‖

Across the street, through a supermarket parking lot, over a barbed-wire fence, McCorkle chased the man, cornering him in somebody’s backyard. When police arrived, they found $12,940 in the man’s pocket. Coincidentally, the pursuit lasted a quarter of a mile—McCorkle’s best distance. The robber was sentenced to ten years.

The Mountain Climber

At 13,000 feet, about to summit Colorado’s Quandary Peak, Andy Kass and Matt Wisniewski felt like they were on top of the world. But in a flash, the snow beneath their feet cracked wide open, and both men were swept downhill at 50 m.p.h.

Kass somersaulted some 200 feet; when he awoke, his face was bloody and his friend was gone. Dazed and shivering, he started down the mountain, hoping to find Wisniewski before sunset. But his numb fingers couldn’t grip the handholds in the cliff and bam!—he fell, dropping four stories onto solid granite, smashing his kneecap. Kass screamed out in pain, but struggled to his feet and kept going.

At the bottom, he saw Wisniewski, his face blank and his body temperature dangerously low. Kass forced himself into a run, adrenaline helping him push through the pain, until he found a house with a phone to call 911.

Wisniewski’s heart stopped twice while medics rushed him to the hospital. Amazingly, he recovered, marveling: ―Andy ran for my life.‖

The Boogie Boarder

Day one of his vacation in Maui: Stephen Bona was goofing around on his boogie board when he saw something huge and gray leap out of the water about 20 yards away. Shark!

Instinctively, he turned to catch the next wave in. then he heard screams. A ten-foot shark had grabbed hold of Julie Given-Glance, a 34-year-old triathlete. Her right hand was nearly severed and she was losing blood.

The other swimmers headed back in. Common sense told Bona to follow. Instead, he paddled into the crimson waves. He slipped his board under the victim’s back and started kicking for the faraway beach. They both knew that blood attracts sharks.

It took surgeons four hours to reattach Given-Glance’s hand. But a year after the attack, she planned to head back to Hawaii—back to the Pacific to swim.

The Cowgirl

Just before Christmas, 2002, intruders broke into Melissa Alexander’s parents’ garage in German Township, Ohio. They’d intended to steal a car, or the presents stashed in Melissa’s mom’s trunk,

or both. As two figures ran down the driveway, Melissa, pajama-clad and shoeless, dashed after them. One intruder looked back just as Melissa—all five-foot-three and 115 pounds of her—took a running jump. She tackled him as they slid across the icy ground. ―Don’t even think about moving,‖she said. With a 37-foot lunge line, used to tame horses, she roped the man’s hands behind his head and pinned him to the ground with her body weight. The men were found guilty of criminal trespass and theft charges.

1. The tiny village in which Regian Benjamin worked as a doctor was far from sea.

2. Heimgartner was alone in her Jeep when she noticed a man pulling a girl of 11 or so into a white sedan.

3. The brave boy Titus who saved his mother was not scared of the dark at all.

4. With his face blank and his body temperature dangerously low, Kass tried his best to help his friend.

5. It was the first time that Andy Kass and Matt Wisniewski was about to summit Colorado’s Quandary Peak when the snow beneath their feet cracked wide open.

6. Stephen Bona was on holiday when he saw a huge and gray shark leap out of the water at the sea.

7. Brad Mccorkle was able to catch the robber because he’s good at running.

8. Benjamin became the first woman and the first African American to be named _____________.

9. The robber Brad Mccorkle caught was later sentenced to _____________.

10. The two men who Melissa caught were found guilty of ______________.

Exercise 4

Aspirin: Exciting New Benefits

Aspirin may be the most familiar drug in the world—but its power to heal goes far beyond the usual aches and pains. Exciting new studies suggest that aspirin can help fight a wide range of serious illnesses. ―It now seems to be a benefit in so many areas of health,‖says Dr. Debra Judelson, medical director of the Women’s Heart Institute in Beverly Hills, Calif. ―I advise most of my patients, as long as they aren’t allergic to aspirin and don’t have bleeding problems, to take low-dose aspirin.‖

Here are some major illnesses and conditions that aspirin or aspirin-like drugs might help prevent.

Alzheimer’s. ―Research over the last five years has shown that inflammation within the brain plays a role in the development of Alzheimer’s disease,‖ says Dr. Richard B. Lipton, professor of psychiatry, neurology and epidemiology at Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York City. This may explain studies showing that people who have been regularly taking anti-inflammatory drugs for other reasons, such as to treat arthritis or to prevent car-diovascular disease, are less likely to develop Alzheimer’s.

―Elderly people who take aspirin have a lower rate of cognitive loss,’says Dr. Charles H. Hennekens of the University of Miami School of Medicine. ―So aspirin may have an impact not just on Alzheimer’s but on the large number of patients who experience memory loss with age.‖

Diabetes-Related Heart Disease. Researchers have found evidence that diabetics are prone to an increased production of thromboxane, a substance that encourages platelets to clump together. Due, in part, to this effect, people with diabetes are two to four times more likely than non-diabetics to die from thcomplications of cardiovascular disease.

Aspirin helps prevent diabetes-related heart disease, in part by blocking the synthesis of thromboxane. The Physicians’ Health Study, a landmark clinical trial directed by Dr. hennekens, revealed a 44-percent reduction in heart attacks in men placed on aspirin therapy, and an even greater reduction among diabetic men. The American Diabetes Association recommends using low-dose aspirin to reduce the development of car-diovascular disease in many of the more than 14 million adult diabetics in the United States.

Cancer. Over the last decade there has been keen interest in the use of aspirin to prevent cancer. ―Experiments have shown that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including aspirin, inhibit tumors in a whole array of cancers, including cancers of the colon, esophagus and stomach,‖ says Dr. Michael Thun, vice president for epidemiology and surveillance research for the American Cancer Society. At Harvard medical School, the long-term Nurses’ Health Study (which involves nearly 90,000 female nurses), has revealed a 30-percent reduction in colorectal cancer among those women who used aspirin regularly for ten to 19 years and a 44-percent reduction after 20 years of consistent aspirin use.

Heart Attack. Most of us know that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommends aspirin as a way of preventing heart attacks in those known to have a heart condition, but few of us realize it can help at the onset of an attack. In 1998 the FDA advised that individuals experiencing the symptoms of a heart attack should immediately take aspirin. A worldwide study of 17,187 patients directed by Dr. Hennekens has shown that there is a 23-percent reduction in the death rate when aspirin is taken within 24 hours of experiencing heart-attack symptoms.

Cardiologist Debra Judelson has seen its benefits firsthand. On an airplane flight, a fellow passenger turned pale, began suffering chest pains and had trouble breathing. She quickly gave the man two aspirin, and in a few moments his pain abated, his lungs cleared and his color returned.

When the man was taken to a hospital, doctors found that one of his coronary arteries was more than 95-percent blocked. ―The doctors opened the vessel and sent him home two days later,‖Dr. Judelson says. The aspirin had disrupted the formation of blood clots in the clogged artery.

―If you think you’re having a heart attack, chew two aspirin,‖advises Dr. Judelson. ―Chewing leads to more rapid absorption than swallowing whole. With a heart attack, minutes mean muscle. The longer you wait, the more muscle is damaged.‖

Antibiotic-Induced hearing Loss. Research suggests that hearing loss associated with common antibiotics called aminoglycosides can be curtailed by taking aspirin along with the drugs. ―These antibiotics are among the most commonly used throughout the world,‖ explains Jochen Schacht, professor of biological chemistry at the University of Michigan Medical School. ―Many bacterial infections that are resistant to other drugs respond best to these. We estimate that ten percent of all those admitted to our hospital receive aminoglycosides.‖

At the same time, says Schach, ―the World Health Organization considers these drugs a significant cause of preventable deafness.‖ They can combine with iron in the body to form free

radicals—unstable molecules that can damage cells, including the thousands of tiny hair cells found in the inner ear. Once these hair cells are damaged, the inner ear loses its ability to detect sounds, leading to permanent hearing loss.

Preliminary studies in animals indicate that salicylate—what aspirin becomes after it is broken down by the body—prevents the formation of free radicals and, thus, antibiotic-induced hearing loss.

Before beginning daily aspirin use, check with your physician. Despite their enthusiasm for aspirin, doctors remind us there can be significant risk for some people in taking the drug. By thinning the blood, aspirin can retard clotting and cause excessive bleeding. So regular aspirin use may not be appropriate for people with digestive disorders, gastro-intestinal bleeding or other bleeding problems. Those planning to undergo even minor surgery should tell their doctors if they’re on aspirin therapy. Also, aspirin isn’t recommended for children and teens because of its association with Reye’s syndrome, a rare but dangerous childhood disease.

For many, however, aspirin may be just the therapy to help prevent some of our most dreaded illnesses. ―I think it’s the wonder drug of the 21st century,‖ says Hennekens.

1. People who have been regularly taking anti-inflammatory drugs are more likely to develop Alzheimer’s.

2. According to Dr. Charles H. Hennekens of the University of Miami School of Medicine, aspirin may have an impact on those who experience memory loss with age.

3. Experiments have shown that aspirin can inhibit lung cancer.

4. The FDA once advised that individuals experiencing the symptoms of a heart attack should immediately take aspirin.

5. Dr. Judelson advised that if you think you’re having a heart attack, chew two aspirin instead of swallowing whole.

6. When you take regular aspirin, it is dangerous for you to miss a dose.

7. Hearing loss may be associated with some most commonly used antibiotics.

8. Aspirin isn’t recommended for children and teens because of it is associated with _____________, a rare but dangerous childhood disease.

9. People with______ gastro-intestinal bleeding or other bleeding problems should not use regular aspirin.

10. After aspirin is broken down by the body, it becomes_________.

Exercise 5

General-Interest Publications [Online]

Acid Rain and Our Nation's Capital

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/11992203.html,/gip/acidrain/

This booklet focuses on acid rain and its impact on our Nation's capital. Rain in Washington, D.C., has an average acidity of 4.2, about as acid as a carbonated drink

and more than ten times as acid as clean, unpolluted rain. This booklet will define acid rain, explain what effects it has on marble and limestone buildings, and show, on a walking tour, some of the places in our Nation's capital where you can see the impact of acid precipitation.

Birth of the Mountains: The Geologic Story of the Southern Appalachian Mountains

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/11992203.html,/gip/birth/

The Southern Appalachian Mountain region is known worldwide for its great beauty and biological diversity. Why does this area have such beautiful scenery and such a diversity of plants and animals? How do the mountains, and the rocks and minerals of which they are made, affect the lives of people? How do people affect the mountains? To address these questions, we need to understand what took place millions of years ago and how these geologic events have influenced the landscape, climate, soils, and living things we see today.

Building Stones of Our Nation's Capital

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/11992203.html,/gip/stones/

The buildings of our Nation's Capital have been constructed with rocks from quarries throughout the United States and many distant lands. Each building shows important features of various stones and the geologic environment in which they were formed. This booklet describes the source and appearance of many of the stones used in building Washington, D.C. A map and a walking tour guide are included to help you discover Washington's building stones on your own.

Deserts: Geology and Resources

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/11992203.html,/gip/deserts/

Approximately one-third of the Earth's land surface is desert, arid land with meager rainfall that supports only sparse vegetation and a limited population of people and animals. Deserts--stark, sometimes mysterious worlds--have been portrayed as fascinating environments of adventure and exploration from narratives such as that of Lawrence of Arabia to movies such as "Dune."

Dinosaurs: Facts and Fiction

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/11992203.html,/gip/dinosaurs/

Few subjects in the Earth sciences are as fascinating to the public as dinosaurs. The study of dinosaurs stretches our imaginations, gives us new perspectives on time and space, and invites us to discover worlds very different from our modern Earth.

Earthquakes

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/11992203.html,/gip/earthq1/

One of the most frightening and destructive phenomena of nature is a severe earthquake and its terrible aftereffects. If the earthquake occurs in a populated area, it may cause many deaths and injuries and extensive property damage. Today we are challenging the assumption that earthquakes must present an uncontrollable and unpredictable hazard to life and property. Scientists have begun to estimate the locations and likelihoods of future damaging earthquakes. Sites of greatest hazard are being identified, and definite progress is being made in designing structures that will withstand the effects of earthquakes.

TEXT ONLY [NO GRAPHICS]

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/11992203.html,/gip/earthq1/earthqkgip.html

Eruptions of Hawaiian Volcanoes: Past, Present, and Future

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/11992203.html,/gip/hawaii/

Viewing an erupting volcano is a memorable experience, one that has inspired fear, superstition, worship, curiosity, and fascination throughout the history of mankind. In modern times, volcanic phenomena have attracted intense scientific interest, because they provide the key to understanding processes that have created and shaped more than 80 percent of the Earth's surface. The active Hawaiian volcanoes have received special attention worldwide because of their frequent spectacular eruptions, which can be viewed and studied with relative ease and safety.

Eruptions of Mount St. Helens: Past, Present, and Future

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/11992203.html,/publications/msh/

May 18, 1980. On that fateful day, Mount St. Helens Volcano in Washington exploded violently after 2 months of intense earthquake activity and intermittent, relatively weak eruptions, causing the worst volcanic disaster in the recorded history of the United States. The cataclysmic eruption and related events on May 18 rank among the most significant geologic events in the United States during the 20th century.

Fossils, Rocks, and Time

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/11992203.html,/gip/fossils/

Fossils are the recognizable remains of past life on Earth and are fundamental to the geologic time scale. To tell the age of most layered rocks, scientists study the fossils

these rocks contain. Fossils provide important evidence to help determine what happened in Earth history and when it happened.

The Geologic History of Cape Cod, Massachusetts

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/11992203.html,/gip/capecod/

Cape Cod, a sandy peninsula built mostly during the ice age, juts into the Atlantic Ocean like a crooked arm. Geologists are interested in Cape Cod because it was formed, by glaciers, very recently in terms of geologic time and because the shore is ever changing as the Cape adjusts to the rising sea.

The Geologic Story of the Ocoee River

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/11992203.html,/gip/ocoee2/

Over millions of years, the Ocoee River has cut a steep, winding channel into a mountainside of hard rock. As you travel through the Ocoee River Gorge along US Highway 64 in the scenic Cherokee National Forest of southeastern Tennessee, take some time to look at the rocks along the way.

Companion brochure: Geology of the Ocoee Whitewater Center, Cherokee National Forest

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/11992203.html,/gip/ocoee/

Geologic Time

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/11992203.html,/gip/geotime/

The Earth is very old -- 4.5 billion years or more -- according to recent estimates. This vast span of time, called geologic time by earth scientists, is difficult to comprehend in the familiar time units of months and years, or even centuries. How then do scientists reckon geologic time, and why do they believe the Earth is so old? A great part of the secret of the Earth's age is locked up in its rocks, and our centuries-old search for the key led to the beginning and nourished the growth of geologic science.

The Geology of Radon

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/11992203.html,/radon/georadon.html

High levels of indoor radon are found in every state. We know from medical and environmental studies that radon can be a health risk, primarily as a cause of lung cancer. Radon comes from the soil, rock, and water around us. Because levels of radon vary from place to place, and because houses differ in their vulnerability to radon, it is important that all homes be measured for radon. These pages present

important geological information about radon; how it forms, the kinds of rocks and soils it comes from, and how it moves through the ground or is carried by water into buildings, and explains the way geologists estimate the radon potential of an area.

Glaciers: Clues to Future Climate

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/11992203.html,/gip/glaciers/

A glacier is a large mass of ice having its genesis on land and represents a multiyear surplus of snowfall over snowmelt. At the present time, perennial ice covers about 10 percent of the land areas of the Earth. Although glaciers are generally thought of as polar entities, they also are found in mountainous areas throughout the world, on all continents except Australia, and even at or near the Equator on high mountains in Africa and South America.

1. The book Acid Rain and Our Nation’s Capital explains what effects it has on human beings.

2. Mountains are made of rocks and minerals.

3. No pictures are provided at the following website

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/11992203.html,/gip/earthq1/earthqkgip.html

4. More than 80 percent of the Earth's surface have been created by volcanic phenomena.

5. If you go along US Highway 64 you may see scenery of rocks along the way.

6. Radon may cause many cancers including lung cancer.

7. Austrilia is the only continent where you cannot find glaciers.

8. The movie "Dune" is located in _______________.

9. If you want to learn something about dinosaurs, the website you may visit is

__________________________.

10. To find out the age of our Earth, scientists tend to study___________.

初中语文阅读理解方法技巧(含精选练习及答案)

初中语文阅读理解点拨方法及练习精讲 （一）语文阅读理解正确的解题方法和技巧——读材料 所谓“读材料”，就是要阅读试卷上的文字材料，通过粗读和精读相结合了解文字材料内容，把握文章主题，理清材料的层次和段落，进一步理解材料的基本大意。在浏览全文，了解全文的概貌之后，应记住文章的要点，重要的结论以及一些关键性的人名、地点、定义和数字，不同的人名、地点可用铅笔在试卷上分别打上不同的记号，以便查找。 阅读理解试题的文字材料主要用来测试学生的阅读速度、理解能力和记忆能力。有的采用一个句子，有的采用一段文章或整篇文章。内容广泛，题材各异。以题目的难易程度分析，人们常常把它们分为表层理解和深层理解。所谓表层理解就是对文中的客观事实的感知和记忆；所谓深层理解是根据文中的客观事实，在认真思考后进行逻辑推理、总结或概括，得出结论。 通常阅读试卷上的文字材料，第一遍需要速读，首先要重点理解文章的体裁是记叙文还是说明文。答题时切忌文章都没完整的阅读过试卷上的文字材料，就匆匆忙忙地写答案。最好先把文章从头到尾通读一遍，对文章有一个整体的认识和理解。其次要初步理清文章的思路。一般来讲，文章的每一段、每句话归根到底都是为阐明中心服务的，都归向文章的主旨。平时要学会为文章标段，归纳每段意思，归纳中心思想。它在要求概括段落大意一类的阅读理解的解题中，往往是行之有效的一个办法。 阅读试卷上的文字材料可能采用二种方法：一是用“顺读法”，先读短文后读题目，然后再读短文寻找正确答案。二是采用“倒读法”，先读题目（四个选项不读）后读短文，最后寻找答案。这二种方法各有优劣。我比较赞成“倒读法”，因为这种阅读方法是带着问题阅读，目的明确，容易集中，能及时抓住文中与解题关系密切的信息，从而节省了阅读时间。“倒读法”对表层理解的题目（提问时间、地点、原因等）效果最好。对深层理解的题目，“顺读法”则要从短文的整体内容出发，进行概括和总结，分析所提供选项，作出准确的判断。 （二）语文阅读理解正确的解题方法和技巧——找原话 所谓“找原话”，就是要找到语文阅读理解上要求的关键字、词或句子所在段落，要求学生在阅读文字材料时有重点地圈下来，然后再来重点理解与分析。当然找原话的目的是为了准确地弄清题意，确定解决问题的阅读空间和有效信息范围。 在通读全文的基础上，要将题目回答的问题放到阅读试卷上的文字材料中来审视，再去浏览所要回答的试题，经过初步的思考，确定解决问题的阅读空间。先对短文进行整体理解，然后再一些重点句子进行句子结构的分析，有时要对一些关键词进行分析，确定该词的词性和在句子中的成分。同时利用句子或问题的题干所提供的有效信息，我们可以从阅读理的文章中或文字材料中直接提取这样的有效信息。如果有些试题它要求用文中原话来回答，那么我们就可以用文中的原话来作答，这时就可以“从文章中直接提取信息”来回答问题。 如果它没有明确要求用文中的原话来作答，我们也可以“从文章中直接提取信息”来回答问题。如若它指定必需要使用学生自己的话来回答的话，我们也可以让学生将文中的原话加以合理地翻译或解释，再换言之以回答问题。同时我们应该力求挖掘原句子的隐含信息和深层含义。有些试题则

新视野大学英语快速阅读第三册答案全[1].

新视野大学英语快速阅读第三册答案全 Unit1 Passage1 1—5 DCDCD 6—8 AAB Passage2 1 smart enough 2 enters the house 3 only one act 4 properly trained 5 race horses 6 500 to 600 7 because used to each other 8 family or food Passage3 1—5 ADDAD 6—7 AC 8 talking 9 direct commands 10 cultural,not personal Passage4 1—5 Y Y N NG N 6—7 N Y

8 the individual 9 responsible behavior 10 written budget Unit2 Passage1 1—5 Y Y N Y N 6—8 N NG Y Passage2 1 the use of drugs 2 dull and hopeless 3 more and more drugs 4 LSD 5 really able to do 6 long jail sentences 7 dangerous situations 8 full of tension Passage3 1—5 ACBDC 6—7 DA 8 skills courses 9 certificates 10 world communication Passage4 1—5 NG Y N Y Y

6—7 Y N 8 it is easier 9 confront different challenges 10 allowing everything Unit3 Passage1 1—5 BCBAC 6—8 CAC Passage2 1 900 miles 2 weeks of time 3 the kind of boats 4 getting into the mud 5 different levels of water 6 man-made lakes 7 the force of the water 8 the photographys taken from spaceships Passage3 1—5 DBCAB 6—7 AD 8 the chain store 9 th e firm’s expenses Passage4 1—5 N NG N Y N

快速阅读训练的五种方法

快速阅读训练的五种方法 速读，作为一种现象，古今中外，均已有之。我国古代，《北齐书》曾记载王孝瑜读书敏速，十行俱下。前苏联大文豪高尔基看杂志，往往是几页几页地翻。经科学地速读训练，其读速更大得惊人：日本加古德次先生精心训练的速读能手长江美子，最快可达每分钟读20万字。我国北京铁路二中程汉杰老师，台北师专附小谭达士校长训练的学生其阅读效率也是成倍、成数倍地增长。本模式实验表明：学生阅读效率一般可提高45倍，达到1500字/分。大量经验表明，速读能力同其他技能一样：通过训练，才能提高;通过有效的训练，就能迅速地提高。 1.调息训练 调息训练就是平时我们所说的丹田呼吸。快速阅读是一项必须严肃认真从事的脑力劳动，在整个阅读过程中大脑需要消耗大量的新鲜氧气和其他营养物质。许多人读书时间长了，都会产生头晕脑胀的感觉，快速阅读要以超过普通人几倍、十几倍，甚至上百倍的速度来阅读，而且理解和记忆水平还只能提高。因此，在训练过程中，首先要教会学生丹田呼吸的方法，

并且要求学生对这种方法从有意识的转变为无意识的、自觉的。 在精英特快速阅读记忆训练软件中，在软件前特意开辟出静心调息一栏。在调息一栏里，软件运用音乐、声音、图片、文字等方式的引导，让学员尽可能地集中精力，让身体进入高效阅读的最佳状态。 2.眼力训练 在训练过程中，可以给学生配备了一整套视觉机能训练图，对学生进行眼力训练，有助于使学生集中注意力，扩大视读野，使眼球变得更灵活。 在精英特快速阅读记忆训练软件中，眼力训练是最基础训练项目。包括视幅类的视野扩展、舒尔特表、字符扩展、文字扩展和焦点移动类的横向移动、纵向移动等六个训练项目，通过这些训练逐步提高学员眼睛视幅范围、定向搜索能力和视幅移动速度，让学员在阅读中能够尽可能多地看到更多更大的文字词组、句组、行甚至是页，为快速阅读提供生理基础。 3.节奏训练 我们平时所惯用的阅读方式是点式阅读，也就是一个字一个字地看。而我们现在所说的快速阅读是在不降低理解和记忆水平的前提下，几倍、十几倍，乃至上百倍地提高阅读速度，

【英语】高考英语快速阅读套题答案及解析

【英语】高考英语快速阅读套题答案及解析 一、单项选择过去将来时 1．We made ____ clear when and where we ____ going to have the meeting. A．that; are B．it; are C．it; were D．that; were 【答案】C 【解析】 试题分析：句意：我们弄清楚了什么时间和什么地点召开会议。这里it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的从句；第二空谓语动词的时态根据主句的动词来确定，主句用了过去式，宾语从句也用过去式，故选C。 考点：考查代词及动词时态的用法。 点评：本题难度适中。代词是高中阶段要求掌握的语法项目，尤其是it的用法多，并且还是高考常考的知识点，需要考生在平时反复的练习中巩固掌握它的用法。动词的时态是高考必考的内容，考生必须会理解不同时态的用法。 即学即练：At the shop, they wanted to show me all the dresses, but I was interested only in ________ in the window. A. this B. that C. it D. the one 解析：D。the one替代the dress. 2．—The plane is leaving right now，but Jim hasn’t arrived yet. —Well，he said he________here on time. A．came B．would come C．can be D．will be 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】 考查时态。句意：——飞机马上要起飞了，但是吉姆还没有到.——他说过他会准时到这儿。由答语可知应用过去将来时,故选B。 3．Nowhere else, as Tim said, _____ except to the small garden in the backyard after school. A．he has gone B．he did go C．had he gone D．would he go 【答案】D 【解析】

快速阅读方法有哪些 如何掌握快速阅读

快速阅读方法有哪些如何掌握快速阅读阅读速度是速读能力高低的重要标志之一。阅读能力包括理解力、记忆力和速度三个方面。在知识量急剧发展、与每个人的专业有关的书籍急剧增多的现代社会，培养速读能力是不可忽视的。从当前多快好省地提高学员的自学成才能力来说，培养高效速读能力是速读训练的重点和当务之急。那么，除了平时参加我们训练外，还有些什么办法可以培养自己的速读能力呢?下面小编为你整理快速阅读的方法，希望能帮到你。 快速阅读的方法如下： 一、掌握看书扫视法。 要读得快，就要眼睛看得快。小学生开始读书的时候，往往要用手指着书上的字，一个一个念，这样读书当然是慢的。我们要让学生养成以词句为单位的整体性阅读的习惯，学会合理扫视，纠正按“字”阅读、默读时动嘴、眼动没有规律等不良习惯，逐步扩大学生的“视知觉广度”。“视知觉广度”大，由于眼球注视时间短和中途回视的次数少，其阅读的平均速度就比较快。据我们上万学员的训练体会可以看出“有经验的阅读者每一次注视所能阅读的内容至少是 初学阅读者的三倍”。用“扫视法”训练速读的方式是很多。除了运用我们的训练软件外，还可以可用卡片、幻灯或个人电脑来展示词组、句子、句群，在规定时间内要求每个

学员尽量地扫视，后回答。例如“白求恩同志是加拿大共产党员，五十多岁了，为了帮助中国的抗日战争，受加拿大共产党和美国共产党的派遣，不远万里，来到中国。”然后问学生“什么人?什么事?什么地方?什么原因?怎样来的?”等问题，要学生回忆这些句子，同时也使他们明白记叙文章的五个要素，进而全面掌握扫视法，自如地用整篇(段)文章进行扫视训练。 二、掌握看书搜索法。 要提高阅读速度，具有看书时的快速搜索能力是必要的。即在看书时能快速找到所需文章目录，文章重点或你对文章所关心的部分。我们在快速阅读训练中必须养成学员有目的有重点地进行阅读的习惯，使他们在阅读时善于发现重点，善于发现新问题、新观点和新材料。这可以用提要法进行训练。训练的材料，可以用训练文章中的“短篇”、“阅读”的阅读文章。对这些各类文章要求学员能抓住各段大意。掌握段意最方便的办法是抓“主句”，也就是抓住说明全段主要意思的句子。例如《崇高的理想》一文中第五自然段开头一句：“理想问题，实际上是一个人的世界观问题。”这就是主句。其次，要求学员能够迅速抓住文章的脉络。例如《卓越的科学家竺可桢》一文是按逻辑顺序来安排的，文章从五个方面表现竺可桢同志在向科学高峰进军中不辞劳苦、鞠躬尽瘁的革命精神和严肃认真、一丝不苟的治学态度。

(完整)小学四年级语文阅读理解训练及答案

语文阅读理解提升训练 姓名：___________ （一）三月桃花水 是什么声音,像一串小铃铛,轻轻地走过村边？是什么光芒,像一匹明洁的丝绸,映照着蓝天？ 啊,河流醒来了！三月的桃花木,舞动着绚丽的朝霞,向前流淌。有一千朵樱花,点点洒在了河面；有一万个小酒窝,在水中回旋。 三月的桃花木,是春天的竖琴。 每一条波纹,都是一根轻柔的弦。那细白的浪花,敲打着有节秦的鼓点；那忽大忽小的水波声,应和着田野上拖拉机的鸣响；那纤细的低语,是在和刚刚从雪被里伸出头来的麦苗谈心；那碰着岸边石块的叮咚声,像是大路上车轮滚过的铃声；那急流的水浪声,是在催促着村民们开犁播种啊！ 三月的桃花木,是春天的明镜。 它看见燕子飞过天空,翅膀上裹着白云；它看见垂柳披上了长发,如雾如烟；它看见一群姑娘来到河边,水底立刻浮起一片片花瓣；边疆看见村庄上空,很早很早,就升起了袅袅炊烟…… 比金子还贵啊,三月桃花水！ 比银子还亮啊,三月桃花水！ 啊,地上草如茵,两岸柳如眉。三月桃花木,叫人多沉醉。啊！掬一捧,品一口,让这三月的桃花水盛满我们心灵的酒杯。 1、理解短文内容填空。 （1）第一自然段作者把比作了铃铛、丝绸，写出了河水的情景。 （2）“三月的桃花水，舞动着绮丽的朝霞，向前流淌。”这是一种的写法，写出了。 2、感悟全文，请你从三个方面说说桃花水的美。 3、看到这么美的三月桃花水作者会是怎样的心情？ 4、“三月的桃花水，是春天的明镜。”说说你聪明镜中看到了哪些景物。 我看见 我还看见 5、写一句关于春天的谚语。 （二）渴望读书的“大眼睛” 十几年前，一位年轻的摄影爱好者深入大别山地区采访“希望工程”。在安徽省金寨县，他遇到了一群每天跋涉30里路求学的孩子，在众多孩子中间发现了一双闪亮的大眼睛。这个大眼睛的小女孩年龄最小，最叫他担心，因为她上学走的是蜿蜒的山路，其中一段还在一座大水库上面。可是，这个大眼睛的小姑娘十分坚强，不管刮风下雨，她总是按时到校。这位记者十分感动，一天早晨，他随着这个孩子走进教室，

快速阅读与记忆的训练方法

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P e t s There are different ideas about pets in different parts of the world. In most cultures, animals have an inferior position to human beings. In most instances, however, people treat their pets like members of their families, or perhaps better. In the United States, and Europe, where pets are very popular, there are special shops that sell jewelry, clothing, and g o u r m e t(美味的) food for cats and dogs. There are shops on fashionable streets in New York City, for example, that sell gold and diamond collars, fur jackets, hats and mittens for pets. In many countries of the world, there is special food for pets. It is common for supermarkets in many places to sell cat food and dog food. However, in Nice, France, there is a special restaurant for dogs. Dogs are the only customers. There is seating for 20 of them. On the menu, there are varieties of special gourmet dishes for dogs to choose from. There is a sausage dish, a turkey dish, and a pasta dish, among others. For dessert, there is a variety of French cheeses and, of course, dog biscuits. In the U.S., there is a very rich cat who can afford to go to any restaurant he chooses. His name is Kitty Cat. Kitty Cat inherited 100,000 dollars when

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