胡壮麟名词解释

胡壮麟《语言学教程》术语表

第一章

phonology音系学

grammar语法学

morphology形态学

syntax句法学

lexicology词汇学

general linguistics普通语言学theoretical linguistics理论语言学historical linguistic s历史语言学descriptive linguistics描写语言学empirical linguistics经验语言学dialectology方言学

anthropology人类学

stylistics文体学

signif ier能指

signif ied所指

morphs形素

morphotactics语素结构学/形态配列学

syntactic categori es句法范畴syntactic classes句法类别序列

sub-structure低层结构

super-structure上层结构

open syllable开音节

closed syllable闭音节

checked syllable成阻音节

rank 等级

level层次

ding-dong theory/nativistic theory本能论

sing-song theory唱歌说

yo-he-ho theory劳动喊声说

pooh-pooh theory感叹说

ta-ta theory模仿说

animal cry theory/bow-wow theory模声说

Prague school布拉格学派

Bilateral opposition双边对立Mutilateral opposition多边对立Proportional opposition部分对立Isolated opposition孤立对立

Private opposition表缺对立

Graded opposition渐次对立Equipollent opposition均等对立Neutralizable opposition可中立对立Constant opposition恒定对立Systemic-f unctional grammar系统功能语法

Meaning potential意义潜势Conversational implicature会话含义Deictics指示词

Presupposition预设

Speech acts言语行为

Discourse analysis话语分析Contetualism语境论

Phatic communion寒暄交谈Metalanguage原语言

Applied linguistic s应用语言学Nominalism唯名学派Psychosomatics身学

第二章trachea/windpipe气管

tip舌尖

blade舌叶/舌面

front舌前部

center舌中部

top舌顶

back舌后部

dorsum舌背

root舌跟

pharynx喉/咽腔

laryngeals喉音

laryngealization喉化音

vocal cords声带

vocal tract声腔

initiator启动部分

pulmonic airstream mechanism肺气流

机制

glottalic airstream mechanism喉气流

机制

velaric airstream mechanism腭气流机

制

Adam’s apple喉结

Voiceless sound清音

Voiceless consonant请辅音

Voiced sound浊音

Voiced consonant浊辅音

Glottal stop喉塞音

Breath state呼吸状态

Voice state带音状态

Whisper state耳语状态

Closed state封闭状态

Alveolar ride齿龈隆骨

Dorsum舌背

Ejective呼气音

Glottalised stop喉塞音

Impossive内爆破音

Click/ingressive吸气音

Segmental phonology音段音系学

Segmental phonemes音段音位

Suprasegmental超音段

Non-segmental非音段

Plurisegmental复音段

Synthetic language综合型语言

Diacritic mark附加符号

Broad transcription宽式标音

Narrow transcription窄式标音

Orthoepy正音法

Orthography正字法

Etymology词源

Active articulator积极发音器官

Movable speech organ能动发音器官

Passive articulator消极发音器官

Immovable speech organ不能动发音

器官

Lateral边音

Approximant [j,w]无摩擦延续音

Resonant共鸣音

Central approximant中央无摩擦延续

音

Lateral approximant边无摩擦延续音

Unilateral consonant单边辅音

Bilateral consonant双边辅音

Non-lateral非边音

Trill [r]颤音trilled consonant颤辅音

rolled consonant滚辅音

Labal-velar唇化软腭音

Interdent al齿间音

Post-dental后齿音

Apico-alveol ar舌尖齿龈音

Dorso-alveol ar舌背齿龈音

Palato-alveolar后齿龈音

Palato-alveolar腭齿龈音

Dorso-palat al舌背腭音

Pre-palat al前腭音

Post-palatal后腭音

Velarization软腭音化

Voicing浊音化

Devoicing清音化

Pure vowel纯元音

Diphthong二合元音

Triphthong三合元音

Diphthongization二合元音化

Monophthongization单元音化

Centring diphthong央二合元音

Closing diphthong闭二合元音

Narrow diphthong窄二合元音

Wide diphthong宽二合元音

Phonetic similarity语音相似性

Free variant自由变体

Free variation自由变异

Contiguous assimilation临近同化

Juxtapostional assimilation邻接同化

Regressive assimilation逆同化

Anticipatory assimilation先行同化

Progressive assimilation顺同化

Reciprocal assimilation互相同化

Coalescent assimilation融合同化

Partial assimilation部分同化

Epenthesis插音

Primary stress主重音

Secondary stress次重音

Weak stress弱重音

Stress group重音群

Sentence stress句子重音

Contrastive stress对比重音

Lexical stress词汇重音

Word stress词重音

Lexical tone词汇声调

Nuclear tone核心声调

Tonetics声调学

Intonation contour语调升降曲线

Tone units声调单位

Intonology语调学

Multilevel phonology多层次音系学

Monosyllabic word多音节词

Polysyllabic word单音节次

Maximal onset principle最大节首辅

音原则

第三章词汇

liaison连音

contract ed f orm缩写形式

frequency count词频统计

a unit of vocabulary词汇单位

a lexical item词条

a lexeme词位

hierarchy层次性

lexicogrammar词汇语法

morpheme语素

nonomorphemic words单语素词

polymorphemic words多语素词

relative uninterruptibility相对连续性

a minimum f ree f orm最小自由形式

the maximum f ree f orm最大自由形式

variable words 可变词

invariable words不变词

paradigm聚合体

grammatical words(function words)语

法词/功能词

lexical words(cont ent words)词汇词/

实义词

closed-cl ass words封闭类词

opened-class words开放类词

word class词类

particles小品词

pro-f orm代词形式

pro-adjective(so)代形容词

pro-verb(do/did)代副词

pro-adverb(so)代动词

pro-locative(there)代处所词/代方位词

determiners限定词

predeterminers前置限定词

central determiners中置限定词

post determiners后置限定词

ordinal number序数词

cardinal number基数词

morpheme词素

morphology形态学

free morpheme自由词素

bound morpheme黏着词素

root词根

aff ix词缀

stem词干

root morpheme词根语素

pref ix前缀

inf ix中缀

suff ix后缀

bound root morpheme黏着词根词素

inf lectional aff ix屈折词缀

derivational aff ix派生词缀

inf lectional morphemes屈折语素

derivational morphemes派生语素

word-f ormation构词

compound复合词

endocentri c compound向心复合词

exocentri c compound离心复合词

nominal endocentric compound名词性

向心复合词

adjective endocentric compound形容

词性向心复合词

verbal compound动词性复合词

synthetic compound综合性复合词

derivation派生词

morpheme语素

phoneme音位

morphonology形态语音学morphophomemics形态音位学morphemic structure语素结构phonological structure音素结构monosyllabic单音节

polysyllabic多音节

phonological conditioned音位的限制morphological conditioned形态的限制

coinage/invention新创词语blending混成法

abbreviation缩写法

acronym首字母缩写法

back-formation逆序造次/逆构词法analogical creation类比构词法borrowing借词法

loanword借词

loanblend混合借词

loanshif t转移借词

loan translation翻译借词

loss脱落

addition添加

metathesis换位

assimilation同化

contact assimilation接触性同化contiguous assimilation临近性同化theory of least eff ort省力理论

non- contiguous assimilation非临近性同化

distant assimilation远距离同化morpho-syntactic change形态-句法变化

morphological change形态变化syntactical change句法变化

f inite element有定成分

semantic change语义变化multisemous多种意义

broadening词义扩大

narrowing词义缩小

meaning shif t词义转移

class shif t词性变换

f olk etymology俗词源orthographic change拼写的变化conversion变换/变码

domain范围/领域

meaning shif t意义转移

split inf initives分裂不定式(She was told to regularly classes)

calque仿造词语

clipping截断法

metanalysis再分化

f initeness定式

proximate(this)近指代词

obviative(that)远指代词

non-productivity/unproductive非多产性

semiotics符号学

paradigmatic rel ations聚合关系associative relations联想关系syntagmatic relations组合关系sequential relations序列关系logogram语标register语域

passive vocabulary消极词汇

lexis/vocabulary词汇表

第四章句法

number数

gender性

case格

nominative主格

vocative呼格

accusative兵格

genitive属格

dative与格

ablative离格

tense 时

aspect体

perfective完成体

imperf ective未完成体

concord/agreement一致关系/协同关

系

government支配关系

the governor支配者

the governed被支配者

signif ied能指

signif ier所指

syntagmatic relationship组合关系

paradigmatic rel ationship聚合关系

associative relationship联想关系

animate noun有生名词

the two axes两根坐标坐标轴

immediate constituent analysis(IC

analysis f or short)直接成分分析法

linear structure线性结构

hierarchical structure层级结构

construction结构体

constituent成分

substituability替换性

labeled tree diagram标签树形图

endocentri c/headed construction向心

结构/中心结构

exocentri c construction离心结构

subordinate construction主从结构

coordinate construction并列结构

recapitulation再现

the declarative陈述句

the interrogative疑问句

dative movement与格移位

morph-phonemic rule形态音位规则

constituent morphemes成分规则

aff ix hopping词缀越位

nominalization名物化

object-deletion宾语删除

subject-deletion主语删除

categori es语类

lexicon词库

temporal subject表时间的主语

syntactic limitation句法限制

standard theory标准理论

trace theory语迹理论

the same index带同标志

government管辖

binding约束

a rule system规则系统

a principle system原则系统

constituent command(C-command f or

short)成分统制

plain English普通英语

anaphor照应语

pronominal指代语

r-expression(ref erential-expression)指

称语

INFL(inf lection)形态变化

reciprocals(each other)相互代词

accessible subject可及主语

local domain局部语域

binding domain约束语域

logophoricity主人公视角

CS(computational system)计算系统

Merger合并

move移动

theme主位

rheme述位

empty subject空主语

objective order客观顺序

subjective order主观顺序

actual sentence division实义句子切分

法

f unctional sentence perspective 功能

句子观

communicative dynamism (CD)交际

动力

bipartition二分法

tripartite classi f ication三分法

representative f unction表达功能

expressive f unction表情功能

appellative/vocative f unction称呼功能

conative f unction意欲功能

poetic f unction诗学功能

ideational f unction概念功能

interpersonal f unction人际功能

textual f unction语篇功能

transitivity及物性

actor动作者

mood system语气系统

the f inite verbal operator限定部分

residue剩余部分

indicative直陈语气

imperative祈使语气

mental-process(a process of sensing)心

理过程（感觉过程）

relational process(a process of being)

关系过程（属性过程）

verbal process(a process of saying)言

语过程（讲话过程）

existential process生存过程

第四章句法

number数

gender性

case格

nominative主格

vocative呼格

accusative兵格

genitive属格

dative与格

ablative离格

tense 时

aspect体

perfective完成体

imperf ective未完成体

concord/agreement一致关系/协同关

系

government支配关系

the governor支配者

the governed被支配者

signif ied能指

signif ier所指

syntagmatic relationship组合关系

paradigmatic rel ationship聚合关系

associative relationship联想关系

animate noun有生名词

the two axes两根坐标坐标轴

immediate constituent analysis(IC

analysis f or short)直接成分分析法

linear structure线性结构

hierarchical structure层级结构

construction结构体

constituent成分

substituability替换性

labeled tree diagram标签树形图

endocentri c/headed construction向心

结构/中心结构

exocentri c construction离心结构

subordinate construction主从结构

coordinate construction并列结构

recapitulation再现

the declarative陈述句

the interrogative疑问句

dative movement与格移位

morph-phonemic rule形态音位规则

constituent morphemes成分规则

aff ix hopping词缀越位

nominalization名物化

object-deletion宾语删除

subject-deletion主语删除

categori es语类

lexicon词库

temporal subject表时间的主语

syntactic limitation句法限制

standard theory标准理论

trace theory语迹理论

the same index带同标志

government管辖

binding约束

a rule system规则系统

a principle system原则系统

constituent command(C-command f or

short)成分统制

plain English普通英语

anaphor照应语

pronominal指代语

r-expression(ref erential-expression)指

称语

INFL(inf lection)形态变化

reciprocals(each other)相互代词

accessible subject可及主语

local domain局部语域

binding domain约束语域logophoricity主人公视角

CS(computational system)计算系统

=derivational procedure推导系统Merger合并

move移动

theme主位

rheme述位

empty subject空主语

objective order客观顺序

subjective order主观顺序

actual sentence division实义句子切分法

f unctional sentence perspective 功能

句子观

communicative dynamism (CD)交际

动力

bipartition二分法

tripartite classi f ication三分法representative f unction表达功能expressive f unction表情功能appellative/vocative f unction称呼功能conative f unction意欲功能

poetic f unction诗学功能

ideational f unction概念功能interpersonal f unction人际功能textual f unction语篇功能

transitivity及物性

actor动作者

mood system语气系统

the f inite verbal operator限定部分residue剩余部分

indicative直陈语气

imperative祈使语气

mental-process(a process of sensing)心理过程（感觉过程）

relational process(a process of being)

关系过程（属性过程）

verbal process(a process of saying)言

语过程（讲话过程）

existential process生存过程empiricism经验主义（洛克，白板说）rationalism 理性主义（笛卡尔）mentalism心灵主义

new empiricism新经验主义(Bloomf ield)

priori先天综合判断（康德Kant）Cartesian linguistics笛卡尔语言学派Syntactic structure (SS)早期转换句法时期

Standard theory (ST)标准理论时期Extended Standard theory (EST)扩展

的标准理论

Revised Standard theory(REST)扩展

的休正标准理论

The theory of government and binding (GB theory)管辖和约束理论时期（管约论）

Minimalist program (MP)最简方案时期Structural description结构描写式

Perf ormance system应用系统

Modular theory模块理论

Spell-out拼写

Language faculty语言机制/官能

Mental organ心智器官

Knowledge of language 语言知识

Meaning potential 意义潜势

Context culture 文化语境

Field语场

Tenor语旨

Mode语式

pivot words轴心词

mental construct心理构念

theoretical cognitive psychology理论

认知心理学

psychological faculty心理官能

autosyn/autogram/autoknow语法自主

(arbitrariness任意性,systemacity系统

性, self-containedness自足性)

typological f unctionalism类型学功能

主义

extreme f unctionalism极端的功能主

义

external f unctionalism外部功能主义

integrative f unctionalism一体化功能

注主义

exceptional case marking例外格标记

speci f ier标定成分

fall-category maximal projection全语

类的最大投射

two-segment category两节语类

complement domain补足语区域

minimal domain最小区域

internal domain内部区域

checking domain检验区域

sisterhood姐妹关系

minimizing chain link最小语链联结

representational system表达系统

strict cyclic principle严格的层级条件

structure-preserving principle结构保

存原则

C-commanding condition成分统领条

件

articulatory-perceptual system发音-听

音系统

conceptual-intentional system概念-意

旨系统

interf ace conditions中介条件

f ull-interpret ation完全解释原则

procrastination逻辑形式操作优先原

则

greed句法操作自利原则

the shortest linkage principle最短联接

原则

the shortest movement principle最短

移位原则

primary

complement/modif ier(referential NP)

一级补语位/修饰语位(定指名词短

语)

secondary complement(non- referential

NP) 二级补语位(非定指名词短语)

empty category principle空范畴原则

aspect checking特征验证

aspect f eature基本体貌特征

ASPP is f unctional projection .ASPP

是功能投射.

crossing branch交叉分支

across the board extraction抽取跨界

移动

principles-and-parameters framework

原则与参数语法

head parameter中心语参数

logical f orm(LF)逻辑形式

phonetic f orm(PF)语音形式

spell-out拼读

phonological component音韵部分

overt component显性部分

covert component隐性部分

core computation核心运算

asymmetric c-command不对称成分统

制

linear correspondence axiom线形对应

定理

adjunction加接

determiner限定词

concat enate联结

linearization线性化

f unctional param eterization hypothesis

功能参数设定假设

right-branching右向分支

X’(V,N,A,P)词项

X’’=X P=Xmax是X的二阶投射结构

Y’’=指示语specif ier

Z’’=补述语complement

IP=屈折短语inf lection phrase

XP=general phrase structure

C HL人类语言的运算系统

=computational system f or human

language

LCA线性对应定理=linear

correspondence axiom

Xmin=X0=最小投射

胡壮麟《语言学教程》第四版笔记

Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics 1.3 Design features of language The features that define our human languages can be called design features which can distinguish human language from any animal system of communication. 1.3.1 Arbitrariness Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meanings. 1.3.2 Duality Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. 1.3.3 Creativity Creativity means that language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. Recursiveness refers to the rule which can be applied repeatedly without any definite limit. The recursive nature of language provides a theoretical basis for the possibility of creating endless sentences. 1.3.4 Displacement Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of conversation. 加1 Each sound in the language is treated as discrete. 加2 the direct/non-arbitrary/non-symbolic relation between meaning and form. There are resemblances between the language form and what they refer to. That relationship is called icon. Iconicity exists in sounds, lexicons and syntax. It is the motivation between language forms and meanings. It is a relation of resemblance between language form and what they refer to. 1.5 Functions of language As is proposed by Jacobson, language has six functions: 1. Referential: to convey message and information; 2. Poetic: to indulge in language for its own sake; 3. Emotive: to express attitudes, feelings and emotions; 4. Conative: to persuade and influence others through commands and entreaties; 5. Phatic: to establish communion with others; 6. Metalingual: to clear up intentions, words and meanings. three metafunctions: 1. function: to convey new information, to communicate a content that is

胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记和考研真题详解(现代语言学理论与流派)【圣才出品】

第12章现代语言学理论与流派 12.1 复习笔记 本章要点： 1. The Prague School and Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP) 布拉格学派与功能句子观 2. The London School and context of situation 伦敦学派与语境观 3. Halliday and Systemic-Functional Grammar 韩礼德与系统——功能语法 4. Bloomfield and American Structuralism 布隆菲尔德与美国结构主义 5. Chomsky and Transformational-Generative Grammar 乔姆斯基与转换——生成语法 常考考点： 各流派的代表人物、理论基础、特点、主要观点、重要概念；语言普遍性和人类行为关系等。 本章内容索引：

I. Saussure and modern linguistics II. The Prague School 1. Main points and contribution 2. Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP) 3. Communicative Dynamism (CD) III. The London School 1. Introduction 2. Malinowski’s theories 3. Firth’s theories 4. Halliday and Systemic-Functional Grammar 5. Systemic grammar and Functional grammar (1) Systemic grammar (2) Functional grammar IV. American Structuralism 1. Introduction 2. Three stages of the development V. Transformational-Generative Grammar 1. Introduction 2. The Innateness Hypothesis 3. Generative Grammar 4. Stage of development of TG Grammar 5. Main features of TG Grammar

语言学教程第四版第二章 胡壮麟 主编

Chapter 2 Speech sounds Contents ?How sounds are made? ?Consonants and vowels ?Phonological processes, phonological rules and distinctive features ?Suprasegmentals 超音段 ?Two major areas for studying speech sounds: phonetics and phonology ?Phonetics: it studies how speech sounds are made, transmitted and perceived. ?Three branches of phonetics: ?Articulatory phonetics发声语音学 is the study of the production of speech sounds. ?Acoustic phonetics声学语音学 is the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech. Auditory phonetics听觉语音学 is concerned with the perception of speech sounds ?Phonology：it deals with the sound system of a language by treating phoneme 音素 as the point of departure. ?It studies the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. ?Ultimately it aims to discover the rules that underlie the sound patterns of all languages. How speech sounds are made? ? speech organs 言语器官 ?Speech organs are also known as vocal organs（发音器官）. ?Parts of human body involved in the production of speech sounds: lungs, trachea (windpipe) 气管, throat, nose, mouth ? organs of speech (Figure 2.2, p.26 on our books)

【免费下载】胡壮麟语言学名词解释总结

胡壮麟语言学名词解释总结 1.design feature: are features that define our human languages,such as arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc. 2.function: the use of language tocommunicate,to think ,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/172776027.html,nguage functions inclucle imformative function,interpersonal function,performative function, emotive function,phatic communion,recreational function and metalingual function. 3.etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.Being etic mans making far too many, as well as behaviously inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the case with phonetic vx.phonemic analysis in linguistics proper. 4.emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech communith rather than via qppeal to the investigator’s ingenuith or intuition alone. 5.synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually,but not necessarily,the present),as its point of observation.Most grammars are of this kind. 6.diachronic:study of a language is carried through the course of its history. 7.prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/172776027.html,ying down rules for language use. 8.descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described. 9.arbitrariness: one design feature of human language,which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. 10.duality: one design feature of human language,which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary.level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. 11.displacement: one design feature of human language,which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present c in time and space,at the moment of communication. 12.phatic communion: one function of human language,which refers to the social interaction of language. 13.metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies. 14.macrolinguistics: the interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as psychology,sociology,ethnograph,science of law and artificial intelligence etc.Branches of macrolinguistics include psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics,et https://www.wendangku.net/doc/172776027.html,petence: language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules. 16.performance: the actual use of language in concrete situation. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/172776027.html,ngue: the linguistic competence of the speaker. 18.parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances). 19.Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speechsounds. 20.Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved..Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation. 21.Voicing: pronouncing a sound (usually a vowel or a voiced consonant) by vibrating the vocal cords. 22.Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;while,the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.

胡壮麟语言学教程课件Part12

Literary linguistics studies the language of literature. It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style. 9.1 Theoretical background

9.2.1 Foregrounding and grammatical form 9.2.2 Literal language and figurative language Simile Metaphor Metonymy Synecdoche 9.2.3 The analysis of literary language

9.3.1 Sound patterning 9.3.2 Different forms of sound patterning Rhyme Alliteration Assonance Consonance Reverse rhyme Pararhyme Repitition

-Metre(Dimetre, Trimetre, Tetrametre, Hexametre, Heptametre, Octametre) -Foot (Iamb, Trochee, Anapest, Dactyl,Spondee, Pyrrhic) 9.3.4 Conventional forms of metre and sound Couplets Quatrains Blank verse Sonnet 9.3.5 The poetic functions of sound and metre 9.3.6 How to analyse poetry?

语言学重要知识点(胡壮麟版)

Language is a means of verbal communication. It is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 1.Design features of language The features that define our human languages can be called design features which can distinguish human language from any animal system of communication.Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meanings.eg.the dog barks wowwow in english but 汪汪汪in chinese.Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.eg.dog-woof(but not w-oo-f)Creativity means that language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. Eg. An experiment of bee communication.Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. 3. Origin of language The bow-wow theory In primitive times people imitated the sounds of the animal calls in the wild environment they lived and speech developed from that.The pooh-pooh theory In the hard life of our primitive ancestors, they utter instinctive sounds of pains, anger and joy which gradually developed into language. The “yo-he-ho” theory As primitive people worked together, they produced some rhythmic grunts which gradually developed into chants and then into language. 4.Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It studies not just one language of any one community, but the language of all human beings. 5. Main branches of linguistics ?Phonetics is the study of speech sounds, it includes three main areas: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, and auditory phonetics. ?Phonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. ?Morphology studies the minimal units of meaning – morphemes and word-formation processes. ?Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences. ?Semantics examines how meaning is encoded in a language. It is concerned with both meanings of words as lexical items and levels of language below the word and above it. ?Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context. It concerned with the way language is used to communicate rather than with the way language is structured. 6.Important distinctions in linguistics 1)Descriptive vs. prescriptive For example, ―Don’t say X.‖ is a prescriptive command; ―People don’t say X.‖ is a descriptive statement. The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are.Lyons 2)Synchronic vs. diachronic A synchronic study takes a fixed instant (usually at present) as its point of observation. Saussure’s diachronic description is the study of a language through the course of its history. E.g. a study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time would be synchronic, and a study of the changes English has undergone since then would be a diachronic study. 3)Langue & parole langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker. parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances). Saussure 4)Competence and performance According to Chomsky,a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called the linguistic competence, and the actual use of language in concrete situations is called performance. Competence 7.consonant is produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some places to divert, impede, or

胡壮麟名词解释

胡壮麟《语言学教程》术语表 第一章 phonology音系学 grammar语法学 morphology形态学 syntax句法学 lexicology词汇学 general linguistics普通语言学theoretical linguistics理论语言学historical linguistic s历史语言学descriptive linguistics描写语言学empirical linguistics经验语言学dialectology方言学 anthropology人类学 stylistics文体学 signif ier能指 signif ied所指 morphs形素 morphotactics语素结构学/形态配列学 syntactic categori es句法范畴syntactic classes句法类别序列 sub-structure低层结构 super-structure上层结构 open syllable开音节 closed syllable闭音节 checked syllable成阻音节 rank 等级 level层次 ding-dong theory/nativistic theory本能论 sing-song theory唱歌说 yo-he-ho theory劳动喊声说 pooh-pooh theory感叹说 ta-ta theory模仿说 animal cry theory/bow-wow theory模声说 Prague school布拉格学派 Bilateral opposition双边对立Mutilateral opposition多边对立Proportional opposition部分对立Isolated opposition孤立对立 Private opposition表缺对立 Graded opposition渐次对立Equipollent opposition均等对立Neutralizable opposition可中立对立Constant opposition恒定对立Systemic-f unctional grammar系统功能语法 Meaning potential意义潜势Conversational implicature会话含义Deictics指示词 Presupposition预设 Speech acts言语行为 Discourse analysis话语分析Contetualism语境论 Phatic communion寒暄交谈Metalanguage原语言 Applied linguistic s应用语言学Nominalism唯名学派Psychosomatics身学 第二章trachea/windpipe气管 tip舌尖 blade舌叶/舌面 front舌前部 center舌中部 top舌顶 back舌后部 dorsum舌背 root舌跟 pharynx喉/咽腔 laryngeals喉音 laryngealization喉化音 vocal cords声带 vocal tract声腔 initiator启动部分 pulmonic airstream mechanism肺气流 机制 glottalic airstream mechanism喉气流 机制 velaric airstream mechanism腭气流机 制 Adam’s apple喉结 Voiceless sound清音 Voiceless consonant请辅音 Voiced sound浊音 Voiced consonant浊辅音 Glottal stop喉塞音 Breath state呼吸状态 Voice state带音状态 Whisper state耳语状态 Closed state封闭状态 Alveolar ride齿龈隆骨 Dorsum舌背 Ejective呼气音 Glottalised stop喉塞音 Impossive内爆破音 Click/ingressive吸气音 Segmental phonology音段音系学 Segmental phonemes音段音位 Suprasegmental超音段 Non-segmental非音段 Plurisegmental复音段 Synthetic language综合型语言 Diacritic mark附加符号 Broad transcription宽式标音 Narrow transcription窄式标音 Orthoepy正音法 Orthography正字法 Etymology词源 Active articulator积极发音器官 Movable speech organ能动发音器官 Passive articulator消极发音器官 Immovable speech organ不能动发音 器官 Lateral边音 Approximant [j,w]无摩擦延续音 Resonant共鸣音 Central approximant中央无摩擦延续 音 Lateral approximant边无摩擦延续音 Unilateral consonant单边辅音 Bilateral consonant双边辅音 Non-lateral非边音 Trill [r]颤音trilled consonant颤辅音 rolled consonant滚辅音 Labal-velar唇化软腭音 Interdent al齿间音 Post-dental后齿音 Apico-alveol ar舌尖齿龈音 Dorso-alveol ar舌背齿龈音 Palato-alveolar后齿龈音 Palato-alveolar腭齿龈音 Dorso-palat al舌背腭音 Pre-palat al前腭音 Post-palatal后腭音 Velarization软腭音化 Voicing浊音化 Devoicing清音化 Pure vowel纯元音 Diphthong二合元音 Triphthong三合元音 Diphthongization二合元音化 Monophthongization单元音化 Centring diphthong央二合元音 Closing diphthong闭二合元音 Narrow diphthong窄二合元音 Wide diphthong宽二合元音 Phonetic similarity语音相似性 Free variant自由变体 Free variation自由变异 Contiguous assimilation临近同化 Juxtapostional assimilation邻接同化 Regressive assimilation逆同化 Anticipatory assimilation先行同化 Progressive assimilation顺同化 Reciprocal assimilation互相同化 Coalescent assimilation融合同化 Partial assimilation部分同化 Epenthesis插音 Primary stress主重音 Secondary stress次重音 Weak stress弱重音 Stress group重音群 Sentence stress句子重音 Contrastive stress对比重音 Lexical stress词汇重音 Word stress词重音 Lexical tone词汇声调 Nuclear tone核心声调 Tonetics声调学 Intonation contour语调升降曲线 Tone units声调单位 Intonology语调学 Multilevel phonology多层次音系学 Monosyllabic word多音节词 Polysyllabic word单音节次 Maximal onset principle最大节首辅 音原则 第三章词汇 liaison连音 contract ed f orm缩写形式 frequency count词频统计 a unit of vocabulary词汇单位 a lexical item词条 a lexeme词位 hierarchy层次性 lexicogrammar词汇语法 morpheme语素 nonomorphemic words单语素词 polymorphemic words多语素词 relative uninterruptibility相对连续性 a minimum f ree f orm最小自由形式 the maximum f ree f orm最大自由形式 variable words 可变词 invariable words不变词 paradigm聚合体 grammatical words(function words)语 法词/功能词 lexical words(cont ent words)词汇词/ 实义词 closed-cl ass words封闭类词 opened-class words开放类词 word class词类 particles小品词 pro-f orm代词形式 pro-adjective(so)代形容词 pro-verb(do/did)代副词 pro-adverb(so)代动词 pro-locative(there)代处所词/代方位词 determiners限定词 predeterminers前置限定词 central determiners中置限定词 post determiners后置限定词 ordinal number序数词 cardinal number基数词 morpheme词素 morphology形态学 free morpheme自由词素 bound morpheme黏着词素 root词根 aff ix词缀 stem词干 root morpheme词根语素 pref ix前缀 inf ix中缀 suff ix后缀 bound root morpheme黏着词根词素 inf lectional aff ix屈折词缀 derivational aff ix派生词缀 inf lectional morphemes屈折语素 derivational morphemes派生语素 word-f ormation构词 compound复合词 endocentri c compound向心复合词 exocentri c compound离心复合词 nominal endocentric compound名词性 向心复合词 adjective endocentric compound形容 词性向心复合词 verbal compound动词性复合词 synthetic compound综合性复合词 derivation派生词 morpheme语素 phoneme音位

英语语言学教程(胡壮麟版).

英语语言学教程（胡壮麟版） Chapter one. Invitation to Linguistic. 1.What is language? “Language is system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a system, since linguistic elements are arranged systematically, rather than randomly. Arbitrary, in the sense that there is usually no intrinsic connection between a work (like “book”) and the object it refers to. This explains and is explained by the fact that different languages have different “books”: “book” in English, “livre” in French, “shu” in Ch inese. It is symbolic, because words are associated with objects, actions, ideas etc. by nothing but convention. Namely, people use the sounds or vocal forms to symbolize what they wish to refer to. It is vocal, because sound or speech is the primary medium for all human languages. Writing systems came much later than the spoken forms. The fact that small children learn and can only learn to speak (and listen) before they write (and read) also indicates that language is primarily vocal, rather than written. The term “human” in the definition is meant to specify that language is human specific. 2.Design Features of Language. “Design features” here refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability (1)Arbitrariness: By “arbitrariness”, we mean there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. (2)Duality: The property of having two levels of structures (phonological and grammatical), units of the primary level being composed of elements of the secondary level and each level having its own principles of organization. (3)Productivity: Productivity refers to the ability to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those that has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation. The property that enables native speakers to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of utterances, including utterances that they have never previously encountered. (4)Displacement: “Displacement”, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words, one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. (5)Cultural transmission: This means that language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but that the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. (6)Interchangeability: Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. 3.Functions of Language. Language has at least seven functions: phatic, directive, Informative, interrogative, expressive, evocative and performative. (1)Phatic function: The “phatic function” refers to language being used for setting up a certain atmosphere or maintaining social contacts (rather than for exchanging information or ideas). Greetings, farewells, and comments on the weather in English and on clothing in Chinese all serve this function. (2)Directive function: The “directive function” means that language may be used to get the hearer