中英翻译
NC and CNC
Numerical Control(NC) is any machining process in which the operations are executed automatically in sequences as specified by the program that contains the information for the tool movements.When NC is performed under computer supervision,it is called Computer Numerical Control(CNC).For both NC and CNC systems,work principles are the same.Only the way in which the execution is controlled is different.Normally,new systems are faster,more powerful,andmore versatile.
1.Machines Using NC
Early machine tools were operated by craftsmen who decided many variables such as speeds, feeds, and depth of cut, etc. With the development of science and technology, a new term, Numerical Control (NC) appeared. Controlling a machine tool using a punched tape or stored program is known as Numerical Control. NC has been defined by the Electronic Industries Association (EIA) as “A system in which actions are controlled by the direct insertion of numerical data at some point. The system must automatically interpret at least some portion of this data.”
In the past, machine tools were kept as simple as possible in order to keep their costs down. Because of the ever-rising cost of labor, better machine tools, complete with electronic controls, were developed so that industry could produce more and better products at prices that were competitive with those offshore industries.
NC is being used on all types of machine tools from the simplest to the most complex. The most common machine tools are the single-spindle drilling machine, lathe, milling machine, turning center, and machining center.
1.1.Single-Spindle Drilling Machine
One of the simplest numerically controlled machine tools is the single-spindle drilling machine. Most drilling machines are programmed on three axes:
a. The X-axis controls the table movement to the right or left.
b. The Y-axis controls the table movement toward or away from the column.
c. The Z-axis controls the up or down movement of the spindle to drill holes to depth.
1.2. Lathe
The engine lathe, one of the most productive machine tools, has been a very efficient means of producing round parts. Most lathes are programmed on two axes:
a. The X-axis controls the cross motion (in or out) of the cutting tool.
b. The Z-axis controls the carriage travel toward or away from the headstock.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1f3997694.html,ling Machine
The milling machine has always been one of the most versatile machine tools used in industry. Operations such as milling, contouring, gear cutting, drilling, boring and reaming are only a few of the many operations that can be performed on a milling machine.The milling machine can be programmed on three axes:
a. The X-axis controls the table movement to the right or left.
b. The Y-axis controls the table movement toward or away from the column.
c. The Z-axis controls the vertical (up and down) movement of the knee or spindle.
1.4. Turning Center
Turning Centers were developed in the mid-1960s after studies showed that about 40 percent of all metal cutting operations were performed on lathes. These numerically controlled machines are capable of greater accuracy and higher production rates than the engine lathe. The basic turning center operates on only two axes:
a. The X-axis controls the cross motion of the turret head.
b. The Z-axis controls the lengthwise travel (toward or away from the headstock) of the turret head.
1.5. Machining Center
Machining centers were developed in the 1960s so that a part did not have to be moved from machine to machine in order to perform various operations. These machines greatly increased production rates because more operations could be performed on a work-piece in one setup.There are two main types of machining centers, the horizontal and the vertical spindle types.
a. The horizontal spindle-machining center operates on three axes:
(a) The X-axis controls the table movement to the right or left.
(b) The Y-axis controls the vertical movement (up and down) of the spindle.
(c) The Z-axis controls the horizontal movement (in or out) of the spindle.
b. The vertical spindle-machining center operates on three axes:
(a) The X-axis controls the table movement to the right or left.
(b) The Y-axis controls the table movement toward or away from the column.
(c) The Z-axis controls the vertical movement (up and down) of the spindle.
2.Programming for NC
A program for numerical control consists of a sequence of directions that caused a NC machine to carry out a certain operation, machining being the most commonly used process. Programming for NC may be done by an internal programming department, on the shop floor, or purchased from an outside source. Also, programming may be done manually or with computer assistance.
The program contains instructions and commands. Geometric instructions pertain to relative movements between the tool and the work-piece. Processing instructions pertain to spindle speeds, feeds, tools, and so on. Travel instructions pertain to the type of interpolation and slow or rapid movements of the tools or worktables. Switching commands pertain to on/off position for coolant supplies, spindle rotation, direction of spindle rotation, tool changes, work-piece feeding, clamping and so on.
1.Manual programming. Manual part programming consists of first calculating dimensional relationships of the tool, work-piece and worktable based on the engineering drawings of the part, and manufacturing operations to be performed and their sequence. A program sheet is then prepared, which consists of the necessary information to carry out the operation, such as cutting tools, spindle tools, feeds, depth of cut, cutting fluids, power, and tool or work-piece relative positions and movements. Based on this information, the part program is prepared. Usually a paper tape is first prepared for typing out and debugging the program. Depending on how
often it is to be used, the tape may be made of more durable mylar.
Someone knowledgeable about the particular process and able to understand, read, and change part programs can do manual programming. Because they are familiar with machine tools and process capabilities, skilled machinists can do manual programming with some training in programming, however, the work is tedious, time consuming, and uneconomical and is used mostly in simple point-to-point applications.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1f3997694.html,puter-aided Programming. Computer-aided part programming involves special symbolic programming languages that determine the coordinate points of corners, edges, and surfaces of the part.Because numerical control involves the insertion of data concerning work-piece materials and processing parameters, programming must be done by operators or programmers who are knowledgeable about the relevant aspects of the manufacturing processes being used. Before production begins, programs should be verified, either by viewing a simulation of the procession on a CRT screen or by making the part from an inexpensive material, such as aluminum, wood, or plastic, rather than the material specified for the finished parts.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1f3997694.html,C
When Numerical Control is performed under computer supervision, it is called Computer Numerical Control (CNC). Computers are the control units of CNC machines. They are built in or linked to the machines via communications channels. When a programmer inputs some information in the program by tape and so on, the computer calculates all necessary data to get the job done.
Today’s systems have computers control data, so they are called Computer Numerically Controlled Machines. For both NC and CNC systems, work principles are the same. Only the way in which the execution is controlled is different. Normally, new systems are faster, more powerful, and more versatile unit.
The Construction of CNC Machines
CNC machine tools are complex assemblies. However, in general, any CNC machine tool consists of the following units: computers, control systems, drive motors and tool changers.
According to the construction of CNC machine tools, CNC machines work in the following manner:
(1) The CNC machine language, which is a programming language of binary notation used on computers, is not used on CNC machines.
(2) When the operator starts the execution cycle, the computer translates binary codes into electronic pulses that are automatically sent to the machine’s power units. The control units compare the number of pulses sent and received.
(3) When the motors receive each pulse, they automatically transform the pulses into rotations that drive the spindle and lead screw, causing the spindle rotation and slide or table movement. The part on the milling machine table or the tool in the lathe turret is driven to the position specified by the program.
CNC machines have many advantages over conventional machines,some of them are:
(1)There is a possibility of performing multiple operations on the same machine in some setup.
(2)The scrap rate is significantly reduced because of the precision of the CNC machine and lesser operator impact.
(3)It is easy to incorporate part design changes when CAD/CAM system are used.
(4)Production is significantly increased.
(5)It is easier to perform quality assurance by a spot-check instead of checking all parts.
(6)Because of the possibility of simultaneous muti-axis tool movement,special profile tools are not necessary to cut unusual part shapes.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1f3997694.html,puters
As with all computers, the CNC machine computer works on binary principle using only two characters 1 and 0, for information processing precise time impulses from the circuit. There are two states, a state with voltage, 1, and a state without voltage, 0. Series of ones and zeroes are the only states that the computer distinguishes are called machine language, and it is the only language the computer understands.When creating the program, the programmer does not care about the machine language.He or she simply uses a list of codes and keys in the meaningful information.Special built-in software compiles the program into the machine language and the machine moves the tool by its servomotors. However, the programmability of the machine is dependent on whether there is a computer in the machine’s control. If there is a minicomputer programming, say, a radius (which is a rather simple task), the computer will calculate all the points on the tool path.On the machine without a minicomputer, this may prove to be a tedious task, since the programmer must calculate all the points of intersection on the tool path. Modern CNC machines use 32-bit processors in their computers that allow fast and accurate processing of information.
3.2.Control systems
There are two types of control systems on NC/CNC machines: the open loop and the closed loop. The type of control loop used determines the overall accuracy of the machine.
The open-loop control system does not provide positioning feedback to the control unit. The movement pulses are sent out by the control and they are received by a special type of servomotor called a stepper motor.The number of pulses that the control sends to the stepper motor controls the amount of the rotation of the motor. The stepper motor then proceeds with the next movement command. Since this control system only counts pulses and cannot identify discrepancies in positioning, the machine will continue this inaccuracy until somebody finds the error.
The open-loop control can be used in applications in which there is no change in load conditions, such as the NC drilling machine.The advantage of the open-loop control system is that it is less expensive, since it does not require the additional hardware and electrics needed for positioning feedback. The disadvantage is the difficulty of detecting a positioning error.
In the closed-loop control system, the electronic movement pulses are sent from the control to the servomotor, enabling the motor to rotate with each pulse. The movements are detected and counted by a feedback device called a transducer. With each step of movement, a transducer sends a signal back to the control, which compares the current position of the driven axis with the programmed position. When the number
of pulses sent and received matches, the control starts sending out pulses for the next movement.
Closed-loop systems are very accurate. Most have an automatic compensation for error, since the feedback device indicates the error and the control makes the necessary adjustments to bring the slide back to the position. They use AC, DC or hydraulic servomotors.
Position measurement in NC machines can be accomplished through direct or indirect methods. In direct measuring systems, a sensing device reads a graduated scale on the machine table or slide for linear movement. This system is more accurate because the scale is built into the machine and backlash (the play between two adjacent mating gear teeth) in the mechanisms is not significant.
In indirect measuring systems, rotary encoders or resolves convert rotary movement to translation movement. In this system, backlash can significantly affect measurement accuracy. Position feedback mechanisms utilize various sensors that are based mainly on magnetic and photoelectric principles.
3.3.Drive Motors
The drive motors control the machine slide movement on NC/CNC equipment. They come in four basic types: stepper motors, DC servomotors, AC servomotors and fluid servomotors.
Stepper motors convert a digital pulse generated by the microcomputer unit (MCU) into a small step rotation. Stepper motors have a certain number of steps that they can travel. The number of pulses that the MCU sends to the stepper motor controls the amount of the rotation of the motor.Stepper motors are mostly used in applications where low torque is required.
Stepper motors are used in open-loop control systems, while AC, DC or hydraulic servomotors are used in closed-loop control systems.
Direct current (DC) servomotors are variable speed motors that rotate in response to the applied voltage. They are used to drive a lead screw and gear mechanism. DC servomotors provide higher-torque output than stepper motors.
Alternative current (AC) servomotors are controlled by varying the voltage frequency to control speed. They can develop more power than a DC servomotor. They are also used to drive a lead screw and gear mechanism.
Fluid or hydraulic servomotors are also variable speed motors. They are able to produce more power, or more speed in the case of pneumatic motors than electric servomotors. The hydraulic pump provides energy to values that are controlled by the MCU.
3.4Tool Changers
Most of the time, several different cutting tools are used to produce a part. The tools must be replaced quickly for the next machining operation. For this reason, the majority of NC/CNC machine tools are equipped with automatic tool changers, such as magazines on machining centers and turrets on turning centers. They allow tools changing without the intervention of the operator. Typically, an automatic tool changer grips the tool in the spindle, pulls it out, and replaces it with another tool.On most machines with automatic tool changers, the turret or magazine can rotate
in either direction, forward or reverse.
Tool changers may be equipped for either random or sequential selection. In random tool selection, there is no specific pattern of tool selection. On the machining center, when the program calls for the tool, it is automatically indexed into waiting position, where it can be retrieved by the tool-handling device. On the turning center, the turret automatically rotates, bringing the tool into position.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1f3997694.html,puter-Aided Design (CAD)
A CAD system is basically a design tool in which the computer is used to analyze various aspects of a designed product. The CAD system supports the design process at all levels—conceptual, preliminary, and final design. The designer can then test the product in various environmental conditions, such as temperature changes, or under different mechanical stresses.
Although CAD systems do not necessarily involve computer graphics, the picture of the object is usually displayed on the surface of a cathode-ray tube (CRT). Computer graphics enable the designer to study the object by rotating it on the computer screen, separating it into segments, enlarging a specific portion of kinematics programs.
Most CAD systems are using interactive graphics systems. Interactive graphics allow the user to interact directly with the computer in order to generate manipulation, and modify graphic displays. Interactive graphics has become a valuable tool, if not a necessary prerequisite, of CAD systems.
The end products of many CAD systems are drawings generated on a plotter interfaced with the computer. One of the most difficult problems in CAD drawings is the elimination of hidden lines. The computer produces the drawing as a wire frame diagram. Since the computer defines the object without regard to one’s perspective, it will display all the object’s surfaces, regardless of whether they are located on the side facing the viewer or on the back, which normally the eye cannot see. Various methods are used to generate the drawing of the part on the computer screen. One method is to use a geometric modeling approach, in which fundamental shapes and basic elements are used to build the drawing. The lengths and radii of the elements can be modified. For example, a cylinder is a basic element. The subtraction of a cylinder with a specific radius and length will create holes in the displayed part. Each variation, however, maintains the overall geometry of the art.
Other CAD systems use group technology in the design of parts. Group technology is a method of coding and grouping parts on the basis of similarities in function or structure or in the ways they are produced. Application of group technology can enable a company to reduce the number of parts in use and to make the production of parts and their movement in the plant efficient.
Recently CAD systems are using the finite-element method (FEM) of stress analysis. By this approach the object to be analyzed is represented by a model consisting of small elements, each of which has stress and deflection characteristics. The analysis requires the simultaneous solution of many equations.
A task, which is performed by the computer, and the deflections of the object, can be displayed on the computer screen by generating animation of the model.
With any of these methods, or others which are used, the CAD system generates at the design stage a single geometric data base which can be used in all phrases of the design and later in the manufacturing, assembling, and inspection processes.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
数字控制和计算机数字控制
数控（NC）是按照含有机床运动信息程序所指定的顺序自动执行操作的加工过程。当数控机床在计算机监控下工作时，它就被称为计算机数控机床（CNC）。NC和CNC系统两者的工作原理一样，仅仅控制执行的方式不同。新型的数控系统通长速度更快、功率更大、功能更齐全。
1.数控机床
老式机床通常是由工人操作并由他们决定机床速度、进给量、切削深度等。随着科学技术的发展，一个新术语—数字控制 (NC) 诞生了。数字控制就是利用穿孔纸带或储存的程序来控制机床。美国电子工业协会把数控定义为“采用在某些点直接插入数字数据来控制操作的系统，此系统必须能够自动解释这些信息中的一部分。”
过去，人们尽量使机床结构简单，以便降低成本。由于劳动成本日益上涨，人们研制出性能更好的机床，并且配有电控设备，这样企业可以生产更多、更好、价格较低的产品，以便和国际上的产品相竞争。
从最简单到最复杂的机床都用到了数控技术。最常见的机床有：单轴钻床、卧式车床、铣床、车削中心及加工中心。
1.1单轴钻床
单轴钻床是最简单的数控机床之一。多数数控钻床可在三个坐标轴上编程：
1）X轴控制工作台左右运动。
2）Y轴控制工作台靠近或离开立柱。
3）Z轴控制主轴上下运动，确定孔的加工深度。
1.2．卧式车床
1）卧式车床是生产效率最高的机床之一，它是加工回转体零件非常有效的工具。
大部分数控机床可在两个坐标轴上编程。
2）X轴控制刀具横向运动（切入或切出）。
3）Z轴控制机床拖板靠近或离开主轴箱。
1.3．铣床
铣床一直是工业生产中加工方式最多的机床之一，像铣削、成型加工、齿加工、钻、镗、铰等只是可在铣床上进行的一少部分加工方式。数控铣床可在三个坐标轴上编程。
1）X轴控制工作台左右运动。
2）Y轴控制工作台靠近或离开立柱。
3）Z轴控制升降台或主轴垂直（上下）运动。
1.4．车削中心
研究表明，整个金属材料的切削操作大约40%是在机床上进行的。早在20世纪60年代中期，人们就开始研制车削中心。这种数控机床比普通车床具有更高的加工精度和生产效率。一般数控车削中心仅在两个坐标轴上工作：
1）X轴控制转塔头横向运动。
2）Z轴控制刀架纵向运动（靠近或离开主轴箱）。
1. 5．加工中心
加工中心是20世纪60年代发展起来的。有了加工中心，工人们不必把零件从一台机床转移到另一台机床就能完成各种加工。由于工件经过一次装配后便能进行多种加工，所以大大提高了生产效率。加工中心主要有两类：卧式加工中心和立式加工中心。
（1）卧式加工中心可在三个坐标轴上工作：
1）X轴控制工作台左右运动。
2）Y轴控制主轴垂直（上下）运动。
3）Z轴控制主轴水平运动（切入或切出）。
（2）立式加工中心在三个坐标轴上工作：
1）X轴控制工作台左右运动。
2）Y轴控制工作台靠近或离开立柱。
3）Z轴控制主轴垂直（上下）运动。
2.数控编程
数字控制的程序是由一系列使数控机床执行某种操作（通常是加工操作）的指令组成的。数控编程可以由内部编程部门在车间内进行，也可从外面购买。程序编制可以是手动编程也可以在计算机帮助下完成。
程序包含指令和命令。几何指令是关于刀具和工件之间的相对运动的。工艺指令是关于主轴速度、进给、刀具等方向的。运动指令是关于插补的类型、刀具或工作台运动快慢的。开关命令是关于切削液供给的开、关、主轴旋转、主轴转向、换刀、工件进给、夹紧等操作的。
（1）手动编程。手动零件编程首先在零件机械图基础和加工工序上计算刀具、工件和工作台之间的尺寸关系，然后准备程序清单，其中包括进行加工操作的必要的信息，如切削用量、主轴转速、进给、背吃刀量、切削液、动力、刀具或工件的相对位置及运动，在此基础上准备零件程序。通常首先做出试切用的穿孔纸带，并调试程序，根据穿孔带使用的频率，也可用耐用的聚脂薄膜材料制作穿孔带。
手动零件编程需要由懂得一定工艺知识，能理解、阅读、修改零件程序的人员进行。熟练的机械工由于熟悉机床及其工艺性能，经编程培训后也能胜任手动编程工作。然而，手动编程枯燥费时间，经济性差，主要用于点位加工。
（2）计算机辅助编程。计算机辅助零件编程是用特定的符号程序语言来决定零件的顶点、边、面的坐标点。由于数字控制涉及工件材料和工艺参数的插入，编程工作必须由那些熟知所要用的工艺方面相关知识的操作人员或编程人员担任。在加工之前，应对程序进行验证，或在加工同时在CRT屏幕上观察模拟加工过程，或者试切。试切时用价格低廉的材料，如铝、木头或塑料，而不采用加工出成品时所用的材料。
3.计算机数字控制
当数控机床在计算机监控下工作时，它就被称为计算机数控机床（CNC）。计算机是CNC 机床的控制单元，它们内嵌于数控机床中或者通过通信渠道与数控机床连接，当程序员编程时，通过纸带或磁盘将一些信息输入，计算机将对一些必要的数据进行计算来完成工作。
当今的系统都由计算机来控制数据，因而称之为计算机数控机床（简称CNC机床）。 NC 和CNC系统两者的工作原理一样，仅仅是控制执行的方式不同。新型的数控系统通常速度更快、功率更大、功能更全。
计算机数控机床的结构
CNC 机床结构较为复杂。一般来说，任何CNC机床都由以下几个单元组成：计算机、控制系统、驱动电动机和换刀机构装置。
根据CNC机床的结构，CNC机床以下列方式工作：
（1）CNC机床语言是一种用在计算机上的二进制符号编程语言，而不是用在CNC机床上。
（2）当操作者开始执行循环时，计算机将二进制代码翻译成电脉冲，并自动地传送给机床的控制单元。控制单元将发出的脉冲数与接收的脉冲数加以比较。
（3）电动机每接收一个脉冲，就自动地将脉冲信号转换成旋转信号从而驱动主轴和丝杠，带动主轴旋转和拖板或工作台的移动。铣床工作台上的零件或车床转塔刀架上的刀具被驱动到程序指定的位置。
数控机床比传统的机械的许多优点，其中一些是：
(1)有一些设置可以在同一台机器上执行多个操作。
（2）由于数控机床的精度和较小的运营商的影响使废品率明显降低。
（3）很容易纳入部分设计变更时，均采用CAD / CAM系统。
（4）生产显著增加。
（5)比较容易进行抽查，而不是检查所有部件质量。
（6）由于机床可以实现多轴联动，切削非常规的零件形状时，可以不必使用成形刀具。
3.1．计算机
像所有其它计算机一样，CNC机器上的计算机也只使用1和0，按照二进制原理运行，处理来自系统电路的精确时间脉冲信息。有两个状态，高电平为1，低电平为0，1和0的序列是计算机区别于所谓的机器语言的唯一状态，也是计算机理解的唯一语言。编程时程序员不必关心机器语言，只需要简单地运用一系列代码和符号来表达有用的信息。机器内的特殊软件将程序编译为机器语言，由伺服电动机带动刀具流动。然而，机床程序的可用性依赖于机床控制系统中是否有计算机。如果用一个微型计算机进行程序设计，例如，半径（一个相当简单的任务），计算机将计算刀具路径上的全部位移点。如果机床上没有微型计算机，这个将是一个繁琐的工作，因为程序员必须计算刀具路径上的所有交点位置。现代CNC机床的计算机使用32位处理器可以实现信息的快速准确处理。
3.2．控制系统
在NC/CNC机床里有两种类型的控制系统：开环和闭环。所使用的控制环的类型决定机床的整体精度。
开环控制系统不提供位置反馈信息给控制单元。移动脉冲由控制单元发出，并被一种称为步进电动机的特殊伺服电动机所接收。控制单元发送给步进电动机的脉冲数控制电动机的旋转角度。然后步进电动机接收下一个运动命令。由于这个控制系统只计算脉冲，不能识别位置偏差，因此机床将继续其不准确操作，直到有人发现错误为止。
开环控制适用于载荷状态没有变化的场合，例如，数控钻床。开环控制系统的好处是成本低，因为它不需要为位置反馈安装额外的硬件及电子装置。其缺点是很难检测位置误差。
在闭环控制系统中，由控制单元发出电脉冲并送给伺服电动机，使电动机跟随每个脉冲旋转。这些运动能被一个称为传感器的反馈装置检测并记录下来。每移动一步，传感器就发送一个信号送回到控制单元，并且将当前驱动轴位置和程序中的设定位置相比较。当发出的和接收的脉冲数相匹配时，控制单元开始为下一个运动发出脉冲。
闭环系统非常精确。大部分闭环系统具有误差的自动补偿功能，通过反馈装置指示误差并作出必要的调整，将拖板带回到准确位置。闭环控制系统通常采用交流、直流或液压伺服电动机。
在数控机床中，位置测量可通过直接或间接测量的方式来实现。在直接测量系统中，传感器读取装在作直线运动的机床工作台或拖板上的标尺刻度数。这种系统比较精确，因为标尺装在机床内，并且机构中的后坐力（邻近啮合齿轮之间的作用）不是很明显。
在间接测量系统中，旋转编码器将旋转运动转换成直线运动。在这种测量系统中，后坐力在很大程度上会影响测量精度。采用多种传感器的位置反馈机制主要是基于磁和光电原理。
3.3．驱动电动机
驱动电动机控制数控或计算机数控设备上机器拖板的运动。它共有四种基本类型：步进电动机、直流伺服电动机、交流伺服电动机和液压伺服电动机。
步进电动机将由微机单元（MCU）发出的一个数字脉冲转换成一个小步转动，步进电动机能够传递一定数量的步数，微机单元（MCU）送给步进电动机的脉冲数控制步进电动机的转动角度。步进电动机常应用在传动扭矩要求较低的场合。
步进电动机常应用在开环控制系统中，而交流、直流或液压伺服电动机常使用在闭环控制系统中。
直流伺服电动机是可以变速的电动机，其转速随供给电压的变化而变化。它们常被用来驱动丝杠和齿轮传动机构。直流伺服电动机能够提供比步进电动机更大的传动扭矩。
交流伺服电动机是通过改变电压频率来控制转速的。交流伺服电动机比直流伺服电动机的输出功率更大，它们也被用来驱动丝杠和齿轮机构。
液压伺服电动机也是速度可调电动机。在应用气泵场合下，液压伺服电动机能够产生的功率和速度要比电气伺服电动机更大更高。液压泵将能量提供给由微机单元控制的阀门。
3.4．换刀装置
通常，加工一个零件需要使用几把不同的刀具。加工过程中必须为下一步加工工序迅速换刀。为此，大部分数控或计算机数控机床配备有自动换刀装置，如加工中心上的链式刀库和车削中心的转塔刀库。他们无需操作员干预，即可换刀。较为典型的是，自动换刀装置会卡紧车床主轴内的刀具，将其拉出，然后用另一把刀具代替。在具有自动换刀装置的大部分机床上，刀架和自动换刀装置可以进行旋转，正向反向均可。
换刀机构有随机换刀和顺序换刀。在随机换刀中，没有刀具选择的具体路径。对于加工中心，当程序调用刀具时，刀具处理装置能自动检索到处于等待位置的刀具。对于车削中心，回转刀架自动地旋转，将刀具带到指定位置。
4.计算机辅助设计（CAD）
计算机辅助设计系统是一种设计工具，计算机是用来分析所设计的产品的各个方面的。CAD系统支持各种阶段的设计过程——设计构思、初步设计以及最终设计。然后设计者可在各种环境条件下，比如温度的变化或不同机械压力下检验产品的状况。
尽管CAD系统并非一定要包含计算机绘图，但能将设计的产品显示在屏幕上是CAD系统的最有价值的特性之一。物体的图形通常显示在阴极射线管屏幕上（CRT）。计算机图形功能使设计者可用多种办法研究物体：将物体在计算机屏幕上旋转、将其分成几段、将物体局部放大便于仔细研究以及在运动程序的帮助下研究物体的运动。
大多数CAD系统使用互动式图形系统。交互式图形系统使用户可直接和计算机交互作，对图形进行调整和修改。对CAD系统来说，交互式图形系统就算不是必要的，也已经是很有价值的工具了。
许多CAD系统的最终产品是在与计算机连接的绘图仪中产生的图形。在CAD图形中，最难解决的问题之一是消去那些被挡住的线。计算机生成的图形是线框图形。由于计算机定义物体时没有考虑图形的透视效果，它显示出物体的所有面，而不考虑这些面是在朝向观测者的一面还是位于通常人眼无法看到的背面。
可使用多种不同的方法在计算机屏幕上生成零件的图形。一种方法是采用几何模板形式，这种办法是用基本形状和基本元素去创建图形，并可以修改元素的长度和半径。例如，圆柱是一个基本元素，在已显示的零件上去掉一个规定半径和长度的圆柱就可生成一个孔。但是每次变化都会保留零件所有的几何特征。
另外，CAD系统使用成组技术设计零件。成组技术是在功能、结构相同或加工方法相似的工件基础上采用分组编码的一种加工方法。采用成组技术可使工厂减少所用零件的数量，并使零件在工厂中的制造、运输效率更高。
近来，CAD系统使用了压力有限元分析法。在使用这种方法时，待分析物体用很多有压力及弯曲特性的小元素组成的模型表示。这种分析方法要求同时分解许多方式，用计算机执行一项任务，物体的弯曲可以通过生成动画的方式显示在计算机屏幕上。
采用这些办法中的任何一种或其它常用办法，CAD系统在设计阶段产生了单个的几何数据库，它可用于设计的各个阶段及其以后的制造、装配和检验过程中。
英汉互译在线翻译怎样实现
现在英语的重要性相信大家都是有所了解的，特别是外贸工作者对英语的重要性更是深有体会的。同时在学业学习的过程中我们也是会经常遇到一些英汉互译的问题的额，那么我们应该怎样在线实现英汉互译的问题呢？下面就一起来看一下吧。 步骤一：要在线实现英汉互译的问题，我们就需要通过浏览器搜索在线翻译，进入下面这个页面来帮助我们进行实现。 步骤二：通过浏览器进入在线翻译页面后，有两个选项一个是短句翻译的选项，中文150字以内，英文150词以内都支持进行翻译，适合零散短句，日常用语，商贸交流，邮件往来，地址信息等短文本的翻译。
步骤三：还有一个选项是文档翻译的选项，一次只支持翻译一个文档，所支持翻译的文档格式有一下几种：PDF、WORD文档中的图片、扫描件、图纸。但是背景模糊的纯图片无法进行翻译。 步骤四：了解完上面的两个选项后，我们就可以根据需要选择一个选项进入了，下面小编就选择短句翻译的选项，来为大家进行讲解。
步骤五：转入短句翻译的选项后，会出现两个文本框，我们需要在左边的文本框中输入需要进行翻译的语句。 步骤六：语句输入好后，在文本框的上方可以对一些翻译的选项设置，这样可以帮助我们更快的实现翻译。
步骤七：翻译选项设置好后，就可以通过选择开始翻译按钮，对短语进行翻译了。 步骤八：耐心等待短语翻译结束后，翻译结果会在右边的文本框中呈现，我们可以通过文本框上方的复制按钮对翻译后的结果进行复制粘贴，也可以直接通过鼠标选中进行复制粘贴。
英汉互译的实现方法，上面已经为大家分享过了，实现过程简单快速，生活中再遇到关于翻译的问题，就可以用这个方法来进行实现了。
spss软件的菜单及所有单词中英文翻译大全
SPSS 统计软件的主菜单及子菜单
spss软件的中英文翻译 Absolute deviation, 绝对离差 Absolute number, 绝对数 Absolute residuals, 绝对残差 Acceleration array, 加速度立体阵 Acceleration in an arbitrary direction, 任意方向上的加速度Acceleration normal, 法向加速度 Acceleration space dimension, 加速度空间的维数Acceleration tangential, 切向加速度 Acceleration vector, 加速度向量 Acceptable hypothesis, 可接受假设 Accumulation, 累积 Accuracy, 准确度 Actual frequency, 实际频数 Adaptive estimator, 自适应估计量 Addition, 相加 Addition theorem, 加法定理 Additivity, 可加性 Adjusted rate, 调整率 Adjusted value, 校正值 Admissible error, 容许误差 Aggregation, 聚集性 Alternative hypothesis, 备择假设 Among groups, 组间 Amounts, 总量 Analysis of correlation, 相关分析 Analysis of covariance, 协方差分析 Analysis of regression, 回归分析 Analysis of time series, 时间序列分析 Analysis of variance, 方差分析 Angular transformation, 角转换 ANOVA （analysis of variance）, 方差分析 ANOVA Models, 方差分析模型 Arcing, 弧/弧旋 Arcsine transformation, 反正弦变换 Area under the curve, 曲线面积 AREG , 评估从一个时间点到下一个时间点回归相关时的误差ARIMA, 季节和非季节性单变量模型的极大似然估计 Arithmetic grid paper, 算术格纸 Arithmetic mean, 算术平均数
中英文翻译(修改)
建筑结构在冲击负载作用下连续倒塌分析方法 摘要：建筑物在冲击负载作用下的连续倒塌已经引起了全世界的极大关注。对于一个经济的，安全的，能够抵抗冲击负载作用下连续倒塌的建筑结构设计，连续倒塌分析是必不可少的。因为连续倒塌的灾难性特点，和为了抵抗它而潜在的建造和改造建筑物的高额费用，所以连续倒塌分析方法是绝对必要且可信的。对于工程师们而言，他们估算连续倒塌的方法不仅仅要求精确和简要，而且容易上手，立竿见影。因而，最近许多研究者都在发展可靠有效和直接的连续倒塌分析方法上花费了很多的精力。在最近的干物上，当前在文献资料中找得到的关于连续倒塌的分析方法被重新审阅。人们广泛讨论它们的适宜性、适用性和可靠性。我们也提出了最近刚刚完成的关于钢筋混凝土框架在爆破荷载下的连续倒塌新分析方法。 关键词：连续倒塌分析；建筑结构；爆炸荷载；冲击荷载 连续倒塌被定义为“由于一个基本的局部构件失效在构件之间扩散最终造成整个结构或者是不成比例的一大部分倒塌”。其含义为一个或者一组关键承重构件的失效造成周围构件的失效和部分或者是整个结构的倒塌。建筑结构的连续倒塌可能由一系列的意外和人为的因素造成，比如：错误的建造顺序，偶然过载造成的局部失效，爆炸和地震造成的关键组件的损坏。这篇论文仅仅研究了特殊荷载（如：爆炸和冲击），造成的建筑结构连续倒塌的分析。 随着最近Alfred P．Murrah联邦大楼和世界贸易中心（WTC）的倒塌，许多的研究更多的关注如何建造抵抗由于爆炸和冲击荷载造成连续倒塌的建筑。对于一个经济的，安全的，能够抵抗冲击负载作用下连续倒塌的建筑结构设计，连续倒塌分析是必不可少的。因为连续倒塌的灾难性特点，和为了抵抗它而潜在的建造和改造建筑物的高额费用，所以连续倒塌分析方法是绝对必要且可信的。对于工程师们而言，他们估算连续倒塌的方法不仅仅要求精确和简要，而且容易上手，立竿见影。因而，最近许多研究者都在发展可靠有效和直接的连续倒塌分析方法上花费了很多的精力。
英汉互译在线翻译句子
如果只是遇见，不能停留，不如不遇见。 if we can only encounter each other rather than stay with each other,then i wish we had never encountered. 2 。宁愿笑着流泪，也不哭着说后悔。心碎了，还需再补吗？ i would like weeping with the smile rather than repenting with the cry, when my heart is broken, is it needed to fix? 3 。没有谁对不起谁，只有谁不懂得珍惜谁。 no one indebted for others, while many people dont know how to cherish others. 4 。命里有时钟需有命里无时莫强求you will have it if it belongs to you, whereas you dont kvetch for it if it doesnt appear in your life. 5 。当香烟爱上火柴时，就注定受到伤害when a cigarette falls in love with a match, it is destined to be hurt. 6。爱情??在指缝间承诺指缝…。在爱情下交缠。love ,promised between the fingers finger rift, twisted in the love 7。没有人值得你流泪，值得让你这么做的人不会让你哭泣。 no man or woman is worth your tears, and the one who is, won?t make you cry. 8 。记住该记住的，忘记该忘记的。改变能改变的，接受不能改变的。 remember what should be remembered, and forget what should be forgotten. alter what is changeable, and accept what is unchangeable. love is like a butterfly. it goes where it pleases and it pleases where it goes. 爱情就像 一只蝴蝶，它喜欢飞到哪里，就把欢乐带到哪里。 if i had a single flower for every time i think about you, i could walk forever in my garden. 假如每次想起你我都会得到一朵鲜花，那么我将永远在花丛中徜徉。 within you i lose myself, without you i find myself wanting to be lost again. 有了你，我迷失了自我。失去你，我多么希望自己再度迷失。每一个沐浴在 爱河中的人都是诗人。 look into my eyes - you will see what you mean to me. 看看我的眼睛，你会发现你对 我而言意味着什么。distance makes the hearts grow fonder. 距离使两颗心靠得更 近。 i need him like i need the air to breathe. 我需要他，正如我需要呼吸空气。 if equal affection cannot be, let the more loving be me. 如果没有相等的爱，那就让 我爱多一些吧。 love is a vine that grows into our hearts. 爱是长在我们心里的藤蔓。
英汉互译在线翻译句子教案资料
英汉互译在线翻译句 子
美句集锦 如果只是遇见，不能停留，不如不遇见。 if we can only encounter each other rather than stay with each other,then i wish we had never encountered. 2。宁愿笑着流泪，也不哭着说后悔。心碎了，还需再补吗？ i would like weeping with the smile rather than repenting with the cry, when my heart is broken, is it needed to fix? 3。没有谁对不起谁，只有谁不懂得珍惜谁。 no one indebted for others, while many people dont know how to cherish others. 4。命里有时钟需有命里无时莫强求 you will have it if it belongs to you, whereas you dont kvetch for it if it doesnt appear in your life. 5。当香烟爱上火柴时，就注定受到伤害 when a cigarette falls in love with a match, it is destined to be hurt. 6。爱情…在指缝间承诺指缝…。在爱情下交缠。 love ,promised between the fingers finger rift, twisted in the love 7。没有人值得你流泪，值得让你这么做的人不会让你哭泣。 no man or woman is worth your tears, and the one who is, won?t make you cry. 8。记住该记住的，忘记该忘记的。改变能改变的，接受不能改变的。 remember what should be remembered, and forget what should be forgotten. alter what is changeable, and accept what is unchangeable. love is like a butterfly. it goes where it pleases and it pleases where it goes. 爱情就像一只蝴蝶，它喜欢飞到哪里，就把欢乐带到哪里。 if i had a single flower for every time i think about you, i could walk forever in my garden. 假如每次想起你我都会得到一朵鲜花，那么我将永远在花丛中徜徉。 within you i lose myself, without you i find myself wanting to be lost again. 有了你，我迷失了自我。失去你，我多么希望自己再度迷失。 每一个沐浴在爱河中的人都是诗人。 look into my eyes - you will see what you mean to me. 看看我的眼睛，你会发现你对我而言意味着什么。 distance makes the hearts grow fonder. 距离使两颗心靠得更近。 i need him like i need the air to breathe. 我需要他，正如我需要呼吸空气。 if equal affection cannot be, let the more loving be me. 如果没有相等的爱，那就让我爱多一些吧。 love is a vine that grows into our hearts. 爱是长在我们心里的藤蔓。 if i know what love is, it is because of you.
英文翻译工具
五分钟搞定5000字－外文文献翻译【你想要的工具都在这里】 五分钟搞定5000字－外文文献翻译 工具大全https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1f3997694.html,/node/2151 在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：G oogle“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手"。 具体操作过程如下： 1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献； 2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了； 3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。
另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。 注： 1、Google翻译：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1f3997694.html,/language_tools google，众所周知，谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。我利用它是这样的。一方面可以用它查询英文论文，当然这方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜索，在此不赘述。回到我自己说的翻译上来。下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧 比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译， 首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的，根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做，一般比较准确。 在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。大家应该都有词典吧，按中国人的办法，把一个一个词分着查出来，敲到google里，你的这种翻译一般不太准，当然你需要验证是否准确了，这下看着吧，把你的那支离破碎的翻译在google里搜索，你能看到许多相关的文献或资料，大家都不是笨蛋，看看，也就能找到最精确的翻译了，纯西式的！我就是这么用的。 2、CNKI翻译：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1f3997694.html, CNKI翻译助手，这个网站不需要介绍太多，可能有些人也知道的。主要说说它的有点，你进去看看就能发现：搜索的肯定是专业词汇，而且它翻译结果下面有文章与之对应（因为它是CNKI检索提供的，它的翻译是从文献里抽出来的），很实用的一个网站。估计别的写文章的人不是傻子吧，它们的东西我们可以直接
中英文互译
中英文翻译 EXW FCA FAS FOB CFR CIF CPT DAF DES DEQ DDU DDP Offer Offeror Offeree Invitation for offer Subject to our final confirmation Cross offer Withdrawal Revocability Counter-offer Acceptance Mail box rule Receive of the letter of acceptance rule Late acceptance Identified to the contract Shipping documents Sale by description Sale by sample Fundamental breach of contract Anticipatory breach Specific performance Breach of condition Breach of warranty Unconditionally appropriated to the contract Reserve the right of disposal To the order of the seller or his agent Sale on approval Floating cargo Quality to be considered as being about equal to the sample Sales by specification, grade or standard Fair average quality Sales by brand of trade mark
中英互译中遇到的不对等词及其翻译
中英互译中遇到的不对等词及其翻译 王碧娟 （洛阳师范学院公共外语教研部河南洛阳471022） 【摘要】本文就中英语言中的不对等对等词汇进行了比较研究，探讨了它们对翻译的重大影响，并介绍如何利用当代的翻译理论及其翻译技巧，如音译、直译、意译等处理一些汉英翻译中看似不可译的英汉中词汇不对等现象。 【关键词】不对等；音译；直译；意译 一、简述 美国翻译理论家尤金.A奈达指出每一种语言都具有其独特的构词功能、词序、句法和语言风格，比如成语和诗句，每一种语言中都有大量的词汇用以体现该民族，该文化的特征。[1]但在长期的发展过程中，不同民族要面对一些完全相同的事物，如太阳、月亮、水、火，如生老病死。所以，不同的语言之间就会有一些对等的词汇来表示相同的事物，但其表达方式却不尽相同。中文、英文分属不同的语系，所以在这一点上，它们自然也不例外。翻译是跨语言交际的一种途径，所以，理解词汇的意义就非常重要了。本文就中英语言中的对等词汇进行了比较研究，并探讨了它们对翻译的重大影响，并介绍如何利用当代的翻译理论及其翻译技巧处理一些汉英翻译中看似不可译的英汉中词汇不对等现象。 二、中英对等词汇的比较研究 为了更好的理解对等词汇，我们应先讨论一下词义，著名的英语语言学家利奇，在他的《语义学》一书中将词义清晰地划分为七类： （一）概念意义；（二）含蓄意义；（三）风格意义；（四）感情意义；（五）折射意义；（六）搭配意义；（七）主题意义。 其中（二）、（三）、（四）、（五）、（六）可被归纳为联想意义。[2]这样的分类能帮助我们更好的理解词义。但当我们在探讨词汇语义学时，我们主要关注两种词义，即代表该词在实际语言学领域的意义的指称意义和指在使用过程中形成的价值观和态度，即联想意义。这里，我们将对中英文中对等词的指称义和联想意义进行比较和分析。 1、指称意义相同但联想意义不同 在这一部分，我们将把指称意义相同但联想意义不同的词做一比较。我们也知道，语言，作为文化的一个重要部分，能反应一个地区，一个民族或一个国家的文化。语言同时也是人们表达自己文化的途径。语言与文化间的关系就如同文
软件工程中英文翻译
Internet of electronic information resources development and utilization The development and utilization of Internet richness of the electronic information resource, which can be directly consider E-mail, file transfer, Telnet approach, also can indirectly consider using several common information retrieval tool, the paper made a detailed introduction and analysis, aims to help help user well using the Internet. For information institutions or library is concerned, to learn and use well, not only can enlarge Internet information resources development and utilization of the scope, but also able to enhance the level of service to users. Keywords Internet electronic information resources development and utilization Exploitation andUtilization of Electronic Information Resources on Internet - The Internet can be extensive communication in the world every person, connect all the computer and provides a wealth of information resources, and provide A variety of service tool to obtain these resources. Information institutions or libraries in the Internet for information resources, retrieval electricity The son journals and newspapers, orders and electronic publications, retrieval online catalogue and union catalog, a searchable database system, access journals to discuss, through the file transfer (FTP) receiving documents. So we can use Internet richness of the information resources to expand its collection, still can use directly these information resources to carry on the information retrieval consulting services. In searching available in the email, database retrieval, file transfer, remote login, and information query tools etc. In order to enrich the exploitation and utilization of Internet information resources, the author thinks that should through the following ways. 1 directly use the Internet E-mail (hereinafter Email) Electronicmail, E-mail is a based on computer network to store, forward form various data, images, and exchange information in words of exchange System, sending and receiving and managementare in computer Internet E-mail systems management software. Email software generally provide teleport, browse, storage, transfer, delete, restore E-mail and the reply, and other functions, can match a communication, also can spread, each user has a particular coding mailbox, can with any users online information transmission, spontaneous since the received or forwardingletters. User simply equipped with a modem, a telephone lines and thcorresponding communication software, can in any part of the microcomputer with communication phase even on sending and receiving information, to realize communication. Email take storage, forwarding way, open E-mail program is adopted, the web server machine online way 24 hours working around-the-clock, always receive emails from all of the world, no matter what, when and where will the computer connected server only, can scoop out your E-mail. Need to send electronic information, users first the arbitrary length of letters for its input computer plus addressee address, and send button, the information being sent to the information high male road. On the other side of the addressee open
【9A文】英汉互译在线翻译句子
美句集锦 如果只是遇见，不能停留，不如不遇见。ifwecanonlRencountereachotherratherthanstaRwitheachother,theniwishwehadneverenco untered. 2。宁愿笑着流泪，也不哭着说后悔。心碎了，还需再补吗？iwouldlikeweepingwiththesmileratherthanrepentingwiththecrR,whenmRheartisbroken,i sitneededtofiR? 3。没有谁对不起谁，只有谁不懂得珍惜谁。 nooneindebtedforothers,whilemanRpeopledontknowhowtocherishothers. 4。命里有时钟需有命里无时莫强求 RouwillhaveitifitbelongstoRou,whereasRoudontkvetchforitifitdoesntappearinRourlif e. 5。当香烟爱上火柴时，就注定受到伤害 whenacigarettefallsinlovewithamatch,itisdestinedtobehurt. 6。爱情...在指缝间承诺指缝...。在爱情下交缠。 love,promisedbetweenthefingers fingerrift,twistedinthelove 7。没有人值得你流泪，值得让你这么做的人不会让你哭泣。nomanorwomanisworthRourtears,andtheonewhois,won?tmakeRoucrR. 8。记住该记住的，忘记该忘记的。改变能改变的，接受不能改变的。rememberwhatshouldberemembered,andforgetwhatshouldbeforgotten.alterwhatischangea ble,andacceptwhatisunchangeable. loveislikeabutterflR.itgoeswhereitpleasesanditpleaseswhereitgoes.爱情就像一只蝴蝶，它喜欢飞到哪里，就把欢乐带到哪里。ifihadasingleflowerforeverRtimeithinkaboutRou,icouldwalkforeverinmRgarden. 假如每次想起你我都会得到一朵鲜花，那么我将永远在花丛中徜徉。withinRouilosemRself,withoutRouifindmRselfwantingtobelostagain. 有了你，我迷失了自我。失去你，我多么希望自己再度迷失。 每一个沐浴在爱河中的人都是诗人。 lookintomReRes-RouwillseewhatRoumeantome. 看看我的眼睛，你会发现你对我而言意味着什么。distancemakestheheartsgrowfonder. 距离使两颗心靠得更近。 ineedhimlikeineedtheairtobreathe. 我需要他，正如我需要呼吸空气。 ifequalaffectioncannotbe,letthemorelovingbeme. 如果没有相等的爱，那就让我爱多一些吧。 loveisavinethatgrowsintoourhearts. 爱是长在我们心里的藤蔓。 ifiknowwhatloveis,itisbecauseofRou. 因为你，我懂得了爱。 loveisthegreatestrefreshmentinlife. 爱情是生活最好的提神剂。 loveneverdies.
the-egg-全文中英互译-翻译
2三十五岁的春天, 他娶了当时还是学校教员的妈妈, 第二年春, 我便呱呱坠地. 打那儿起, 他俩起了变化. 他们变得雄心勃勃, 满脑子都是美国式飞黄腾达的远大理想. 3对此我妈可能也要付一定责任. 她识文断字, 一定经常读书看报. 我估计她在坐月子的时候, 就读了伽菲和林肯等人怎么从一介草民变成一代伟人--当时我就躺在她边上--兴许她指望我哪天也能呼风唤雨. 她不由分说, 怂恿爸爸辞掉了雇农的工作, 卖了马匹自己做买卖. 她身高体长, 沉默寡言, 鼻梁高耸, 灰色的眼珠常显得忧虑不安. 她对自己无欲无求, 为我们却豪情万丈到无可救药. 4他们的第一桩投资就惨不忍睹. 他们在距彼兑奥镇八英里的格利路边租了十英亩贫瘠的石板地, 将养鸡厂投入运营. 我在那里进入了孩提时代, 并获得了对人生的第一印象. 最初的印象充斥着死亡和不幸, 如果说我后来成了一个彻头彻尾的悲观主义者, 都归功于我在养鸡场度过的本应快乐的童年时光. 5没有相同的生活经历, 你绝想不到鸡的一生能惨绝人寰到何种程度. 它破壳而生, 像复活节明信片上的小毛球样子活上几周, 然后令人发指地掉毛, 成堆地吃掉你老爹辛勤汗水换来的谷粮, 染上喉舌病, 霍乱等各种鸡瘟, 傻站着两眼朝天, 生病, 然后死翘翘. 多数母鸡和少数公鸡, 为了践行上帝的神秘旨意, 挣扎着撑到成年. 随后母鸡下蛋, 孵出小鸡, 恐怖的生命轮回籍此画上圆圈. 整个过程复杂得匪夷所思. 绝大多数哲学家的童年一定都在养鸡厂度过. 各种期许美轮美奂, 到头来眼睁睁地一一破灭. 初生的小鸡看似聪明伶俐, 实际上蠢得骇人听闻. 倘若能侥幸熬过鸡瘟, 引得你期待满满, 它们便闲庭信步地走向马车轮底, 被轧成肉饼向上帝报道. 寄生虫是他们健康的大敌, 于是大笔的钱被用来购买药粉. 多年之后, 文坛涌现了一种致力于描写靠养鸡发家致富的文学流派. 那是写给全知全能开天眼的神人看的. 此类养鸡文学积极向上, 描绘了人类靠两窝母鸡可以取得的巨大成就. 别上当, 那不是写给你看的. 上阿拉斯加的冻土淘金, 相信政客敢上测谎仪, 坚信人类不会玩完或仁者无敌, 也坚决不要相信任何与母鸡有关的文艺作品. 那不是写给你看的. 6怎么回事, 我跑题了. 这个故事其实跟母鸡无关, 确切地说, 是关于鸡蛋. 十年来爹妈累死累活, 让养鸡场扭亏为盈的尝试还是以失败告终. 他们果断地改变投资项目, 前往毕兑奥镇进军餐饮业. 十年来他们第一次可以不用担心孵蛋器不孵蛋, 或者为从半裸雏鸡变成死老母鸡的小毛球--它们确有自己的可爱之处--操心受累. 我们打点家当扔掉鸡舍, 怀揣对新生活的美好憧憬, 沿着格利路启程朝毕兑奥进发. 7如果没人硬说我们是逃荒的难民, 往轻了说, 我们也是个个愁云惨淡凄风苦雨. 我和妈妈走路, 全部家当装在向邻居艾格里借来一天的马车里. 椅子腿从车子两旁支棱出来, 床铺桌子厨具后面是一木箱活鸡, 箱子上放着我幼年用过的婴儿车. 我想不通干嘛还留着它--我不太可能有弟弟妹妹, 而且车轱辘早坏了. 穷人总是什么都不舍得扔. 此类种种, 生活如此让人沮丧. 8爸爸高坐在马车上. 当时他四十五岁, 谢顶略胖, 常年与妈妈和鸡相伴使他变得习惯性的寡言少语闷闷不乐. 十年间他一直在临近农场打零工, 赚来的钱大都花在了维魔特效霍乱散, 毕教授催蛋剂, 以及各种妈妈在家禽杂志广告上看到的鸡瘟特效药上. 爸爸鬓角有两缕稀疏的头发. 我记得小时候的冬天下午, 我会看着他在壁炉前的椅子里打瞌睡. 那时我已经开始看书认字, 萌生了这么一个想法, 爸爸头顶上的光秃小径, 就像凯撒大帝的大路, 将他的疆土从罗马通向未知世界. 他耳旁的发丛, 则是森林. 在半梦半醒之间, 我看到全家沿着爸爸头顶上的康庄大道, 走向无鸡无蛋的幸福生活. 9我们从鸡场到市镇的长途跋涉可以写成一篇纪实文学. 我和妈妈溜溜走了八英里, 她照看车上摇摇欲坠的东西, 我则打量着世上的奇景. 父亲的旁边是他的宝贝, 我接下来就要说.
最新汉译英在线翻译句子
[标签:标题] 篇一：2015汉译英句子翻译(包括参考译文) 2015年汉译英综合练习 1. 她就是这样风里来，雨里去，成年累月地工作着。 This is how she carries on her work, rain or shine, all the year round. 2. 西湖如明镜，千峰凝翠，洞壑幽深，风光奇丽。 The West Lake is like a mirror, embellished all around with emerald hills and deep caves of enchanting beauty. 3. 但我就是这个脾气，虽然几经努力，却未能改变过来。 But it’s the way I am, and try as I might, I haven’t been able to change it. 4. 一踏上中华人民共和国国土，我们就随时随地地受到关怀和照顾。 From the moment we stepped into the People’s Republic of China, care and kindness surrounded us on every side. 5. 袭人道：“一百年还记得呢！比不得你，拿着我的话当耳边风，夜里说了，早起就忘了。”“I’ll remember it if I live to be a hundred!”said Aroma. “I am not like you, letting what I say go in at one ear and out at the other forgetting what’s said at night by the next morning.” 6. 要制造飞机，就必须仔细考虑空气阻力问题。 Air resistance must be given careful consideration when the aircraft is to be made. 7. 为什么总把这些麻烦事推给我呢？ Why should all the unpleasant jobs be pushed onto me? 8. 只有在我过于劳累，在我长时间无间断地工作，在我感到内心空虚，需要补充精神营养的时候，我才感到寂寞。 I am lonely when I am overtired, when I have worked too long without a break, when for the time being I feel empty and need filling up. 9. 中国成功地爆炸了第一颗原子弹，在全世界引起了巨大的反响。 The successful explosion of the first atomic bomb in China caused great repercussions all over the world. 10. 我们应该实行国民经济信息化和科研成果产业化。 We should build an information-based national economy and apply scientific research achievements to industrial production. 11. 你说的倒轻巧，你也给我捧个奖杯回来。 You talk as if it were very simple. Why not try yourself and see if you can bring back a trophy, too? 12. 中国应该用实践向世界表明，中国反对霸权主义、强权政治、永不称霸。 China should show the world through actions that she is opposed to hegemonism and power politics and will never seek hegemony. 13. 中国明朝的著名旅行家徐霞客一生周游考察了16个省，足迹几乎遍布全国。 Xu Xiake, a great traveler in China’s Ming Dynasty, visited 16 provinces in his lifetime, leaving his footprints in nearly every corner of the country. 14. 阿Q将衣服摔在地上，吐一口唾沫，说：“这毛虫”！ Ah Q flung his jacket on the ground, spat, and swore, “Hairy worm!” 15. “三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮”，这就是说，群众有伟大的创造力。
人力资源管理常见职位中英互译
人力资源管理常见职位中英互译 不管是在你出国前预备各种材料、办理各种手续，依旧在您来到异国需要求职或申请入学，您确信要经常用到一些职位、职业的名称。找找看，您现在的职位英文如何说？您想从事的国外职业的中文名称又是什么？ (以英语字母为序) Accounting Assistant会计助理 Accounting Clerk记帐员 Accounting Manager会计部经理 Accounting Stall会计部职员 Accounting Supervisor会计主管 Administration Manager行政经理 Administration Staff行政人员 Administrative Assistant行政助理 Administrative Clerk行政办事员 Advertising Staff广告工作人员
Airlines Sales Representative航空公司定座员Airlines Staff航空公司职员 Application Engineer应用工程师 Assistant Manager副经理 Bond Analyst证券分析员 Bond Trader证券交易员 Business Controller业务主任 Business Manager业务经理 Buyer采购员 Cashier出纳员 Chemical Engineer化学工程师 Civil Engineer土木工程师 Clerk/Receptionist职员/接待员 Clerk Typist & Secretary文书打字兼秘书Computer Data Input Operator运算机资料输入员
中英互译
2011年国家主席胡锦涛新年贺词英文翻译 2011年02月19日 16:12 女士们，先生们，同志们、朋友们， Ladies and gentlemen, comrades and friends, 新年钟声即将敲响，人类就要进入2011年。在这辞旧迎新的美好时刻，我很高兴通过中国国际广播电台、中央人民广播电台和中央电视台，向全国各族人民，向香港特别行政区同胞、澳门特别行政区同胞、台湾同胞和海外侨胞，向世界各国的朋友们，致以新年的祝福！ The New Year's bell is about to ring, and 2011 will soon begin. At this beautiful moment of bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new, via China Radio International, China National Radio and China Central Television, I am delighted to extend New Year greetings to Chinese of all ethnic groups, to compatriots in Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions and Taiwan, to overseas Chinese and to friends all over the world! 2010年，对中国人民来说是很不平凡的一年。面对国际国内环境的复杂变化，中国人民团结一心、开拓前进，成功举办上海世博会、广州亚运会，战胜青海玉树强烈地震、甘肃舟曲特大山洪泥石流等重大自然灾害，保持经济平稳较快发展，着力提高人民生活水平和质量，胜利实现“十一五”规划确定的目标任务，经济实力和综合国力进一步增强。中国加强同各国的友好合作，积极参与应对国际金融危机、气候变化、核安全等问题的国际合作，发挥建设性作用，为促进世界和平与发展作出了新的贡献。 The year of 2010 has been a very unusual and uncommon one for the Chinese people. Facing difficult domestic and international situations, Chinese people of all ethnic groups united in one heart and one mind, with perseverance, successfully dealt with the disasters brought about by the Yushu earthquake in Qinghai Province and the Zhouqu mudslide in Gansu Province. We successfully held Shanghai World Expoand Guangzhou Asian Games. We maintained a stable and relatively fast economic growth, and successfully completed the goals set up in the 11th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development. The living standard of the Chinese people has been further improved. The economic strength and the overall national strength have been further strengthened. The Chinese people conducted friendly exchanges and pragmatic cooperation with the rest of the world, actively participated in efforts by the international community to deal with the global financial crisis, climate change, and nuclear safety, and made further contributions to world peace and development.