PID研究——文献翻译

比例积分微分控制（PIDC）

Proportional-Integral-Derivative Control

翻译：张祥（lyzhangxiang）

安徽师范大学 07级电子信息工程专业

E-Mail:lyzhangxiang.love@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/114489353.html,

更新日期：2010-3-22

宗旨和目的：

PID算法是最流行的反馈控制器所使用的内加工行业。它已被成 功应用于超过50年。这是一个强大的易于理解的算法，可以提 供很好的控制性能，尽管过程动态、特性不同的物质。

讲义：

?引入比例积分微分（PID）控制算法。

?讨论了算法的三种模式的作用。

?突出不同的算法结构。

?讨论已经过去50年来帮助在进化方法控制回路调整。

经过这一过程中完成的第一个学生都应该能够在接近一个循环 调整适当和有效的方式问题，有足够的知识，有效地调整一 PID 控制算法。

该比例积分微分（PID）算法

顾名思义，该 PID算法包括三个基本模式的比例模式，积分和微 分模式。当利用这算法是要决定哪些模式是使用性（P，I或 D）

然后指定为每个模式的参数（或设置）使用。一般来说，三个基 本算法使用 P，PI或PID。

一个比例算法：

数学表述是

（拉普拉斯域） （时间域） 该比例模式调整成正比的输出信号控制器输入（这是错误的信 号）。可调节的参数为指定的控制器增益，kc。这并不是要与过 程相混淆增益，kp。kc 越大越强，控制器的输出会改变一个给 定的错误。举例而言，增益为1的10％误差的规模会改变控制 器的输出规模的10％。 许多仪器制造商使用比例带 （以 Pb计）， 而不是 kc（这是定义的范围有哪些地方是错误必须改变，以驱 动控制器输出在全范围。在 PB 还告诉你有多大的错误，必须提 交操纵变量达到0或100％。在 PB通常是围绕着导致输出设定 值为50％当设定点和过程的输出是相等的）.

时域表达式还表明，控制器需要校准围绕稳态工作点。这是表明 的常数项mvss。这代表了'稳定状态'的 mV信号，并用于确保零 误差在 cv的设定点。在拉普拉斯域这个条件消失了，因为'偏差 变量的代表性。

一个比例控制器，可以减少错误，但并不排除错误（除非整合的 过程，自然属性），即一个偏移量与实际和预期值通常会存在。 一个比例积分算法：

数学表述是

额外的积分模式（通常称为重置）纠正任何偏移（错误）之间可 能发生的预期值（设定值）和输出的过程随着时间的推移自动调 节。（不同的控制制造商使用的控制器组成的模式不同的定义。 它可以定义为分钟，分钟/每分钟重复或重复。所不同的是非常 重要的注意，以便以确保不会出现问题，在优化工作。请记住'

名称游戏'。Ti 是不可分割的时间（分钟），如果指定为重复/分 钟，那么1/Ti 必须输入到控制器，同时分钟/Ti再次重复。这是 混乱，是由复杂的事实，制造商并不一致）可调的参数指定的积 分时间（Ti）的控制器。

长期重置从何而来

重置经常被用来描述整体模式。复位的时间为整体行动，作为生 产的P模式压相同的变化初始（静态）的变化。考虑下面的图

图（1）显示了这将是一个PI控制器获得给定的输出在错误的阶 段性变化。立即输出步骤，由于P 模式。那个加强规模的增长是 Kce。积分模式，然后再使 mV至'斜'。在此期间从时间0到时间

Ti'的 MV再次 Kce 增加。

积分过程

当一个控制器， 具有不可分割的行动收到一个错误信号相当长的 时间控制器的整体来说会有所增加由控制器的积分时间支配率。 这将最终导致操纵变量的达到100％（或0％的规模），即其上 限或下限。这就是所谓的整体风行动。一个持续错误可能由于多 种方案，其中之一更是常见控制系统'重写'。当覆盖其他控制器 接管控制某一回路，例如由于安全原因。原来控制器未关闭，因 此它仍然会收到一个错误信号，通过当时，'风行动'的一个组成 部分，除非我们采取行动，制止这种发生。有可能被用来阻止这 种情况发生的许多技术。一种方法是被称为'外部复位反馈' （Luyben，1990）。在这里，控制阀的信号也发送到控制器。那 个控制器具有逻辑，使之能够整合其时的错误信号要控制值，但 打破了循环，如果覆盖控制器操纵阀。

一个比例积分微分算法：

数学表达式：

衍生诉讼（也称为利率或预先行为）预计在该进程标题在受控变 量的变化率的时间寻找（其导数）。运输署是'利率的时间'，这 刻画的衍生诉讼（同分钟为单位）。从理论上讲衍生的行动应不 断改善动态响应和它在许多循环。在其他国家，但是，问题噪音 的信号使得使用不良衍生诉讼 （区别噪声信号可以转化为过度压

运动）。

衍生诉讼取决于错误的斜坡，不像P和 I，如果错误一是不断衍 生诉讼没有任何效果。

修订工作

使用Matlab / Simulink的探讨实际上是在错误的一步变化对理想 的 PID控制算法的各种模式。假设架KC = 1，Ti= 10分钟和 TD = 5分钟。

PID运算可以是不同的

并非所有的制造生产的PID的符合理想的'教科书'结构。因此在 开始调整重要的是要了解配置的 PID算法！在'大部分课本'调整 规则只适用于理想架构。如果算法是不同的话，控制器参数的建 议，由特定的调整方法，将有被改变。

理想的 PID

该算法的数学表述是：

这方面的一个理想的'劣势教科书'配置是，突然在设定值的变化 将导致长期成为衍生非常大，从而提供了一个“衍生踢”的最终 控制元件 - 这是不可取的。另一种实现

测量上的衍生模式的行为，而不是错误。经过在设定点输出的变

化将缓慢避免“衍生踢”之后设定值的变化。因此，这是大多数 商业标准特点控制器。

系列（相互作用）的 PID

该算法的数学表述是：

至于执行与该系列的理想模式， 也可以包括衍生对错误或衍生的 测量。在此情况下，数学表达式为

平行的 PID

数学表达式：

比例增益唯一的错误行为， 而与理想的算法它的行为以及在积分 和衍生模式。

调整中

1。提请理想框图表示，系列（互动）和并行PID控制法。

2。写下'时域的数学代表性的理想（无衍生踢），系列（交互） 和并行 PID控制法。

3。假设一个理想的 PID算法的控制器的设置给出由，ck，Ti， TD。制定必须确保转换因素，PID算法的并行实施，将提供同

样的压信号给予同样的错误信号。

控制器调整

控制器调整涉及的最佳价值选择架 KC，钛和 TD（如PID算法 正在使用）。这通常是一个主观过程，是当然过程依赖。许多方 法已建议在过去50 年来的文献。然而，最近的调查表明， ?30％已安装的控制器在手动操作。

?30％的增幅的循环变化。

?25％的循环使用默认设置。

?30％的循环设备问题。

这是一个过程的动态缺乏了解，可能的解释，缺乏对 PID算法或 有关知识的缺乏了解有效的调整程序。 这说明部分集中的 PID调 整程序。这项建议是，如果能够得到妥善的 PID调节有很多改进 的余地化学经营业绩加工设备。

当调整的PID算法，一般的目的是配合一些先入为主的'理想'的 闭环系统的响应文件。以下配置文件是典型的反应。

自动化外文翻译

景德镇陶瓷学院 毕业设计(论文)有关外文翻 译 院系：机械电子工程学院 专业：自动化 姓名：肖骞 学号： 201010320116 指导教师：万军 完成时间： 2014.5.8 说明

1、将与课题有关的专业外文翻译成中文是毕业设计（论文）中的一个不可缺少的环节。此环节是培养学生阅读专业外文和检验学生专业外文阅读能力的一个重要环节。通过此环节进一步提高学生阅读专业外文的能力以及使用外文资料为毕业设计服务，并为今后科研工作打下扎实的基础。 2、要求学生查阅与课题相关的外文文献3篇以上作为课题参考文献，并将其中1篇（不少于3000字）的外文翻译成中文。中文的排版按后面格式进行填写。外文内容是否与课题有关由指导教师把关，外文原文附在后面。 3、指导教师应将此外文翻译格式文件电子版拷给所指导的学生，统一按照此排版格式进行填写，完成后打印出来。 4、请将封面、译文与外文原文装订成册。 5、此环节在开题后毕业设计完成前完成。 6、指导教师应从查阅的外文文献与课题紧密相关性、翻译的准确性、是否通顺以及格式是否规范等方面去进行评价。 指导教师评语： 签名： 年月日

TMS320LF2407, TMS320LF2406, TMS320LF2402 TMS320LC2406, TMS320LC2404, MS320LC2402 DSP CONTROLLERS The TMS320LF240x and TMS320LC240x devices, new members of the ‘24x family of digital signal processor (DSP) controllers, are part of the C2000 platform of fixed-point DSPs. The ‘240x devices offer the enhanced TMS320 architectural design of the ‘C2xx core CPU for low-cost, low-power, high-performance processing capabilities. Several advanced peripherals, optimized for digital motor and motion control applications, have been integrated to provide a true single chip DSP controller. While code-compatible with the existing ‘24x DSP controller devices, the ‘240x offers increased processing performance (30 MIPS) and a higher level of peripheral integration. See the TMS320x240x device summary section for device-specific features. The ‘240x family offers an array of memory sizes and different peripherals tailored to meet the specific price/performance points required by various applications. Flash-based devices of up to 32K words offer a reprogrammable solution useful for: ◆Applications requiring field programmability upgrades. ◆Development and initial prototyping of applications that migrate to ROM-based devices. Flash devices and corresponding ROM devices are fully pin-to-pin compatible. Note that flash-based devices contain a 256-word boot ROM to facilitate in-circuit programming. All ‘240x devices offer at least one event manager module which has been optimized for digital motor control and power conversion applications. Capabilities of this module include centered- and/or edge-aligned PWM generation, programmable deadband to prevent shoot-through faults, and synchronized analog-to-digital conversion. Devices with dual event managers enable multiple motor and/or converter

数字控制外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

外文资料 Numerical Control One of the most fundamental concepts in the area of advanced manufacturing technol-ogies is Numerical Control(NC). Prior to the advent of NC, all machine tools were manually operated and controlled. Among the many limitations associated with manual control machine tools. Perhaps none is more prominent than the limitation of operator skills. With manual control, the quality of the product are directly related to and limited to the skills of the operator. Numerical Control represented the first major step away from human control of machine tools. Numerical Control means the control of machine tools and other manufacturing systems through the use of prerecorded, written symbolic instructions. Rather than operating a machine tool. For a machine tool to be numerically controlled, it must be interfaced with a device for accepting and decoding the programmed instructions, known as a reader. Numerical Control was developed to overcome the limitation of human operators, and it has done so. Numerical Control machines are more accurate than manually operated machines,they can produce parts more uniformly, they are faster, and the long-run tooling costs are lower. The development of NC led to the development of several other innovations in manufacturing technology: (1) Electrical discharge machining. (2) Laser cutting. (3) Electron beam welding. Numerical Control has also made machine tools more versatile than their manually operated predecessors. An NC machine tool can automatically produce a wide variety of parts, each involving an assortment of widely varied and comples machining processes. Numerical Control has allowed manufacturers to undertake the production of products that would not have been feasible from an economic perspective using manually controlled machine tools and processes.

电气工程及其自动化专业_外文文献_英文文献_外文翻译_plc方面

1、 外文原文 A: Fundamentals of Single-chip Microcomputer Th e si ng le -c hi p m ic ro co mp ut er i s t he c ul mi na ti on of both t h e de ve lo pm en t o f t he d ig it al co m pu te r an d th e i n te gr at ed c i rc ui t a rg ua bl y t h e to w m os t s ig ni f ic an t i nv en ti on s o f t he 20th c e nt ur y [1]. Th es e t ow ty pe s of ar ch it ec tu re a re fo un d i n s in g le -ch i p m i cr oc om pu te r. So m e em pl oy t he spl i t pr og ra m/da ta m e mo ry o f th e H a rv ar d ar ch it ect u re , sh ow n in Fi g.3-5A -1, o th ers fo ll ow t he p h il os op hy , wi del y a da pt ed f or ge n er al -p ur po se co m pu te rs a nd m i cr op ro ce ss o r s, o f ma ki ng n o log i ca l di st in ct ion be tw ee n p r og ra m an d d at a m e mo ry a s i n t he P r in ce to n ar ch ite c tu re , sh ow n i n F ig.3-5A-2. In g en er al te r ms a s in gl e -chi p m ic ro co mp ut er i s c h ar ac te ri ze d b y t h e i nc or po ra ti on o f a ll t he un it s of a co mp uter i n to a s in gl e d ev i ce , as s ho wn in Fi g3-5A -3. Fig.3-5A-1 A Harvard type Program memory Data memory CPU Input& Output unit memory CPU Input& Output unit

PLC控制系统外文翻译

附录 Abstract: Programmable controller in the field of industrial control applications, and PLC in the application process, to ensure normal operation should be noted that a series of questions, and give some reasonable suggestions. Key words: PLC Industrial Control Interference Wiring Ground Proposal Description Over the years, programmable logic controller (hereinafter referred to as PLC) from its production to the present, to achieve a connection to the storage logical leap of logic; its function from weak to strong, to achieve a logic control to digital control of progress; its applications from small to large, simple controls to achieve a single device to qualified motion control, process control and distributed control across the various tasks. PLC today in dealing with analog, digital computing, human-machine interface and the network have been a substantial increase in the capacity to become the mainstream of the field of control of industrial control equipment, in all walks of life playing an increasingly important role. ⅡPLC application areas Currently, PLC has been widely used in domestic and foreign steel, petroleum, chemical, power, building materials, machinery manufacturing, automobile, textile, transportation, environmental and cultural entertainment and other industries, the use of mainly divided into the following categories: 1. Binary logic control Replace traditional relay circuit, logic control, sequential control, can be used to control a single device can also be used for multi-cluster control and automation lines. Such as injection molding machine, printing machine, stapler machine, lathe, grinding machines, packaging lines, plating lines and so on. 2. Industrial Process Control In the industrial production process, there are some, such as temperature, pressure, flow, level and speed, the amount of continuous change (ie, analog), PLC using the appropriate A / D and D / A converter module, and a variety of control algorithm program to handle analog, complete closed-loop control. PID closed loop control system adjustment is generally used as a conditioning method was more. Process control in metallurgy, chemical industry, heat treatment, boiler control and so forth have a very wide range of applications 3. Motion Control PLC can be used in a circular motion or linear motion control. Generally use a dedicated motion control module, for example a stepper motor or servo motor driven single-axis or multi-axis position control module, used in a variety of machinery, machine tools, robots, elevators and other occasions. 4. Data Processing PLC with mathematics (including matrix operations, functions, operation, logic operation), data transfer, data conversion, sorting, look-up table, bit manipulation functions, you can complete the data collection, analysis and processing.Data

自动化专业英文文献翻译2

西南交通大学 毕业设计（英文翻译） 节能型机房温湿度远程控制系统测控节点设 计 年级: 学号: 姓名: 专业: 指导老师: 二零一一年六月

Mosix Mosix修改bsdi上的BSD/ OS来提供电脑上的跨网络的动态负载平衡组和先发制人进程迁移。这是不错的东西，不只是为并行处理，但对于通常使用一个集群很像一个可扩展的SMP。是否有Linux版本？详细信息，请看www.cs.huji.ac.il/mosix/。NOW (工作站网络) 伯克利工作站网络项目，https://www.wendangku.net/doc/114489353.html,/，已经极推广了并行计算中使用工作站网络，这里还有很多工作在进行中，都致力于“在未来几年展示一个实际的100处理器系统”。唉，他们不使用linux。 并行处理使用linux 并行处理使用Linux WWW站点，https://www.wendangku.net/doc/114489353.html,/LDP/,是这些指南和许多相关文件包括为全日制量身订造的在线幻灯片的家园。除了在报纸项目上，普渡大学电机与计算机工程系已经是并行处理的领先者，这个的设立是为了帮助别人申请并行处理的Linux电脑。 自从普渡大学的第一组Linux个人电脑在1994年2月组装以来，已经诞生了许多的Linux PC集群，有些还包括视频墙。然而这些集群使用386，486和奔腾系统（没有奔腾Pro系统），英特尔最近获得普渡大学的捐赠，将允许它的奔腾II系统构建多个大型集群（与单个群集计划多达165机）。并且这些集群都将有论文网，也具有最传统的网络。 奔腾Pro集群研讨会 1997年，4月10-11日，埃姆斯实验室在得梅因，爱荷华州举行了奔腾Pro集群研讨会。WWW在本次研讨会，https://www.wendangku.net/doc/114489353.html,/workshops/PPCworkshop.html，从云集的参加者中收集了很多丰富的PC集群信息。 TreadMarks帝斯曼(分布式共享存) 帝斯曼（分布式共享存）是一种技术，即一个消息传递系统可以出现的行为作为一个SMP。有不少这样的系统，其部分使用OS页故障触发消息传输机制。TreadMarks，https://www.wendangku.net/doc/114489353.html,/~willy/TreadMarks/overview.html，是这种系统更有效地之一，并在Linux集群上运行。坏消息是“TreadMarks”正在由一个小成本的大学和非盈利机构的分配。欲了解更多有关该软件，请联系https://www.wendangku.net/doc/114489353.html,信息。 U型网 (用户级网络接口架构) U型网（用户级网络接口架构）在康奈尔大学，

毕业设计外文翻译---控制系统介绍

英文原文 Introductions to Control Systems Automatic control has played a vital role in the advancement of engineering and science. In addition to its extreme importance in space-vehicle, missile-guidance, and aircraft-piloting systems, etc, automatic control has become an important and integral part of modern manufacturing and industrial processes. For example, automatic control is essential in such industrial operations as controlling pressure, temperature, humidity, viscosity, and flow in the process industries; tooling, handling, and assembling mechanical parts in the manufacturing industries, among many others. Since advances in the theory and practice of automatic control provide means for attaining optimal performance of dynamic systems, improve the quality and lower the cost of production, expand the production rate, relieve the drudgery of many routine, repetitive manual operations etc, most engineers and scientists must now have a good understanding of this field. The first significant work in automatic control was James Watt’s centrifugal governor for the speed control of a steam engine in the eighteenth century. Other significant works in the early stages of development of control theory were due to Minorsky, Hazen, and Nyquist, among many others. In 1922 Minorsky worked on automatic controllers for steering ships and showed how stability could be determined by the differential equations describing the system. In 1934 Hazen, who introduced the term “ervomechanisms”for position control systems, discussed design of relay servomechanisms capable of closely following a changing input. During the decade of the 1940’s, frequency-response methods made it possible for engineers to design linear feedback control systems that satisfied performance requirements. From the end of the 1940’s to early 1950’s, the root-locus method in control system design was fully developed. The frequency-response and the root-locus methods, which are the

机械设计制造及其自动化外文翻译外文文献英文文献普通钻床改造为多轴钻床复习过程

普通钻床改造为多轴钻床 目前，我国中、小型企业的产品质量和生产效率都需要有一个新的提高, 但是加工手段却远远不能满足需要, 许多中小型企业都结合自己的实际对设备的技术状态进行改进，通过强化自身, 以求自我发展普通钻床为单轴机床，但安装上多轴箱就会成为多轴的钻床，改造成多轴钻床后，能大大地缩短加工时间，提高生产效率。 多轴加工应用：据统计，一般在车间中普通机床的平均切削时间很少超过全部工作时间的15%。其余时间是看图、装卸工件、调换刀具、操作机床、测量以及清除铁屑等等。使用 数控机床虽然能提高85%，但购置费用大。某些情况下，即使生产率高，但加工相同的零件，其成本不一定比普通机床低。故必须更多地缩短加工时间。不同的加工方法有不同的特点，就钻削加工而言，多轴加工是一种通过少量投资来提高生产率的有效措施。 多轴加工优势：虽然不可调式多轴头在自动线中早有应用，但只局限于大批量生产。即使采用可调式多轴头扩大了使用范围，仍然远不能满足批量小、孔型复杂的要求。尤其随着工业的发展，大型复杂的多轴加工更是引人注目。例如原子能发电站中大型冷凝器水冷壁管板有15000个“ 20孔，若以摇臂钻床加工，单单钻孔与锪沉头孔就要842.5小时，另外还要 划线工时151.1 小时。但若以数控八轴落地钻床加工，钻锪孔只要171.6 小时，划线也简单，只要1.9 小时。因此，利用数控控制的二个坐标轴，使刀具正确地对准加工位置，结合多轴加工不但可以扩大加工范围，而且在提高精度的基础上还能大大地提高工效，迅速地制造出原来不易加工的零件。有人分析大型高速柴油机30 种箱形与杆形零件的2000 多个钻孔操作中，有40%可以在自动更换主轴箱机床中用二轴、三轴或四轴多轴头加工，平均可减少20%的加工时间。1975年法国巴黎机床展览会也反映了多轴加工的使用愈来愈多这一趋势。 多轴加工的设备：多轴加工是在一次进给中同时加工许多孔或同时在许多相同或不同工件上各加工一个

电气自动化专业毕业论文英文翻译

电厂蒸汽动力的基础和使用 1.1 为何需要了解蒸汽 对于目前为止最大的发电工业部门来说, 蒸汽动力是最为基础性的。 若没有蒸汽动力, 社会的样子将会变得和现在大为不同。我们将不得已的去依靠水力发电厂、风车、电池、太阳能蓄电池和燃料电池,这些方法只能为我们平日用电提供很小的一部分。 蒸汽是很重要的,产生和使用蒸汽的安全与效率取决于怎样控制和应用仪表,在术语中通常被简写成C&I(控制和仪表 。此书旨在在发电厂的工程规程和电子学、仪器仪表以 及控制工程之间架设一座桥梁。 作为开篇,我将在本章大体描述由水到蒸汽的形态变化,然后将叙述蒸汽产生和使用的基本原则的概述。这看似简单的课题实际上却极为复杂。这里, 我们有必要做一个概述:这本书不是内容详尽的论文,有的时候甚至会掩盖一些细节, 而这些细节将会使热力学家 和燃烧物理学家都为之一震。但我们应该了解,这本书的目的是为了使控制仪表工程师充 分理解这一课题,从而可以安全的处理实用控制系统设计、运作、维护等方面的问题。1.2沸腾:水到蒸汽的状态变化 当水被加热时,其温度变化能通过某种途径被察觉(例如用温度计 。通过这种方式 得到的热量因为在某时水开始沸腾时其效果可被察觉,因而被称为感热。 然而,我们还需要更深的了解。“沸腾”究竟是什么含义?在深入了解之前,我们必须考虑到物质的三种状态:固态,液态,气态。 (当气体中的原子被电离时所产生的等离子气体经常被认为是物质的第四种状态, 但在实际应用中, 只需考虑以上三种状态固态,

物质由分子通过分子间的吸引力紧紧地靠在一起。当物质吸收热量,分子的能量升级并且 使得分子之间的间隙增大。当越来越多的能量被吸收,这种效果就会加剧,粒子之间相互脱离。这种由固态到液态的状态变化通常被称之为熔化。 当液体吸收了更多的热量时,一些分子获得了足够多的能量而从表面脱离,这个过程 被称为蒸发(凭此洒在地面的水会逐渐的消失在蒸发的过程中,一些分子是在相当低的 温度下脱离的,然而随着温度的上升,分子更加迅速的脱离,并且在某一温度上液体内部 变得非常剧烈,大量的气泡向液体表面升起。在这时我们称液体开始沸腾。这个过程是变为蒸汽的过程,也就是液体处于汽化状态。 让我们试想大量的水装在一个敞开的容器内。液体表面的空气对液体施加了一定的压 力,随着液体温度的上升,便会有足够的能量使得表面的分子挣脱出去,水这时开始改变 自身的状态,变成蒸汽。在此条件下获得更多的热量将不会引起温度上的明显变化。所增 加的能量只是被用来改变液体的状态。它的效用不能用温度计测量出来,但是它仍然发生 着。正因为如此,它被称为是潜在的,而不是可认知的热量。使这一现象发生的温度被称为是沸点。在常温常压下,水的沸点为100摄氏度。 如果液体表面的压力上升, 需要更多的能量才可以使得水变为蒸汽的状态。 换句话说, 必须使得温度更高才可以使它沸腾。总而言之,如果大气压力比正常值升高百分之十,水必须被加热到一百零二度才可以使之沸腾。

控制工程外文文献翻译

外文文献翻译 20106995 工机2班吴一凡 注：节选自Neural Network Introduction神经网络介绍，绪论。 History The history of artificial neural networks is filled with colorful, creative individuals from many different fields, many of whom struggled for decades to develop concepts that we now take for granted. This history has been documented by various authors. One particularly interesting book is Neurocomputing: Foundations of Research by John Anderson and Edward Rosenfeld. They have collected and edited a set of some 43 papers of special historical interest. Each paper is preceded by an introduction that puts the paper in historical perspective. Histories of some of the main neural network contributors are included at the beginning of various chapters throughout this text and will not be repeated here. However, it seems appropriate to give a brief overview, a sample of the major developments. At least two ingredients are necessary for the advancement of a technology: concept and implementation. First, one must have a concept, a way of thinking about a topic, some view of it that gives clarity not there before. This may involve a simple idea, or it may be more specific and include a mathematical description. To illustrate this point, consider the history of the heart. It was thought to be, at various times, the center of the soul or a source of heat. In the 17th century medical practitioners finally began to view the heart as a pump, and they designed experiments to study its pumping action. These experiments revolutionized our view of the circulatory system. Without the pump concept, an understanding of the heart was out of grasp. Concepts and their accompanying mathematics are not sufficient for a technology to mature unless there is some way to implement the system. For instance, the mathematics necessary for the reconstruction of images from computer-aided topography (CAT) scans was known many years before the availability of high-speed computers and efficient algorithms finally made it practical to implement a useful CAT system.

自动化外文翻译

电气工程与自动化学院 本科毕业设计专业翻译资料（中文读书报告） 学生姓名：王超杰 专业班级：自动化12-06班 学号：311208002219 2016 年 6 月11 日

原文： Design of Combustible Gas Detection system using Wireless Transmission Technology Shijiazhuang Universities of Economics, Hebei, China zkzhlp@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/114489353.html, Keywords:TGS813, AT89S52, DS18B20, nRF905, TC35i Abstract.The detection device of combustible gas are designed in the presented work,using wireless transceiver and GSM network.The system realize the wireless transmission of the gas concentration,and also can send alarm information to user’s mobile when an exception occurs. The system consists of two parts: a master and slave. The function of the slave is to collect data, process data and transffer the data to the master.The taskof the master is to receive data and display it by LED. The signal acquisition is completed by sensor TGS813 and A/D converter TLC2543. The wireless transmission is achieved through wireless transceiver nRF905. Since the accuracy of the sensor is affected by the environment,using DS18B20 to achieve temperature compensation. And with wireless communication module TC35i and GSM network platform, we can send the alarm information to user’s mobile promptly. Introduction Gas detection is widely used in petroleum, chemical, metallurgy, family, shopping malls, gas stations and other places. Currently, how to monitor the hazardous gas fast and accurately are the important issues. Although the gas detection technology is relatively mature, but most products has many shortcomings, such as single function, operating complex, bulky, expensive and low sensitivity. Wireless communication technology applied to the gas monitoring field, can resolve the problem of remote monitoring in special environment, such as high temperature, low temperature, toxic gas.and unable to wiring . In the presented work, the combustible gas detectoris fully functional (with wireless transceiver), simple, small size, low cost, and has high sensitivity. The equipment can greatly improve the system's detection capability and accuracy with temperature compensation algorithm, and also can send alarm information to the user's mobile phone promptly through the GSM network. System design The system consists of two parts as shown in Figure 1. Fig. 1 Overall system block diagram

单片机控制系统外文翻译

Microcomputer Systems Electronic systems are used for handing information in the most general sense; this information may be telephone conversation, instrument read or a company?s accounts, but in each case the same main type of operation are involved: the processing, storage and transmission of information. in conventional electronic design these operations are combined at the function level; for example a counter, whether electronic or mechanical, stores the current and increments it by one as required. A system such as an electronic clock which employs counters has its storage and processing capabilities spread throughout the system because each counter is able to store and process numbers. Present day microprocessor based systems depart from this conventional approach by separating the three functions of processing, storage, and transmission into different section of the system. This partitioning into three main functions was devised by V on Neumann during the 1940s, and was not conceived especially for microcomputers. Almost every computer ever made has been designed with this structure, and despite the enormous range in their physical forms, they have all been of essentially the same basic design. In a microprocessor based system the processing will be performed in the microprocessor itself. The storage will be by means of memory circuits and the communication of information into and out of the system will be by means of special input/output(I/O) circuits. It would be impossible to identify a particular piece of hardware which performed the counting in a microprocessor based clock because the time would be stored in the memory and incremented at regular intervals but the microprocessor. However, the software which defined the system?s behavior wou ld contain sections that performed as counters. The apparently rather abstract approach to the architecture of the microprocessor and its associated circuits allows it to be very flexible in use, since the system is defined almost entirely software. The design process is largely one of software engineering, and the similar problems of construction and maintenance which occur in conventional engineering are encountered when producing software. The figure1.1 illustrates how these three sections within a microcomputer are connected in terms of the communication of information within the machine. The system is controlled by the microprocessor which supervises the transfer of information between itself and the memory and input/output sections. The external connections relate to the rest (that is, the non-computer part) of the engineering system.