当前位置：文档库 › 新概念英语4笔记

新概念英语4笔记

新概念英语4

$课文1 发现化石人

1. We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write.

我们从书籍中可读到5,000 年前近东发生的事情，那里的人最早学会了写字。

2. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write.

但直到现在,世界上有些地方，人们还不会书写。

3. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas -- legends handed down from one generation of story tales to another.

他们保存历史的唯一办法是将历史当作传说讲述，由讲述人一代接一代地将史实描述为传奇故事口传下来。

4. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago,

这些传说是有用的，因为他们告诉我们很久以前生活在这里的移民的一些事情。

5. but none could write down what they did.

但是没有人能写下来。

6. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from.

人类学家过去不清楚如今生活在太平洋诸岛上的波利尼西亚人的祖先来自何方，

7. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago.

当地人的传说却告诉人们：其中一部分是约在2,000年前从印度尼西亚迁来的。

8. But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas,if they had any, are forgotten.

但是，和我们相似的原始人生活的年代太久远了，因此，有关他们的传说既使有如今也失传了。

9. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first 'modern men' came from.

于是，考古学家们既缺乏历史记载，又无口头传说来帮助他们弄清最早的“现代人”是从哪里来的。

10. Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint,

然而，幸运的是，远古人用石头制作了工具，特别是用燧石，

11. because this is easier to shape than other kinds.

因为燧石较之其他石头更容易成形。

12. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away.

他们也可能用过木头和兽皮，但这类东西早已腐烂殆尽。

13. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace.

石头是不会腐烂的。因此，尽管制造这些工具的人的骨头早已荡然无存，但远古时代的石头工具却保存了下来。

$课文2 不要伤害蜘蛛

14. Why, you may wonder, should spiders be our friends?

你可能会觉得奇怪，蜘蛛怎么会是我们的朋友呢？

15. Because they destroy so many insects, and insects include some of the greatest enemies of the human race.

因为它们能消灭那么多的昆虫，其中包括一些人类的大敌，

16. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world;

昆虫就会使我们无法在地球上生活下去，

17. they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds,

昆虫会吞食我们的全部庄稼，杀死我们的成群的牛羊。

18. if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.

要不是人类受一些食虫动物的保护，

19. We owe a lot to the birds and beasts who eat insects but all of them put together kill only a fraction of the number destroyed by spiders.

我们要十分感谢那些吃昆虫的鸟和兽，然而把它们所杀死的昆虫全部加在一起也只相当于蜘蛛所消灭的一小部分。

20. Moreover, unlike some of the other insect eaters, spiders never do the harm to us or our belongings.

此外，蜘蛛不同于其他食虫动物，它们丝毫不危害我们和我们的财物。

21. Spiders are not insects, as many people think, nor even nearly related to them.

许多人认为蜘蛛是昆虫，但它们不是昆虫，甚至与昆虫毫无关系。

22. One can tell the difference almost at a glance,

人们几乎一眼就能看出二者的差异，

23. for a spider always has eight legs and insect never more than six.

因为蜘蛛都是8条腿，而昆虫的腿从不超过6条。

24. How many spiders are engaged in this work no our behalf?

有多少蜘蛛在为我们效力呢？

25. One authority on spiders made a census of the spiders in grass field in the south of England,

一位研究蜘蛛的权威对英国南部一块草坪上的蜘蛛作了一次调查。

26. and he estimated that there were more than 2,250,000 in one acre;

他估计每英亩草坪里有225万多只蜘蛛。

27. that is something like 6,000,000 spiders of different kinds on a football pitch.

这就是说，在一个足球场上约有600万只不同种类的蜘蛛。

28. Spiders are busy for at least half the year in killing insects.

蜘蛛至少有半年在忙于吃昆虫。

29. It is impossible to make more than the wildest guess at how many they kill,

它们一年中消灭了多少昆虫，我们简直无法猜测，

30. but they are hungry creatures, not content with only three meals a day.

它们是吃不饱的动物，不满意一日三餐。

31. It has been estimated that the weight of all the insects destroyed by spiders in Britain in one year would be greater than the total weight of all the human beings in the country.

据估计，在英国蜘蛛一年里所消灭昆虫的重量超过这个国家人口的总重量。

$课文3 马特霍恩山区人

32. Modern alpinists try to climb mountains by a route which will give them good sport,

现代登山运动员总想找一条能够给他们带来运动乐趣的路线来攀登山峰。

33. and the more difficult it is, the more highly it is regarded.

他们认为，道路愈艰险愈带劲儿。

34. In the pioneering days, however, this was not the case at all.

然而，在登山运动的初期，全然不是这种情况。

35. The early climbers were looking for the easiest way to the top,

早期登山者所寻找的是通往山顶的最方便的途径，

36. because the summit was the prize they sought, especially if it and never been attained before.

因为顶峰特别是前人未曾到过的顶峰-- 才是他们寻求的目标。

37. It is true that during their explorations they often faced difficulties and dangers of the most perilous nature,

确实，在探险中他们经常遇到惊心动魄的困难和危险，

38. equipped in a manner with would make a modern climber shudder at the thought,

而他们装备之简陋足以使现代登山者一想起来就胆战心惊。

39. but they did not go out of their way to court such excitement.

但是，他们并非故意寻求这种刺激，

40. They had a single aim, a solitary goal--the top!

他们只有一个目标，唯一的目标-- 顶峰！

41. It is hard for us to realize nowadays how difficult it was for the pioneers.

我们今天很难想像昔日的登山先驱们是多么艰苦。

42. Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and Chamonix, which had rapidly become popular,

除了泽曼特和夏蒙尼等一两个很快出了名的地方外，

43. Alpine village tended to be impoverished settlements cut off from civilization by the high mountains.

阿尔卑斯山山区的小村几乎全是高山环抱、与世隔绝的穷乡僻壤。

44. Such inns as there were generally dirty and flea-ridden;

那里的小客栈一般都很肮脏，而且跳蚤猖獗。

45. the food simply local cheese accompanied by bread often twelve months old, all washed down with coarse wine.

食物是当地的干酪和通常存放了一年之久的面包，人们就着劣酒吞下这种食物。46. Often a valley boasted no inn at all, and climbers found shelter wherever they could

山谷里常常没有小客栈，登山者只好随遇而安。

47. sometimes with the local priest (who was usually as poor as his parishioners),

有时同当地牧师（他通常和他的教民一样穷）住在一起，

48. sometimes with shepherds or cheese-makers.

有时同牧羊人或制乳酪的人住在一起。

49. Invariably the background was the same: dirt and poverty, and very uncomfortable.

无论住在哪儿，情况都一样：肮脏、贫穷，极其不舒适。

50. For men accustomed to eating seven-course dinners and sleeping between fine linen sheets at home, the change to the Alps must have very hard indeed.

对于过惯了一顿饭吃7道菜、睡亚麻细布床单的人来说，变换一下生活环境来到阿尔卑斯山山区，那一定是很艰难的。

$课文4 能看见东西的手

51. Several cases have been reported in Russia recently of people who can read and detect colours with their fingers,

俄罗斯最近报导了几个事例，有人能用手指看书识字和辨认颜色，

52. and even see through solid doors and walls.

甚至能透过厚实的门和墙看到东西。

53. One case concerns and eleven-year-old schoolgirl, Vera Petrova,

其中有一例谈到有一个名叫维拉.彼托洛娃的11岁学生。

54. who has normal vision but who can also perceive things with different parts of her skin, and through solid walls.

她的视力与常人一样，但她还能用皮肤的不同部位辨认东西，甚至看穿坚实的墙壁。

55. This ability was first noticed by her father.

是她父亲首先发现她这一功能的。

56. One day she came into his office and happened to put her hands on the door of a locked safe.

一天，维拉走进父亲的办公室，偶然把手放在一个锁着的保险柜的门上，

57. Suddenly she asked her father why he kept so many old newspapers locked away there, and even described the way they were done up in bundles.

她突然问父亲为什么把这么多的旧报纸锁在柜子里，还说了报纸捆扎的情况。

58. Vera's curious talent was brought to the notice of a scientific research institute in the town of Ulyanovsk, near where she lives,

维拉的特异功能引起了她家附近乌里扬诺夫斯克城一个科研单位的注意。

59. and in April she was given a series of tests by a special commission of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federal Republic.

4月里，俄罗斯卫生部一个特别委员会对她进行了一系列的测试。

60. During these tests she was able to read a newspaper through an opaque screen and,

在这些测试中，她能隔着不透明的屏幕读报纸。

61. stranger still, by moving her elbow over a child's game of Lotto she was able to describe the figures and colours printed on it;

更为奇怪的是，她把肘部在儿童玩的“罗托”纸牌上移动一下，便能说出印在纸牌上的数字和颜色。

62. and, in another instance, wearing stockings and slippers, to make out with her foot the outlines and colours of a picture hidden under a carpet.

还有一次，她穿着长筒袜子和拖鞋，能用脚步识别出藏在地毯下面的一幅画的轮廓和颜色。

63. Other experiments showed that her knees and shoulders had a similar sensitivity.

其他实验表明，她的膝盖和双肩有类似的感觉能力，

64. During all these tests Vera was blindfold;

在所有这些实验中，维拉的双眼都是蒙着的。

65. and, indeed, except when blindfold she lacked the ability to perceive things with her skin.

如果不蒙上双眼她的皮肤就不再具有识别物体的能力。

66. It was also found that although she could perceive things with her fingers this ability ceased the moment her hands were wet.

这是千真万确的。同时还发现，尽管她能用手指识别东西，但她的手一旦弄湿，这种功能便会立即消失。

$课文5 青年

67. People are always talking about 'the problem of youth'.

人们总是在谈论“青年问题”。

68. If there is one -- which I take leave to doubt -- then it is older people who create it, not the young themselves.

如果这个问题存在的话-- 请允许我对此持怀疑态度-- 那么，这个问题是由老年人而不是青年人造成的。

69. Let us get down to fundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beings -- people just like their elders.

让我们来认真研究一些基本事实：承认青年人和他们的长辈一样也是人。

70. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one:

老年人和青年人只有一个区别：

71. the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him:

青年人有光辉灿烂的前景，而老年人的辉煌已成为过去。

72. and maybe that is where the rub is.

问题的症结恐怕就在这里。

73. When I was a teenager, I felt that I was just young and uncertain -- that I was a new boy in a huge school,

我十几岁时，总感到自己年轻，有些事拿不准-- 我是一所大学里的一名新生，

74. and I would have been very pleased to be regarded as something so interesting as a problem.

如果我当时真的被看成像一个问题那样有趣，我会感到很得意的。

75. For one thing, being a problem gives you a certain identity, and that is one of the things the young are busily engaged in seeking.

因为这至少使我得到了某种承认，这正是年轻人所热衷追求的。

76. I find young people exciting.

我觉得年轻人令人振奋，

77. They have an air of freedom, and they not a dreary commitment to mean ambitions or love of comfort.

他们无拘无束。既不追逐卑鄙的名利，也不贪图生活的舒适。

78. They are not anxious social climbers, and they have no devotion to material things.

他们不热衷于向上爬，也不一味追求物质享受。

79. All this seems to me to link them with life, and the origins of things.

在我看来，所有这些使他们与生命和万物之源联系在了一起。

80. It's as if they were, in some sense, cosmic beings in violent and lovely contrast with us suburban creatures.

从某种意义上讲，他们似乎是宇宙人，同我们这些凡夫俗子形成了强烈而鲜明的对照。

81. All that is in my mind when I meet a young person.

每逢我遇到年轻人，脑子里就想到

82. He may be conceited, ill-mannered, presumptuous or fatuous,

这些年轻人也许狂妄自负，举止无理，傲慢放肆，愚昧无知，

83. but I do not turn for protection to dreary cliches about respect of elders

但我不会用应当尊重长者这一套陈词滥调来为我自己辨护，

84. as if mere age were a reason for respect.

似乎年长就是受人尊敬的理由。

85. I accept that we are equals, and I will argue with him, as an equal, if I think he is wrong.

我认为我和他们是平等的。如果我认为他们错了，我就以平等的身份和他们争个明白。$课文6 体育的精神

86. I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations,

我总是惊愕不已。当我听人们说体育运动可创造国家之间的友谊，

87. and that if only the common peoples of the would could meet one another at football or cricket,

还说各国民众若在足球场或板球场上交锋，

88. they would have no inclination to meet on the hattlefield.

就不愿在战场上残杀的时候，

89. Even if one didn't know from concrete examples

一个人即使不能从具体的事例

90. (the 1936 Olympic Games, for instance)

（例如1936年的奥林匹克运动会）

91. that international sporting contests lead to orgies of hatred, one could deduce it from general principles.

了解到国际运动比赛会导致疯狂的仇恨，也可以从常理中推断出结论。

92. Nearly all the sports practised nowadays are competitive.

现在开展的体育运动几乎都是竞争性的。

93. You play to win, and the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost to win.

参加比赛就是为了取胜。如果不拚命去赢，比赛就没有什么意义了。

94. On the village green, where you pick up sides and no feeling of local patriotism is involved,

在乡间的草坪上，当你随意组成两个队，并且不涉及任何地方情绪时，

95. it is possible to play simply for the fun and exercise:

那才可能是单纯的为了娱乐和锻炼而进行比赛。

96. but as soon as the question of prestige arises,

可是一量涉及到荣誉问题，

97. as soon as you feel that you and some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose,

一旦你想到你和某一团体会因为你输而丢脸时，

98. the most savage combative instincts are aroused.

那么最野蛮的争斗天性便会激发起来。

99. Anyone who has played even in a school football match knows this.

即使是仅仅参加过学校足球赛的人也有种体会。

100. At the international level, sport is frankly mimic warfare.

在国际比赛中，体育简直是一场模拟战争。

101. But the significant thing is not the behaviour of the players but the attitude of the spectators: 但是，要紧的还不是运动员的行为，而是观众的态度，

102. and, behind the spectators, of the nations who work themselves into furies over these absurd contests,

以及观众身后各个国家的态度。面对着这些荒唐的比赛，参赛的各个国家会如痴如狂，103. and seriously believe -- at any rate for short periods -- that running, jumping and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue.

甚至煞有介事地相信-- 至少在短期内如此-- 跑跑、跳跳、踢踢球是对一个民族品德素质的检验。

$课文7 蝙蝠

104. Not all sounds made by animals serve as language,

动物发出的声音不都是用作语言交际。

105. and we have only to turn to that extraordinary discovery of echo-location in bats to see a case in which the voice plays a strictly utilitarian role.

我们只要看一看蝙蝠回声定位这一极不寻常的发现，就可以探究一下声音在什么情况下有绝对的实用价值。

106. To get a full appreciation of what this means we must turn first to some recent human inventions.

要透彻理解这句话的意义，我们应先回顾一下人类最近的几项发明。

107. Everyone knows that if he shouts in the vicinity of a wall or a mountainside, an echo will come back.

大家都知道，在墙壁或山腰附近发出的喊声，就会听到回声。

108. The further off this solid obstruction, the longer time will elapse for the return of the echo.

固体障碍物越远。回声返回所用时间就越长。

109. A sound made by tapping on the hull of a ship will be reflected from the sea bottom, 通过敲击空船发出的声音将会从海底反射回来。

110. and by measuring the time interval between the taps and the receipt of the echoes, the depth of the sea at that point can be calculated.

测出回声间隔的时间，便可算出该处海洋的深度。

111. So was born the echo-sounding apparatus, now in general use in ships.

这样就产生了目前各种船舶上普遍应用的回声探测仪。

112. Every solid object will reflect a sound, varying according to the size and nature of the object.

任何固体者反射声音，反射的声音因物体的大小和性质的不同而不同。

113. A shoal of fish will do this.

鱼群也反射声音。

114. So it is a comparatively simple step from locating the sea bottom to locating a shoal of fish.

从测定海深到测定鱼群，这一进展比较容易。

115. With experience, and with improved apparatus,

根据经验和改进了的仪器，

116. it is now possible not only to locate a shoal but to tell if it is herring, cod, or other well-known fish, by the pattern of its echo.

不仅能够确定鱼群的位置，而且可以根据鱼群回声的特点分辨出是鲱鱼、鳕鱼，这是人们所熟悉的其他鱼。

117. It has been found that certain bats emit squeaks and by receiving the echoes,

人们发现，某些蝙蝠能发出尖叫声，并能通过回声

118. they can locate and steer clear of obstacles -- or locate flying insects on which they feed.

来确定并躲开障碍物，或找到它们赖以为生的昆虫。

119. This echo-location in bats is often compared with radar, the principle of which is similar.

蝙蝠这种回声定位常常可与雷达相比较，其原理是相似的。

$课文8 标准

120. Chickens slaughtered in the United States, claim officials in Brussels, are not fit to grace European tables.

布鲁塞尔的官员说，在美国屠宰的鸡不适于用来装点欧洲的餐桌。

121. No, say the American: our fowl are fine, we simply clean them in a different way.

不，美国人说，我们的家禽很好，只是我们使用了另一种清洗方式。

122. These days, it is differences in national regulations, far more than tariffs, that put sand in the wheels of trade between rich countries.

当前，是各国管理条例上的差异，而不是关税阻碍了发达国家之间的贸易。

123. It is not just farmers who are complaining.

并不仅仅是农民在抱怨。

124. An electric razor that meets the European Union's safety standards must be approved by American testers before it can be sold in the United States,

一把符合欧洲联盟安全标准的电动剃须刀必须得到美国检测人员的认可，方可在美国市场上销售；

125. and an American-made dialysis machine needs the EU's okay before is hits the market in Europe.

而美国制造的透析仪也要得到欧盟的首肯才能进入欧洲市场。

126. As it happens, a razor that is safe in Europe is unlikely to electrocute Americans.

碰巧在欧洲使用安全的剃须刀不大可能使美国人触电身亡，

127. So, ask businesses on both sides of the Atlantic, why have two lots of tests where one would do?

因此，大西洋两岸的企业都在问，当一套测试可以解决问题时，为什么需要两套呢？128. Politicians agree, in principle, so America and the EU have been trying to reach a deal which would eliminate the need to double-test many products.

政治家在原则上同意了，因此，美国和欧洲一直在寻求达成协议，以便为许多产品取消双重检查。

129. They hope to finish in time for a trade summit between America and the EU on May 28TH.

他们希望尽早达成协议，为5月28日举行的美国和欧洲贸易的最高通级会议作准备。130. Although negotiators are optimistic, the details are complex enough that they may be hard-pressed to get a deal at all.

然谈判代表持乐观态度，但协议细节如此复杂，他们所面临的困难很可能使他们无法取得一致。

131. Why? One difficulty is to construct the agreements.

为什么呢？困难之一是起草这些协议。

132. The Americans would happily reach one accord on standards for medical devices and them hammer out different pacts covering, say, electronic goods and drug manufacturing.

美国人很愿意就医疗器械的标准达成一个协议，然后推敲出不同的合同，用以涵盖-- 比如说-- 电子产品和药品的生产。

133. The EU -- following fine continental traditions -- wants agreement on general principles, which could be applied to many types of products and perhaps extended to other countries.

欧洲人遵循优良的大陆传统，则希望就普遍的原则取得一致，而这些原则适用于许多不同产品，同时可能延伸到其它国家。

$课文9 谍报活动

134. Alfred the Great acted his own spy, visiting Danish camps disguised as a minstrel.

阿尔弗雷德大帝曾亲自充当间谍。他扮作吟游歌手到丹麦军队的营地里侦察。

135. In those days wandering minstrels were welcome everywhere.

当时，浪迹天涯的吟游歌手到处受欢迎，

136. They were not fighting men, and their harp was their passport.

他们不是作战人员，竖琴就是他们的通行证。

137. Alfred had learned many of their ballads in his youth, and could vary his programme with acrobatic tricks and simple conjuring.

阿尔弗德年轻时学过许多民歌，并能穿插演一些杂技和小魔术使自己的节目多样化。138. While Alfred's little army slowly began to gather at Athelney, the king himself set out to penetrate the camp of Guthrum, the commander of the Danish invaders.

阿尔弗雷德人数不多的军队开始在阿塞尔纳慢慢集结时，他亲自潜入丹麦入侵司令官古瑟罗姆的营地。

139. There had settled down for the winter at Chippenham: thither Alfred went.

丹麦军已在切本哈姆扎下营准备过冬，阿尔弗雷便来到此地。

140. He noticed at once that discipline was slack: the Danes had the self-confidence of conquerors, and their security precautions were casual.

他马上发现丹麦军纪律松弛，他们以征服者自居，安全措施马马虎虎。

141. They lived well, on the proceeds of raids on neighbouring regions.

他们靠掠夺附近的地区的财物过着舒适的生活。

142. There they collected women as well as food and drink, and a life of ease had made them soft.

他们不仅搜刮吃的喝的，而且抢掠妇女，安逸的生活已使丹麦军队变得软弱无力。143. Alfred stayed in the camp a week before he returned to Athelney.

阿尔弗雷德在敌营呆了一个星期后，回到了阿塞尔纳。

144. The force there assembled was trivial compared with the Danish horde.

他集结在那里的军队和丹麦大军相比是微不足道的，

145. But Alfred had deduced that the Danes were no longer fit for prolonged battle:

然而，阿尔弗雷德断定，丹麦人已不再适应持久的战争，

146. and that their commissariat had no organization, but depended on irregular raids.

他们的军需供应处于无组织状态，只是靠临时抢夺来维持。

147. So, faced with the Danish advance, Alfred did not risk open battle but harried the enemy.

因此，面对丹麦人的进攻，阿尔弗雷德没有贸然同敌人作战，而是采用骚扰敌人的战术。

148. He was constantly on the move, drawing the Danes after him.

他的部队不停地移动，牵着敌人的鼻子，让他们跟着跑。

149. His patrols halted the raiding parties: hunger assailed the Danish army.

他派出巡逻队阻止敌人抢劫，因而饥饿威胁着丹麦军队。

150. Now Alfred began a long series of skirmishes -- and within a month the Danes had surrendered.

这时，阿尔弗雷德发起一连串小规模的进攻，结果不出一个月，丹麦人就投降了。151. The episode could reasonably serve as a unique epic of royal espionage!

这一幕历史可以说是王室谍报活动中最精彩的篇章。.

$课文10 硅谷

152. Technology trends may push Silicon Valley back to the future.

技术的发展趋势有可能把硅谷重新推向未来。

153. Carver Mead, a pioneer in integrated circuits and a professor of computer science at the California Institute of Technology,

卡弗.米德-- 集成电路的一位先驱，加州理工学院的计算机教授

154. notes there are now work-stations that enable engineers to design, test and produce chips right on their desks, much the way an editor creates a newsletter on a Macintosh.

注意到，现在有些计算机工作站使工程技术人员可以在他们的办公桌上设计、试验和生产芯片，就像一位编辑在苹果机上编出一份时事通讯一样。

155. As the time and cost of making a chip drop to a few days and a few hundred dollars, 由于制造一块芯片的时间已缩短至几天，费用也只有几百美元，

156. engineers may soon be free to let their imaginations soar without being penalized by expensive failures.

因此，工程技术人员可能很块就可充分发挥他们的想像力，而不会因失败而造成经济上的损失。

157. Mead predicts that inventors will be able to perfect powerful customized chips over a weekend at the office

米德预言发明者可以在办公室用一个周末的时间生产了完美的、功能很强的、按客户需求设计的芯片

158. 'We're got more garages with smart people,' Mead observes. 'We really thrive on anarchy.' “我们有更多的汽车间，那里有许多聪明人，”米德说。“我们确实是靠这种无政府状态发展起来的。”

159. And on Asians. Already, orientals and Asian Americans constitute the majority of the engineering staffs at many Valley firms.

靠的是亚洲人。硅谷许多公司中工程技术人员的大多数是东方人和亚裔美国人。160. And Chinese, Korean, Filipino and Indian engineers are graduating in droves from California's colleges.

中国、韩国、菲律宾和印度的工程师一批批地从加州的大学毕业。

161. As the heads of next-generation start-ups, these Asian innovators can draw on customs and languages to forge righter links with crucial Pacific Rim markets.

作为新掘起一代的带头人，亚裔发明家可以凭借他们在习惯和语言上的优势，与关键的太平洋沿岸市场建立起更加牢固的联系。

162. For instance, Alex Au, a Stanford Ph. D. from Hong Kong, has set up a Taiwan factory to challenge Japan's near lock on the memory-chip market.

比如说，亚历克斯.奥，一位来自香港的斯坦福大学博士，已经在台湾建厂，对日本在内存条市场上近似垄断的局面提出了挑战。

163. India-born N.Damodar Reddy's tiny California company reopened an AT & T chip plant in Kansas City last spring with financing from the state of Missouri.

印度出生的N.达莫达.雷迪经营的小小的加州公司在堪萨斯城重新启用了美国电话电报公司的一家芯片工厂，并从密苏里州获取了财政上的支持。

164. Before it becomes a retirement village, Silicon Valley may prove a classroom for building a global business.

在硅谷变成一个退休村之前，它很可能成为建立全球商业的一个教学场地。

$课文11 如何安度晚年

165. Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death.

有些老年人因为怕死而感到烦恼。

166. In the young there is a justification for this feeling.

青年人有这种感觉是情有可原的。

167. Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have cheated of the best things that life has to offer.

有理由害怕自己会死在战场上的年轻人，想到自己被剥夺了生活所能给予的最美好的东西时，感到痛苦，这是可以理解的。

168. But in an old man who has known human joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do,

可是老年人已经饱尝了人间的甘苦，一切能做的都做了，

169. the fear of death is somewhat abject and ignoble.

如果怕死，就有点儿可怜又可鄙。

170. The best way to overcome it -- so at least it seems to me -- is to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal,

克服怕死的最好办法-- 至少在我看来是这样-- 就是逐渐使自己的兴趣更加广泛，171. until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life.

逐渐摆脱个人狭小的圈子，直到自我的围墙一点一点地倒塌下来，自己的生活慢慢地和整个宇宙的生活融合在一起。

172. An individual human existence should be like a river -- small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls.

个人的存在应该像一条河流，开始很小，被紧紧地夹在两岸中间，接着热情奔放地冲过巨石，飞下瀑布。

173. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being.

然后河面渐渐地变宽，两岸后撤，河水流得平缓起来，最后连绵不断地汇入大海，毫无痛苦地失去了自我的存在。

174. The man who, in old age, can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue.

上了年纪的人这样看待生命，就不会有惧怕死亡的心情了，因为自己关心的一切事件都会继续下去。

175. And if, with the decay of vitality, weariness increases, the thought of rest will be not unwelcome.

再者，随着精力的衰退，老年人的疲惫会增长，有长眠的愿望未尝不是一件好事情，176. I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do, and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.

我希望工作到死为止，明白了有人会继续我的未竟事业，想到能做的事都做了，也就坦然了。

$课文12 银行和顾客

177. When anyone opens a current account at a bank, he is lending the bank money, repayment of which he may demand at any time, either in cash or by drawing a cheque in favour of another person.

任何人在银行开一个活期账户，就等于把钱借给了银行。这笔钱他可以随时提取，提取的方式可以是取现金，也可以是开一张以他人为收款人的支票。

178. Primarily, the banker-customer relationship is that of debtor and creditor -- who is which depending on whether the customer's account is in credit or is overdrawn.

银行与储户的关系主要是债务人和债权人的关系。究竟谁是债务人谁是债权人，要看储户是有结余还是透支。

179. But, in addition to that basically simple concept, the bank and its customer owe a large number of obligations to one another.

除了这一基本的简单的概念外，银行和储户彼此还需承担大量义务。

180. Many of these obligations can give in to problems and complications but a bank customer, unlike, say, a buyer of goods, cannot complain that the law is loaded against him.

其中许多义务往往引起问题和纠纷。但是储户不能像货物的买主那样来抱怨法律对自己不利。

181. The bank must obey its customer's instructions, and not those of anyone else.

银行必须遵照储户的嘱托办事，不能听从其他人的指令。

182. When, for example, a customer first opens an account, he instructs the bank to debit his account only in respect of cheques draw by himself.

比如，储户首次在银行开户时，嘱咐银行他的存款只能凭本世人签字的支票来提取。183. He gives the bank specimens of his signature, and there is a very firm rule that the bank has no right or authority to pay out a customer's money on a cheques on which its customer's signature has been forged.

他把自己签名的样本交给银行，对此有一条非常严格的规定：银行没有任何权利或理由把储户的钱让伪造储户的支票取走。

184. It makes no difference that the forgery may have been a very skilful one: the bank must recognize its customer's signature.

即使伪造得很巧妙，也不能付款，因为银行有责任辨认出其储户的签名。

185. For this reason there is no risk to the customer in the practice, adopted by banks, of printing the customer's name on his cheques.

因此，某些银行已采用把储户印在支票上的作法。这种做法对储户毫无风险。

186. If this facilitates forgery, it is the bank which will lose, not the customer.

如果因这种作法出现了伪造的话，受损失的将不是储户，而是银行。

$课文13 探寻石油

187. The deepest holes of all made for oil, and they go down to as much as 25,0000 feet.

在所有洞穴中，为寻找石油所钻出的洞是最深的，这些洞可深达25,000英尺。

188. But we not need to send men down to get the oil our, as we must with other mineral deposits.

但是，我们不必像开采其他矿藏那样，把人送到地下去把石油取出。

189. The holes are only borings, less than a foot in diameter.

这些洞只不过是一些钻孔，直径不到1英尺。

190. My particular experience is largely in oil, and the search for oil has done more to improve deep drilling than any other mining activity.

我是专门搞石油的，寻找石油比其他任何采矿业对改进钻探作的贡献都要大。

191. When is has been decided where we are going to drill, we put up at the surface an oil derrick.

当确定钻孔地点后，我们就在那里竖起一个井架。

192. It has to be tall because it is like a giant block and tackle,

井架必须很高，因为它像一个巨型滑轮组。

193. and we have to lower into the ground and haul out of the ground great lengths of drill pipe which are rotated by an engine at the top and are fitted with a cutting bit at the bottom.

我们必须把很长的钻杆一节节地钻入地下，然后再从地下拉出来。钻杆顶部安装的发动机带动钻杆旋转，它的底部装有钻头。

194. The geologist needs to know what rocks the drill has reached, so every so often a sample is obtained with a coring bit.

地质学家需要知道钻头已以到达什么样的岩层，因此时常要用芯钻头取样。

195. It cuts a clean cylinder of rock, from which can be seen the strata the drill has been cutting through.

这种钻头能切割一段光滑的圆柱形岩石，从中能看出所钻透的地层。

196. Once we get down to the oil, it usually flows to the surface because great pressure, either from or water, is pushing it.

一旦到达油层，石油就会由于地下巨大的压力流到地面上来，这种巨大的压力来自地下天然气或水。

197. This pressure must be under control, and we control it by means of the mud which we circulate down the drill pipe.

这种压力必须加以控制，我们让泥桨顺着钻杆向下循环，用这种方法来控制压力。198. We endeavour to avoid the old, romantic idea of a gusher, which wastes oil and gas.

我们尽量避免使用陈旧天真的喷井方法，那样会浪费石油和天然气。

199. We want it to stay down the hole until we can lead it off in a controlled manner.

我们要让石油留在井下，直到我们能用一种有控制的方法把它引上来为止。

$课文14 蝴蝶效应

200. Beyond two or three days, the world's best weather forecasts are speculative, and beyond six or seven they are worthless.

世界上最好的两三天以上的天气预报具有很强的猜测性，如果超过六七天，天气预报就没有了任何价值。

201. The Butterfly Effect is the reason.

原因是蝴蝶效应。

202. For small pieces of weather -- and to a global forecaster, small can mean thunderstorms and blizzards -- any prediction deteriorates rapidly.

对于小片的恶劣天气-- 对一个全球性的气象预报员来说，“小”可以意味着雷暴雨和暴风雪-- 任何预测的质量会很快下降。

203. Errors and uncertainties multiply, cascading upward through a chain of turbulent features, from dust devils and squalls up to continent-size eddies that only satellites can see.

错误和不可靠性上升，接踵而来的是一系列湍流的徵状，从小尘暴和暴风发展到只有卫星上可以看到的席卷整块大陆的旋涡。

204. The modern weather models work with a grid of points of the order of sixty miles apart, 现代气象模型以一个坐标图来显示，图中每个点大约是间隔60英里。

205. and even so, some starting data has to guessed, since ground stations and satellites cannot see everywhere.

既使是这样，有些开始时的资料也不得不依靠推测，因为地面工作站和卫星不可能看到地球上的每一个地方。

206. But suppose the earth could be covered with sensors spaced one foot apart, rising at one-foot intervals all the way to the top of the atmosphere.

假设地球上可以布满传感器，每个相隔1英尺，并按1英尺的间隔从地面一直排列到大气层的顶端。

207. Suppose every sensor gives perfectly accurate readings of temperature, pressure, humidity, and any other quantity a meteorologist would want.

再假定每个传感器都极极端准确地读出了温度、气压、温度和气象学家需要的任何其

他数据。

208. Precisely at noon an infinitely powerful computer takes all the data and calculates what will happen at each point at 12.01, then 1202, then 12.03...

在正午时分，一个功能巨大的计算机搜集了所有的资料，并算出在每一个点上12：01、12：02、12：03时可能出现的情况。

209. The computer will still be unable to predict whether Princeton, New Jersey, will have sun or rain on a day one month away.

计算机无法推断出1个月以后的某一天，新泽西州的普林斯顿究竟是晴天还是雨天。210. At noon the spaces between the sensors will hide fluctuations that the computer will not know about, tiny deviations from the average.

正午时分，传感器之间的距离会掩盖计算机无法知道的波动、任何偏平均值的变化。211. By 12.01, those fluctuations will already have created small errors one foot away.

到12：01时，那些波动就已经会在1英尺远的地方造成偏差。

212. Soon the errors will have multiplied to the ten-foot scale, and so on up to the size of the globe.

很快这种偏差会增加到尺10英的范围，如此等等，一直到全球的范围。

$课文15 工业中的秘密

213. Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry.

有两个因素严重地妨碍工业中科学研究的效率：

214. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out,

一是科研工作中普遍存在的保密气氛；

215. the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker.

二是研究人员缺乏个人自由。

216. In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities,

任何一项研究都涉及到保密，那些从事科研的人员自然受到了限制。他们不能和其他国家、其他大学、

217. or even, often enough, in other departments of the same firm.

甚至往往不能与本公司的其他部门的同行们进行有效的接触。

218. The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably.

保密程度自然差别很大。

219. Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret.

某些大公司进行的研究属于一般和基础的研究，因此不保密对他们才有利。

220. Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out.

然而，依赖这种研究的很多工艺程序是在完全保密的情况下进行的，直到可以取得专利权的阶段为止。

221. Even more processes are never patented at all but kept as secret processes.

更多的工艺过程根本就不会取得专利权，而是作为秘方保存着。

222. This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries.

在这化学工业方面尤为突出。同物理和机械工业相比，化学工业中偶然发现的机会要多得多。

223. Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that the whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned.

有时，保密竟达到了这样的程度，即连研究工作的整个性质都不准提及。

224. Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they are unwilling to have names entered as having taken out such and such a book, 比如，很多公司向图书馆借阅科技书籍时感到困难，因为它们不愿让人家记下它们公司的名字和借阅的某一本书。

225. for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertaking.

他们生怕别的公司的情报人员据此摸到他们可能要从事的某项科研项目。

$课文16 现代城市

226. In the organization of industrial life the influence of the factory upon the physiological and mental state of the workers has been completely neglected.

在工业生活的组织中，工厂对工人的生理和精神状态的影响完全被忽视了。

227. Modern industry is based on the conception of the maximum production at lowest cost, in order that an individual or a group of individuals may earn as much money as possible.

现代工业的基本概念是：以最低成本获取最多产品，为的是让某个个人或某一部分人尽可能多地赚钱。

228. It has expanded without any idea of the true nature of the human beings who run the machines, 现代工业发展起来了，却根本没想到操作机器的人的本质。

229. and without giving any consideration to the effects produced on the individuals and on their descendants by the artificial mode of existence imposed by the factory.

工厂把一种人为的生存方式强加给工人，却不顾及这种生存方式给工人及其后代带来的影响。

230. The great cities have been built with no regard for us.

大城市的建设毫不关心我们。

231. The shape and dimensions of the skyscrapers depend entirely on the necessity of obtaining the maximum income per square foot of ground, and of offering to the tenants offices and apartments that please them.

摩天大楼完全是按这样的需要修建的：每平方英尺地皮取得最大收入和向租房人提供使他满意的办公室和住房。

232. This caused the construction of gigantic buildings where too large masses of human beings are crowded together.

这样就导致了许多摩天大厦拔地而起，大厦内众多的人挤地一起。

233. Civilized men like such a way of living.

文明人喜欢这样一种生活方式。

234. While they enjoy the comfort and banal luxury of their dwelling, they do not realize that they are deprived of the necessities of life.

在享受自己住宅的舒适和庸俗的豪华时，却没有意识到被剥夺了生活所必需的东西。235. The modern city consists of monstrous edifices and of dark, narrow streets full of petrol fumes and toxic gases, torn by the noise of the taxicabs, lorries and buses, and thronged ceaselessly by great crowds.

大得吓人的高楼和阴暗狭窄的街道组成了今日现代化的城市。街道上充斥着汽油味和

有毒气体，出租汽车、卡车、公共汽车的噪音刺耳难忍，络绎不绝的人群挤来挤去。

236. Obviously, it has not been planned for the good of its inhabitants.

显然，现代化的城市不是这居民的利益而规划的。

$课文17 人为的疾病

237. In the early days of the settlement of Australia, enterprising settlers unwisely introduced the European rabbit.

在澳大利亚移民初期，一些有创业精神的移民不明智地把欧洲兔子引进了澳大利亚。238. This rabbit had no natural enemies in the Antipodes, so that it multiplied with that promiscuous abandon characteristic of rabbits.

这种兔子在澳大利亚及新西兰没有天敌，因此便以兔子所特有的杂乱交配迅猛繁殖起来。

239. It overran a whole continent.

整个澳洲兔子成灾。

240. It caused devastation by burrowing and by devouring the herbage which might have maintained millions of sheep and cattle.

它们在地下打洞，吃掉本可以饲养数百万头牛羊的牧草，给澳洲大陆造成了毁灭性的破坏。

241. Scientists discovered that this particular variety of rabbit (and apparently no other animal) was susceptible to a fatal virus disease, myxomatosis.

科学家们发现，这种特殊品种的兔子（显然不包括别的动物）易患一种叫“多发性粘液瘤”的致命毒性疾病。

242. By infecting animals and letting them loose in the burrows, local epidemics of this disease could be created.

通过让染上此病的动物在洞内乱跑，就可以使这种疾病在一个地区蔓延起来。

243. Later it was found that there was a type of mosquito which acted as the carrier of this disease and passed it on to the rabbits.

后来又发现，有一种蚊子是传播这种疾病的媒介，能把此病传染给兔子。

244. So while the rest of the world was trying to get rid of mosquitoes, Australia was encouraging this one.

因此，世界上其他地方在设法消灭蚊子的时候，澳大利亚却在促使这种蚊子大量繁殖。245. It effectively spread the disease all over the continent and drastically reduced the rabbit population.

蚊子把这种疾病扩散到整个澳洲大陆，效果甚佳，结果兔子的数目在为减少。

246. It later became apparent that rabbits were developing a degree of resistance to this disease, so that the rabbit population was unlikely to be completely exterminated.

后来，明显看出，兔子对这种疾病已产生了一定程度的免疫力，所以兔子不可能被完全消灭。

247. There were hopes, however, that the problem of the rabbit would become manageable.

但是，已有希望解决兔子所带来的问题。

248. Ironically, Europe, which had bequeathed the rabbit as a pest to Australia, acquired this man-made disease as a pestilence.

具有讽刺意味的是，欧洲把这种兔子作为有害动物传给澳洲，而欧洲自己却染上了这种人为的瘟疫般的疾病。

249. A French physician decided to get rid of the wild rabbits on his own estate and introduced myxomatosis.

一位法国内科医生决定除掉自己庄园内的野兔子，于是引进了这种多发性粘液瘤疾病。250. It did not, however, remain within the confines of his estate.

然而，这种疾病并未被局限在他的庄园内，

251. It spread through France,

结果在整个法国蔓延开来。

252. Where wild rabbits are not generally regarded as a pest but as sport and a useful food supply, 野兔在法国一般不被当作有害动物，而被视为打猎取乐的玩物和有用的食物来源。253. and it spread to Britain where wild rabbits are regarded as a pest but where domesticated rabbits, equally susceptible to the disease, are the basis of a profitable fur industry.

这种疾病又蔓延到了英国。在英国，野兔被当作有害的动物，可是家兔是赚钱的毛皮工业的基础，然而家兔同样易感染这种疾病。

254. The question became one of whether Man could control the disease he had invented.

现在的问题是，人类能否控制住这种人为的疾病。

$课文18 海豚

255. There has long been a superstition among mariners

长期以来，海员中流传着一种迷信的说法，

256. that porpoises will save drowning men by pushing them to the surface,

认为海豚会把快要淹死的人托到水面，救人性命；

257. or protect them from sharks by surrounding them in defensive formation.

或在人们周围列队保护，使他们免遭鲨鱼伤害。

258. Marine Studio biologists have pointed out that,

海洋摄影室的生物学家指出，

259. however intelligent they may be,

无论海豚多么聪明，

260. it is probably a mistake to credit dolphins with any motive of lifesaving.

认为它们有救人的动机可能是错误的。

261. On the occasions when they have pushed to shore an unconscious human being

当它们偶尔把一个失去知觉的人推到岸边时，

262. they have much more likely done it out of curiosity or for sport,

更大的可能是出于好奇或游戏，

263. as in riding the bow waves of a ship.

就像它们追逐被船首犁开的浪花一样。

264. In 1928 some porpoises were photographer working like beavers to push ashore a waterlogged mattress.

1928年，有人拍摄到了海豚像海狸一样把浸透水的床垫推上岸的情景。

265. If, as has been reported, they have protected humans from sharks,

正如报道中所说，如果海豚保护人不受鲨鱼侵害，

266. it may have been because curiosity attracted them and because the scent of a possible meal attracted the sharks.

那么它们可能是出于好奇；而鲨鱼可能是闻到了可以美食一顿的香味。

267. Porpoises and sharks are natural enemies.

海豚和鲨鱼是天然仇敌，

268. It is possible that upon such an occasion a battle ensued,

双方可能随之发生搏斗，

269. with the sharks being driven away or killed.

搏斗结果是海豚赶走或咬死鲨鱼。

270. Whether it be bird, fish or beast, the porpoise is intrigued with anything that is alive.

海豚对凡是活的东西都感兴趣，不管是鸟、是鱼，还是野兽。

271. They are constantly after the turtles,

它们经常追逐海龟，

272. who peacefully submit to all sorts of indignities.

海龟则温顺地忍受着各种侮辱。

273. One young calf especially enjoyed raising a turtle to the surface with his snout

一只小海豚特别喜欢用鼻子把海龟推到水面，

274. and then shoving him across the tank like an aquaplane.

然后像滑水板一样把海龟从水池的这一边推到那一边。

275. Almost any day a young porpoise may be seen trying to turn a 300-pound sea turtle over by sticking his snout under the edge of his shell and pushing up for dear life.

几乎每天都可以看到一只小海豚把鼻子顶入一只300磅重的海龟的硬壳下面，拼命地把它翻过来。

276. This is not easy, and may require two porpoises working together.

这并非易事，可能需要两只海豚合伙干才行。

277. In another game, as the turtle swims across the oceanarium,

在另一场游戏中，当海龟游过水族馆时，

278. the first porpoise swoops down from above and butts his shell with his belly.

第一只海豚从上方猛扑下去，用腹部撞击龟壳。

279. This knocks the turtle down several feet.

这一下子把海龟撞下去好几英尺。

280. He no sooner recovers his equilibrium than the next porpoise comes along and hits him another crack.

海龟刚恢复平衡，第二只海豚又冲过来猛击一下。

281. Eventually the turtle has been butted all the way down to the floor of the tank.

这只海龟最终被撞到池底。

282. He is now satisfied merely to try to stand up,

此时的海龟，只要能站起来就满足了，

283. but as soon as he does so a porpoise knocks him flat.

但它刚站起来，就被一只海豚击倒。

284. The turtle at last gives up by pulling his feet under his shell and the game is over.

海龟终于屈服了，将4条腿缩进壳内。游戏到此结束。

$课文19 话说梦的本质

285. It is fairly clear that sleeping period must have some function,

很清楚，睡眠必然具有某种作用。

286. and because there is so much of it the function would seem to be important.

睡眠占去那么多时间，所以其作用似乎还是很重要。

287. Speculations about is nature have been going on for literally thousands of years,

人们对睡眠作用的种种猜测，确实有数千年之久。

288. and one odd finding that makes the problem puzzling is that it looks very much as if sleeping is not simply a matter of giving the body a rest.

一项使人对这个问题感到困惑的奇怪的发现是，睡眠在很大程度似乎并不仅仅是为了使身体得到休息。

289. 'Rest', in terms of muscle relaxation and so on,

“休息”，从使肌肉得到放松等方面来看，

290. can be achieved by a brief period lying, or even sitting down.

只要稍微躺一躺，甚至坐一坐就能达到。

291. The body's tissues are self-repairing and self-restoring to a degree,

人体组织在一定程度上有自我修补和自我恢复的能力，

292. and function best when more or less continuously active.

有张有弛地连续活动时，其功能最佳。

293. In fact a basic amount of movement occurs during sleep

事实上，睡眠状态下仍有着基本的活动量，

294. which is specifically concerned with preventing muscle inactivity.

以防止肌肉活动停止。

295. If it is not a question of resting the body,

如果睡眠的功能不是在于使身体得到休息，

296. then perhaps it is the brain that needs resting?

那么也许是让大脑得以休息？

297. This might be a plausible hypothesis were it not for two factors.

若不是下面两点，这种假使似乎是有道理的。

298. First the electroencephalograph

第一点，脑电图记录仪

299. shows that while there is a change in the pattern of activity during sleep,

显示，人在睡眠时大脑活动的方式有变化，

300. there is no evidence that the total amount of activity is any less.

但没有迹象表明，其活动总量有任何减少。

301. The second factor is more interesting and more fundamental.

第二点更有意思，也更重要。

302. Some years ago an American psychiatrist named William Dement published experiments dealing with the recording of eye-movements during sleep.

前些年，美国一位精神病学者发表了一篇报告，报告中记录了眼球在睡眠时的活动情况。

303. He showed that the average individual's sleep cycle is punctuated with peculiar bursts of eye-movements,

他指出，平常人的睡眠周期中不时伴有一阵阵奇怪的眼球队活动，

304. some drifting and slow, others jerky and rapid.

这些活动有的飘忽而缓慢，有的急剧而快速。

305. People woken during these periods of eye-movements generally reported that they had been dreaming.

在眼球活动期间被叫醒的人都说自己在做梦；

306. When woken at other times they reported no dreams.

在其他期间叫醒他们，则说没有做梦。

307. If one group of people were disturbed from their eye-movement sleep for several nights on end, 如果有两组人，一组人连续几夜在眼球队活动时被叫醒；

308. and another group were disturbed for an equal period of time but when they were no exhibiting eye-movements,

另一组人也是连续几夜被叫醒，但是在眼球队没活动时被叫醒的。

309. the first group began to show some personality disorders

结果，第一组人开始出现性格失常，

310. while the others seemed more or less unaffected.

而第二组人似乎没受什么影响。

311. The implications of all this were that it was not the disturbance of sleep that mattered,but the disturbance of dreaming.

这一切暗示我们：睡眠受到干忧没关系，而做梦受到干忧是有问题的。

$课文20 蛇毒

312. How it came about that snakes manufactured poison is a mystery.

蛇是怎样产生毒液的，这是一个谜。

313. Over the periods their saliva, a mild, digestive juice like our own,

蛇的唾液本来和我们人的消化液一样柔和，但经过漫长的时间，

314. was converted into a poison that defies analysis even today.

演变成了今天仍无法分析清楚的毒液。

315. It was not forced upon them by the survival competition;

毒液不是生存竞争强加给它们的，

316. they could have caught and lived on prey without using poison,

它们也可以不用毒液捕捉动物而生存，

317. just as the thousands of non-poisonous snakes still do.

就像今天成千上万的无毒蛇那样。

318. Poison to a snake is merely a luxury;

毒液对毒蛇来说只不过是一种舒适生存的优越手段，

319. it enables it to get its food with very little effort,

它使蛇不用费多大力气就能捕获到食物，

320. no more effort than one bite.

轻咬一口即可。

321. And why only snakes?

为什么只有蛇才有毒液呢？

322. Cats, for instance, would be greatly helped;

譬如说，如果猫有毒液，那对猫会大有帮助，

323. no running fights with large, fierce rats or tussles with grown rabbits

它就不必再和又大又凶的老鼠边跑边博斗了，也不必再和大兔子扭斗了，

324. In fact, it would be an assistance to all carnivores

因此，任何食肉动物有了毒液，都能从中获益。

325. though it would be a two-edged weapon when they fought each other.

新概念英语第四册课堂笔记

新概念英语第四册课堂笔记 1 fossil man (化石人) Why are legends handed down by storytellers useful We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas -- legends handed down from one generation of story tellers to another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago. But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first 'modern men' came from. Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace. 【New words and expressions 生词和短语】 fossil man adj. 化石人 recount v. 叙述 saga n. 英雄故事 legend n. 传说，传奇 migration n. 迁移，移居 anthropologist n. 人类学家 archaeologist n. 考古学家

新概念英语第四册笔记-完整版

L1 Finding fossil man We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas----legends handed down from one generation of storytellers to another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago. But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first'modern men' came from. Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace. New words and expressions recount /ri'kaunt/ v.叙述 / ' rei'kaunt/ 再数一次 record / ' rek[d/ /ri' kC:d/ 第一个音节带重音，名前动后叙述：recount : emotionless 重复 describe depict： a little emotional narrate： temporal&spacial 根据时间或空间顺序描述。 portray：描述 saga /'sa:g[/ n.英雄故事描述的内容mostly real 北欧海盗活动的故事 legend /'ledV[nd/ n.传说，传奇 unreal e.g robin hood anthropologist/ 'AnWr['pCl[dVist/ n.人类学家 anthrop：人 philosophere :philo＋sopher|爱＋智慧＝哲学家 philanthropist : 慈善家（对人有爱心的人） anthropology :人类学带-gy结尾的都是学科：biology 生物学 geography 地理学 ecology 生态学 remote/ ri'm[ut/ n.遥远 ancestor / 'Ansest[/ n.祖先 an- 在前面 forefather,forebear ，predecessor祖先 rot/ rCt/ v.烂掉 leave me rot.＝leave me along rot to death. soon ripe,soon rotten. decay 国家民族逐渐衰亡 decompose 逐渐衰竭 deteriorate关系逐渐恶化 trace /treis/ n.痕迹，踪迹 trace the problem i follow your trace＝i follow where you go polynesia 波利尼西亚 poly-多 polyandric: a wife with more than one husband polygeny : a husband with more than one wife flint /flint/ n.燧石 flinting hearted fossil / ' fCsl/ n. 化石 cobble 鹅卵石 read of 读到谈到：speak of ,talk of ,know of,hear of near east：近东 mediterranean, south europe,north afric far east 非限定性从句，表原因 oral(spoken) language is earlier than written language. precede :什么在什么之前，不用比较，直接跟名词 counterpart: two things or two people have the same position oral(spoken) language is earlier than written counterpart. preserve: 保留，保存（腌制）如果句中有only，那后面的表语结构就要用to do sth,而不是doing sth. storyteller: 讲故事的人 fortuneteller, palmreader: 算命先生 migration ：移民１）migrant ２）immigrant v. migrate:迁移，迁徙 migratory bird:候鸟 none: no body people＋s 民族 if they had any: 即便是有 his relatives,if he had any,never went to visit him when he was hospitalized. find out千方百计，费尽周折＝explore modern men :the men who were like ourselves however－anywhere you want ,加逗号 but,yet－不加标点，only at the beginning of the sentence therefore－自由

新概念英语第四册原文翻译详细笔记

Finding fossil man 发现化?石?人 Why are legends handed down by storytellers useful? We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write. But there are some parts of the world where even now people cannot write. The only way that they can preserve their history is to recount it as sagas -- legends handed down from one generation of storytellers to another. These legends are useful because they can tell us something about migrations of people who lived long ago, but none could write down what they did. Anthropologists wondered where the remote ancestors of the Polynesian peoples now living in the Pacific Islands came from. The sagas of these people explain that some of them came from Indonesia about 2,000 years ago. But the first people who were like ourselves lived so long ago that even their sagas, if they had any, are forgotten. So archaeologists have neither history nor legends to help them to find out where the first 'modern men' came from. Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because this is easier to shape than other kinds. They may also have used wood and skins, but these have rotted away. Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace.　读到flint 打?火?石anthropomorphic ?人格化拟1anthropo ?人类的让步?一?一trace back date back read of read about a trace of ?一些

新概念英语第一册笔记(完整版)

新概念英语第一册笔记完整版 ?1）v. 原谅 ?eg. Excuse me. 请原谅，劳驾。 2）n. 借口 ?eg. It?s an excuse. ?me pron. 我（宾格:用来做宾语的。）?eg. He loves me. 他爱我. ?eg. She cheats me. 他骗我. ?eg. Please tell me. 他告诉我. Excuse me 的用法这个短语经常被译作“对不起”，但它并不表示你有什么过错，而是说你要打搅别人，所以常被译作“劳驾”。 1）为了要引起别人的注意 ?eg. Excuse me. Is this you handbag? 2）要打扰某人或要打断别人话 ?eg. Excuse me . May I ask you a question? 3) 向陌生人问路 ?eg. Excuse me. Could you please tell me the way to the railway station? 4) 向某人借东西 ?eg. Excuse me. Can I borrow your pen? 5) 需要从别人身边挤过或让别人给自己让路 ?eg. Excuse me. Could you please make some room for me? 6) 要求在宴席或会议中途中离开一会儿eg. Excuse me. May I lease for a little while? ?sorry 用于当你做错事而向别人道歉的时候，表示“对不起”。 1）请问几点了？ ?eg. Excuse me. What time is it? 2) 不小心把水弄到了别人的身上。 ?eg. Sorry. 或者 I?m sorry! 3) 对不起，我先失陪一下 ?eg. Excuse me. 4) 误解了别人的意思 ?eg. Sorry. ?yes 1)adv. 是的（对一般疑问句的肯定回答）?eg. Are you mad? --Yes, I am. 2)经常用于应答，表示“什么事”。 ?eg. Excuse me? 请问/劳驾？ ---Yes? 什么事？ ?is v. be 动词现在时第三人称单数 ?be : is am are ?is 用于单数名词或单数第三人称代词。 ?eg. He is a student. 他是一个学生。 ?eg. That?s an egg. 那是一个鸡蛋。（That?s= That is） ?eg. This is a pen. 这是一支钢笔。 ?your 你的，你们的（物主代词后面加名词）?your key 你的钥匙 ?eg. This is your key. 这是你的钥匙。 ?eg. That is your book. 那是你的书。 ?your room 你们的房间 ?eg. That is your room. 那是你们的房间。 ?pardon 原谅，请再说一遍 ?pardon=pardon me=I beg your pardon? 能再说一遍吗？ ?eg. Is this your pencil? 这是你的铅笔吗？ --Yes, it is. 是的，它是。（it 指代 pencil） ?thank you 感谢你（们） 2）you 代词（你，你们）主格-----作主语 ?eg. You are a good student. 你是一个好学生。宾格------作宾语

怎么才能学好新概念英语

英语作为全球范围内流通最广的语言，学好英语对以后自身的发展都很重要。新概念英语是一种新型的英语学习方法，他可以帮助孩子建立属于自己的语言网络，快速掌握英语的精髓。新概念教材课文里所学习的单词都是最基本、最常用的词汇，所以大家一定要掌握。对于意思不太明白的，最好用英英词典或者双解词典查阅并掌握其含义。我们孩子在学习ABC少儿英语的时候，完全可以把《新概念英语》当成是一套很好的听力教材。《新概念英语》的配套磁带有英音的和美音的两种。大家可以根据自己的实际需要去选择购买。通过《新概念英语》练习英语听力的方法可以参考下列步骤：不要看书，将整篇课文听写下来。如果有的词听不出来，猜测该词应该是什么，实在听不出来就不勉强。随着听写的增多，听力会逐渐增强。在听的过程中，也可加深对英语发音的认识。而且实践证明，如果能达到一听就懂的程度，你的脑子里英语翻译成汉语的现象就会

消失，阅读理解的能力一定会大大提高。很多人不知道如何借学习新概念来提高自己的写作能力，其实这也是有法可循的。你可以在接触一篇新的课文前，先不要看它的英文，而是根据它的中文翻译自己写再翻译成英语，然后再和原文对照，这样一经对比，就可以找到自己写作的弱点和问题，及时修正，日久积累，从而获得提高。特别是第三册和第四册里面的一些美文，就为大家提供了相当好的写作方法和经典范文。把听写下来的文章与原文比对，查找错误，知道自己错在哪，以后今后如何避免。跟着磁带反复跟读课文。注意各单词的读音以及语调等问题，语音语调尽量模仿磁带，力求接近磁带上的。建议大家进行课后的习题练习和同步测试，巩固学习内容，检验学习效果。尤其是，新概念每课都有一个自己的核心语法内容，这就要求学生要将每课的这一个语法掌握。如果个别同学感觉自己的语法和阅读水平较差的，最好选择一些与自己水平相当的语法教材和英语分级阅读读物来进行课外学习，以提高英语实力。

新概念英语第二册笔记_第40课

Lesson 40 Food and talk进餐与交谈 Was Mrs. Rumbold a good companion at dinner? Last week at a dinner party, the hostess asked me to sit next to Mrs. Rumbold. Mrs. Rumbold was a large, unsmiling lady in a tight black dress. She did not even look up when I took my seat beside her. Her eyes were fixed on her plate and in a short time, she was busy eating. I tried to make conversation. 'A new play is coming to "The Globe" soon,' I said. 'Will you be seeing it?' 'No,' she answered. 'Will you be spending your holidays abroad this year?' I asked. 'No,' she answered. 'Will you be staying in England?' I asked. 'No,' she answered. In despair, I asked her whether she was enjoying her dinner. 'Young man,' she answered, 'if you ate more and talked less, we would both enjoy our dinner!" 参考译文在上星期的一次宴会上，女主人安排我坐在兰伯尔德夫人的身旁。兰伯尔德夫人是一位身材高大、表情严肃的女人，穿一件紧身的黑衣服。当我在她身旁坐下来的时候，她甚至连头都没有抬一下。她的眼睛盯着自己的盘子，不一会儿就忙着吃起来了。我试图找个话题和她聊聊。 “一出新剧要来‘环球剧场’上演了，”我说，“您去看吗？” “不，”她回答。 “您今年去国外度假吗？”我又问。 “不，”她回答。 “您就呆在英国吗？”我问。 “不，”她回答。失望之中我问她饭是否吃得满意。 “年轻人，”她回答说，“如果你多吃点，少说点，我们两个都会吃得好的！” —、单词讲解New words and expressions host 1)n．待客的主人 hostess 女主人 the host nation 东道国，主办国例: China is the host nation of the 2008 0lympic Games. 中国时2008奥运会的主办国。

新概念英语第二册课堂笔记第13课

新概念英语第二册课堂笔记第13课Lesson 13 ★New words and expressions ☆group n.小组，团体 group指合唱团 band：n.乐队 ☆pop singer：流行歌手 pop：popular adj.受欢迎的 pop song(music)：流行音乐 pop star ☆club n.俱乐部 night club：夜总会 ☆performance n.演出 -mance：名词标志 perform v.演出 ☆occasion n.场合中文：在某种条件下，某种环境中英文：occasion=time,时候 this occasion：on the/this occasion occasionally=sometimes adv.有时候，偶尔

★Text The Greenwood boys The Greenwood Boys are a group of pop singers.At present,they are visiting all parts of the country.They will be arriving here tomorrow.They will be coming by train and most of the young people in the town will be meeting them at the station.Tomorrow evening they will be singing at the Worker's Club.The Greenwood Boys will be staying for five days.During this time,they will give five performances.As usual,the police will have a difficult time.They will be trying to keep order.It is always the same on these occasions. ☆visit v.拜访，参观；（歌手）巡演 visit 地点，表示去某地若带有职业相关目的，就是去做相关的事 The headmasters of the New Oriental school visited lanzhou. 本课学到3个“演出”： 1.visit; 2.sing; 3.give five performances ☆most of...绝大部分的 most of the...=most... most of the young people/most young people ☆tomorrow evening：明天晚上 yesterday evening：昨天晚上； this evening：今天晚上 morning,afternoon的用法同evening

【第二次修订完全版】新概念英语第二册笔记pdf(96课全)

目录 Lesson 1 A private conversation 私人谈话 (4) Lesson 2 Breakfast or lunch? 早餐还是午餐 (11) Lesson 3 Please send me a card 请给我寄一张明信片 (16) Lesson 4 An exciting trip 激动人心的旅行 (21) Lesson 5 No wrong numbers 无错号之虞 (25) Lesson 6 Percy Buttons 珀西.巴顿斯 (31) Lesson 7 Too late 为时太晚 (38) Lesson 8 The best and the worst最好的和最差的 (44) Lesson 9 A cold welcome 冷遇 (49) Lesson 10 Not for jazz不适于演奏爵士乐 (55) Lesson 11 One good turn deserves another礼尚往来 (60) Lesson 12 Goodbye and good luck 再见，一路顺风 (64) Lesson 13 The Greenwood Boys 绿林少年 (68) Lesson 14 Do you speak English? 你会讲英语吗？ (74) Lesson 15 Good news 佳音 (80) Lesson 16 A polite request 彬彬有礼的要求 (85) Lesson 17 Always young 青春常驻 (90) Lesson 18 He often does this! 他经常干这种事！ (96) Lesson 19 Sold out 票已售完 (99) Lesson 20 One man in a boat 独坐孤舟 (104) Lesson 21 Mad or not? 是不是疯了？ (110) Lesson 22 A glass envelope 玻璃信封 (115) Lesson 23 A new house 新居 (119) Lesson 24 It could be worse 不幸中之万幸 (122) Lesson 25 Do the English speak English? 英国人讲的是英语吗？ (125) Lesson 26 The best art critics 最佳艺术评论家 (130) Lesson 27 A wet night 雨夜 (136) Lesson 28 No parking 禁止停车 (143) Lesson 29 Taxi! 出租汽车！ (149) Lesson 30 Football or polo？足球还是水球？ (154) Lesson 31 Success story 成功者的故事 (159) Lesson 32 Shopping made easy 购物变得很方便 (165) Lesson 33 Out of the darkness 冲出黑暗 (171) Lesson 34 Quick work 破案“神速” (177) Lesson 35 Stop thief! 捉贼 (180) Lesson 36 Across the Channel 横渡海峡 (186) Lesson 37 The Olympic Games 奥林匹克运动会 (193) Lesson 38 Everything except the weather 唯独没有考虑到天气 (198) Lesson 39 Am I all right? 我是否痊愈? (203) Lesson 40 Food and talk 进餐与交谈 (208) Lesson 41 Do you call that a hat? 你把那个叫帽子吗？ (213)

一个过来人学新概念英语的经验之谈

一、新概念选择英音还是美音答：在书店购买的《新概念》配套磁带就是英音版，由外研社出版。一般我们说的经典语音就是这个版本。但是，对于第一册来说，偶数课，这个版本的录音是没有的。只有美语版《新概念》第一册的录音是完全的。但是，对于学习美语又喜欢《新概念》的朋友来说，最好是听美音版的，由上海外国语大学出版。市场上很少见了，需要耐心的在网上找。美音与英音的原则全凭个人喜好，没有谁好、谁不好的区别。只要是学英语的人，在练习听力时应该美音、英音都接触，因为在现实生活中，你不知道你碰到的外国人是欧洲人，还是美洲人，即使是美国人也有说英式英语的。那么你自己的语音要始终遵循一种，不要英美混杂。二、学习《新概念》该从第一册开始，还是从第二册开始怎么去背诵课文答：对于《新概念》的学习，首先要告诉你的是一定要下苦功夫，不能嫌烦，坚持下去。而且要从第一册开始学起，这样对于你以后的学习会有好处的。相对来说，第一册简单一些，基本上是一些日常对话，或者简单的叙述性短文。别看简单，如果你能脱口而出、运用自如的话，口语方面就已经相当了不起了，而且，对于第二、三、四册的学习，提供了良好的坚实基础。说说新概念一的学习： 1、不要去看那些背着 2、 3、4册人的感言。大多数都是为了应付考试而去背诵的。没意义！即使背了，说的时候也都是想那些最简单的句子去表达，因为难的一个都想不起来，简单的还怕自己表达不准确呢。 2、你可知道生活中的英语就是很简单的，哪里有书本上那么复杂陈述式的表达方式就是比日常口语要复杂。它不像 “您住哪儿” “我住天安门广场正中央”这种对话那么简单。 3、打开新概念第一册，看哪儿哪儿会，当然是觉得非常的简单了。你别去看书，就听录音，尤其是那些对话的录音，一句一句的播放，相当于在和别人交谈，你看你能否回答正确即使你的回答不是和书上的一样，那么你想想你能顺利的做出回答吗 4、每课学完后，你能把这些简单的对话用到生活中去吗生活中不用英语，4册书都背下来最大的成就也就是顺利通过考试，其他的什么都不是！没有人会听你滔滔不绝的背课文的，课文是别人的，不是自己的！ 5、新概念第一册，语速是慢，这种情况下，你能在听英文的时候反应出它的中文解释吗你能在听录音的同时，直接做出它所表现的动作或想像出它表达的意思吗是不是还在心里“听到英文――翻译成中文――想中文回答再翻译成英文做出反应”这么一个过程 6、新概念第一册的每篇文章学完后，你能照着原文自己写出一篇来吗 7、没有第一册的基础积累，2、3、4册想学好才怪呢。盖房子是要打地基的，没有地基，上面的房子再漂亮，扇下扇子都会吹倒的。英语同样如此，要学就学好，别学“豆腐渣”英语。 8、如果简单的第一册没有用，作者干什么不直接写第二册，非要凑个1-4册呢2-4册不就得了 9、知道为什么很多人没有毅力了吗懒惰只是原因之一，更多的是大多数人好高骛远，总想一蹴而就！基础的，简单的看不上，复杂的，难度大的又学不明白，于是就开始困惑、茫然，实在不行了就换教材，还是从第一课开始学，简单，心里高兴！那速度，一天20课都没有问题，又如何呢全是白费力气，到了有难度的，还是不会，恶性循环。剩下的只有抱怨了！

新概念英语第四册原文翻译详细笔记

The modern city 现代城市 In the organization of industrial life the in?uence of the factory upon the physiological and mental state of the workers has been completely neglected. Modern industry is based on the conception of the maximum production at lowest cost, in order that an individual or a group of individuals may earn as much money as possible. It has expanded without any idea of the true nature of the human beings who run the machines, and without giving any consideration to the effects produced on the individuals and on their descendants by the arti?cial mode of existence imposed by the factory. The great cities have been built with no regard for us. The shape and dimensions of the skyscrapers depend entirely on the necessity of obtaining the maximum income per square foot of ground, and of offering to the tenants of?ces and apartments that please them. This caused the construction of gigantic buildings where too large masses of human beings are crowded together. Civilized men like such a way of living. While they enjoy the comfort and banal luxury of their dwelling, they do not realize that they are deprived of the necessities of life. The modern city consists of monstrous edi?ces and of dark, narrow streets full of petrol fumes and toxic gases, torn by the noise of the taxicabs, lorries and buses, and thronged ceaselessly by great crowds. Obviously, it has not been planned for the good of its inhabitants. ?一理理的代 ?人造的?生存?方式隺加规模 I 平庸的 ?一倒夺巨?大的?大厦南满拥塞without any idea of 完全忽视without giving any consideration to

新概念第二册第一课笔记

[生词短语] private adj. 私人的conversation n. 谈话 theatre n. 剧场，戏院seat n. 座位 play n. 戏loudly adv. 大声地 angry adj. 生气的angrily adv. 生气地 attention n. 注意bear v. 容忍 business n. 事rudely adv. 无礼地，粗鲁地 ★private adj.私人的 ① adj. 私人的 private life 私生活 private school 私立学校 It's my private letter. （如果妈妈想看你的信） It's my private house. （如果陌生人想进你的房子） ② adj. 普通的 private citizen 普通公民 I’m a private citizen. （citizen n. 公民） private soldier 大兵《Private Ryan》（《拯救大兵瑞恩》） public adj. 公众的，公开的（private的反义词） public school 公立学校 public letter 公开信 public place 公共场所 privacy[?pr?v?si] n.隐私 It’s privacy. 这是我的隐私!(不愿让别人知道的) ★conversation n.谈话 have a + talk/chat/dialogue/conversation/gossip 名词变动词conversation 一般用于正式文体中, 内容上往往不正式 subject of conversation话题 They are having a conversation. talk内容可正式可不正式, 也可以私人 Let’s have a talk. dialogue对话, 可以指正式国家与国家会谈 China and Korea are having a dialogue. chat闲聊，说的是无关紧要的事。 gossip[?g?s?p]嚼舌头, 说长道短 report报道 ★theatre n.剧场, 戏剧 cinema n.电影院 ★seat n.座位 have a good seat/place，这里的seat指place(指地点)，而不是chair.

(完整版)新概念英语第一册笔记完整版

自学新概念英语的8个方法

自学新概念英语的8个方法 (1)明确目的，集中精力背诵一篇课文或者一段必须掌握的语句，最忌东张西望，漫不经心，注意力分散。如果是一篇很简单的文字，背了几天后仍老出错，这肯定是用心不专的缘故。至于出现“前记后忘”的现象，则是正常的，这时千万不要向这种暂时困难屈服而打退堂鼓。 (2)确定任务，寻找窍门背诵一篇短文，仅仅读几遍是行不通的，一定要熟读到滚瓜烂熟的水准才行。开始时可短一些，容易一些，然后作一定幅度的调整。此外，背诵时还要讲究一定的技巧，熟读课文内容，理解课文大意，不但不会记错和混淆，而且记住的数量也会越来越多。 (3)坚持复背，即时检查复习背诵的时间用得越多，记住的效果就越佳。例如，早晨背诵过的课文或知识，晚上睡前以及第二天起床后，应实行一次复背，并在每周六或周日再作适当的温习背诵，以后过一个月再复背一次。这样，可保证很长一段时期不会遗忘。 (4)增强默写，强化训练所谓“眼过千遍，不如手抄一遍”。采取默写手段，可有效地巩固已经背诵了的课文和知识，而且对加深记忆大有好处。因为文字本身就是一种图形和符号，经常默写可协助我们促动右脑的开发。如果能切实做到循序渐进，长期实行默写训练，那么一定会有助于背诵的质量和效果。 (5)反复阅读与再现相结合

单纯地反复阅读效果并不好，学习者应该在文章还没有完全记住前积极实行尝试再现，回忆不起来时再阅读。这样容易记住，而且保持时间也长。特别生疏的语句，注意多尝试再现几次。因为尝试再现是一种比阅读更积极的智力活动，又是一种自我检查的过程，使人更能集中精力，掌握识记内容的重点、难点，并即时改正记忆中的错误。 (6)试背背诵过程中，如果出现“卡壳”，应该实行追忆。追忆是有意和间接再现的形式，它需要付出很大的意志力，克服一定的困难，多方面寻找线索，实行积极灵活的思维。所以，不能一“卡壳”，就立即停止背诵。 (7)熟背文章通过理解消化，已纳入自己的知识系统，语句通过熟读试背，也已朗朗上口，如果再反复朗读几遍，就能流利地背诵下来。检查方式，除了个人和集体背诵外，还有对背，即两人面对面同时背诵，因为有对方干扰，可锻炼学生记忆的深刻性和准确性;提背，即打哪提，从哪背，提到哪，背到哪，可锻炼学生记忆的准确性。 (8)默写这也是使用内部语言背诵的一种形式，既用脑，又动手，可加深对文章的记忆。一篇文章，就这样一段一段地把它“吃掉”。最后，遵循“整体→部分→整体”的原则，按照背诵各段的方法，再把全篇串联起来，实行背诵。