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Invariant Polynomial Functions on k qudits

Invariant Polynomial Functions on k qudits
Invariant Polynomial Functions on k qudits

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Invariant Polynomial Functions on k qudits Jean-Luc Brylinski ??Ranee Brylinski ?February 1,2008Abstract We study the polynomial functions on tensor states in (C n )?k which are in-variant under SU (n )k .We describe the space of invariant polynomials in terms of symmetric group representations.For k even,the smallest degree for invariant polynomials is n and in degree n we ?nd a natural generalization of the deter-minant.For n,d ?xed,we describe the asymptotic behavior of the dimension of the space of invariants as k →∞.We study in detail the space of homogeneous degree 4invariant polynomial functions on (C 2)?k .1Introduction In quantum mechanics,a combination of states in Hilbert spaces H 1,..,H k leads to a state in the tensor product Hilbert space H 1?···?H k .Such a state will be called here a tensor state.In this paper we take H 1=···=H k =C n where n >1.Then a tensor state is a joint state of k qudits.It would be very interesting to classify tensor states in (C n )?k up to the action of the product U (n )k of unitary groups of local symmetries.A natural approach to this is to study the algebra of invariant polynomials.This approach was developed by Rains [R],by Grassl,R¨o tteler and Beth [G-R-B1][G-R-B2],by Linden and Popescu [L-P]and by Co?man,Kundu and Wootters [C-K-W].These

authors study the ring of invariant polynomials in the components of a tensor state in

(C n )?k and in their complex-conjugates.For k qubits,explicit descriptions of invariants are given in [G-R-B1],[G-R-B2],[L-P]and in [C-K-W].

In this paper the symmetry group we consider is the product G =SU (n )k of special unitary groups;one thinks of G as the special group of local symmetries.We study the G -invariant polynomial functions Q on the tensor states in (C n )?k (we discuss in §2how this is relevant to the description of the G -orbits).We consider polynomials in the entries of a tensor state,in other words,holomorphic polynomials.

Let R n,k,d be the space of homogeneous degree d polynomial functions on tensor states in(C n)?k.Let R G n,k,d be the space of G-invariants in R n,k,d.See§2for more discussion.We reduce the problem of computing R G n,k,d to a problem in the invariant theory of the symmetric group S d(Proposition2.1).In particular,R G n,k,d is non-zero only if d is a multiple of n.So the“?rst”case is d=n;we examine this in§3.We?nd that if k is odd then R G n,k,n=0while if k is even then R G n,k,n is1-dimensional.In the latter case we write down(§3)explicitly the corresponding invariant polynomial P n,k in R n,k,n;we?nd P n,k is a natural generalization of the determinant of a square matrix.

For?xed n,d the direct sum⊕k R n,k,d is an associative algebra.We study the asymptotic behavior of dim R G n,k,d as k→∞in§4.In§5,we specialize to the case of k-qubits,i.e.n=2.We compute the dimension of the space R G2,k,4of degree4 invariants as well as the dimension of the space of invariants in R G2,k,4under the natural action of S k.We show that⊕k R S k

points in Z.The G C-invariant functions separate the closed orbits;they take the same values on Y and on Z.The set of closed orbits of G C in(C n)?k has the structure of an a?ne complex algebraic variety with R G n,k as its algebra of regular functions.Thus a complete description of R G n,k would lead to a precise knowledge of the closed G C-orbits.

Our approach is thus somewhat di?erent from that of[R][G-R-B1][G-R-B2][L-P] [C-K-W]who study the invariant functions on(C n)?k which are polynomials in the

x p

1···p k and in their complex conjugates;these can also be described as the invariant

polynomial functions on(C n)?k⊕

3The generalized determinant function

Given n and k,we want to?nd the smallest positive value of d such that R G n,k,d=0. By Proposition2.1,the?rst candidate is d=n.

Corollary3.1.R G

n,k,n =0i?k is even.In that case,R G n,k,n is one-dimensional and

consists of the multiples of the function P n,k given by

P n,k(u)= σ2,···,σk∈S n?(σ2)···?(σk) n h=1u hhσ2···hσk(3.1)

where hσ

j

=σj(h).

Proof.By Proposition2.1,we need to compute(E?k

π)S d.For d=n,π=[1n]and so Eπ

is the sign representation of S n.Then(E?kπ)is one-dimensional and carries the trivial representation if k is even,or the sign representation if k is odd.

Now for k even,we can easily compute a non-zero function P=P n,k in R n,k,n. For Sπ(C n)is the top exterior power∧n C n.Thus P is a non-zero element of the one-dimensional subspace(∧n C n)?k of((C n)?n)?k.The tensor components of P are then given by P i

11···i nk

=1

n! σ1,···,σk∈S n?(σ1)···?(σk) n h=1u hσ1···hσk(3.2)

where hσ

i

=σi(h).The expression is very redundant,as each term appears n!times. We remedy this by restricting the?rst permutationσ1to be1.This gives(3.1).

P n,k is a generalized determinant;P n,k is invariant under the S k-action.For k=2, (3.1)reduces to the usual formula for the matrix determinant.

Recall that the rank s of a tensor state u in(C n)?k is the smallest integer s such that u can be written as u=v1+v2+···+v s,where the v i are decomposable tensor states v i=w i1?w i2?···?w ik.There is a relation between the rank and the vanishing of P n,k as follows:

Corollary3.2.If the tensor state u in(C n)?k has rank less than n,then P n,k(u)=0.

It is easy to?nd a tensor state u of rank n such that P n,k(u)is non-zero.For instance,P n,k(u)=1if u has all components zero except u1···1=···=u n···n=1.For k=2,P n,k(u)=0implies u has rank less than n.For bigger(even)k,this is false,if n is large enough.This happens essentially because the rank of u can be very large(at least n k

induces a(G×S d)-invariant map V?k?V?l→V?(k+l)where V=(C n)?d.The induced multiplication on the spaces of(G×S d)-invariants gives the product on⊕k R G n,k,d, where we use the identi?cation in(2.2).This multiplication corresponds,under the isomorphism of Proposition2.1,to the product map E?kπ?E?lπ→E?(k+l)

π.This structure is very useful.For instance,if d=n,then P n,k?P n,l=1

(m+r)!

(4.1) whereπ=[r n]as in Proposition2.1.Our formula for p is immediate from the hook formula for the dimension of an irreducible symmetric group representation.

Proposition4.1.Assume d=rn with r≥2.Then dim R G

n,k,d ~c

p k

d! σ∈S dχ(σ)k whereχ:S d→Z is the character of Eπ.Ifσacts trivially on Eπ,thenχ(σ)=p.Ifσacts non-trivially,

we claim|χ(σ)|1and n>1),we have d=4,n=2andπ=[2,2].Our claim is clear here since S4acts on Eπthrough the re?ection representation of S3on C2.

Therefore we have s=c p k

3

(2k?1+(?1)k).

The?rst few values of dim R G2,k,4,starting at k=1,are0,1,1,3,5,11,21,43.For k=2and k=3the unique(up to scalar)invariants are,respectively,the squared determinant P22,2and the Cayley hyperdeterminant H2,3(see[G-K-Z]).We note that the hyperdeterminant is very closely related to the relative tangle of3entangled qubits discussd in[C-K-W].

It would be useful to study R G2,k,4as a representation of S k,where S k acts by permuting the k qubits.The S k-invariants in R G2,k,4are the(S k

×G)-invariant polynomials are very signi?cant as they separate the closed orbits of the extended symmetry group S k

×G-invariants in R2,k,4is M k=

k

×G

2,k,4is the polynomial algebra C[P2

2,2

,H2,3].

Proof.We have isomorphisms R S k

×G

2,k,4

identi?es with S(E)S3. Now S(E)S3is the algebra of S3-invariant polynomial functions on traceless3×3 diagonal matrices,and so is a polynomial algebra on the functions A→T r(A2)and A→T r(A3).These invariants correspond(up to scaling)to P22,2and H2,3.The formula for the dimension follows easily.

For instance,we have:M1=0,M k=1for2≤k≤5,and M6=2.We remark that by replacing S(E)S3by∧(E)S3,it is easy to prove that the sign representation of S k does not occur in(E?k)S4for any k≥2.

We can determine the S k-representation on R G2,k,4for small k by explicit trace com-putations.For k=2and k=3we have the trivial1-dimensional representation.For k=4,we?nd R G2,4,4is the direct sum E[4]⊕E[2,2].The trivial representation E[4]of S4 is spanned by P22,4,while the2-dimensional representation E=E[2,2]is spanned by the determinants?(ijkl)introduced in[B].Here(ijkl)is a permutation of(1234).Given a tensor state u∈(C2)?4,we can view it as an element v of C4?C4,where the?rst (resp.second)C4is the tensor product of the i-th and j-th copies of C2(resp.of the k-th and l-th copies).Then?(ijkl)(u)is the determinant of v.As shown in[B],the ?(ijkl)span the representation E of S4.The signi?cance of the?(ijkl)is that their vanishing describes the closure of the set of tensor states in(C2)?4of rank≤3.For k=5the representation R G2,5,4of S5is E[5]⊕E[2,1,1,1].

References

[B]J-L.Brylinski,Algebraic measures of entanglement,quant-ph0008031

[C-K-W]V.Co?man,J.Kundu and W.K.Wootters,Distributed Entanglement, preprint quant-ph/9907047

[G-K-Z]I.M.Gelfand,M.Kapranov and A.Zelevinsky,Discriminants,Resultants and Multidimensional Determinants,Birkh¨a user(1991)

[G-R-B1]M.Grassl,M.R¨o tteler and T.Beth,Computing Local Invariants of Quantum-Bit Systems,Phys.Review A58no.3(1998),1833-1839;also on the Arxiv as quant-ph/9712040

[G-R-B2]M.Grassl,M.R¨o tteler and T.Beth,Description of Multi-Particle Entangle-ment through Polynomial Invariants,Talk of M Grassl at the Isaac Newton Insti-tute for Mathematical Sciences in July1999,available on the web as https://www.wendangku.net/doc/194604613.html,a.de/home/grassl/publications.html

[L-P]N.Linden and S.Popescu,On Multi-Particle Entanglement,Forts.der Physik46 (1998),no.4-5,567-578,also on the Arxiv as quant-ph/9711016

[R] E.Rains,Polynomial Invariants of Quantum Codes,EEE Trans.on Information Th.46no.1(2000),54-59

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