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Manipulation of electromagnetically-induced transparency in planar

Manipulation of electromagnetically-induced transparency in planar metamaterials based on phase coupling

Xing-Ri Jin, Yuehui Lu, Jinwoo Park, Haiyu Zheng, Feng Gao et al.

Citation: J. Appl. Phys. 111, 073101 (2012); doi: 10.1063/1.3699197

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Manipulation of electromagnetically-induced transparency in planar metamaterials based on phase coupling

Xing-Ri Jin,1Yuehui Lu,2Jinwoo Park,1Haiyu Zheng,1Feng Gao,1Y oungPak Lee,1,a)Joo Yull Rhee,3,b)Ki Won Kim,4H.Cheong,5and Won Ho Jang 6

Quantum Photonic Science Research Center and Department of Physics,Hanyang University,Seoul 133-791,South Korea 2

Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Ningbo 315201,China 3

Department of Physics,Sungkyunkwan University,Suwon 440-746,South Korea 4

Department of Information Display,Sunmoon University,Asan,Choongnam 336-840,South Korea 5

Sogang University,Seoul,South Korea 6

Electromagnetic Wave Institute,Korea Radio Promotion Association,Seoul,South Korea

(Received 12October 2011;accepted 29February 2012;published online 3April 2012)

We experimentally demonstrated a controllable electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT)-like spectral response at microwave frequencies in a planar metamaterial consisting of two identical split-ring resonators (SRRs)with side-by-side symmetry.In our scheme,phase coupling between the two SRRs (serving as the bright mode),which were excited strongly by the incident wave,was employed,and it was found that the EIT-like spectral response could be controlled by simply adjusting the incident angle.Thus,our scheme may be used for electromagnetic-wave switching.A high group index for slow-light

application and a high quality factor could be obtained by simply controlling the incident angle.V

C 2012American Institute of Physics .[https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1d5562622.html,/10.1063/1.3699197]

I.INTRODUCTION

Frequency selective surfaces 1are well established for ?ltering electromagnetic waves and are usually periodic structures.Thus,they serve as the foundation of metamateri-als,a novel class of arti?cial nano/micro-structured electro-magnetic materials that exhibit many interesting phenomena for the manipulation of incident light in the subwavelength scale,such as a negative index of refraction 2and extraordi-nary optical transmission.3In addition,they are a classical analog of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT).4–33Zhang et al.26?rst proposed plasmonic EIT in pla-nar metamaterial consisting of bright and dark modes based on near-?eld coupling.Liu et al.27also experimentally veri-?ed the plasmonic EIT at the Drude damping limit using a stacked optical metamaterial consisting of bright and dark modes separated by a dielectric spacer.These near-?eld cou-pling schemes hinge on the strength of the coupling between the bright and the dark modes and require precise litho-graphic control.To obviate the requirement of near-?eld coupling,Kekatpure et al.33demonstrated the analog of plas-monic EIT at optical frequencies in a system of nanoscale plasmonic-resonator antennas coupled by a single-mode sili-con waveguide based on phase coupling between the https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1d5562622.html,ing split-ring resonators (SRRs),which serve as the elements of arti?cial nano/micro-structured materials,Chiam et al.6and Singh et al.28experimentally demonstrated that planar metamaterials exhibit an analog of EIT in the tera-hertz frequency range.

Recently,using SRRs in the microwave frequency range,it was proposed 29that the EIT-like spectral response could arise in planar metamaterials based on the trapped mode.Subsequently,Papasimakis et al.30investigated the EIT-like spectral response independent of the polarization and the angle of incidence in a planar metamaterial based on the trapped mode.On the basis of the coupling of the bright and the dark modes,Tassin et al.31and Zhang et al.32pro-posed and experimentally veri?ed a scheme of the EIT-like spectral response in planar metamaterials consisting of a cut wire and an SRR.In their scheme,they used an asymmetric structure consisting of two different https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1d5562622.html,ing two identical elements,serving as two bright modes,it is also possible to realize the EIT-like effect.

In this article,on the basis of the phase coupling between two identical SRRs,we propose and experimentally verify a new scheme for the controllable EIT-like spectral response at microwave frequencies in a planar metamaterial consisting of two identical SRRs with side-by-side symmetry (Fig.1).It is well known that the asymmetry of the structure is crucial for achieving EIT-like behavior.As a result of the two identical elements employed in our scheme,the EIT-like spectral response can be switched by simply adjusting the incident angle of the plane wave because the off-normal inci-dence induces asymmetry.

II.EXPERIMENT AND SIMULATION

Figure 1presents the schematics of the investigated structure.The metamaterial structure was fabricated using the conventional printed-circuit-board (PCB)process with 35l m thick copper patterns on a PCB substrate.The thick-ness and dielectric constant of the PCB substrate are 0.8mm and 4,respectively,with a dielectric loss tangent of 0.035.

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.Electronic mail:yplee@hanyang.ac.kr.b)

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.Electronic mail:rheejy@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1d5562622.html,.

0021-8979/2012/111(7)/073101/4/$30.00

C 2012American Institute of Physics 111,073101-1

JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 111,073101(2012)

The conductivity of the copper is5.96?107Smà1.The overall size of the sample is approximately15?30cm2.The detailed geometrical parameters are provided in the caption of Fig.1.In the unit cell of our scheme,the identical SRRs on the PCB substrate are in a side-by-side arrangement.The plane of incidence is the yz plane,and the electric?eld,E,is parallel to the x direction.The two identical SRRs serve as the bright modes which are strongly coupled with the inci-dent plane wave.When the angle of incidence is0(not0), the two SRRs have identical(different)phases.The trans-mission spectra are measured in free space using a Hewlett Packard E8362B network analyzer connected to microwave standard-gain horn antennas.The numerical calculations are carried out using a?nite integration package(CST Microwave Studio).

III.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure2(a)presents the measured and simulated trans-mission spectra in the microwave frequency range for vari-ous angles of incidence with a dielectric loss tangent of the PCB substrate of0.035.The black(online only)and the red (online only)solid lines represent the simulated transmission spectra at incident angles of0 and40 ,respectively,while the black(online only)and the red(online only)dashed lines are the corresponding measurements.From Fig.2(a),reason-ably good agreement between the experimental and simula-tion results is achieved.If the angle of incidence is0 ,the two SRRs are excited by the incident plane wave with the same phase.In this case,no analog of EIT occurs in the sym-metric structure,and only a single resonance peak appears at a frequency of$15.4GHz.On the other hand,if the angle of incidence is40 ,the analog of EIT is apparently manifested based on phase coupling33between the two SRRs.Obvi-ously,the manifestation of the analog of EIT depends on the difference in the phases between the two SRRs in our side-by-side symmetry structure.To understand the role of dielec-tric loss,we simulated the transmission spectra with a small dielectric loss tangent for the PCB substrate.Figure2(b) shows the simulated transmission spectra for various angles of incidence(0 ,15 ,and30 )with a dielectric loss tangent of 0.0025for the PCB substrate,which is nearly10times smaller than the experimental value.It is evident that the EIT-like response can be enhanced by using a substrate with a smaller dielectric loss tangent.34The EIT-like spectral response becomes more evident as the angle of incidence is increased(i.e.,increasing the phase difference).Further-more,highly dispersive transmission spectra and a high transmission peak are obtained with a small dielectric loss

tangent of the PCB substrate.The highly dispersive transmis-

sion spectra result in a high group index and quality factor.

To further support the above assertion,the distributions

of the z-component of the magnetic?eld at the frequency of

the transmission peak are shown in Figs.3(a)and3(b)for

incident angles of0 and30 with phases of30 and10 ,

respectively.Figures3(c)and3(d)show the distributions of

the x-component of the electric?eld for incident angles of0

and30 with phases of120 and100 ,respectively.The

magnetic?eld is p/2out of phase with respect to the electric

?eld.35From Figs.3(a)and3(c),when the angle of incidence

is0 ,the two SRRs are excited by the electric-?eld compo-

nent of the incident plane wave and have identical phases.

Moreover,the magnetic?elds of the two excited SRRs are

opposite each other in the z-direction because the induced

currents in the facing bars of the two excited SRRs oscillate

in the same direction.Because of the avoided cancellation of

each other,the scattered?elds produced by same current

directions are very strong,such that only a single resonance

peak appears at a frequency of$15.4GHz.Thus,the analog

of EIT cannot appear at normal incidence in the side-by-side

symmetry structure.

From Figs.3(b)and3(d),the magnetic-resonance

modes36of the two SRRs are excited via coupling with the

z-component of magnetic?eld when the angle of incidence is

30 .Because the angle of incidence is not zero,the magnetic

resonance modes of the two excited SRRs have different

phases,as shown in Figs.3(b)and3(d).Moreover,the mag-

netic?elds of the two excited SRRs are in the same direction

along the z-axis because the induced currents in the facing

bar of the two excited SRRs oscillate in opposite directions. FIG.1.(a)Illustration of the experimental structure.The dashed box indi-

cates the unit cell.(b)Two-dimensional view of the unit cell with w?0.5,

L?2.3,d?0.5,and s?0.5mm.The thicknesses of the SRRs and the PCB

substrate are0.035mm and0.8,respectively.The periodicity is7.2mm in

both the x and y directions.

FIG.2.(a)Simulated and measured transmission spectra at incident angles

of0 and40 with a dielectric loss tangent of0.035for the PCB substrate.

(b)Simulated transmission spectra at various incident angles with a dielec-

tric loss tangent of0.0025for the PCB substrate.

The scattered ?elds produced by currents in opposite direc-tions are very weak because they cancel each other.The in-terference between the two SRRs with different phases markedly reduces the radiation losses of our side-by-side symmetry structure such that it behaves as in free space.Thus,a sharp transmission peak appears at the resonance fre-quency.If the angle of incidence is further increased,the phase difference also increases,and the magnetic-resonance modes of the two

SRRs become stronger because the z -com-ponent of magnetic ?eld of the incident plane wave increases.The high transmission peak can be obtained in our

scheme if the phase difference increases.33For realization of the EIT-like effect,symmetry breaking is very important.In recent reports,many people 5–13,26–33have proposed EIT-like spectral responses using asymmetry structures,which consist of two different elements.In our scheme,we use a symmetry structure,while the angle of incidence is adjusted to disrupt the symmetry of the structure.Therefore,a controllable EIT-like spectral response can be realized in a planar symmetry structure.

Figure 4(a)presents the dependences of the maximum transmittance,group index,and quality factor on the angle of incidence,which varies from 5 to 40 at increments of 5 with s ?0.8mm and a dielectric loss tangent of 0.0025for the PCB substrate.The maximum transmission increases from 0.05to 0.8,while the quality factor and the group index are reduced from 275to 33and 318to 40,respectively.The quality factor is evaluated using Q ?f 0/D f ,where f 0is the frequency of maximum transmission,and D f is the full width at half maximum.When the angle of incidence is 15 ,the maximum transmission and the Q -factor are $0.45and $115,respectively,and the group index is $190,as shown in Fig.4(b).The group index is estimated using the formula n g ?n tx (dn /d x ),where n is the effective refractive index.37

IV.CONCLUSIONS

Using planar metamaterial consisting of two identical SRRs with side-by-side symmetry,we propose a new scheme for a controllable EIT-like spectral response at microwave frequencies based on phase coupling between the two SRRs.In our scheme,because the coupling between the two bright modes induces a highly dispersive transparency,a higher Q -factor and a larger group index are obtained.Because the EIT-like spectral response can be switched by simply adjusting the incident angle of the plane wave,our scheme may be used for electromagnetic-wave switching.In addition,the low dielectric loss tangent of the PCB substrate is essential in obtaining the high dispersion transmission peak in our scheme.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This study was supported by the Priority Research Cen-ters Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education,Science and Technology (MEST)(2010-0029760)and also by an NRF grant funded by the Korean government (MEST)(No.2011-0017605).

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