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Preparation of Monolithic Ferrite(Ⅲ) Oxide Aerogel

Preparation of Monolithic Ferrite(Ⅲ) Oxide Aerogel
Preparation of Monolithic Ferrite(Ⅲ) Oxide Aerogel

 第39卷第6期原子能科学技术

Vol.39,No.6 2005年11月Atomic Energy Science and Technology

Nov.2005

收稿日期:2004212221;修回日期:2005203221

作者简介:任洪波(1980—

),男,重庆人,研究实习员,硕士,功能材料专业块状氧化铁气凝胶制备初步研究

任洪波,张 林,杜爱明

(中国工程物理研究院激光聚变研究中心,四川绵阳 621900)

摘要:研究以氯化铁的醇溶液为前驱体、有机路易斯碱为凝胶促进剂,快速制备氧化铁的醇凝胶,再通过

CO 2超临界干燥工艺得到氧化铁气凝胶。用透射电镜(TEM )对氧化铁气凝胶的微观结构的表征结果表

明,气凝胶主要由超细微粒堆积而成。经B ET 和BJ H 测试,气凝胶样品的密度为138mg/cm 3时,孔径为97nm ,孔体积为1.97cm 3/g ,比表面积为487m 2/g 。XRD 研究表明,组成氧化铁气凝胶的晶形结构主要为β2FeOO H 。

关键词:金属氧化物;醇凝胶;超临界干燥;气凝胶

中图分类号:O648.1 文献标识码:A 文章编号:100026931(2005)0620513204

Preparation of Monolithic Ferrite(Ⅲ)Oxide Aerogel

REN Hong 2bo ,ZHAN G Lin ,DU Ai 2ming

(Research Center of L aser Fusion ,Chinese A cadem y of Engineering Physics ,

P.O.B ox 9192987,Miany ang 621900,China )

Abstract :Monolit hic Ferrite (Ⅲ

)oxide aerogels were prepared f rom inorganic salt pre 2cursors by hydrolysis and condensation.The approach is st raightforward ,inexpensive ,versatile and it can p roduce monolit hic mesoporo us material wit h high specific surface area and very low bulk density.Dried ferrite (Ⅲ

)aerogel were characterized by t rans 2mission elect ron microscopy (TEM )and nit rogen adsorption/desorption analyses.The

result s of XRD show t hat t he monolit hic ferrite (Ⅲ)oxide aerogel obtained is β2FeOO H.K ey w ords :metal oxide ;alcohol gel ;super 2critical drying ;aerogel

气凝胶因具有反常输运特性、动力学性质、催化性质和低温热力学性质,以及在惯性约束

聚变(inertial co nfinement f usion ,ICF )中具有潜在的应用前景而受到重视[1~3]。目前,气凝胶通常采用溶胶2凝胶法和超临界干燥技术制备,即通过金属烷氧基化合物的催化水解形成醇凝胶和水凝胶,然后使用超临界干燥工艺得到[4,5]。但由于大多数过渡金属的烷氧基化合

物难以制备,所以,用该方法制备氧化物气凝胶极其困难。也有研究者采用在氯化铁水溶液中加入强碱的方法制得氧化铁的水凝胶[6],但此方法需经较长时间(几小时甚至数天)方能得到氧化铁水凝胶,且需通过复杂的后处理过程除去凝胶中的Na +、Cl -,操作较为繁琐。

本工作研究使用有机化合物路易斯碱作为凝胶促进剂,以氯化铁为铁源,制备氧化铁的醇

凝胶,再通过CO2超临界干燥得到氧化铁气凝胶,并对气凝胶样品进行表征。

1 实验部分

1.1 氧化铁气凝胶样品制备

在1.0mol/L FeCl3醇溶液中滴加适量去离子水,将溶液搅拌均匀,加入凝胶促进剂有机路易斯碱,快速搅拌均匀后将溶液倒入模具,静置2~30min形成凝胶;将凝胶陈化1周后,放入丙酮溶液中进行溶剂交换,经多次交换后,进行CO2超临界干燥,得到氧化铁气凝胶样品。

凝胶时间系指从体系中加入凝胶促进剂到整个体系不具流动性时的时间间隔。

1.2氧化铁气凝胶样品表征

采用NOVA23000型自动吸附仪测定氧化铁气凝胶样品的表面积和孔体积(载气为N2)。该气凝胶样品的物相使用D/MAX2ⅢA型X 射线衍射仪(Cu,Kα,40kV)进行分析。将样品粉碎,超声分散于无水乙醇中,用J EOL J EM2 100CX型透射电镜观测样品粒子的形状和大小。透射电镜点分辨率为0.3nm,晶格分辨率为1.4nm,加速电压为80kV。

气凝胶样品密度通过测量具有规则外形的气凝胶样品的质量和体积计算得到。

2结果与讨论

2.1氧化铁水(醇)凝胶形成机理

Fe3+在水溶液中形成[Fe(H2O)6]3+水合离子,其中,Fe3+的d层电子为高自旋态的(dε)3(dγ)2构型。在水溶液中,水合Fe3+离子在水解的同时发生各种类型的缩聚反应,整个反应历程可由下式[7]描述:

2[Fe(H2O)6]3

+

[Fe(H2O)4(OH)2Fe(H2O)4)]4++2H+(1) 从式(1)可知,当溶液中酸过量时,Fe3+主要以[Fe(H2O)6]3+形式存在;p H值较高时,水解倾向增大,有利于形成水合铁离子的双聚体和多聚体结构,p H值进一步升高,则形成水合氢氧化铁胶体。

可见,向Fe3+溶液中滴加碱性物质,如氢氧化钠、氨水等有利于形成氢氧化铁胶体。传统制备块状氧化铁气凝胶则采用此工艺。但这种工艺制备的氧化铁凝胶中含有大量的Na+、N H+4等,需进行水洗或渗析处理以除去电解质,后处理较困难。考虑到水合铁离子的水解机理,若向溶液中加入质子受体等有机路易斯碱,同样可起到无机碱的凝胶促进剂的作用,而有机化合物则可方便地在超临界干燥阶段除去。

2.2 氧化铁凝胶形成时间

0.1mol/L FeCl3在不同有机溶剂和凝胶促进剂中的凝胶时间的测定结果列于表1。

从表1可看出:在不同的有机溶剂和凝胶促进剂中,凝胶时间不尽相同。表中,促进剂1为小分子环氧化合物,促进剂2为促进剂1α位亲电取代的衍生物,促进剂3为缩水甘油醚类化合物。

表1氧化铁凝胶合成条件

T able1Synthetic conditions of ferrite gels

溶剂凝胶促进剂t gel/min

甲醇促进剂16

乙醇促进剂18

异丙醇促进剂1无凝胶

正丁醇促进剂13

正戊醇促进剂12

正己醇促进剂12

四氢呋喃促进剂110

丙酮促进剂131)

甲醇促进剂25

乙醇促进剂26

乙醇促进剂361)

注:1)单位为d

由于Fe3+在水溶液中发生明显水解,且Fe3+具有较大的荷径比,因而具有较高的正电场,使得水分子向Fe3+发生电荷转移生成的水解产物[Fe(O H)(H2O)5]2+呈酸性(p K a= 6.31)。酸性的[Fe(O H)(H2O)5]2+或其他复杂的水解产物很快使受体分子的氧原子质子化,从而在溶液中氯原子(来源于起始物FeCl3)的协同下发生不可逆反应,加速Fe3+的水解,促使体系快速凝胶。有机含氧、含氮化合物是一类很好的质子受体[8],它们作为凝胶促进剂具有较快的凝胶速度。从表1可知,凝胶时间不仅与凝胶促进剂的种类有关,还与溶剂

415原子能科学技术 第39卷

有关,这可能是Fe3+在不同的溶剂中的八面体配位场的微小差别而造成中心原子的电荷转移程度不同所致。从表1还可知,Fe3+的凝胶速度较快,这是因为Fe3+的d电子构型为d5,其在八面体晶体场中的稳定性较低,因此,Fe3+ (d5)活泼性较高,水解和缩聚速度较大,因而凝胶速度较快[9]。

2.3氧化铁气凝胶结构

图1为块状氧化铁气凝胶的TEM照片。从图1可看到,块状气凝胶呈现由一些粒度极小的Fe2O3颗粒组成的稀疏网状结构。气凝胶的孔径为60~120nm,比B ET法测试的结果(表2)偏小,原因可能是在制备TEM测试样品时,对样品的粉碎处理破坏了它的微观结构

。从TEM图像可知,气凝胶的骨架上具有大量孔径为2~5nm的孔洞,表明所制备的氧化铁气凝胶的结构疏松,是1种由纳米量级的超细微粒组成的均匀低密度多孔性固体材料。

使用B ET和BJ H法对块状气凝胶的孔结构和氮吸附/脱附过程进行了表征。在不同溶剂中制备的氧化铁气凝胶的比表面积和孔径分布列于表2。由表2可知,本工作所制备的氧化铁气凝胶的密度大体为130~150mg/cm3,比表面积为430~480m2/g,比用传统方法[6]制备的氧化铁气凝胶的比表面积提高了2倍,密度降低了50%。

图2所示为氧化铁气凝胶样品的吸附/解析等温回线。由图2可知,所制备的氧化铁气凝胶的吸附等温线为Ⅱ型;迟滞环形状为H3型。这表明,块状氧化铁气凝胶样品的孔结构主要为狭缝状孔道,且为非均匀孔道。

图1块状氧化铁气凝胶的TEM图像Fig.1TEM image of ferrite(Ⅲ)oxide aerogel

derived from the ethanol solvent

表2块状氧化铁气凝胶的微观结构

T able2 Microstructure of ferrite(Ⅲ)

oxide aerogel sample

无机前驱体溶剂

密度/

(kg?m-3)

比表面积/

(m2?g-1)

孔体积/

(m L?g-1)

平均孔径/

nm FeCl3?6H2O丙酮154442 1.02117.7 FeCl3?6H2O乙醇138487 1.9797.1 FeCl3?6H2O甲醇141473 2.20103.2

图2氧化铁气凝胶样品的吸附/解析等温回线Fig.2Isotherm adsorption/desorption

of ferrite(Ⅲ)oxide aerogel sample

○———吸附;□———脱附

通过对氧化铁气凝胶样品的XRD谱分析可知,用不同溶剂制备的气凝胶样品的XRD 谱图的特征峰位置基本相同。根据特征峰位(d=5.42、3.32、2.52、1.94、1.74),可确定此样品的组成为β2FeOO H。XRD谱所呈现出的弥散现象说明,样品中的颗粒是极微小的,这与TEM谱图得到的样品由极微小的颗粒所堆积而成的结果相吻合,也与传统方法得到的氧化铁气凝胶的组成相一致[10]。

3结论

与传统工艺相比,本工艺所制备的氧化物水(醇)凝胶的时间短(2~30min),且凝胶不需经热渗析等复杂的后处理过程而通过超临界干燥工艺即可得到氧化铁气凝胶。

所制备的块状氧化物气凝胶是由超细微粒所堆积而成的多孔材料,氧化物气凝胶的比表面积为430~480m2/g、孔体积为 1.0~

515

第6期 任洪波等:块状氧化铁气凝胶制备初步研究

2.2cm3/g、孔径为95~110nm;该气凝胶样品主要由β2FeOO H组成。

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气液分离器

【公开日】2005104127 【分类号】B04C5/00 【公开号】2695111

【申请号】20042004973714【申请日】2004104129【申请人】核工业理化工程研究院

【文摘】本实用新型气液分离器应用于自由旋流气液分离。它包括壳体,在壳体上设有切向进入壳体的进气口,在壳体内部轴向设有分离管,分离管向上延伸至壳体外,壳体下部设有液体出口管,在分离管上部设有整流罩,在壳体内下部设有挡板。这种气液分离器结构简单、运行可靠、分离效率可达90%~99%。

摘自中国原子能科学研究院《核科技信息》615原子能科学技术 第39卷

雅思口语素材汇总之端午节

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雅思口语素材

雅思口语素材 Document serial number【LGGKGB-LGG98YT-LGGT8CB-LGUT-

Useful Expressions: Words and phrases Friends and communication: solidify/ strengthen/ enhance/ promote communication / connection with mutual understanding relationship network/circle of f r i e n d s cultivate/develop friendship with s b . keep steady relationship with sb. establish interpersonal networksac build up the social circle spur message transmission Knowledge and experience widen one’s outlook broaden one’s vision/horizon acquire knowledge and skills comprehensive/overall quality

expand/enlarge one’s scope of knowledge knowledge reserve/base/storage theoretical knowledge practical skills social experience broaden one’s knowledge base promote one’s overall/ comprehensive competence accumulate experiences learn lessons from past experiences Work and experience the scarcity of employment o p p o r t u n i t i lay the foundations for career p r o s p e r i t y

雅思口语素材

U s e f u l E x p r e s s i o n s: Words and phrases Friends and communication: mutual understanding solidify/ strengthen/ enhance/ promote communication / connection with relationship network/circle of friends cultivate/develop friendship with sb. keep steady relationship with sb. establish interpersonal networksac build up the social circle spur message transmission Knowledge and experience widen one’s outlook broaden one’s vision/horizon acquire knowledge and skills comprehensive/overall quality expand/enlarge one’s scope of knowledge knowledge reserve/base/storage theoretical knowledge practical skills social experience broaden one’s knowledge base promote one’s overall/ comprehensive accumulate experiences competence learn lessons from past experiences Work and experience the scarcity of employment opportunities lay the foundations for career prosperity immerse oneself in endless job tasks boost/augment/enhance efficiency be adept in boost one’s c ompetitiveness Health and pressure diminish individuals' leisure time drive away lassitude lighten one’s burden homework/workforce overload

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Describe a monument Describe an interesting building Describe a lake, river or sea. Describe a peaceful place Describe a leisure place Describe a park Describe a place of interest Describe a natural beauty Describe a city you want to live in Describe a place you have visited Describe a place you always go for shopping

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Simon考官范文-雅思口语素材2(Cook整理)

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(完整word版)雅思口语素材整理汇总

雅思口语素材训练 by Tina Li Do you like music??A—肯定:Definitely yes, everyone enjoys music, and I am no exception! I love... 否定 :Well, honestly speaking, music is really not my cup of tea, simply because... ( 给出直接原因) What—pop, techno ( 电音音乐), hip-hop, rock, meditation ( 冥想乐) and especially light music.( 罗列名词) Where—Normally speaking, I would like to listen to music with my earphones when I take a ride on public transportation. ( 给出一个具体的场景) When—As long as I couldn’t go to sleep, I’d like to listen to some light music to calm myself down. ( 给出一个条件 :As long as I..., I would...)

Who—My most favourite singers include Adele, James Blunt, Avril Lavigne, and so forth. ( 喜欢的歌手) Why—I am fond of music mainly because it can cheer me up greatly when I feel down/low/ blue/bored/tired/depressed. ( 心情不好的时候让我高兴起来)?Besides, I also believe that music is an indispensable part of culture and tradition, through which I could have a better understanding of different cultures around the world, including cowboy culture, African-American street culture, the three main reli- gions and so on. ( 有助于理解不同的文化) Do you like watching movies?? A—Speaking of movies, yes, I am a big fan of all types of movies, such as...?What—comedy, action, romance, sci-fi, manga, vampire, zombie, animation...

英文翻译价格

英文翻译价格 根据以英文作为母语的人数计算,英文是最多国家使用的官方语言,英语也是世界上最广泛的第二语言,也是欧盟,最多国际组织和英联邦国家的官方语言之一。但仅拥有世界第二位的母语使用者,少于标准汉语。上两个世纪英国和美国在文化、经济、军事、政治和科学上的领先地位使得英语成为一种国际语言。如今,许多国际场合都使用英语做为沟通媒介。英语也是与电脑联系最密切的语言,大多数编程语言都与英语有联系,而且随着网络的使用,使英文的使用更普及。英语是联合国的工作语言之一。 为了方便大家了解英文翻译价格,小编在目前汇集最多翻译团队的高校译云上面获得了不同翻译精英团队所展示的价格。 暨南大学翻译中心:中英---普稿---150---千字英中---普稿---250---千字 武汉理工大学-外国语学院MTI翻译中心 :中英互译中英130-150 英中100-130 华中科技大学-翻译研究中心 :中英互译中英120-150 英中100-120 湖南科技大学MTI中心:中英---普稿---150---千字 上海师大外国语学院翻译中心: 中英---普稿---200元---千字英语普通文本译成汉语---120元---千字西南大学翻译中心:中英---普稿----300---千字英中---普稿---200---千字 上海理工大学MTI翻译中心:中英---普稿---100---千字 南京财经大学外国语学院翻译研究中心:中英---普稿---100---千字 一般英文翻译价格是是在100—300元每千字,根据译员质量、翻译内容、需要的时间等都会有一定的波动,所以以上价格供大家参考,具体的可以准备好稿件了去问,这样会更加准确一些。

雅思口语part 2 素材分类整理

做有偿工作的人 Describe a person you know who is doing a paid job. You should say: Who this person is What job it is; How long the job lasted; And explain why you or this person chose to do this job. 让你笑的小孩 Describe a time that a child did something that made you laugh. You should say: When this happened Who the child was What the child did And explain why it was funny 特殊的旅行 Describe an educational trip you went on when you were in school. You should say: When and where you went; Who you went with; What you did; And explain what you learned on this trip.

Describe an electronic machine you want to buy. You should say: What it is When you know this machine What specific And explain why you want this machine 难忘的广告 Describe an unforgettable advertisement (that you saw or heard liked) You should say: Where you saw or heard it What kind of advertisement it was What the contents of the advertisement were (or, what product or service was advertised) And explain how you felt when you saw or heard this advertisement/why you like it

【2019-2020】雅思口语话题素材-精选word文档 (1页)

【2019-2020】雅思口语话题素材-精选word文档 本文部分内容来自网络整理,本司不为其真实性负责,如有异议或侵权请及时联系,本司将立即删除! == 本文为word格式,下载后可方便编辑和修改! == 雅思口语话题素材 雅思口语素材总结雅思口语要求学生平时多多的积累素材,在口语方面要不断的加强练习。烤鸭们要多模拟不同的场景,多用丰富的口语短语,这 样你的雅思口语水平才能越来越高。下面是常用的一些口语短语,供大家参考! 1、 a change of pace 改变步调;换口味 You cant do these chemistry experiments all day long . You certainly need a change of pace . 2、 a far cry from 相距甚远 The published book is a far cry from the early manuscript . 3、 and how 的确 A : Shes a good dancer . B : And how . 4、 a matter of time 时间问题 It is only a matter of time . 5、 a phone call away 一个电话之远,即愿意过来帮忙 If you need my help , do let me know . Just remember I am a phone call away . 6、 a while back 不久以前 Well , I listened to that CD you lent me a while back . 7、 all along 一直 I knew it all along . 8、 anything but 绝对不 I was anything but happy about going . 9、 account for 解释 How do you account for it ? 10、 after all 毕竟;终究 A : Ive just seen the X - rays and your teeth look just fine . B : I see . Then there is nothing to worry about after all . 11、allergic to 对过敏 Oh man ! Something in this room is making my eyes itch . I must be allergic to something . 12、 at sbs service 愿为某人服务 I am at your service at any time . 13、 around the clock 24小时不停 Martha studied around the clock for management exam . 14、 as far as I know 就我所知 But as far as I know , he once won the world champion at the Olympic Games . 15、 at home with 对很熟悉 She is at home with problems like this . 16、 back out 退出 A : Wasnt Bert supposed to sing tonight ? B : Yes , but he backed out at last minute . 17、be cut out for 适合于,有做某事物的天赋 She is cut out for a dancer . 18、 be absorbed in 全神贯注于某事物 She has been absorbed in a horrorfiction . I cant tear her away . 19、 be addicted to 对某事物上瘾 She has been addicted to drugs for years . 20、 be attached to 对某事物有感情 A : Im amazed that you are still driving that old car of yours . I thought you would have gotten rid of it years ago . B : It runs well and Ive actually been quite attached to it .

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