2012,6级考前最新命制试卷二

Part I Writing (30 minutes)

Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Should Foreign Abbreviations Be Banned on TV?. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.

目前有些电视台禁止在节目中使用外来缩略语

1. 对这种做法有人表示支持

2. 有人并不赞成

3. 我认为……

Should Foreign Abbreviations Be Banned on TV?

________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________

Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)

Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and

D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.

Factors for Stress and Anxiety

At some point in their lives virtually everyone will experience stressful events or situations that overwhelm their natural coping mechanisms. In one poll, 89% of respondents indicated that they had experienced serious stress in their lives. Some people are simply biologically prone to stress. Factors leading to stress and anxiety mainly are as follows:

Risk Factors

Conditions that are most likely to be associated with stress and negative physical effects include the following: * An accumulation of persistent stressful situations, particularly those that a person cannot easily control (for example, high-pressured work plus an unhappy relationship).

* Persistent stress following a severe acute response to a stabbing event (such as an automobile accident).

* Acute stress accompanying serious illness, such as heart disease.

People respond to stress differently, depending on different factors:

* Early nurturing: Abusive behavior towards children may cause long-term abnormalities(反常) in the hypothalamus-pituitary system, which regulates stress.

* Personality traits: Certain people have personality traits that cause them to over-respond to stressful events.

* Genetic factors: Some people have genetic factors that affect stress, such as having a more or less efficient relaxation response. One study found a genetic abnormality in serotonin(血清素) regulation that was connected with a heightened reaction of heart rates and blood pressure in response to stress. (Serotonin is a brain chemical involved with feelings of well-being.)

* Immune-regulated diseases: Certain diseases that are associated with immune abnormalities such as rheumatoid arthritis (类风湿性关节炎) may actually weaken a response to stress.

* The length and quality of stressors: Naturally, the longer the duration and the more intense the stressors, the more harmful the effects.

Childhood Factors

Children are frequent victims of stress because they are often unable to communicate their feelings accurately. They also have trouble communicating their responses to events over which they have no control. Certain physical symptoms, notably repeated abdominal pain without a known cause, may be indicators of stress in children. Various conditions can affect their susceptibility to stress.

Parental stress, especially in mothers, is a particularly powerful source of stress in children, even more important than poverty or overcrowding. Young children of mothers who are highly stressed (particularly if they were depressed) tend to be at high risk for developing stress-related problems. This may be especially true if the mothers were stressed during both the child’s infancy and early years. Some evidence eve n supports the old idea that stress during pregnancy can have adverse effects on the infant’s mood and behavior. Older children with stressed mothers may become aggressive and anti-social. Another study suggested that stress-reduction techniques in parents may improve their children’s behavior.

Adolescent boys and girls experience equal amounts of stress, but the source and effects may differ. Girls tend

to become stressed from interpersonal situations, and stress is more likely to lead to depression in girls than in boys. For boys, however, specific events, such as changing schools or getting poor grades, appear to be the major sources of stress.

Work and Stress

In a study of 46,000 workers, health care costs were 147% higher in workers who were stressed or depressed than in others who were not. Furthermore, according to one survey, 40% of American workers describe their jobs as very stressful, making job-related stress an important and preventable health hazard.

Several studies are now suggesting that job-related stress is as great a threat to health as smoking or not exercising. Stress impairs concentration, causes sleeplessness, and increases the risk for illness, back problems, accidents, and lost time from work. Work stress can lead to harassment or even violence while on the job. At its most extreme, chronic stress places a burden on the heart and circulation that in some cases may be fatal. The Japanese even have a word for sudden death due to overwork, karoushi.

Many institutions within the current culture, while paying lip service to stress reduction, put intense pressure on individuals to behave in ways that increase tension. Yet, there are numerous effective management tools and techniques available to reduce stress. Furthermore, treatment for work-related stress has proven benefits for both the employee and employer. In one study, at the end of 2 years, a company that instituted a stress management program saved nearly $150,000 in workers compensations costs (the cost of the program was only $6,000). Other studies have reported specific health benefits resulting from workplace stress-management programs. In one of the studies, workers with hypertension experienced reduced blood pressure after even a brief (16-hour) program that helped them manage stress behaviorally.

In general, however, few workplaces offer stress management programs, and it is usually up to the employees to find their own ways to reduce stress. Here are some suggestions:

* Seek out someone in the Human Resources department or a sympathetic manager and communicate concerns about job stress. Work with them in a non-confrontational way to improve working conditions, letting them know that productivity can be improved if some of the pressure is off.

* Establish or reinforce a network of friends at work and at home.

* Restructure priorities and eliminate unnecessary tasks.

* Learn to focus on positive outcomes.

* If the job is unendurable, plan and execute a career change. Send out resumes or work on getting a transfer within the company.

* If this isn’t possible, be sure to schedule daily pleasant activities and physical exercise during free time.

It may be helpful to keep in mind that bosses are also victimized by the same stressful conditions they are imposing. For example, in one study of male managers in three Swedish companies, those who worked in a bureaucracy had greater stress-related heart risks than those who worked in companies with social supports. Caregiving

Studies show that caregivers of physically or mentally disabled family members are at risk for chronic stress. One study reported that overall mortality rates were over 60% higher in caregivers who were under constant stress. Spouses caring for a disabled partner are particularly vulnerable to a range of stress-related health threats, including influenza, depression, heart disease, and even poorer survival rates. Caring for a spouse with even minor disabilities can induce severe stress.

Intervention programs that are aimed at helping the caregiver approach the situation positively can reduce stress, and help the caregiver maintain a positive attitude. A 2002 program also demonstrated that moderate-intensity exercise was very helpful in reducing stress and improving sleep in caregivers.

Caregiving among the health professionals is also a high risk factor for stress. One study, for example, found that registered nurses with low job control, high job demands, and low work-related social support experienced very dramatic health declines, both physically and emotionally.

Anxiety Disorders

People who are less emotionally stable or have high anxiety levels tend to experience specific events as more stressful than others. Some doctors describe an exaggerated negative response to stress as treating the event as a catastrophe. Nevertheless, a 2003 study of patients with anxiety disorder did not find any differences in actual physical response to stress (heart rate, blood pressure, release of stress hormones) compared to people without anxiety.

Lacking a Social Network

The lack of an established network of family and friends predisposes (使预先有倾向) one to stress disorders and stress-related health problems, including heart disease and infections. A study, meanwhile, reported that older people who maintain active relationships with their adult children are buffered against the adverse health effects of chronic stress-inducing situations, such as low-income or lower-social class. Another study suggested this may be because people who live alone are unable to discuss negative feelings as a means to relieve their stress.

Studies of people who remain happy and healthy despite many life stresses conclude that most have very good networks of social support. One study indicated that support even from strangers reduced blood pressure surges in people undergoing a stressful event. Many studies suggest that having a pet helps reduce medical problems aggravated by stress, including heart disease and high blood pressure.

1. Stress is most likely to rise from conditions in which ________.

A) two persons with different characteristics work together

B) a person always recalls past painful experience

C) a person has just gotten over a serious physical disease

D) parents abuse their children too much in early nurturing

2. Immune-regulated diseases are related to stress because such diseases ________.

A) tend to produce a stress-related chemical

B) will affect a person’s character severely

C) will make people weak in body and soul

D) tend to undermine the response to stress

3. We can consider our children under stress when they ________.

A) are unable to communicate their feelings accurately

B) have trouble communicating their responses to events

C) often feel abdominal pain without a known reason

D) have a poor and overcrowded family

4. Stress is likely to strike teenaged girls when they ________.

A) have an aggressive and anti-social mother

B) fail to build a sound relationship with pals

C) get into a new school environment

D) fail to pass an important school test

5. Which one is the most serious effect of chronic work stress according to the passage?

A) Harassment.

B) Violence.

C) Heart burden.

D) Karoushi.

6. The 2-year-long study is presented in the passage mainly to show that stress management programs ________.

A) cost little

B) cost much

C) benefit the employers

D) benefit the employees

7. What does the author suggest doing when we can’t endure a job?

A) Changing to a new institute.

B) Asking senior colleagues for help.

C) Founding a sound social network.

D) Focusing more on positive outcomes.

8. Ca reg ive r s o f d is a ble d f a mily me mbe rs are r epo rted to und ergo a mo rtality ra te of

_______________________________.

9.A c c o r d i n g t o th e p r o g r a m i n2002,c a r e g i v e r s w e r e e x p e c te d t o r e d u c e s t r e s s b y

_______________________________.

10. Older people who maintain active relationships with their adult children have less stress because they have

someone to _______________________________.

Part III Listening Comprehension(35 minutes)

Section A

Directions:In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each

conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the

questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must

read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the

corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

11. A) The man doesn’t want to go to the movies.

B) The woman is too tired to go to the movies.

C) The man wants to go to the movies.

D) The woman wants to go out for dinner.

12. A) Colleagues.

B) Husband and wife.

C) Teacher and student.

D) Mother and son.

13. A) Coming back for a later show.

B) Waiting in the queue.

C) Coming back in five minutes.

D) Not going to see the movie today.

14. A) Both shirts.

B) The green shirt.

C) The red shirt.

D) Neither of the shirts.

15. A) She wants to go to the laboratory.

B) She will go to the concert.

C) She is going to study in the library.

D) She wants to hear a lecture on American history.

16. A) The man should go to the game with her tonight.

B) The game will not be on television.

C) The results of the game were announced in the newspaper.

D) The man can find the information about the game in the newspaper.

17. A) To be a writer.

B) To be a driver.

C) To go into the family business.

D) To become an artist.

18. A) The committee has just begun to write the report.

B) The committee report will be short.

C) The committee members have just become acquainted.

D) The report is finished except for the introduction.

Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

19. A) A tale related to bamboo.

B) Different kinds of bamboo.

C) Bamboo artifacts in Japanese culture.

D) The use of bamboo in Asian countries.

20. A) The Shinto gods lived inside the bamboo.

B) Bamboo was the food of the Shinto gods.

C) The Shinto gods used bamboo to build houses.

D) The early inhabitants worship bamboo as the Shinto gods.

21. A) It has many joints.

B) It can be easily planted.

C) It has a delicate fragrance.

D) It is a strong plant but can be easily bent.

22. A) It is used to add sugar.

B) It is used for mixing tea.

C) It is used for measuring tea.

D) It is used as a tea container.

Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

23. A) Rooms were overbooked for that evening.

B) The hotel clerk confused him with another guest.

C) There were no more rooms available for five people.

D) The price for the room was higher than he expected.

24. A) A single room.

B) A double room.

C) A honeymoon suite.

D) A room for five people.

25. A) She charged no money for the room.

B) She provided the man with three free meals.

Section B

Directions:In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question,

you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the

corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

Passage One

Questions 26 to 29 are based on the passage you have just heard.

26. A) He would be aggressive in his first class.

B) He was well-prepared for his first class.

C) He waited long for the arrival of his first class.

D) He got nervous upon the arrival of his first class.

27. A) Write down their names on the paper cards.

B) Cut some cards out of the construction paper.

C) Cut maple leaves out of the construction paper.

D) Write down their suggestions on the paper cards.

28. A) They began to talk.

B) They stayed silent.

C) They raised their hands.

D) They shouted to be heard.

29. A) He thought it was an easy topic.

B) He wanted to calm down the students.

C) He had prepared the topic before class.

D) He got disappointed with his first class.

Passage Two

Questions 30 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.

30. A) Help the disabled to recover.

B) Control a person’s thoughts.

C) Help to update computer systems.

D) Link the human brain with computers.

31. A) By using his mind.

B) By moving his hand.

C) By talking to the machine.

D) By controlling his muscles.

32. A) To make them live longer.

B) To make profits from them.

C) To prove the technology useful to them.

D) To learn about their physical condition.

Passage Three

Questions 33 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.

33. A) It is changing human’s existing manner.

B) It makes the world increasingly warmer.

C) It consumes most of the natural resources.

D) It has given way to sustainable product industries.

34. A) Cutting public expenses.

B) Forbidding carbon emission.

C) Developing public resources.

D) Encouraging energy conservation.

35. A) To compare two business models.

B) To introduce a new business model.

C) To advocate sustainable development.

D) To predict a change of the global market.

Section C

Directions:In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are

required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For

blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you

can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words.

Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.

Scientists have discovered evidence of the world’s earliest animals, (36) _______ back 635 million years, before the end of the last ice age. Scientists have found evidence of the world’s earliest multicellular animal life, sponges 408 million years older than the oldest known dinosaur remains, 100 million years older than when scientists thought the first animal life (37) _______.

Earth scientist Gordon Love of the University of California, Riverside (38) _______ the team that made the discovery. He says the 635-million-year-old fossils were found in sedimentary rocks in a (39) _______ in southern Oman and are in the form of steroids, essential biochemicals in the cell membranes of sponges.

“Some of the natural products produced by sponges produce very (40) _______ structures,” said Love. “Even when they get (41) _______ for hundreds of millions of years in sediments. Basically when the structures of the

molecules get tweaked a little bit, we can still recognize the basic (42) _______ skeleton that alerts us to the fact that these were (43) _______ by ancient sponges.”

(44) _______________________________________________________________________. He adds that research will now concentrate on whether environmental changes between the two great ice ages caused animal life to flourish. “(45) _______________________________________________________________________? Did the animals appear as we fell into the glacial period or did they appear after the glaciation, is really the next question, I think? (46) _______________________________________________________________________ in which they first appeared,” he said.

Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)

Section A

Directions:In this section, there is a short passage with 5 questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words. Please

write your answers on Answer Sheet 2.

Questions 47 to 51 are based on the following passage.

There are many units by which to measure the impact of climate change: degrees of increasing temperature, feet of rising sea level, dollars needed to adapt to a warming world. But a group of scientists in California have put forth an intriguing new unit of measurement: kilometers per year.

Writing in a paper published in Nature, scientists describe what they call the velocity of climate change, or more specifically, the speed of Earth’s shifting climatic zones. As global temperature rises over the next century, Earth’s habitable (可居住的) climatic zones will start moving too. That means many species of plants and animals will also have to move in order to survive. Whether or not they do will depend on several factors, but two of the most important are how fast a species can adjust its habitat range, and how quickly that range is moving out from under it.

Until now, ecologists have mostly focused on these factors as they affect individual species, but the new paper takes a more global view. By combining temperature projections on a very fine scale with global topographic (地形的) maps, researchers have predicted change not for specific species, but for the climatic zones they need to keep up with.

This new index could also prove very useful, especially to conservationists who work to keep species from extinction. While the average velocity of climate change may be a bit less than a half-kilometer per year worldwide, according to the paper, it can be significantly faster or slower depending on the local topography. In deserts and other flat areas, such as the Amazon basin, climatic zones will move faster, while hilly or mountainous terrain will slow things up. In areas with varied terrain including lots of hills, therefore, suitable conditions might be available relatively nearby.

However, those scientists emphasize that their velocity maps are oversimplifications — at least so far. For one thing, they do not account for the unique characteristics of various species within a given ecosystem. Nevertheless, while the climate-velocity concept is still crude, it’s promising enough tha t one of the researchers Ackerly is

collaborating with an organization called the Bay Area Open Space Council on habitat conservation strategies in central California.

47. Scientists in California have newly put forward an intriguing unit to measure the impact of climate change by

_______________________________.

48. In order to survive, many species of plants and animals will have to keep up wit h the shifting speed of Earth’s

_______________________________.

49. Up to now, most ecologists have less globally focused on the factors which they think affect

_______________________________.

50. Compared with that in hilly or mountainous terrain, climatic zones in deserts and flat areas will

_______________________________.

51. One reason why the climate-vel ocity concept is still crude is that it doesn’t account for various species’

_______________________________ within a given ecosystem.

Section B

Directions:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the

best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

Passage One

Questions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage.

A globe-spanning U.N. digital library seeking to display and explain the wealth of all human cultures has gone into operation on the Internet, serving up mankind’s accumulated knowledge in seven languages for students around the world.

James H. Billington, the librarian of Congress who launched the project four years ago, said the ambition was to make available on an easy-to-navigate site, free for scholars and other curious people anywhere, a collection of primary documents and authoritative explanations from the planet’s leading libraries.

The site (https://www.wendangku.net/doc/129200025.html,) has put up the Japanese work that is considered the first novel in history, for instance, along with the Aztecs’ first mention of the Christ child in the New World and the works of ancient Arab scholars piercing the mysteries of algebra (代数), each entry flanked by learned commentary. “There are many one-of-a-kind documents,” Billington said in an interview.

The World Digital Library, which officially will be inaugurated (落成典礼) recently at the Paris headquarters of UNESCO, the U.N. Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, has started small, with about 1,200 documents and their explanations from scholars in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Portuguese, Spanish and Russian. But it is designed to accommodate an unlimited number of such texts, charts and illustrations from as many

countries and libraries as want to contribute.

The main target is children, building on the success among young people of the U.S. National Digital Library Program, which has been in operation at the Library of Congress since the mid-1990s. That program, at its American Memory site, has made available 15 million U.S. historical records, including recorded interviews with former slaves, the first moving pictures and the Declaration of Independence. Billington predicted that children around the world, like their U.S. counterparts, will turn naturally to the Internet for answers to questions, provided they have access to computers and high-speed connections.

The site was developed by a team at the Library of Congress in Washington with technical assistance from the Bibliotheca Alexandrina in Egypt. The digital library’s main server is also in Washington, but officials said plans are underway for regional servers around the world.

In addition to UNESCO and the Library of Congress, 26 other libraries and institutions in 19 countries have contributed to the project. Each is accompanied by a brief explanation of its content and significance. The documents have been scanned onto the site directly, in their original languages, but the explanations appear in all seven of the site’s official languages.

Users can sort through the information in several ways. They can ask what was going on anywhere in the world in, say, science or literature during the 4th century B.C., for instance. They can look up the history of a certain topic over the centuries in China alone, or in China and North America. By cross-referencing, a user can see how one area of the world stood compared with another at any given time.

52. The World Digital Library mainly targets ________.

A) young people in the U.S.

B) children of poor countries

C) students all over the world

D) scholars understanding English

53. Who does “Christ child” (Line 2, Para. 3) refer to?

A) Children who get gifts on Christmas Day.

B) The Christ believers all over the world.

C) The first westerners arriving in the New World.

D) Children born on Christmas Day.

54. It can be inferred from this passage that ________.

A) The World Digital Library will consist of 1,200 documents and their explanations.

B) The U.S. National Digital Library Program gains increasing popularity among people.

C) Children around the world can have access to the World Digital Library anytime.

D) The World Digital Library will have servers in countries around the world.

55. Which of the following is true about the World Digital Library according to the passage?

A) A team at the Library of Congress in Washington developed its website alone.

B) Libraries and institutions in most countries have contributed to the library so far.

C) All documents and their explanations in the library are in seven official languages.

D) You can learn from the library about British politics and economy 1000 years ago.

56. What’s the main purpose of this passage?

A) To make people pay more attention to libraries.

B) To introduce the World Digital Library clearly.

C) To arouse people’s awareness of protecting our culture.

D) To tell people how to take advantage of digital libraries.

Passage Two

Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.

Cigarettes are good for your throat, according to advertisements from half a century ago. Today such claims are unthinkable, as smokers face despiteful stares of contempt whenever they light up. Die-hards (顽固派) apart, society now accepts the huge damage to health caused by smoking, both to smokers themselves and to others through passive smoking — a change in attitudes with huge benefits for public health.

Now the World Health Organization is launching the first global war against alcohol abuse. Can it replicate (重复) the success of the anti-smoking campaign?

Some of the ways to curb excessive alcohol consumption are similar to those used against cigarettes, such as increasing taxes and reducing availability. And as with cigarettes, there may also be scope for makin g drinking less glamorous through clampdowns on marketing and advertising.

We have argued that these kinds of policies should be drawn up on the basis of evidence of harmfulness —to individuals and to society. But the problems of alcohol abuse have in the past been taken lightly. Excessive drinking has often been accepted, even celebrated, with hangovers (unpleasant after-effects of drinking too much alcohol) seen as entertainments that lighten the daily grind. This attitude of casual acceptance is central to the challenge facing the WHO. It obscures a problem which killed 2.4 million people in 2004, half the toll of smoking, and is estimated to be behind 20 to 30 per cent of cases of cirrhosis of the liver (a chronic disease of the liver), killing and motor-vehicle accidents.

The first line of attack, as with smoking, will be to get everyone to accept that alcohol abuse takes a huge toll. We need to erase the jolly caricature (讽刺) of the town drunk who occasionally falls off his seat.

The WHO argues that we should borrow another aspect of the anti-smoking message and regulate so-called “passive drinking” —the effect on others of a person consuming alcohol —pointing to the role it plays in violence, family breakdown and road deaths. But “passive drinking” is a misleading term. While drinking is like smoking in that it causes collateral damage (附带损伤), no one else can passively consume the alcohol drunk by another. Any harm result s from a drinker’s actions, not exposure to the substance itself.

Talk of passive drinking deviates attention from a more shocking aspect of the problem. The overall harm caused by alcohol is greater than that caused by LSD (an illegal drug) or ecstasy, and not far behind cocaine. When society stops thinking of alcohol as relaxing drink and regards it as another drug that will signal the biggest change in thinking of all.

57. What is the passage mainly about?

A) The warning against “passive drinking”.

B) Different attitudes towards smoking and drinking.

C) The global war on alcohol abuse launched by WHO.

D) Similarities and differences between smoking and drinking.

58. Which of the following measures has been taken by WHO to restrict alcohol abuse?

A) Cracking down the alcohol market.

B) Taxing alcohol at a higher rate.

C) Banning the manufacture of hard liquor.

D) Forbidding advertisements on alcohol.

59. What do people often think of heavy use of alcohol?

A) It is a normal way to celebrate one’s success.

B) It can cause huge damage to people’s health.

C) It takes a heavy toll of human life every year.

D) It can alleviate the tediousness of the routine work.

60. What does the WHO say about “passive drinking” in the passage?

A) It means reluctantly consuming alcohol.

B) It is completely similar to passive smoking.

C) It does cause additional damage to non-drinkers.

D) It brings worse damage than passive smoking.

61. The author suggests that, to win the war against alcohol abuse, ________.

A) we should emphasize the harm of passive drinking

B) it’s important to change the current notion of alcohol

C) alcohol should be treated the same way as smoking

D) it’s necessary to classify alcohol as an illegal drug

Part V Cloze (15 minutes)

Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D) on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then

mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

Zoos have become an important site for the 62. A) remarkably B) especially

preservation and protection of wildlife resources, 62 those species that are endangered. 63 , many zoos displayed live animals for public entertainment. Presently some zoos have become scientific and educational institutions that have 64 to the understanding and conservation of wild animal populations. Among the 65 facing modern zoos are the cost of upgrading old facilities, the struggle to obtain sufficient operating funds, 66 the need to attract more visitors to new and entertaining exhibits.

Many older zoos in American cities have 67 renovation(翻新) during the last decades of the twentieth century. Among the recent 68 in zoo improvement is the construction of new enclosures that 69 natural habitats(栖息地). The replacement of traditional steel bars and concrete floors 70 appropriately designed surroundings improves visitor appreciation of the animals. Such renovation may 71 stress on animals and allow them to interact with one another more 72 .

Several major zoos 73 captive propagation programs. A captive propagation program includes the breeding of selected zoo or wild animals to obtain offspring, usually for 74 to the wild or for transfer to other zoos. Captive breeding is one method of saving some species 75 extinction.

Zoos have expanded and improved public education programs 76 , with education departments that develop programs 77 to zoo exhibits. Public activities include in-school programs, zoo tours, special events, and websites. The Zoological Society of New York, for example, conducted a major project with a Western African government to 78 an elephant herd as it moved throughout its range.

The importance of zoos will increase 79 natural habitats are diminishing. Through their efforts in 80 of conservation, education, and environmental advocacy, zoos will continue to play a 81 role in wildlife preservation throughout the world.

C) essentially D) specially

63. A) At no time B) At a time

C) At one time D) In no time

64. A) contributed B) attributed

C) obliged D) applied

65. A) regulations B) obstacles

C) options D) challenges

66. A) but B) or

C) through D) and

67. A) sustained B) undergone

C) inflicted D) witnessed

68. A) trends B) approaches

C) schedules D) tendencies

69. A) forge B) mock

C) resemble D) assemble

70. A) under B) for

C) into D) with

71. A) reduce B) cause

C) increase D) avoid

72. A) socially B) naturally

C) instantaneously D) simultaneously

73. A) condense B) constrain

C) conduct D) converge

74. A) relief B) release

C) vent D) transit

75. A) against B) over

C) of D) from

76. A) also B) yet

C) then D) almost

77. A) attached B) referred

C) related D) associated

78. A) manage B) manipulate

C) supervise D) monitor

79. A) if B) so

C) as D) even

80. A) support B) charge

C) honor D) search

81. A) casual B) critical

C) favorable D) serious

Part VI Translation (5 minutes)

Directions:Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets. Please write your translation on Answer Sheet 2.

82. I often _______________________________ (把他误认为他的双胞胎弟弟) because they look so similar.

83. It’s _______________________________ (尝试和她谈是浪费时间) when she’s in this mood.

84. No longer _______________________________ (和我们保持联系) since she went abroad for further study.

85.If you can find _______________________________ (任何适合你的学习方法), your learning efficiency is

likely to improve remarkably.

86. Look at the pride on Tom’s face. He seems _______________________________ (刚才被经理表扬过).

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初中英语试题命制的基本要求.txt再过几十年，我们来相会，送到火葬场，全部烧成灰，你一堆，我一堆，谁也不认识谁，全部送到农村做化肥。初中毕业生英语学科学业考试命题指导课改实验区初中毕业生英语学业考试命题指导项目组 1997年，教育部基础教育司组织专家，就义务教育课程实施状况对9个省(市) 的16 000 多名学生、2 000 多名校长、教师进行了抽样调查。调查结果显示，初中毕业、升学考试对教师的教学行为、教师布置作业的内容与数量、学生的学习方式等都有重大的影响。调查结论认为，当时的考试评价制度存在着较大问题，严重制约了学生的全面发展，甚至影响到青少年的身心健康，已成为实施素质教育的瓶颈。为解决这一问题，教育部基础教育司在研究新的课程方案的同时，采取了一系列措施进行中考改革。 1998 年4 月，教育部基础教育司下发了《关于中考语文考试改革试点工作的指导意见》，在江苏省苏州市、湖北省荆门市、福建省莆田市、山东省烟台市、吉林省辽源市、上海市闽行区、北京市顺义县等七个地区进行初中毕业、升学语文考试改革试点。以语文学科初中毕业、升学考试改革为突破口，拉开了全国初中毕业、升学考试改革的帷幕。 1999 年和2000 年，教育部基础教育司两次下发《关于初中毕业、升学考试改革的指导意见》(以下简称《指导意见》)，提出了初中毕业、升学考试改革应符合国家的教育方针，体现义务教育的性质和素质教育的要求，推动了全国范围内的初中毕业及升学考试改革。1999 年，教育部基础教育司组建了“全国初中毕业、升学考试评价课题组”，从1999～2003 年连续五年对各地的初中毕业、升学考试进行分学科的评价，并于2000 年、2001 年、2003 年三次组织全国命题单位的研修培训，对命题、审题、阅卷和试卷评价等问题进行了深入的研讨。 2002 年12 月，经国务院同意，教育部下发了《关于积极推进中小学评价与考试制度改革的通知》，提出了新课程背景下全面推进中小学评价与考试制度改革的行动纲领和

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第二部分 专业素养考查（100分） 五、教材分析与教学设计（40分） 根据提供的教材《林冲棒打洪教头》（五上第七单元第23课），按新授课要求，完成下列各题。 1.写出本文的教学目标，并简要说明理由。（10分） 教学目标： 理由： 2.写出本文的教学重点，并作简要分析。（10分） 教学重点: 分析: 注意：下面这道题，申报小学高级职称者做甲题；申报中学高级职称者做乙题。 3.甲：请你为本节课预设完整的教学流程，并说明设计思想。 （20分） 乙：请你为本节课设计一个学生学习活动，并说明设计思想。（20分） 六、解题（40分） （一）选择（4分）(请将1—4题的正确答案填入下面的表格中） 1.下列加点字注音完全正确的一项是（ ）。（1分） A ．妖娆．（r áo ） 重荷．（h é） 苦心孤诣． （y ì） B ．绯．红（f ēi ） 阔绰．（chu ò） 惟妙惟肖． （xi āo ） C ．芳馨．（x īn ） 鞭挞．（d á） 叱咤． 风雨（zh à） D ．丰硕．（shu ò） 馈．赠（ku ì） 根深蒂． 固（d ì） 2.下列词语中没有错别字的一组是（ ）。（1分）

…………………………………密………………………………封………………………………线…………………………………A．凛冽繁衍不可名状心旷神怡B．笑柄迁徙长途跋涉莫衷一事C．许诺恻隐通霄达旦一拍即合D．安祥涟漪盛气凌人妙笔生花3.下列语句中加点的词语使用正确的一项是（）。（1分）A．他心胸狭窄，经常在一些不值一提的微不足道．．．．的小事上斤斤计较。B．富有创造性的人总是孜孜不倦．．．．地汲取知识，不断丰厚自己的学识。C．一连下了好几天雨，操场上拖泥带水．．．．的。D．部门领导在检查防火工作中，认真负责，吹毛求疵．．．．，受到群众好评。4.下列各句没有语病的一项是（）。（1分）A．通过观看中央电视台《艺术人生》节目，我了解到“大衣哥”朱之文是一位朴实平易的人。B．能否熟练规范地书写汉字，是《语文课程标准》对学生汉字书写的基本要求。C．由于张丽莉老师舍己救学生，被网友誉为“最美女教师”。D．在建设“书香校园”的活动中，校刊开通了“诗韵玲珑”、“思想芦苇”等小栏目。（二）名句填空（10分）注意：报小学高级职称者做1-5题；报中学高级职称者做6-10题1．野旷天低树，。（孟浩然）2．桃花潭水深千尺，。（李白）3．，霜叶红于二月花。（杜牧）4．，拂堤杨柳醉春烟。（高鼎）5．西塞山前白鹭飞，。（张志和）6．两岸猿声啼不住，。（李白）7．，夜半钟声到客船。（张继）8．，白银盘里一青螺。（刘禹锡）9．欲把西湖比西子，。（苏轼）10．，思而不学则殆。（孔子）（三）判断（6分）（对的在后面括号里打“√”，错的打“×”）

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学习小学语文试题命制理论的心得体会 通过今天的学习，我知道了：“语文课程评价的目的不仅是为了考察学生达到学习目标的程度，更是为了检验和改进学生的语文学习和教师的教学，改善课程设计，完善教学过程，从而有效地促进学生的发展。不应过分强调评价的甄别和选拔功能。”根据课标理念，针对以往考试制度存在的弊端，我认为考试是学生在校学习活动的一个重要组成部分，不能只是为了考试而考试，除了测查学生的学习水平的功能之外，还应该充分发挥考试之外的其他功能，让考试成为一件快乐的事，让考试伴随学生快乐地成长，让考试也能促进学生的发展。 一、发挥学习导向的功能。 考试要确实起到指挥棒的作用，要充分发挥考试对学生学习的导向功能。当然这个导向必须是正确的导向，否则就会适得其反。这就要求我们教师教学符合新课程的理念，不能以陈旧的观念出背道而驰的试题。语文课程标准的基本理念是：语文是实践性很强的课程，应着重培养学生的语文实践能力，引导学生在生活中学习……全面提高学生的语文素养。考试要培养学生的语文实践能力，引导学生在生活中学习，让学生具有自觉独立学习的意识，并进而养成在生活中自主学习的好习惯。 二、发挥帮助建构知识的功能。 编制一些引导学生发现知识规律，进而帮助学生建构知识的题型，以发挥考试帮助学生建构知识的功能。 三、发挥人文熏陶的功能。 《语文课程标准》指出：现代社会要求公民具备良好的人文素养和科学素养。应该重视语文的熏陶感染作用，注意教学内容的价值取向，同时也应尊重学生在学习过程中的独特体验。在考试中渗透培养学生的人文素养，就要精选试题内容，让试题内容具有丰富的人文内涵，人文气息，现代气息。这就要求选择时代感强，文章精美，内涵深刻，能潜移默化对学生进行熏陶的美文。 四、发挥促进积极体验的功能。 要全面改革考试形式与考试内容，改革试卷的编制形式，发挥考试促进学生积极体验的功能，让学生把考试看作一件快乐的事，让学生在考试中快乐地成长。 这样，采用学生喜闻乐见的考试形式，学生就不再害怕考试了，他们在考试中感受到老师对自己的期待和关注，感受到温情，体验到快乐，也增长了知识，提高了语文素养。

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读写算语文教育研究 2013年 第16期· 355 · 一、PISA 阅读测试的目的 PISA 是由经济合作与发展组织发起的国际学生评估项目，用于各国中学生在接受义务教育之后习得技能的价值和解决问题的能力。 PISA 中的阅读目的和情境包括以下四个方面：第一，为了个人应用而阅读；第二，为了公共应用而阅读；第三，为了职业而阅读；第四，为了教育而阅读。这四个部分所占的比例不是固定的，而是不断变化的。 二、PISA 阅读选文强调情境性对我国语文阅读试题命制的启示 将知识运用到情景中去，在一定的情景中解决问题是PISA 极其重要的特点之一。为了考查与检验学生的学习能力与思维素养，PISA 大部分测试都是基于问题解决的情境性试题。 PISA 的阅读情境共分为4种：个人的、公共的、工作的、教育的。个人情景文本有书信、电子邮件、小说等，个人情景考察被试者的好奇心、与他人交往能力和审美能力等；公共情景的文本有通告、规则、计划、小册子、报纸、表格等，考察的是获取信息的能力；工作情景包括说明书、手册、时间表等，考察的是做某件事或者完成某个任务的能力；而教育情景则包括文章、地图、图表、数据表等，考察被试者学习新知识的能力。 用PISA 的阅读情境来观照我国的阅读试题命制，仅从高考试题命制看，现代文阅读试题主要考察的文章，包括实用性的文章和文学性的文章。从文学的体裁来看，小说和散文考察较多。以2012年四川高考卷为例，考察的实用性文章是《警惕汞污染》，考察了一篇是散文《柴禾》，题目内容主要考察对文本内容、写作手法、文本主题的解读、理解。按照PISA 项目对阅读情境的划分，以上两篇文章都属于教育情境。可以说，从情境上来看，高考考题选取文本的来源渠道较为狭窄，对贴近生活、较为实用的文本有所忽视。仅有的实用类文本考察主要也是社会科学和自然科学类文章，同样离学生生活较远，且在生活当中运用较少。 然而，真正在一个人工作、生活当中发挥巨大作用的书信、地图说明书、手册、报告等文本几乎从未进入过我国阅读考试的考察范畴。这与我国的语文课程教学理念是分不开的。自古以来，中国在阅读方面的教育以文学类读本为主，重品读、重鉴赏。同时，在教材的编制中，文学类文本也是主要学习对象，这就造成了语文高考阅读试题命制一边倒的现象。PISA 阅读测试注重选文的情景性提示教育研究者、工作者，应扩大语文文本的阅读范围，将文本的选取范围从狭义向广义延伸开去。 三、考试阅读能力等级划分对我国高考语文阅读试题命制的启示 我国《2012年高考考试大纲：语文》，对应试学生的语文能力做出界定，分六个等级：识记、理解、分析综合、鉴赏评价、表达应用、探究。 这与PISA 阅读素养测试所划分的等级是有区别的。将二者进行对比分析，可以发现： 首先，从能力层级划分及其说明比较，PISA 阅读考试能力层级划分更细致，命题者也更容易把握。我国普通高考在现代文阅读类检测中，实际只有三个层级，且三个等级之间关系模糊。以PISA 考试第六级水平而论，它明确规定，考生“能够胜任精读任务，或能领悟各种措辞语言，或能表述文本要旨和精细的理解。”为让命题者更清楚地把握这一要求，它举例说明：“例如，在不熟悉的文章中把握隐藏的信息，对任务有细致的理解并能推断出和任务相关的信息，能够精确地评价和建立假设。”显然，我国普通高考语文能力层级规定比较模糊。 其次，就阅读能力检测而言， PISA 考试能力层级由低而高，层次非常清晰，但我国普通高考阅读能力层级还没有明晰、独立的能力层级指标。“理解”、“分析综合”和“探究”并不是阅读能力特有的指标，而且以这三者作为阅读的能力层次，在理论上依然存在很大问题。首先是原来语文能力划分中的“鉴赏评价”能力是否应该也是阅读能力之一个层次?再则，“探究”作为阅读的“最高”能力，在学理上依然存在问题。 再次，比较两类考试显然可见， PISA 测试所划分的能力等级落实到了每道考题，可以说，每一道试题的能力指向和等级都是十分清晰的，这样，既为教师、研究者分析试题提供了方向，也为学生的有效学习提供了帮助。而我们国家的语文试题在这方面则存在一定的弊端，主观题的问题尤为突出。在主观题中，通常考察的知识点比较模糊，鉴赏、分析综合、评价，似乎每种能力都涉及一点。而我国的语文考试大纲由于没有划分能力等级，所以，考题的难易程度更不易把握，这样不仅会造成试题命制的随意性大，也增加了考试的不公平性。 总之，PISA 阅读测试一系列理念为我国的语文试题命制带来了新的思想。语文教育研究者应充分吸收合理的先进理念，使试题命制更加科学化、规范化。 参考文献 [1]王文静，罗良著，《阅读与儿童发展》，华东师范大学出版社 [2]陈玉琨，《发展性教育质量保障的理论与操作》，商务印书馆 [3]中华人民共和国教育部，《2010年高考考试大纲（课程标准实验版）：语文》，人民教育出版社 [4]OECD Programme for international student assessment -sample tasks from the PISA 2000 assessment of reading mathematical and scientific literacy. http//www. pisa. oecd. Org.2000. 作者简介：杨璐（1989-），女，汉族，籍贯：四川南充，单位：四川师范大学文学院，研究方向：语文教育学。 【摘 要】本文在明确PISA 阅读测试的目的基础上，通过PISA 阅读选文强调情境和PISA 考试阅读能力等级划分来观照我国语文试题的命制问题。认为：第一：教育研究者、工作者，应扩大语文文本的阅读范围，将文本的选取范围从狭义向广义延伸开去；第二，语文考试大纲应对阅读能力等级做出更加清晰的阐释。【关键词】PISA 阅读测试 选文情境性 阅读能力等级 语文试题命制从PISA阅读测试看我国语文的试题命制 杨 璐 （四川师范大学文学院 四川 成都 610068）