第二讲 语法概说 练习
第一节语法概论
一、填空题
1、语法这个术语有两个含义，一个是指；另一个是指。
2、语法学分和两个部分。
3、语法具有、、等性质。
4、语法单位可以分为四级，分别是语素、词、、。
5、单句可以分为和。
6、句子的语气一般分为、、、四种。
二、单项选择题（在各备选项中只有一项是正确的）
1、下列语言单位中不是词的是（）
A．民航 B．预料 C．鞠躬D．很好
2、与古代汉语比较，现代汉语中语法方面的主要特点有（）等。
A.形容词性谓语增多
B.词类活用现象减少
C.句子结构复杂
D.形态变化减少
3、汉语中最小的造句单位是（）。
A.语素
B.词
C.短语
D.语素和词
4、现代汉语表示语法意义的主要方式是（）
A.形态变化
B.虚词
C.词序
D.虚词和词序
三、判断题
（）1、根据语气分出来的句子类型叫做句型。
（）2、词加上句调不能单独成句，短语加上句调即可单独成句。
（）3、语法的稳固性是指语法规则千百年来一直没有发生变化。
（）4、语素不能单独成词。
（）5、每个句法成分总是跟另一个句法成分相对应，发生一定的语法关系。
四、术语解释题
1、语法体系
2、语素
3、词
五、问答题
1、为什么说研究语法要注意民族特点？
2、举例说明语法的抽象性和稳固性。
3、一般有哪些句子成分，分别加以解释说明。
参考答案
一、填空题
1、语法结构规律本身；语法学
2、词法和句法
3、抽象性；稳固性；民族性
4、短语和句子
5、主谓句和非主谓句
6、陈述句、疑问句、祁使句、感叹句
二、单项选择题
1、D
2、B
3、B
4、D
三、判断题
1、5对；
2、
3、4错
四、术语解释题
1、语法体系有两个含义：一个指语法系统，即客观存在的语法事实、语法规律的系统性，就是说，语法是各种规则交织成的整体，是自成系统的。另一个含义是语法学体系，指语法学说的系统性。它是研究和结实语法事实时所用的分析方法、分类术语的系统性。
2、语素是语言中最小的音义结合的构词单位，是语言的备用单位。语素可以组合成合成词，有的可单独成词。
3、词是最小的能够独立运用的语言单位，是构成短语和句子的备用单位。一部分词加上语调就可以单独成句。
五、问答题
1、每种语言都有明显的民族特点，不仅表现在语音和词汇上，同时还表现在语法上。不同语言的语法有同有异，既有共性也有个性，个性就是特点所在。例如俄语用词形表示词的句法功能，语序就比较自由；而汉语里的词没有表示句法功能的形态，词在句子里充当什么成
分，主要靠语序来表示。同是重语序的语言，其表达形式也可能不同，汉语说“我写字”，藏语说成“我字写”。词的组合手段，各种语言也有差异。汉语里的“两本书”是名词和数词的组合，其间要用相应的量词。而英语的“two books”没有加量词这条规则，但数词在前名词在后这个语序，两种语言是共同的。研究语法要注意不同的语言的共性和个性，不能因共性而忽略了语法的民族特点。
2、（一）抽象性
语法是从众多的语法单位里抽象出其中共同的组合方式或类型及如何表达语义的规则。例如汉语里有“看看、说说、写写”这一词的重叠现象反映出一条词的变化规律：有些动词可以用重叠的方法来表示动作的某一语义类型，即表示少量或者短时。又如汉语里“心情舒畅、服装整齐”它们意思不同，但结构相同，都是名词在前形容词在后，直接组合表示被陈述和陈述的关系，加上句调构成了主谓句。因而语法是抽象出来的公式，具有抽象性。
（二）稳固性
任何事物在历史的长河中都在不断发展变化，语法也不例外。但是比起语音和词汇来缓慢得多。这是因为它是一个由各种抽象规则交织成的有紧密联系的系统。如果废弃旧的规则而马上换一套新的，会使人们不习惯，交流思想就成问题。汉语把语序和虚词作为语法手段古今就一直如此。主语在谓语前古今都如此。虽然有变化，但很缓慢。如“陈涉者，阳城人也”后来逐渐变为加“是”字的句型，但是到了现代，我们仍然有“鲁迅，绍兴人”。语法的稳固性并不限制语法的演变，新的语法规则总会逐渐产生出来。语法具有时代特征，研究语法分清古今，不能混同。
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A结构助词B动态助词C其他助词D语气词 14、“哎哟”是（） A拟声词B语气词C叹词D助词 15、“今天星期日”是（） A主谓短语B述宾短语C述补短语D偏正短语 16、“彻底解决”是（） A主谓短语B述宾短语C述补短语D偏正短语 17、“去打电话”是（） A主谓短语B连动短语C兼语短语D同位短语 18、“明代医药家李时珍”是（） A主谓短语B联合短语C偏正短语D同位短语 19、“你的到来”是（） A体词性句法结构B谓词性句法结构 C加词性句法结构D主谓短语 20、“小张写了一篇文章”中的“小张”是（） A施事主语B受事主语C中性主语D谓词性主语 21、“跑跑有益健康”中的“跑跑”是（） A施事主语B受事主语C中性主语D谓词性主语 22、“主张赶快去”中的“赶快去”是（） A施事宾语B体词性宾语C谓词性宾语D受事宾语 23、“问他一件事”中的“一件事”是（） A近宾语B双宾语C远宾语D补语 24、“累得要命”中的“要命”是（） A可能补语B趋向补语C情态补语D程度补语 25、“我认识他，那位连长”中的“那位连长”是（） A宾语B同位语C复说语D插说语 26、“这条鱼，往少里说，也有二斤”中的“往少里说”是（）
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