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考研翻译08、07年

考研翻译08、07年
考研翻译08、07年

08

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虽然在现代生活的某些领域中,女性仍在试图追上男性,然而至少在一个令人不快的领域里女性似乎遥遥领先。纽约退伍军人管理医院的首席精神病医师耶胡达表示,“与男性相比,女性在压力下更易感到抑郁和焦虑”。

对动物和人类的研究表明,性激素以某种方式影响压力反应,是女性在相同环境中面对压力时会比男性产生更多的化学物质。一些研究表明,切除卵巢(雌性生殖器官)的雌性老鼠面对过度压力时,其化学物质的反映水平与男性相同。

随着女性压力“机会”的增加,其产生压力的化学物质也相应增加。“这并不一定就是说她们没有男性那么善于对付压力,而是说她们要对付的压力比男性多的多,”耶胡达医生说道,“也许她们承受压力的能力甚至比男性还强,只是她们要对付的事情太多,因此更容易显得疲惫不堪。”

耶胡达医生注意到两性之间还有一个差异。“我认为女性所面临的压力往往具有长期性和重复性的特点。男人走上战场,面临着战斗压力,其所受的压力更多的是偶然的肉体上的攻击;而不幸的是,女性所面临的人际间暴力大多是在家里,来自于父母或其他家庭成员,而且通常不是一次性的。这种长期家庭关系带来的损耗可能会带来毁灭性的后果。”

艾德琳·阿瓦瑞兹18岁结婚,生有一子,但她坚持读完大学课程。“为了得到学位,我付出了很多。我的生活中令人沮丧的事情太多了。为了逃避,我去读书,追求进步,做得更好。”后来,她的婚姻结束了,她成为了单亲妈妈。“照顾一个十几岁的孩子,还要上班、付房租、还汽车贷款、还债,再苦也没有了。我一个月的薪金刚够过日子。”

并非每个人都会经历艾德琳所描述的那样沉重、漫长的压力。但是今天,大多数女性都承担着繁多的责任,而休息时间又很少。她们疲惫不堪。艾德琳的经历告诉我们,在压力威胁到你的健康和身体机能之前,找到方式去释放它是非常重要的。

2

【译文】

在从前,这样的事情一向很简单:一组一起在实验室工作的研究人员把他们的研究结果递交给某刊物。刊物的编辑在隐去作者姓名及相关信息后把论文交给他们的同行去评阅,然后根据回收到的评阅结果接受或拒绝出版该论文。版权属于杂志社,其他研究人员要知道他们的研究成果,必须订阅该杂志才行。

然而现在的情况已今非昔比。因特网正在使共享科研成果成为现实。同时,科研资助机

构也在施加压力,他们对于出版商一方面接受政府资助、一方面又通过限制研究成果获取以从中牟利的行为表示质疑。经济合作与发展组织(OECD)近日发表了一篇报告,描述共享科研成果将会产生的深远影响。这份由澳大利亚维多利亚大学的约翰·霍顿及经合组织的格雷厄姆·维克瑞所撰写的报告,让那些到目前为止赢利不菲的出版商们读起来不是那么轻松。但事情远不止如此,它标志着科学研究的一个关键环节正在发生变化。

知识的价值和对科研公共投资的回报,部分取决于其传播的广泛性和易获得性。这是项大生意。据估计,美国核心科学出版市场估值约为70亿到110亿之间。国际科学技术与医学出版者协会声称,在他们的这些领域里,全世界共有2000多家出版商,他们每年在约16000家期刊上出版120多万篇文章。

而现在这种情况正在发生改变。根据经合组织的报告,现在大约75%的学术期刊得到在线出版。崭新的商业模式正在出现,研究报告的撰写者提出了三大类别:一类是所谓的“大单订阅”,即机构订阅者根据网站授权协议支付费用,然后获取该网站所有在线杂志文章;另一类是“开放阅览”出版模式,其代表性的维持方式是向作者本人(或其雇主)收取出版费用;最后一类是“开放性资料库”模式,机构数据中心由诸如大学、国际实验室等组织提供支持。同时也存在有上述三种模式混合而成的其他模式,如“延时开放出版”模式,即在文章出版的前6个月,期刊只允许其订户阅读,其他人要在6个月之后才可免费阅读。这一切都可能会改变同行评阅稿子这一传统形式,至少在论文出版方面是这样。

3

【译文】

20世纪60年代初,美国篮球协会(NBA)中身高超过7英尺的球员只有3名,威尔特·张伯伦便是其中之一。然而,如果他在上个赛季也打球的话,那么他只能是42名身高超过7英尺的球员之一了。随着时间的推移,在一些主要的职业体育比赛中,选手们的身材发生了巨大的变化,而经理们也无不乐于调整队服尺码以适应越来越多身材更加高大的运动员。

可是,体育比赛中的这一趋势可能掩盖了一个尚未为人认识的事实:美国人的平均身高已停止生长。尽管与140年前相比,美国人的平均身高增长了两英寸,但是当今的美国人,尤其是那些世代生长在美国的人,他们的身高显然在20世纪60年代初就不再增长了。而且以后他们也不可能长得更高了。莱特州立大学的人类学家威廉·卡梅隆·乔姆勒认为:“就

今天的普通人群来说,按照目前这种基因和环境情况,我们美国人长得算是够高的了。”至于NBA球员,他们身材的增高显然是由于日益盛行从世界各地招聘球员这一普遍做法造成的。

身体发育需要热量和营养,特别是蛋白质,以满足人体组织扩张的需要。20岁之后,身体一般停止发育。20世纪初,营养不良和儿童期感染疾病影响了发育。但随着饮食和健康的改善,儿童和青少年的身高平均每20年增长1.5英寸,人们认为这符合增长的长期趋势。然而,据疾病控制与预防中心数据显示,自1960年至今,男性和女性分别为5英尺9英寸和5英尺4英寸的平均身高并没有多大改变。

从遗传的角度来说,避免长得过高是有好处的。分娩时,体形较大的婴儿更难通过产道,而且,尽管人类直立行走已有几百万年,为使身体保持两足直立状态,我们的脚掌和躯干一直在苦苦支撑,要其负担因四肢过度增长而不断带来的压力就更不易了。西北大学的人类学家威廉·伦纳德说:“人体组织的基因结构给身高设置了些实实在在的限制。”

因遗传而导致的身高极限会改变,但别指望会很快改变。马萨诸塞州纳提克美军士兵研究中心的高级人类学家克莱尔·C·高顿确信,90%的制服和工作站无需改动就能适应新应征的士兵的需求。她说,与篮球运动员的不同,军队制服的长度已经很久没作改动了。她说,如果未涉及一种装备要预测在不远的将来人的身高会怎样,大体上,“你可以放心采用今天人们身高的数据。”

4

【译文】

1784年,距离52岁的乔治·华盛顿就任美国总统还有五年的时间,这时他的牙几乎快要掉光了。为此,他请了一位牙医给他镶了九颗新牙——这些牙全部取自他的奴隶之口。

这种形象和人们从历史书上看到的那位挥斧砍樱桃树的华盛顿判若两人。最近,许多历史学家开始专注于研究奴隶制度在美国开国元勋生活中所扮演的角色。这种研究得益于1998年所获得的DNA证据,据此,几乎可以肯定地说,托马斯·杰弗逊至少有一个孩子是和他的奴隶莎莉·海明斯所生。仅仅在过去的三十年间,学者们把历史又从头至尾重新审视了一遍。好些历史学家的论著都表明,这批早期国家领导人在道德上都实行折衷主义,而且在美国建国初期非常脆弱。更为重要的是,这些历史学家还指出,许多开国元勋对奴隶制的弊端心知肚明,但在废止该制度的斗争中,他们大多无所作为。

历史学家发现,这些开国元勋主要是受制于他们那个时代的文化。尽管华盛顿和杰斐逊私下都表示憎恶奴隶制,但是他们明白,这样的制度是他们一手缔造的国家的政治经济基础。

一方面来说,南部各州是经不起废除奴隶制的打击的。正如威瑟克在《不完美的上帝:乔治·华盛顿和他的奴隶及美国建国》一书中写道,拥有奴隶就像“拥有一个大的银行账户”。若是不保护这一“特别制度”,南方各州是不会在联邦宪法上签字的。而该制度其中包含有一个条款:在分配国会代表名额时,每个奴隶按3/5人头算。

此外,这些国家领导人的政治生涯也离不开奴隶制度。3/5人头公式使得选举团中南方各州的选票增加,从而帮助杰斐逊在1800年的总统大选中险胜。杰斐逊一执政,即于1803年买下路易斯安那州,同时推广奴隶制。这块新购置的土地变成了13个州,其中三个就是蓄奴州。

后来杰斐逊让海明威的孩子成为了自由人——尽管海明威本人和杰斐逊其他150多个奴隶仍未摆脱奴隶的身份。在独立战争期间,华盛顿目睹了黑人士兵的骁勇善战,这使他开始相信人人生而平等。于是他不顾亲人们的极力反对,立下遗嘱让其奴隶自由。而仅在10年前,这一举措在弗吉尼亚是需要通过立法会批准的。

07

1

【译文】

如果你仔细察看2006年世界杯锦标赛上每个球员的出生证明,你会发现一个明显的怪现象:那些优秀的球员大都是出生在前半年而不是后半年。如果你察看世界杯和各职业联赛的欧洲各国国家青年队,你会发现这一奇怪现象更加明显。

是什么造成了这一怪现象呢?以下是几种猜测:a)某种星象符号会给人带来超级足球技巧;b)冬天出生的婴儿氧容量更大,因此也就增加了足球运动的耐力;c)球迷夫妇更可能在每年春天这一足球狂热时期怀上孩子;d)以上原因都不对。

佛罗里达州立大学58岁的心理学教授安德森·艾瑞克森说他坚信“以上原因都不对”。艾瑞克森在瑞典长大,一直在学习核工程,直到他认识到如果转学心理学他就会有更多的机会去从事自己的研究。大约30年前,他的第一次试验就涉及到了记忆:训练一个人去听并重复一组随机的数字。“第一个接受试验的人在大约20个小时的训练后,其数字记忆从7提高到20,”艾瑞克森回忆道,“他一直在进步,在大约200个小时的训练后,他已经可以记忆到80个数字以上。”

这次的成功以及后来的研究都显示,记忆力本身不是遗传的,埃瑞克森也由此得出结论,认为记忆更多的是一种认知而非直觉行为。换句话说,无论两个人天生的记忆力差距有多大,这些差距都可以通过一个人解读信息的好坏而消除。艾瑞克森断定学习解读信息的最好方法

是大众所知的刻意的训练。刻意的训练并不仅仅是简单的重复,相反,它要求确定具体目标,得到及时的反馈,在重视结果的同时也重视技巧。

艾瑞克森和他的同事们由此致力于研究包括足球在内的各种行业中的佼佼者。他们尽可能的收集各种数据,不仅仅是业绩的数据统计和个人的生平细节,还包括他们自己实验室的实验结果。他们从研究中得出了一个相当惊人的结论:人们大大高估了平时所说的天分;用另一句话讲,各界精英人士——不管是记忆还是外科手术,芭蕾还是计算机编程——他们几乎都是训练出来的,而不是天生的。

2

【译文】

在过去的几年里,《星期天报》增刊Parade特载了一个栏目“问玛里琳”。该栏目邀请人们去询问玛里琳·沃·塞万,她在10岁的时候智力就达到23岁人的水平,智商高达228——这是有记录以来的最高水平。智商测试让你完成的都是口头和视觉类比、想象被折叠和剪切后的纸的样子、推理数列等类似的任务。因此当沃·塞万回答出平常人(智力为100)的问题时就令人感到有点不解了,这些问题都是些诸如“爱和爱好之间有什么区别?”或“运气和巧合有什么特征?”之类的问题。目前还不清楚的是,这种想象事物和明晰数值规律的能力是如何使一个人能够回答出可以把最好的诗人和哲学家都难倒的问题的。

显然,智力所包含的远不止测试中的分数。那么什么才是聪明呢?智力中有多少能够被具体解释呢?我们又能够从神经学、遗传学、计算机科学和其他领域对智力了解多少呢?

尽管智商测试不再像过去用的那样多了,对人类智力进行定义的仍然是智商指数。测试主要采用两种形式:Stanford-Binet智力量表和Wechsler Intelligence智力量表(每种都有成人和儿童两个版本)。尽管它们的各种改编版本在书店和世界范围内的网络上非常流行,这两种测试通常只由心理学家来进行,一般花费为几百美元。像沃·塞万那样的超高分不再可能会出现,这是因为现在的计分是基于统计出来的同龄人的人口分布,而不是仅仅用智力年龄除以生理年龄再乘以一百。其他一些标准化考试,如SAT和GRE,把握了智商测试的主要方面。

Robert J. Sternberg认为,这样的标准化考试不可能评估所有帮助人们在学校和生活中取得成功的必要因素。在他的“智商测试有多明智”一书中,Sternberg指出传统的考试很好地评估了分析和语言能力,但是没有评估创新和实践知识,这两部分对解决问题和在生活中取得成功非常重要。另外,一旦人口和环境发生变化,智商测试就不一定那么准确了。研究

发现在压力小的时候,智商测试可以预测领导能力;而当压力大时,智商与领导能力负相关,也就是说,得出的结论正好相反。任何一个通过SA T考试的人都可以证实,考试技巧是有用的,要知道何时应该猜测,什么问题应该跳过。

3

【译文】

在上一代人中,曾经依靠勤奋工作、公平竞争而保持家庭财务安全的美国中产阶级家庭由于经济风险和新的现实而发生了变化。现在一纸解雇通知书、一份病重诊断书或夫妻离异都能让一个稳定的中产家庭在几个月内变成新的贫困户。

仅仅大约一代人的时间,成百上千万的母亲出去工作,改变了基本的家庭经济模式。各行各业的学者、政策制定者和评论家们就这些变化的社会意义展开辩论,但是很少有人看到其副作用:家庭风险也提高了。现在的家庭预算达到了新的双薪家庭的极限。结果,他们就失去了在经济困难时期具有的保护伞——作为后备力量的赚钱者(通常是妈妈)。如果家庭主要经济支柱失业了或者生病了,这个后备军可以进入劳动力市场。这个“附加的劳动力效应”会对由失业保险和伤残保险组成的安全网构成支持,帮助家庭渡过难关。但现在,家庭财富的中断不再能通过额外的收入得到弥补,这种额外的收入过去是通过一个在正常情况下赋闲在家的伴侣出去工作获得的。

同时,家庭在退休收入方面的风险也提高了。钢铁工人、航空公司职员、现在还有汽车企业员工都在担心利率、股票市场的波动以及自己会在有生之年花光退休金的严酷现实。这样的家庭有成百上千万个。在过去几年的大部分时间里,布什总统致力于将社会保障推广成储蓄账户模式,让退休人员将他们的大部分或全部的有保障的退休金变成依靠投资收益的支付形式。对于较年轻的家庭,情况没有好转。医疗的绝对成本和家庭需要承担的部分都在提高——新的时髦的健康储蓄计划从立法大厅推广到沃尔玛职员那里,减免的部分增加了,一些新的大的家庭未来的医疗投资风险出现了。甚至人口统计学的结果也对中产阶级家庭不利,因为如果有一个年老体衰的父母亲,随之而来的照料所需要的精力和财力在一代的时间内也增加了八倍。

从中产阶级家庭的角度来看,可以理解,前面提到的多数情况看起来不像是一个承担更多经济责任的机会,而更像是一个将经济风险大规模转移到他们已经不堪重负的肩膀上的加速过程。经济的不良后果已经开始显现,政治影响可能也不远了。

4

【译文】

不雨则已,一雨倾盆。当老板和董事们刚刚整顿好最糟糕的财务和规章问题,加强了公司的薄弱管理机制之后,新的“数据不安全”问题可能让他们特别是在美国成为报纸恶毒的头版头条,而且会不可避免地导致执行官们频繁更换。直到现在,信息保护工作还只是留给了临时的、低级的IT员工来工作,而且似乎只受到数据量大的行业诸如银行业、电信业和航空公司的重视,而现在却高高列在各行各业老板们的日程表上。

今年几宗大的客户和雇员数据的泄漏事件,包括时代华纳,美国国防承包商国际科学应用公司,甚至加州大学伯克利分校,使得经理们赶紧盯着他们复杂的IT系统和商业流程,以搜索可能存在的安全缺陷。

斯坦福大学商学院的Haim Medelson说,“数据正在成为一种财产,需要像保护其他财产一样保护它。保护客户数据的能力对于市场价值至关重要,而市场价值是由以董事会为代表的股东负责的。”确实,正如有公认的财会准则(GAAP)一样,是到了有公认安全惯例(GASP)的时候了。纽约客伦比亚大学商学院的Eli Noam建议,“为数据安全,备份,恢复设立适当的投资标准是一个管理问题,不是技术问题。”

令人费解的是这一问题似乎让老板们大吃一惊。想必最迟钝的老板也明白,信任是最有价值的经济资产,它很容易被毁掉而修复信任需要花费巨资。没有什么能比一家公司让敏感的个人数据流到别有用心的人手里更能毁掉信任的了。

现在这种状况,虽然不合理,可能会由于缺乏对数据泄漏的法律制裁而加剧(是美国缺乏法律制裁,而不是欧洲)。最近加州通过一项法令,在这之前,当数据泄漏时,美国公司都不必告诉任何人,甚至是受害者本人。这种情况很快就会改变:许多有关数据安全的立法提案正在华盛顿特区进行讨论。与此同时,6月17日批露的大约4千万美国信用卡帐户信息失窃事件令一天前美国联邦贸易委员会公布的一个重要决定黯然失色,该决定通知美国公司如果不能提供充分的数据安全保障,就会按章惩罚。

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Text 1 ①Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage. ①It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. ②Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. ③To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies. ① We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War 2,at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. ②In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. ③Theirs was a serious business. and even those reviews who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. ④These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. ⑤So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in ournalism,Newman wrote, "that I am tempted to define "journalism" as "a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are". ①Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. ②Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. ③During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England's foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. ④He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. ⑤Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists. ①Is there any chance that Cardus's criticism will enjoy a revival? ②The prospect seems remote.③Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly uphostered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. ④Moreover,the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat. 全文翻译: 在过去的25 年英语报纸所发生的变化中,影响最深远的可能就是它们对艺术方面的报道在范围上毫无疑问的缩小了,而且这些报道的严肃程度也绝对降低了。 对于年龄低于40岁的普通读者来讲,让他们想象一下当年可以在许多大城市报纸上读到精品的文艺评论简直几乎是天方夜谭。然而,在20世纪出版的最重要的文艺评论集中,人们读到的大部分评论文章都是从报纸上收集而来。现在,如果读到这些集子,人们肯定会惊诧,当年这般渊博深奥的内容竟然被认为适合发表在大众日报中。

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1996年英译汉试题 (1)Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. (2)This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. (3)This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future. (4)However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects. (5)New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance. 1997年英译汉试题 (6)Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have. (7)Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. (8)It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. (9)Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. (10)When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at. 1998年英译汉试题 (11)But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.

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