英文翻译及文献_单片机-传感器_压力检测

中北大学2009届毕业设计说明书 第1页共12页 参考文献
参考文献参考文献
参考文献
Monitoring the Tire Pressure at Cars Using Passive SAW Sensors
Alfred Pohl 1, G. Ostermayer }, L. Reindl 2, F. Seifert 1) Applied Electronics Laboratory, University oETechnology, Gusshausstrasse 27,
A-1040 Vienna, Austria
2) Siemens Central Research Lab., Otto Hahn Ring 6, D-$1739 Munich, Germany Abstract
：In our paper we present the application of surface acoustic wave
(SAW) sensors to the continuous manitaring of the tire pressure in road ve
hicles. With these, the tire pressure can be read out in every phase of driving.
We show the implemented prototype setup for measurement of the tire pressu
re, the applied SAW sensors, improved versions and the interrogation setup.
The problems in practical application are discussed. Experimental result
s measuring the tire pressure during test rides are presented.
INTRODUCTION
Operating a road vehicle, a malfunction of the tires in motion due to a tire puncture
can cause serious accidents and endanger human life. Furthermore, nowadays
manufacturers of cars try to save the spare wheel in vehicles. Usually it only costs
weight and space, therefore it yields a higher fuel consumption,although it will be
required less than one time in more than ten years of a car's life. This only can be
done, if the air pressure in the tires can be measured even during driving. Currently
used sensors contain active components, powered by a Lithium battery. The mass of
these sensor assemblies is about 20 grams causing high dynamic load. A few years
ago,wirelessIy interrogable SAW devices far sensor applications were
invented. [1，2, 3]. Using an one port SAW delay line connected to an antenna only,
an RF interrogation signal is fed into and the sensor response,carrying thesensor
information is retransmitted wirelessly to the interrogator. These sensors are
capable for measurement of temperature, mechanical load, force and displacement,
etc. The advantage is, that SAW sensors are totally passive devices and contain
neither power supply nor semiconductors. They withstand temperatures up to
several hundreds of degree centigrades, their lifetime is much longer than that of
battery powered systems.Further,in vehicles strong electromagnetic pollution is
generated by ignition systems etc.SAW sensors operate without risk of damage even
in rough environments. First we discuss pressure measurement employing SAW
sensors with wireless interrogation.We present some types of sensor assemblies and
the interrogation system.Next we discuss the implementation into thecar and thenwe
present experimentally results.Finally a brief summary concludes the content of the 中北大学2009届毕业设计说明书 第2页共12页 paper.
SAW PRESSURE SENSORS
The electrical behaviour of a passive SAW pressure se

nsor always is that of a one port
delay line with multiple reflectors or a resonator,respectively. In the delay linecase,the
interrogator transmits a burst signal,the sensor responds with a chain of bursts,one for
every reflector arranged at the substrate's surface.The differential delay between two
or more response signals is evaluated.To measure some physical value,the parameter
has to be converted into a change of sensor's surface length or surface acoustic wave's
velocity,respectively.The delay ri of the response of areflector i is the ratio of SAW
propagation length Li on the substrate's surface and propagation velocityv,.Affecting
the sensor with a measurand causes a scaling of the sensor's response to be observed
as individual delay shifts Ari of the response signals si originating frotmhe reflectors
i.Mechanical measurands can be collected by loading the sensor mechanically.Apart
from stretching and compressing,utilized for wireless measurement of torque,etc.the
SAW sensor's substrate can be bent.Pressure can affect the sensor by bending a
membrane,shifting the edge of a sensor fixed on theother side.Here the sensor is
loaded to be bent due to a shift of the center of a membrane loaded by the pressure.On
the other hand the sensor can directly be fitted to the membrane or a piezoelectric
membrane representing the SAW substrate can be used.Figure 1 shows these methods.



Fig.1:
a)Membrane converting pressureto shift bending
the SAW sensor(SAWS)
b)SAW sensor fitted to the membrane

The next step is to cover the sensor membrane by a cap consisting of a spacer frame
and a quartz cover plate.This yieldsanintegratedpressure chamber SAW
sensor[4](fig.2).


Fig.2:Integrated pressure chamber SAW sensor

Thecover protects theSAW generating metallic structure from oxidation and the
surface from dust.The cavity can befiIledwith a gas at reference pressure.If the cavity 中北大学2009届毕业设计说明书 第3页共12页 is evacuated,absolute pressure values can bemeasured.Measurement is made
byinterrogationusing simple RF burst signals.The response impulses are evaluated in
magnitude and phase.Bending the membrane due to pressure loadyields a phase shift
of for instance 100 degree for lo4 Pascal.With this theairpressure in car tires can be
measuredwith a resolutioonf approx.IO'Pascal(0.01 Bar).To reduce the amount of data
to process,for the implementation in cars the resolution was reduced to 50 mBar.
IMPLEMENTATION
The first prototype used for the experimental measuremenwtsas a pressure chamber
with a membrane made of brass.The sensor unit was fitted to a hub cap andwas
connected to the valve by a pressure assembly(fig.3).


Fig.3:First prototype of pressure chamber for
measurement of tire pressure

For serial manufacture the sensor system~have tobe much smaller and able to be
integrated in the ti

re.Therefore we implemented the integrated pressure
chamber(fig.2)into the tire.The sensor was fixed to the rim,the metallic valve shaft
was used as the sensor's antenna(fig.4).


Fig.4:Integrated pressure chamber fixed to the rim,
valve used as antenna

Foirmproved implementation a sensor assembly only fitted to the valve was
developed(fig.5). The total mass of the unit is only a few grams,the dynamic load is
small even driving at high speed.
中北大学2009届毕业设计说明书 第4页共12页
Fig.5:Pressure sensor forfitting into the valve shaft

Thcear based interrogation system uses space diversity to distinguish the sensors in
the tires.Therefore below every car wing an antenna has to be employed.We used
coaxial cables,hut it is difficult and expensive to use them in cars.Our
investigationsshow the applicability of twisted pair wires too.


Fig.6:Interrogation antenna on car

For measurement we developed a small sized interrogation system transmitting
bursts and looking for the phase shift between the response signal bursts.The system
was controlled by a one chip microcontroller and abisle to display the measurement
result on aLCD display.In fig.7 a photograph of the system is shown.


Fig.7:System for wireless interrogation of passive
SAW sensors(50 x 100 x 160 mm’)

MEASUREMENTRESULTS
To test our sensors and our system we made a lot of test rides within the area and
around the city of Vienna.The interrogation system was coupled to a
laptop computer.The pressure values were measured and recorded to a file. The 中北大学2009届毕业设计说明书 第5页共12页 figures 8 and 9 show characteristic behaviour of tire pressure for different driving
conditions. Due to the shocks from a rugged lane,in the left part of fig.8 the absolute
pressure value swings around the mean value by the least significant bit,0.05 Bar.The
narrow higher peaks of tire pressure belong to braking maneuvers(the sensor was
mounted toa front wheel).The longer increase of tire pressure and the following
period of decay is due to riding over a curbstone.The system showed high reliability
even when driving in a heavy snow storm. tire pressure[Bar]

Fig.8:Tire pressure for different driving conditions

In figure 9 the pressure in the right front wheel can be observed zoomed in time
while passing a two track grade crossing with an adjacent water channel across the
lane.Due to the dilapidated arrangement of the grade crossing,hard shocks are
transmitted to thecar body causing hard pressure shocks in the tires.



Fig.9:Tire pressure crossing a grade crossing with
two tracks and a water channel across the lane

DISCUSSION
SAW sensors with wirelessly interrogation are free of maintenance and withstand
high thermal and mechanical load.The measurement performance is comparable to
that of competitors

.The effort in car based system is higher for SAW sensors,since
theactive sensor units transmit preconditioned digital information containing pressure
valueand sensor The major advantage of SAW devices in identification.
applications,where high revolutions per time occur, is their low mass.The centrifugal
force is m.v*/r,with the mass m,the velocity v and the radius r.To minimize dynamic
mechanical load,the mass of a system applied to rotating parts should be as low as
possible.Whereas conventional sensor units for tire pressure measurements have a
mass of approx.20 grams,the integrated pressure sensor itself(fig.5) has a mass of less
than one gram.The complete SAW sensor unit's mass in worst case is only a few
grams.Conventional systems are powered by a Lithium battery.In case of a worn 中北大学2009届毕业设计说明书 第6页共12页 tire,since the battery cannot be checked,the sensor should be replaced too,yielding
problems of waste disposal.For a system integrated in the car electronic,it is needless
to display the pressure of each tire continuously.Here,only a malfunction should
trigger an alert.The system's display can be canceled,reducing system's cost.
CONCLUSION
Theadvantagews of passive SAW sensors make thwemell suited for vehicular
applications.Especially for measurement of tire pressure low mass and the fact
thatthey are free of maintenance makethem to be superior over the competitors.The
SAW sensors for pressure measurement,the implementation in tires and the system for
interrogation were discussed.Experimental results out of a lot of measurement rides
were presented.
REFERENCES
[l]Reindl,F.Muller,C.Ruppel,WE.Bulst and F.Seifert,Passive surface wave sensors
which can be.wirelessly interrogated,International Patent Appl WO 93/13495(1992).
[2]Seifert F.,Bulst W.E.,Ruppel C.,Mechanical sensors based on surface acoustic
waves,Sensors andActuators,A44(1994)231-239
[3]G.Scholl,T.Ostertag,L.Reindl,H.Scherr,0.Sczesny,U.Wolff,Wireless SAW Sensors
for Remote Measurement of Physical Parameters,Proc.IEEE Intern.Workshopon
Commercial Radio Sensors and Communication Techniques,1997,pp.51-58.
[4]H.Scherr,G.Scholl,F.Seifert,R.Weigel,Quartz Pressure Sensor Based on SAW
Reflective Delay Line,Proc.IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium 1996,pp.347-350.























中北大学2009届毕业设计说明书 第7页共12页 译文
译文译文
译文


轮胎压力监测在汽车使用被动声表面波传感器
轮胎压力监测在汽车使用被动声表面波传感器轮胎压力监测在汽车使用被动声表面波传感器
轮胎压力监测在汽车使用被动声表面波传感器




阿尔弗雷多波尔，塞弗特
1 ）应用电子实验室，大学27日， - 1040维也纳，奥地利
2 ）西门子公司中央研究实验室。 ，

奥托哈恩环
摘要：在我们的文件，我们目前的应用表面声波（声表面波）传感器不断的轮胎
压力在道路车辆。有了这些，对轮胎压力可以读出的每一个阶段的驾驶。我们展
示了实施原型装置测量轮胎压力，声表面波传感器的应用，改进版本和安装的审
讯。这些问题在实际应用中进行了讨论。实验结果测量轮胎压力测试期间游乐设
施介绍。
导言
导言导言
导言



经营公路车辆，失灵的运动轮胎，由于轮胎爆胎会导致严重的事故，并危及
人的生命。此外，现在的汽车制造商尝试保存备用轮胎的车辆。它的成本通常只
有重量和空间，因此，收益率更高的燃料消耗，但将需要不到一时间在10年以上
汽车的生命。这不仅可以做到的，如果气压轮胎可以衡量即使在驾驶。目前使用
的传感器含有活性成分，采用锂电池。大众这些传感器组件是造成约20克高动态
负载。几年前，声表面波器件远远传感器应用的发明。使用的是一个港口的SAW
延迟线连接到天线只，射频信号的审讯注入和传感器响应，携带资料重新转达了
无线审讯。这些传感器能测量温度，机械负荷，力和位移等的好处是，声表面波
传感器是完全无源器件，并包含没有电力供应，也没有半导体。它们的温度高达
几百度，其寿命远远长于的电池供电，在车辆强烈的电磁污染是由点火系统传感
器运作风险的损害，即使在粗糙的环境。首先，我们讨论压力测量采用声表面波
传感器与无线目前某些类型的传感器组件和审讯我们讨论实施到本实验简要总
结的内容文件。 声表面波压力传感器
声表面波压力传感器声表面波压力传感器
声表面波压力传感器

电气行为被动声表面波压力传感器始终是一个端口延迟线多个反射或谐振
器分别。在拖延，审讯传送突发信号，该传感器的响应一连串的扫射，每一个反
射安排在基板的表面差别拖延两个或两个以上的反应信号测量一些物理价值，参
数转化为改变传感器的表面长度或表面声波的速度，分别延迟里的反应一比长度
李声表面波传播的基板表面和繁殖。侵害传感器1测量事业规模的传感器的反应
应遵守个人拖延转变阿里响应信号源于硅反射镜可以收集载入传感器从拉伸和
压缩，用于无线测量的扭矩等，声表面波传感器的基板可以会影响传感器弯曲膜，
把边缘传感器固定在传感器装到弯曲由于转移的中心，膜加载的另一方面传感器
可直接安装在膜或压电膜代表的SAW基板可以显示这些方法。 中北大学2009届毕业设计说明书 第8页共12页

图1 ：
一）膜转换转变弯曲的声表面

波传感器（锯）
二）声表面波传感器安装在膜

下一步是覆盖膜传感器组成的第一个间隔内和石英覆盖商会的传感器（图2 ） 。


图2 ：集成压力室声表面波传感器


保护生成氧化金属结构，表面由腔可以气体在参考腔是疏散，绝对压力值可
以是简单的射频突发脉冲信号的反应进行评估在规模和膜由于压力的一个阶段
转向例如度在汽车轮胎可帕斯卡尔。为了减少数据处理，为执行该决议的汽车。 执行情况
执行情况执行情况
执行情况
第一个原型，用于实验的压力商会与膜制成的传感器安装单位的枢纽第连接阀门
的压力大会（图3 ） 。


图3：压力腔第一个原型为轮胎气压的测量




中北大学2009届毕业设计说明书 第9页共12页 串行制造的传感器系统?有别小得多，能够被纳入，我们实施了综合压
力室（图2 ）进入传感器固定在轮辋，金属阀轴用作为传感器的天线（图4 ） 。



图4 ：集成压力室固定在轮辋阀用作天线


执行大会唯一一个传感器安装在阀的开发（图5 ） 。的总重量的单位只有
几克，动态负载很小甚至驾驶高速。


图5 ：压力传感器阀轴


审讯系统采用基于空间的多样性，以区分传感器低于每一辆翼天线要使用同
轴电缆，小屋是困难和昂贵利用这些扭曲的适用性对电线太多。
为了检验我们的传感器和我们的系统，我们做了很多测试车领域内和周围的
城市审讯系统耦合到笔记本计算机压力值进行测量和记录档案。显示特征的行为
胎压不同的驾驶条件。由于冲击坚固巷，在左侧部分图的绝对压力值附近波动平
均值的最低有效位，窄峰高胎压属于制动演习（传感器是安装东亚前轮） 。时
间越长增加了轮胎压力和下列期限衰变是因为骑了系统表现出较高的可靠性，即
使在驾驶了沉重的暴风雪。
中北大学2009届毕业设计说明书 第10页共12页
图6 ：讯问汽车天线

衡量我们制定了一个小型的审讯制度，转递扫射和寻找相移响应信号之间的
系统控制的单芯片微控制器和显示测量结果的图的照片该系统的显示。



图7 ：系统的无线审讯的被动声表面波传感器


为了检验我们的传感器和我们的系统，我们做了很多测试车领域内和周围的
城市审讯系统耦合到笔记本计算机压力值进行测量和记录档案。数字和第显示特
征的行为胎压不同的驾驶条件。由于冲击坚固巷，在左侧部分图的绝对压力值附
近波动平均值的最低有效位窄峰高胎压属于制动演习（传感器是安装东亚前轮）
时间越长增加了轮胎压力和下列期限衰

变是因为骑了系统表现出较高的可靠性，
即使在驾驶了沉重的暴风雪。



中北大学2009届毕业设计说明书 第11页共12页 图8：在不同的驾驶条件下的轮胎压力

在图9中的压力右前轮可以看到放大的时间，而通过两个轨道平面交叉口与相邻
的水通道跨越的破旧安排的平面交叉口，硬冲击传达给身体造成硬压力冲击的轮
胎。




图9：轮胎压力过级过境两个轨道

讨论
讨论讨论
讨论

无线声表面波传感器的审讯都是免费的维修和承受较高的热和机械载荷测
量性能媲美的努力在汽车系统是基于更高的SAW传感器，传感器单位自数字信息
传输预处理载压力传感器的主要优势在声表面波器件鉴定。应用中，高革命每次
出现，是他们的低离心力是毫伏住宅，以质量为m ，速度V和半径r.尽量减少
动态力学负荷，大规模的系统适用于旋转部分应低至单位常规传感器轮胎压力测
量的质量20克，集成压力传感器本身（图5 ）有一个大规模的不到一个完整的
SAW传感器单位的群众在最坏的情况是只有少数系统采用锂如破旧轮胎，因为电
池不能被选中，传感器应改为太多，收益率问题的废物系统集成汽车电子，这是
不必要的压力，要显示每个轮胎，只有故障应该触发系统的显示屏可以被取消，
降低了系统的成本。 结论
结论结论
结论

无源声表面波传感器使适合车辆测量轮胎压力和低质量的事实免费维修要
优于在声表面波传感器的压力测量，实施轮胎和系统为了审讯结果了大量的测量
提出了游乐设施。

中北大学2009届毕业设计说明书 第12页共12页 参考文献 [ L ]条Reindl ，楼穆勒，塞弗特，无源表面波传感器可以讯问，国际专利
应用（ 1992年） 。
[ 2 ]塞弗特楼。机械传感器基于表面声波，传感器（ 1994 ） 231-239
[ 3 ]湾绍尔，吨奥斯特塔格，谢尔，美国沃尔夫，无线声表面波传感器的远
程测控的物理参数，商业电台传感器和通信技术， 1997年。
[ 4 ]阁下谢尔湾绍尔，楼塞弗特，河韦格尔，石英压力传感器反射基于声表
面波延迟线，超声波研讨会1996年。