整理后语法
虚拟语气
一、虚拟语气的规则用法：三种基本形式
1主、从句都表示与过去事实相反：
从句的谓语动词用：had + 动词过去分词；
主句的谓语动词用：情态动词 + have + 动词过去分词。
注意：能用于虚拟语气的情态动词只有四个：should, could, would, might.
使用哪一个情态动词要由句子含义决定，考试中出现最多的是could, would.
2 主、从句都表示与现在事实相反：
从句的谓语动词用：动词过去式（如果是be则只能用were）
主句的谓语动词用：情态动词 + 动词原形。
3 主、从句都表示与将来事实相反：
从句的谓语动词用：were to + 动词原形（重点）、should + 动词原形、动词过去式；
二、虚拟语气的特殊应用：
1 would rather + that，这时句子谓语动词用一般过去时来体现虚拟语气。
I would rather you told her the truth.
I’d rather you came tomorrow.
2 if only 如果，要是...就好了，if only + that，这时句子一定要用虚拟语气。
有两种形式可以体现虚拟语气：
a. 如果该句子表示与现在或将来事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时或would do。
b. 如果该句子表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用过去完成时。
Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I _B_ your advice.
A follow
B had followed
C would follow
D have followed
If only the committee _D_ the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible
A approve
B will approve
C can approve
D would approve
注意：当if only后的句子表示与现在或将来事实相反，该用动词过去式来表示虚拟语气，而选项中又没有时，可以采用这种形式：would + 动词原形。
Note: only if表示"只有"；if only则表示"如果……就好了"。If only也可用于陈述语气。
I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。
If only the alarm clock had rung. 当时闹钟响了，就好了。
If only he comes early. 但愿他早点回来。
3 当以下动词后加句子时，句子应用虚拟语气，句子谓语动词的形式是：（should）+ 动词原形。
a. 表示建议、提议的：suggest, advise, propose, recommend, move.
[move只有在表达在会议上提出提议时后面加虚拟语气]
b. 表示要求的：ask, demand, require, request, desire.
c. 表示指挥、命令的：order, command, direct.
d. 表示坚持，坚持认为的：insist.
I insist that we_______ (go) there by bus.
He susggested that we _________ (leave) early.
The judge ordered that the prisoner________ (be) sentenced to 30 days in jail.
4 it is + 第三点中动词的过去分词 + that引导的从句。
这样的结构中从句谓语动词形式为：（should）+ 动词原形。
以下几个形容词置于该结构中时也要用相同的形式来体现虚拟语气：important, necessary, essential, obligatory（有义务的，强制性的，必须的）,anxious, crucial, improper, impossible, natural, urgent, vital, willing。
It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios _C_ after 11 o'clock at night. [虚拟语气]
A were not played
B not to play
C not be played
D did not play It is important that we________ (speak) politely.
It is imperative that we _________(practice) criticism and self-criticism.
5 第三点中动词相应的名词形式 + that引导从句，该从句同样要用虚拟语气，
谓语动词形式为：（should）+ 动词原形。
经常用于这种结构的词有：suggestion, advice, proposal, recommendation, motion. My suggestion is that we should tell him.
Our only request is that this should be settled as soon as possible.
6 以下一些表达方式所在的句子一定要用虚拟语气。
or (表示否则), otherwise, unless, but for(若不是，若非), lest
当遇到含有以上四个表达方式的句子时，先要判断该句是表示与现在、过去、还是将来事实相反，然后依照相应的虚拟语气规则用法的形式来确定句子结构。
含有下面三个表达方式的句子体现虚拟语气的形式是固定的：
lest(以免，防备), for fear that(惟恐), on condition that(在..条件下)
它们后面句子的谓语动词的形式都是：（should）+ 动词原形。
The storm delayed us. But for the storm we would have been in time.
I used my caculator; otherwise I’d have taken much longer.
Supposing I accepted this offer, what would you say?
Without your timely help, my daughter would have drowned.
7 it is (high) time 是...的时候了。
这个结构有以下两种变形形式，所用虚拟语气形式都一样：it is high time / it is about time.
这三个结构后面加的句子谓语动词都用一般过去时或用should加动词原形来体现虚拟语气,但should不可省略。
It is time that the children went to bed.
It is high time that the children should go to bed.
8 注意以下两种情况下should + 动词原形中should不能省略。
这里should表示一种语气，经常被翻译成“竟然”。
a. 四个动词：think, believe, expect, suspect.它们的否定或者疑问形式后面加句
子，句子谓语动词用：should + 动词原形，should不能省略。
I don't believe that he should be cheated. 我不相信他也会被骗。
it is a pity, it is a shame 真遗憾，it is strange 真怪
以上三个结构后面加的句子谓语动词用：should + 动词原形，should不能省略。
9. I wish + that
错综时态的虚拟语气
错综时态的虚拟语气即指主句和从句在表达是与什么时态的事实相反上并不一致（比如主句要表达与现在事实相反而从句要表达与过去事实相反），这种情况要采用“对号入座”的方法来处理，即主从句结构分别采用与其表达时态对应的结构。Eg.
If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.
（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）
If it had rained last night (过去), it would be very cold today (现在).
60. If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you _A_ now.
A wouldn't be smiling
B couldn't have smiled
C won't smile
D didn't smile
2. If you had studied the problem carefully yesterday, _C_.
A you won’t find any difficulty now
B you would not have found any difficulty now
C you would not find any difficulty now
D you have not found any difficulty now
3. He would be studying at the university now if he _C_ the entrance examination.
A passed
B have passed
C had passed
D should have passed
16. It is a shame that he _B_ that poor little girl!
A deceived
B should deceive
C deceive
D deceiving
18. Mrs. bliss kept the door and the windows shut lest the noise outside _D_ her son's sleep. [lest(以免，防备) 后面句子的谓语动词的形式都是：（should）+ 动词原形]
A would interfere with
B had interfered with
C interfered with
D should interfere with
-------------------------1996-01-------------------------
虚拟条件句的倒装
虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。
Were they here now, they could help us. =If they were here now, they could help us.
Had you come earlier, you would have met him =If you had come earlier, you would have met him.
Should it rain, the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.
注意：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词’be’的过去时态一律用"were"，不用was，即在从句中be用were代替。
If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就会去找他。
If he were here, everything would be all right. 如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。
典型例题
_____ to do the work, I should do it some other day.
A. If were I
B. I were
C. Were I
D. Was I
答案C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do., 而不能说Weren’t I to do.
比较级
1． Test Yourself
在我们分析比较级的测试特点探讨其应对策略之前,让我们首先看以下几题。
1) Radio, television and press ____ of conveying news and
information.(1995.6)
A. are the most three common means
B. are the most common three means
C. are the three most common means
D. are three the most common means
2) If tap water were as dangerous as some people think, ________ would be getting sick.(1998.1)
A. a lot of more us
B. more a lot of us
C. a lot of us more
D.
a lot more of us
3) The trumpet player was certainly loud. But I wasn't bothered by his loudness ___ by his lack of talent.(1999.1)
A. than
B. more than
C. as
D. so much as
4) Americans eat ____ as they actually need every day.(1998.6)
A. twice as much protein
B. twice protein as much twice
C. twice protein as much
D. protein as twice much
5) There are few electronic applications ____ to raise fears regarding future employment opportunities than robots.
A. likely
B. more likely
C. most likely
D. much likely
6) The little man was ____ more than one meter fifty tall.(1995.1)
A. nearly
B. quite
C. hardly
D. almost
7) Certain programs work better for some ___ for others.(1995.1)
A. and
B. than
C. as
D. but
8) It is not unusual for workers in that region ____.(1995.1)
A. to be paid more than a month late
B. to be paid later than more a month
C. to pay later than a month more
D. to pay late more than a month
9) It is reported that ________adopted children went to know who their natural parents are.(1997.1)
A. the most
B. most of
C. most
D. the most of
10) The little man was _______one meter fifty high.(1997.1)
A. almost more than
B. hardly more than
C. nearly more than
D. as much as
参考答案：
1) C 2) C 3) D 4) A 5) B 6) C 7) B 8) A 9) C 10) B
比较级的基本内容
英语中形容词与副词有三个比较等级,即原级,比较级和最高级。
一般来说, 表示等于时用原级。
Eg. I’m just as busy today as I was yesterday.
表示二者的比较时用比较级
eg. I’m much busier today than I was yesterday.
表示“最”时用最高级
Eg. That was the busiest day of my life.
形容词比较等级的构成
构成原级比较级最高级
单音节词尾加er, est great greater greatest
单音节词尾e, 加r, st fine finer finest
闭音节单音节词尾只
有一个辅音字母,双写 big bigger biggest
辅音字母加er,est
少数以y,er,ow, ble结尾
双音节词尾加er,est happy happier happiest
(y前为辅音字母去y加 clever cleverer cleverest er,est)
其它双音节词和多
音节词,前加more, difficult more difficult most difficult
不规则变化 most
副词比较等级的构成
副词比较等级的构成大致与形容词比较等级的构成相同,但以后缀ly结尾的副词用more和most。
hard hardest hardest
early earlier earliest
quickly more quickly most quickly
不规则变化
形容词与副词比较等级的基本用法
A. 基本形式“as +原级+as” 结构
eg. He’s as tall as I.
B.否定的同级比较常用 not a s… as或not so … as
eg. He does not smoke so heavily as his brother.
C.变体
1) as + much/many + 名词+ as
2) as +形原级 + a + 名词 +as
3) as + 形+ 不可数名词+ as
4) 名词复数+as +形 + as
5) the same as/ be similar to
比较级
A.基本结构“比较级+than” 结构eg.
He is taller than I .
She sees me more often than she sees her brother.
B.变体
1)形比较级 + 名 + than
2)名 + 形比较级 + than
3)the + 形比较级 + of + the two
4)superior/ inferior to
最高级
A. 常用“the +最高级+比较范围”
eg. This is the best picture in the hall.
He sings the best in the class.
B. 变体
1) more… than any other
2) Not … + 比较等级
关于比较结构用法的补充说明
1)more…than…是…而不是,与其说是…不如说是eg.
She is more keen than wise.
He is more a writer than an artist.
2) not so muc h …as与其说是…不如说是
eg. It wasn’t so much that I disliked her as that I just wasn’t interested.
3)not more/er than与 no more/er than eg.
He is no richer than I= as poor as
He is not richer than I.
4)more and more eg.
He is becoming fatter and fatter.
5). The more… the more…
eg. The harder she worked, the more progress she made.
6)more than 多于
eg. More than 1000 people attended the meeting.
7)more than 不止, 超过
eg. She is more than pretty.
8) more than 简直不
eg. My trip to Beijing is more than sightseeing.
几个值得注意的比较级句式
一、the+比较级, the+比较级
此句型表示后者随着前者的变化而变化，意为“越……就越……”，前者相当于一个条件句，因此，要用一般现在时代替一般将来时。如：
The better I knew him, the more I liked him. 我越了解他就越喜欢他。
The more difficult the questions are, the less likely I’ll be able to answer them. 题目越难我越答不出。
二、the+比较级+of the two
表示“两者中较…的那个人或物”时，在比较级前加定冠词the。如：
He is the taller of the two. 他是两人中较高的那个。
She was the more promising worker of the two. 她是两人之中更有培养前途的工人。
三、比较级+and+比较级
此句型表示“越来越…”，单音节形容词或副词用“-er+and +-er”，如：
Things are getting better and better every day. 情况一天天好起来。
It’s becoming more and more difficult to find a job. 找工作越来越困难了。
Holiday nights are getting less and less expensive. 假日机票越来越便宜了。
四、not +比较级+ than / no +比较级+ than
比较级前加not，表示前者不如后者，与not as…as相当；比较级前加no是对两者的否定，意为“和……一样不……”，与neither…nor…或“as+相反意义的形容词或副词+as”相当。如：
He is not taller than me. 他不如我高。
He is no taller than me. 他同我一样不高。(即一样矮)
His English is not better than mine. 他的英语不如我的英语好。
His English is no better than mine. 他的英语同我的英语一样不好。(即一样差)
You are not more careful than he is. 你不如他仔细。
You are no more careful than he is. 你和他一样不仔细。(即一样粗心)
五、no more than与not more than
两者均可表示数量，前者表示“仅仅”、“只不过”，强调少；而后者表示“不多于”、“至多”。如：
This test takes no more than thirty minutes. 这个测验只需30分钟。
For thirty years, he had done no more than he had needed to. 30年来，他只干了他需要干的工作。
He has not more than three children. 他最多 3 个孩子(有或许还不到 3 个之意)。
六、no more…than与not more…than
两者均可用于比较，前者表示对两者都否定，意为“同……一样不”(=neither ... nor)；而后者则指两者虽都具有某种特征，但程度不同，意为“不如”、“不及”(= not so ... as)。如：
He is no more a writer than a painter. 他不是画家，也不是作家。(= He is neither a painter nor a writer.)
He’s no more able to read Spanish than I am. 他和我都读不懂西班牙语。(=Neither he nor I am not read Spanish.)
She is not more clever than he is. 她不如他聪明。(= She is not so clever as he is.)
This book is not more difficult than that one. 这本书不比那本书更难。(This book is not so difficult as that one.)
七、no less than 与not less than
表示均可表示数量，前者意为“多达”、“有…之多”，强调多；后者表示“不下于”、“至少”。如：
He paid no less than $10,000 for it. 他为此付了10000多美元。
He paid not less than $10,000 for it. 他为此付的钱不下10000美元。
He walks no less than five miles to school. 他上学至少要走五英里。
He has no less than seven daughters. 他有七个女儿之多。
He has not less than seven daughters. 他至少有七个女儿。
有时两者都可译为“至少”，但no less than语气比not less than要夸张，表示所涉及的数量比预料的要多，其用法可比较其反义结构no more than（只不过，只有），用于强调少。
八、no more …than 与no less…than
前者意为“与…一样不”，否定两者；而后者则表示“和…一样”，肯定两者。如：She’s no more a great singer than I am. 他不是优秀歌手，我也不是。
Your brother is no less wise than you. 你的兄弟跟你一样聪明。
A whale is no more a fish than a horse is. 马不是鱼，鲸也不是鱼。
A dolphin is no less a clever animal than a dog is. 海豚与狗同样都是聪明的动物。
九、less / least +原级
“less＋原级”表示降级的比较级；“least＋原级”表示降级的最高级。如：Would you mind speaking less quickly? 你可否讲得慢一点?
The movie was less funny than the book. 电影没有书那么滑稽有趣。
This is the least useful of the four books. 这是四本书中最没用的一本。
It is said that those who eat the most are the least healthy. 据说吃得最多的人身体最差。
十、less…than…的用法
1. 本身用作比较级：把more看成many或much的比较级，后接名词，表示“比…更多”。如：
Statistics show that there are more boys than girls at school. 统计数字表明学校的男生比女生多。
2. 后接多音节形容词和副词：more后接多音节形容词或副词，前后是两个或两类人或物进行比较时，表示“比……更”。如：
Airports were more closely watched than anyplace else. 飞机场比任何其他地方看守得更严密。
All human beings are much more intelligent than animals. 所有人类的智力都比动物高得多。
3. 对同一对象的两个方面进行比较：若是对同一个人或物在不同方面进行取舍时，意为“与其说……倒不如……”，此时，不论形容词或副词是单音节、双音节还是多音节，一律用more…than…。如(from https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1a12515828.html,)：
He is more hungry than tired. 与其说他累了，倒不如说他饿了。
I was more annoyed than worried. 我与其说是着急，不如说是生气。
“情态动词+完成式”的用法归纳
1. must + have done：用于肯定句，表示推测，意为“一定(已经)……”。
2. can + have done：用于否定句或疑问句，表示推测，意为“可能(已经)……”。
3. could + have done：可用于肯定句、否定句或疑问句，表示推测、责备或遗憾等，意为“可能……”、“本来可以……”、“本来应该……”等。
4. should [ought to] + have done：可用于肯定句、否定句或疑问句，表示责备或遗憾等，意为“本来应该……”。
5. need + have done：用于否定句或疑问句，用于否定时意为“本来不必”，用于疑问句时意为“有必要……吗”。
6. may + have done：用于肯定句或否定句，表示推测，意为“可能(已经)……”。
7. might + have done：用于肯定句或否定句，表示推测，意为“可能(已经)……(此时 might 可换为 may)；另外还可以表示过来可能发生的事结果未发生，意为“本来会……”(此时 might 不能换为 may)。
用法举例：
He can’t have left so so on. 他不可能走得这么早。
I should have thought of it. 我本应想到这一点的。
You needn’t have mentioned it. 你没有必要提及此事的。
You must have mistaken my intention. 你一定是误会了我的意图。
I might have come to a wrong conclusion. 我或许得出了错误的结论。
You could have helped me—why did you just sit and watch? 你本可帮助我的，为什么只坐在一旁瞧着?
倒装：
倒装结构也是比较常见的一种句式，但考查的分量不大，考试都有哪些特点，如何应付，首先让我们一起来看一下近几年的考题。
1．Test Yourself.
1) I could not persuade him to accept it, ___ make him see the importance of it.(19995.1)
A. if only I could not
B. no more than I could
C. or I could not
D. nor could I
2) Not until the game had begun ______at the sports ground.(2000.6)
A. had he arrived
B. would he have arrived
C. did he arrive
D. should he have arrived
3) The organization had broken no rules, but _____ had it acted responsibly.(19996.1)
A. neither
B. so
C. either
D. both
4) We have been told that under no circumstances ______ the telephone in the
office for personal affairs.(1999.6)
A. may we use
B. we may use
C. we could use
D. did we use
5) Only under special circumstances_____to take make-up tests.(1997.6)
A. are freshmen permitted
B. freshmen are permitted
C. permitted are freshmen
D. are permitted freshmen
参考答案: 1) D 2) C 3) A 4) B 5) A
倒装分部分倒装和全部倒装。谓语部分所有单词都放在主语前是全部倒装，谓语的一部分放在主语的前面是部分倒装，谓语中的一部分通常是指：1、系动词；2、助动词；3、情态动词。
全部倒装的七条原则：
1. There be句型（表示有）；
2. 以There或now, then开头的句子，且句子谓语动词为come或go；
There you go again. 你又去那里了。
There goes the bell.
Then came the chairman.
3. 以Here开头的句子，且句子谓语动词为系动词be；
Here you are. 拿去。
Here is your letter.
4. 以副词out, in, up, down, away开头的句子；
Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.
Ahead sat an old woman.
注意: 上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。如：Here he comes. Away they went.
5. 以状语（常见的是地点状语）开头的句子。
Under the tree sat an old man.
On the hay lay a wounded boy of not more than seventeen.
6. 现在分词和过去分词可提至句首构成"分词+ be + 主语+其它+的倒装句式。如：
Enclosed in the letter was a photo of a beautiful girl.
Glooming in the test tube on the table was the mysterious something which theyhad been working so hard to find, radium.
7. so/such…. that句型中，so + 形容词/副词提前，主谓倒装。如：
So boring was the speech that the audience all left halfway.
Such a noise did they make that the neighbors could not go to sleep at night.
部分倒装的六条原则：
1. so放在句首时表示承前肯定，这个句子用部分倒装；
nor, neither放在句首时表示承前否定，句子也用部分倒装；
2. 省略了引导词if 的虚拟条件从句，可以把从句中的had, should, could, were中的任何一个提到从句最前面的位置，构成部分倒装；
3. as, though表示“尽管”时引导从句，从句中的表语可以置于引导词之前构成部分倒装；系动词后面的部分就是表语，形容词、名词、名词性短语可以置于系动词之后。
例如：She is beautiful. They are students.
四级考试中出现的是由动词的过去分词转变的形容词作表语的形式。
26. _B_ as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention.
A Being published
B Published
C Publishing
D To be published
当题干是as引导一个从句，且as前为一个空格时他表示的就是尽管，空格处要填的就是表语。being published 正在被出版； to be published 将要被
出版。此句恢复正常语序应为：As it was published at such a time … 4. 表示否定含义的单词或短语放在句首，句子用部分倒装；常见的一些表示否定含义的单词：never, little, few, hardly (… when), scarcely (… when) ；seldom 难得，不常；nowhere 哪里都不。常见的一些表示否定含义的短语：in no way 决不； on no account 决不；under no circumstances 在任何情况下都不。
Never have I seen such a performance.
Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。
注意：如否定词不在句首不倒装。
I have never seen such a performance.
The mother didn’t leave the room until the child fell asleep.
典型例题
1) Why can’t I smoke here?
At no time___ in the meeting-room
A. is smoking permitted
B. smoking is permitted
C. smoking is it permitted
D. does smoking permit
答案A. 这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.
2） Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.
A. man did know
B. man know
C. didn’t man know
D. did man know
答案D. 看到Not until…的句型，我们知道为一倒装句，答案在C，D 中选一个。
改写为正常语序为，Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 现在将not提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。
5. only + 状语放在句首，句子用部分倒装；Only后的状语可以是单词、短语，也可
以是从句，要特别注意，从句并不倒装，而是主句倒装。（如果only去掉就是全部倒装）
Only when the war was over was he able to get happily back to work.
Only under special circumstances _C_ to take make-up tests.
A permitted are freshmen
B freshmen are permitted
C are freshmen permitted
D are permitted freshmen
freshmen 新生； make up for 弥补，补偿； make-up tests 补考（缓考）。
6. 注意两个表达形式：come what may 无论发生什么情况； say what you will 畅所欲言。强调句式的补充内容：被强调部分是疑问词时的情况。
主谓一致
一) 主谓一致
1．主谓一致（与插入语无关）
1）主谓的分隔原则：主谓之间可以用定语从句或者省略的定语从句分隔。
2）定语从句中的主谓一致：
3）随前一致：n. + together with n2 as well as including along with with / of accompanied with / by
4）就近原则：n1 or n2 +v（就近原则）either n1 or n2
5）可数n1 and 可数n2+v(pl) 不可数n1 and 不可数n2+v(pl) 例外：war and peace is…war and peace是一个整体但是如果主语表示的是同一个概念，同一人，同一事的时候，谓语动词用单数，这种结构的特征是and连接的两个词只有一个冠词。
The iron and steel industry is very important to our country.
The head master and mathematical teacher is coming.
The head master and the mathematical teacher are coming.
类似的还有：law and order bread and butter black and white to love and to be loved is … a lawyer and a teacher are… a lawyer and teacher is …
6) 随后原则：not a but b / not only a but also b+v.(与b一致)
7) 百分比结构：most , half , rest , some , majority , one+persent of+n1+v.（由n1决定）
8) 倒装结构的主谓一致： a）there be +n 由名词决定动词 b）among , between等介词位于句首引起倒装结构：among / between …+系动词+n. （由名词决定动词）9) the+adj的主谓一致：
a）当表示“一类人”，
b）当表示某一抽象概念时the good is always attractive. 10 to do/doing/主从+vs *more than one+n many a +n. a day or two
主谓一致的易错点归纳
■不定式短语、动词-ing形式或名词性从句作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。如：Remember /To remember English words is not easy. 记英语单词不容易。
Who will do the job hasn’t been decided yet. 谁来做这项工作还没决定。
注：what引导主语从句时，如果其表语是复数形式，谓语动词要用复数形式。如：What he took with him were two books. 他带去的是两本书。
■“名词或代词+由with, together with, along with, as well as, besides, but ,except, including, in addition to, like, no less than, rather than等引起的短语”作主语时，谓语动词与前面的名词或代词的数一致。如：
Mr Li together with his two sons has gone to the cinema. 李先生和他的两个儿子看电影去了。
No one except the two boys was late for class. 除了两个男孩外，没有一个人迟到。
Li Ming, rather than his classmates, has let out the secret. 是李明透露了那个消息而不是他的同学透露的。
■“more than one/many a + 单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：More than one person has known it. 不止一个人知道这件事。
Many a worker was killed in the accident. 在这个事故中死了许多工人。
注：“More+复数名词than one”作主语，谓语则用复数形式。如：
More persons than one have known it. 不止一个人知道这件事。
■“一两个……”，用“one or two+名词复数”表达时，谓语用复数；用“a(an) +名词单数or two”表达时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：
One or two days are enough for them.
=A day or two is enough for them. 给他们一两天时间足够了。
■and连接两个名词一起作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。如：
Lily and Kite are kind to me. 莉莉和凯特都对我很好。
但是，当两个名词表示同一人、同一事物、同一概念或一个完整的东西时(其特征
是and后的名词前无任何冠词) ，谓语动词用单数形式。如：
The teacher and writer has come. 那个教师兼作家已经来了。
(The teacher and the writer have come. 那个教师和那个作家都到来了。)
Bread and butter is a daily food in the West. 奶油面包是西方的日常食物。
A knife and fork is on the table. 有一副刀叉在桌上。
注：当and连接的并列单数主语前分别有no，each, every, many a, more than one 等修饰时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：
Many a teacher and many a student has seen the film. 许多教师和学生都看
过这部电影。
不定代词one, no one, the other, another, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody, nobody, anything, something, everything, nothing, each, either 以及被each, every修饰的名词做主语，尽管有些表达复数意义，但是，它们
的谓语应该用单数形式。如：
Is everybody here today? 大家都到齐了吗？
Neither (book) is good. 两本书都不好。
None knows the weight of another’s b urden. 见人挑担不吃力。
注：neither, none做主语时，口语中或非正式文字中，谓语动词通常用复数，正式的书面语中用单数。如：
Are/Is neither of the teams playing this week? 这个星期两个队中有哪一个
队要进行比赛？
None of them has/have been to the Great Wall. 他们中没有一个人去过长城。
不过，none作主语，其表语是单数，谓语用单数；表语是复数，谓语则用复数。
■在定语从句中，当关系代词 who, which或 that做主语时，从句中的谓语动词
应该与先行词保持一致。如：
The teacher who teaches us English is from England. 教我们英语的教师是英国人。
Are these the books that were bought yesterday? 这些就是昨天买的书吗？
I, who am a new teacher, will teach you English. 我，一个新教师，将教你
们英语。
■“one of+名词复数”后面的定语从句，谓语动词应该用复数；而“the (only) one of + 名词复数”后面的定语从句的谓语应该用单数形式。如：
He is one of the students that have passed the exam 他是通过了考试的学生之一。
He is the (only) one of the students that has passed the exam. 他就是通
过考试的那个学生。
■某些集体名词，如family, audience, class, club, company, crew, enemy, government, group, party, public, team等作主语时，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语动词用单数形式，如果就其中一个个成员而言，谓语动词用复单数形式。如：My family are all fond of going to the cinema. 我全家都爱看电影。
The family is rather big, with twelve people in all. 这个家庭很大，总共
有12个人。
■当表示时间、距离、金额等度量的复数名词作主语，把它看作一个整体时，谓语动词一般用单数。如：
Surely 15 minutes is enough time for you to have a coffee. 你喝杯咖啡15分钟当然足够了。
但若与pass, go by, spend, waste等连用时，谓语动词用复数。如：
Six months have passed, and we still have no news of them. 六个月过去了，我们依然没有他们的消息
由两个部分构成一个整体的物品名词做主语，如shoes, glasses, boots, socks, scissors, compasses, trousers, shorts等，谓语通常用复数形式。如：His trousers are new. 他的裤子是新的。
但带有pair这样的量词时，谓语要与量词的数保持一致。如：
That pair of trousers was sold out. 那条裤子卖出去了。
■“分数（百分数）+ of + 名词”以及“all (most, some, any, half, a lot, part, the rest) + of + 名词”做主语时，谓语动词的数与of后的名词的数一致。如：Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is water. 地表四分之三都是水。
Twenty percent of the oranges are bad. 这桔子百分之二十都坏了。
All of my classmates like music. 我们所有的同学都喜欢音乐。
All of the water is gone. 那些水全都没有了。
The rest of the students have gone home. 其余的学生都回家了。
The rest of the money was stolen. 其作的钱被人偷了。
■“a (the, this, that) kind /sort / type of + 名词”做主语，谓语用单数形式；但“these (those, all, many, some) kinds of + 名词”做主语，谓语则用复数形式。如：
This kind of book is useful for us. 这种书对我们很用。
Many kinds of shoes are on sale in that shop. 那个店里有许多种鞋出售。
注：“名词+ of a (the, this, that, these, those, all, some, many等) + kind(s) ”做主语，谓语动词的数与前面名词的数一致。如：
Book of this kind is useful for us. 这种书对我们有用。
Apples of these kinds are sour. 这种苹果是酸的。
■在主谓倒装的句子中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：
On the wall hang two large portraits. 墙上挂着两幅大肖像。
Between the two rows of trees stands the teaching building. 要两排树之间是教学楼。
“a number of +复数名词”意为“许多”，作主语时，谓语动词用复数；“the number of +复数名词”意为“……的数目”，作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：The number of people invited was fifty, but a number of them were absent for different reasons. 被邀请的人是五十个，但由许多人由于不同原因缺席了。
■“a lot of /lots of /plenty of /a large quantity of /a large amount of +名词”作主语，谓语动词的数与名词的数一致；如：
A large amount of damage was done in a very short time. 在短时间内造成了很大的损害。
A great amount of our investments are in property. 我们大量的钱都投资到房地产中。
但“(large /huge) quantities /amounts of名词”作主语，谓语动词一般用复数。如：
Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge. 那座桥耗费了大量金钱。
■“a +单数名词+and a half”和“one and a half +复数名词”做主语，谓语动词用单数形式。如：
One and a half pears has been left on the table. 盘子里剩下一个半梨子。非谓语动词
1、非谓语动词考查特点
1) 谓语动词与非谓语动词的判断
对谓语动词与非谓语动词区别的考查主要集中在独立主格结构，如：
All things ___ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.
A. had been canceled
B. have been canceled
C. were canceled
D. having been canceled
四个选项中有三个是谓语动词，只有D是非谓语动词，只要同学们能判断出这里是非谓语动词做状语，则不用考虑时态的问题，答案自明。
2) 谓语动词后不定式与动名词的选择
谓语动词后接不定式还是接动名词也是四级语法测试中的一个题眼。如：
①I don‘t mind ____ the decision as long as it is not too late.
A. you to delay making
B. your delaying making
C. your delaying to make
D. you delay to make
② Had I remembered ____ the windows, the thief would not have got in.
A. to close
B. closing
C. to have closed
D. having closed
③Your hair wants ______ . You‘d better have it done tomorrow.
A. cut
B. to cut
C. cutting
D. being cut
这类题涉及三个方面：
谓语动词后应该接不定式还是动名词？
既可接不定式又可接动名词时，结构和意思上有何差别？
不定式与动名词用主动形式还是用被动形式？
3) 做定语的非谓语动词的选择
从近几年的考查情况来看，对做定语的非谓语动词的考查有两种情况：
1) 对一般概念的考查，而不是固定结构中的非谓语动词做定语。如：
① The project ____ by the end of 2000, will expand the city‘s telephone network to cover 1000，000 users.
A. accomplished
B. being accomplished
C. to be accomplished
D. having been accomplished
② If I correct someone, I will do it with so much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one ______.
A. to correct
B. correcting
C. having been corrected
D. being corrected
同学们只要掌握非谓语动词做定语的一般的规律，就可以判断①题答案为C，②题答案为D。
2) 对固定结构的考查，如：
① The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his arguments in
favor of the new theory.
A. to be based on
B. to base on
C. which to base on
D. on which to base
② The pressure _____ causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a constant emotional strain.
A. to compete
B. competing
C. to be competed
D. having competed
①题为不定式做定语的固定形式，答案为D，②题为某些特定名词的定语结构，答案为A。在英语中有些名词，如动词变来的名词，形容词变来的名词，以及means，way，time， moment， reason等要求其后用不定式做定语，不定式没有体的变化。
4) 做状语的非谓语动词的选择
做状语的非谓语动词主要考查其各种形式的选择，如：
① ______ the earth to be flat， many feared that Columbus would fall off the
edge of the earth.
A. Having believed
B. Believing
C. Believed
D. Being Believed
② _______ a teacher in a university， it is necessary to have at least a
mas ter‘s degree.
A. To become
B. Become
C. One becomes
D. On becoming
③Realizing that he hadn‘t enough money and ____ to borrow from his father,
he decided to sell his watch.
A. not wanted
B. no to want
C. not wanting
D. wanting not
④ ___ it or not， his discovery has created a stir in scientific circles.
A. Believe
B. To believe
C. Believing
D. Believed
从以上各题来看，考查的侧重点有：
状语类别的判断
不同的状语对非谓语动词的要求不同，目的状语要求用不定式，如②。
非谓语动词与句子属于之间的逻辑关系
根据主谓关系或动宾关系的不同来确定用现在分词还是用过去分词。
非谓语动词的否定形式
not否定非谓语动词时置于非谓语动词之前，如③。
独立成分
有些非谓语动词的使用不受与句子主语关系的限制，称为独立成分，这类成分只记忆即可。如:generally speaking， judging from...， to tell the truth...，等。
5) 做补足语的非谓语动词的选择
做宾语补足语的非谓语动词受谓语动词的限制，不同动词后的宾语补足语形式要求不同。近几年对各类宾补都有考查。如：
① They are going to have the service man ____ an electric fan in the
officetomorrow.
A. install
B. to install
C. to be installed
D. installed
② After a few rounds of talks， both sides regarded the territory dispute
______.
A. being settled
B. to be settled
C. had settled
D. as settled
③ You will see this product ____ wherever you go.
A. to be advertised
B. advertised
C. advertise
D. advertising
④ His remarks left me _____ about his real purpose.
A. wondered
B. wonder
C. to wonder
D. wondering
⑤ When I caught him ____ me I stopped buying things there and started
dealingwith another shop.
A. cheating
B. cheat
C. to cheat
D. to be cheating
⑥ The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _____
on benches, chairs or boxes.
A. having seated
B. seating
C. seated
D. having been seated
考查涉及到:
感官动词后的宾语补足语，如③。
have， make， let， leave等特殊单词后的宾语补足语。
regard类后面的宾语补足语
with独立分句后面的
常用动词后面的宾语补足语。
6) 做表语的非谓语动词的选择
表语的考查多侧重于分词做表语形式的选择，很少有动名词的用法的考查，虽然选项中有不定式作为干扰项，只要能看出是做表语的也就不用考虑。如：
① The house was very quiet， ____ as it was on the side of the mountain.
A. isolated
B. isolating
C. being isolated
D. having been isolated
② These surveys indicate that many crimes go _____ by the police，mainly
becausenot all victims report them.
A. unrecorded
B. to be unrecorded
C. unrecording
D. to have been
unrecorded
分词做表语可以做系动词be的表语，也可以做其它系动词的表语，如go， feel，seem， look， remain等等。这些系动词后非谓语动词的饿用法规则是相同的。
7) to作为介词与作为不定式符号的选择to可以是介词，也可以用来引导不定式，四级考试中对种类用法的考查也比较多。如：
① I have no objection _______ your story again.
A. to hear
B. to hearing
C. to having heard
D. to have heard
②The traditional approach ____ with complex problems is to break down intosmaller, more easily managed problems.
A. to dealing
B. in dealing
C. dealing
D. to deal
③ The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager of the company.
A. have told
B. be told
C. being told
D. having told
这类考题的考查方式有两种，一是四个选项中有两个相对的选项to do something 和 to doing something，这时考查的自然是to的性质；另一种是to在题干中，如③。
8) 分词前连词的使用分词前连词的使用是为了使分词的作用更加明了，使考生更加准确地理解试题。考查有两种情况
根据连词选择适当的分词形式
Michael used to look hurt and surprised when ______.
A. scolding
B. to scold
C. having scolded
D. scolded
when的使用说明非谓语动词做时间状语，答案不可能是B，从scold与句子主语间的逻辑关系来看，应该是动宾关系，答案应该是D。
根据状语的功能选择不同的连词
Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patient do not take
drugs ___ directed.
A. like
B. so
C. which
D. as
由上下文的意思可以看出，分词所做的是方式状语，连词应该是as。
9) 非谓语动词的体非谓语动词中分词的体有完成体和进行体，即having done，having been done和being done，完成体只用于做状语的场合，而进行体可以用于做定语和做补足语。
动名词的体也有having done， having been done和 being done的结构主要用于做主语和宾语的场合。
不定式的体有to be doing 和to have done，主要用于pretend， happen， seem，appear， be said to等结构中。如：
① The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager of the company.
A. have told
B. be told
C. being told
D. having told
having told在句中做介词宾语，表示动作发生在谓语动词之前。
②I‘d rather read than watch television; the programs seem ____all the time.
A. to get worse
B. to be getting worse
C. to have got worse
D. getting worse
从all the time的使用可以推断get worse是一个渐变过程，所以用不定式的进行体。
③ The speech _____ a lively discussion started.
A. being delivered
B. was delivered
C. be delivered
D. having been delivered
该结构属于独立主格结构做时间状语，状语分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，所以应该用完成体，答案为D。
10）动名词复合结构
动名词符合结构可以做主语、宾语和表语，在对动名词的考查中总是将其逻辑主语包括进来，形成动名词的复合结构：
① _____ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents
wished for.(1999.1)
A. The girl was educated
B. The girl educated
C. The girl's being educated
D. The girl to be educated
本题涉及题眼比较多，A，为从句做主语，但缺少that，D为不定式做主语，但缺少for(for the girl to be educated)，B结构不能做主语，答案是C，为动名词的复合结构。
② Ann never dreams of _____ for her to be sent abroad very soon.
A. there being a chance
B. there to be a chance
C. there be a chance
D. being a chance
介词后用动名词，表示存在时必须用there be句型，所以答案为A，这也是动名词复合结构，there为动名词的逻辑主语。
③ I don't mind _____ the decision as long as it is not too late.
A. you to delay making
B. your delaying making
C. you delaying to make
D. you delay to make (2000.1)
Mind要求接动名词,动名词的逻辑主语用形容词性物主代词，答案自然是B。
④ I would appreciate _____ it a secret.(1995.6)
A. your keeping
B. you to keep
C. that you keep
D. that you will keep
本题与上一题类似，答案是A。
2．非谓语动词解题策略
1）正确判断非谓语动词
这类题一般出现在独立主格结构中，如果在选项与句子之间没有连词，则说明，所选为独立主格结构，既名词或主格代词 + 分词。
All things ______, the planned trip will have to be called off.
A. considered
B. be considered
C. considering
D. having considered (1998.6)
句子没有连词，说明所选结构不属于从句，那么就是独立主格做状语，根据动词与其逻辑主语之间的关系为动宾关系，答案应该是A。
____, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.(1997.6)
A. Other things being equal
B. Were other things equal
C. To be equal to other things
D. Other things to be equal
做状语的可以是从句，但B的结构是虚拟条件，与这里不符，不表目的，C不对，不表将来，独立主格中非谓语动词不能是不定式，答案为A。
4）判断动名词复合结构的方式
主语位置上，或动词、介词后的"名词/代词 + 非谓语动词"，如果表示的是一个事件则是动名词复合结构，而不是"名词 + 定语。请看以下各例：
He insisted on the windows _____ open while he was sleeping.
A. left
B. being left
C. leaving
D. be left
insist on后不接从句，D可以排除。这里表达的是坚持要求"开着窗子睡觉"，所以应该是动名词复合结构，答案为B。
The road __________ caused us to be late for our work for half an hour.
A. blocked
B. was blocked
C. blocking
D. being blocked
做主语的表示上班迟到的原因，自然应该是"交通堵塞"，而不是"被堵的道路"，所以还是动名词复合结构，答案为D。
The concerned mother thrilled at the news of his son _________ to college.
A. had been admitted
B. admitted
C. having been admitted
D. having admitted
消息表达的应该是个事件，说明不是"被录取的孩子"，介词of后不可能接从句，说明of后为动名词的复合结构，答案是C。
3）注意分析非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的关系
正确判断非谓语动词与起逻辑主语之间的关系是正确选择非谓语动词形式的保证，不管是做什么成分的非谓语动词都体现以下特点：
如果非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是主谓关系，则用现在分词；
如果非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是动宾关系，则用过去分词；
如果表示将来，则用动词不定式。
这是非谓语动词运用的基本原则，然后再根据其不同的作用，掌握其更细的规则。如：
(1)做定语时
做定语的可以是动名词、分词或不定式。动名词做前置定语，所构成的大多为固定短语，四级考试一般不涉及。主要考查分词和不定式做定语。分词或不定式做定语一般做后置定语① The project ____ by the end of 2000, will expand the city's
telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users.
A. accomplished
B. being accomplished
C. to be accomplished
D. having been accomplished
② Hard work ____ on time will lead to better grades.(1995.1)
A. done
B. be done
C. having done
D. to have been done
③ As early as 1647 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools must be established in every town _____ 50 households or more.(1998.1)
A. having
B. to have
C. to have had
D. having had
④ Those _____ to the conference were mostly famous scientists.
A. invited
B. were invited
C. inviting
D. to invite
做定语的非谓语动词有一下几种形式：
"doing 结构":分词与中心词之间是主谓关系,表示正在进行,或状态。如③
"being done结构"：分词与中心词之间是动宾关系，表示被动和正在进行，如：No one is to enter the buildingbeing repaired.
"to be done结构"：不定式与中心词之间是动宾关系，表示将来和被动，如①。 "done结构"：分词与中心词之间是动宾关系，表示被动、完成或一般，如②④。 "to do结构"：不定式与中心词之间是主谓关系，表示将来。如：The professor to give us a speechtomorrow is said to have compiled many scientific works. 完成形式不能做定语，包括分词的完成形式和不定式的完成形式。
(2)做状语
做状语的可以是不定式，也可以是分词。大体结构有：
"doing 结构"：分词与句子主语为主谓关系，表示与谓语动词同时发生，或基本上同时发生，或是同时存在的状态。如：
______ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edgeof the earth.
A. Having believed
B. Believing
C. Believed
D. Being believed
"done结构"：只要分词与句子主语间是动宾关系就可以用过去分词，可以表示完成，可以表示正在进行，也可以表示条件。如：
_______ in this way, the situation doesn't seem so disappointing.
A. Too look at
B. Looking at
C. Looked at
D. To be looked at (2000.1)
He came in, followed by a group of reporters.
"having done结构"：分词与句子主语是主谓关系，切发生在谓语动词之前。Having seen the film already,I declined his invitation to go to the cinema. "having been done结构"：该结构表示完成被动，即分词与句子主语之间是动宾关系，切发生在谓语动词之前。如：Havingbeen showed many times, he still didn't understand the operation of the machine.
"to do 结构"：这是不定式结构，在句中可以做目的状语，也可以做结果状语，但不定式动作总是发生在谓语动词之后。如：
_______ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a master's degree.
A. To become
B. Become
C. One becomes
D. On becoming
表结果时一般为固定结构，如too …to…, enough to….，或是表示出乎意料
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巫不民族学校2013-2014学年度第二学期 八年级英语复习资料2014.6.24 1.in front of在....前面注意区别：in the front of e.g. I was afraid to speak in front of my classmates. 2.ask sb. for sth.向...寻求... ask sb to do sth e.g. have you ever asked your teacher for help? 3.do sth by doing sth.通过（做）...（方式）做... e.g. I learning English by studying grammar. 4.too...to do..太...而不能做... e.g. I’m too tired to do well. 5.watch sb. do sth.看...做过了... e.g. I can watch the actors say the words. 6.see sb. doing sth.看见...正在做.... see sb do sth 看见...做过了.... e.g. Today after school I saw my mother cooking in kitchen. 7.get excited变得兴奋、激动 e.g. When we excited about something and then end up runing. 8.end up doing sth结束（做）.... e.g. I spend two days ending up doing work. 9.finish doing sth. 完成（做）... e.g. I spend a lot of time finishing my homework. 10.end up with 以....为结束（告终） e.g. The dream ends up with the voice of alarm. 11.make mistakes in sth.在...（上）犯错 e.g. I often make mistakes in study. 12.be afraid to do sth害怕做.... e.g. The man who is not afraid to fail can be successful. 13.be afraid that +句子害怕... e.g. I’m afraid that he won’t come back tomorrow. 14.challenge sb. to 跟....挑战做.... 15.....one of ....之一 e.g. Studying grammar is one of the best ways to learn English. 16.make up of ...由...构成... e.g. The English words made up of twenty-six letters. 17.impress sb with sth 给...留下印象 e.g. I impressed my teacher with my honesty. 19.deal with 处理、应付 e.g. How do you deal with your problems in life ？ 20.have an influence on/in 对...有影响 e.g. The weather will have a bad influence on the local people. 21.regard...as..把...视、看作... e.g. I usually regard problems as challenges. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1a12515828.html,ed to do过去常常做....(现在不做了) e.g. I used to be afraid of the dog. 23.be use to doing =get used to doing 习惯于做.... e.g. I’m used to reading books. 24.be used to do ...被用于做... 25.be used for doing被用于做.... e.g. A pen is used to write. e.g. A pen is used for writing. 26.sth be used by sb. ....被....使用 e.g. My motorbike is used by my brother. 27.be afraid of 害怕.... e.g. I can’t be afraid of swimming. 28.be sure of 对...有把握 e.g. I’m sure of becoming a English teacher. 29.be sure to do 肯定能做.... e.g. I’m sure to change my life. 30.be sure that+句子确信、肯定.. e.g. I am sure that he will make mistakes in study. 31.be interested in对...感兴趣interesting修饰物品 e.g. He is interested in the history book. 32.be terrified of害怕... e.g. Everyone is terrified of death. 33.be afraid to do =be afraid of doing 害怕做..... e.g. He is afraid to stay at home alone. e.g. He is afraid of staying at home alone. 34.spend time in doing sth花费时间、金钱做.... 35.spend time on sth花费时间、金钱在....上 e.g. I usually spend much time on study, but I still can not study well. e.g. She often spend much time in doing her homework. 36.not...any more..不再... e.g. Jim isn’t mad at me anynore. 37.in the last few years在过去的几年里（常用于现在完成时） e.g. Have you ever been changed in the last few years? 38.worry about =be worried about 担心、忧... e.g. Will you be worried about me? 39.make sb do sth让...做... 40.It’s much more difficult to do ....做....困难得多 e.g. It’s much more difficult to study grammar.
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名词 含义：表示人、事物、地方、现象或抽象概念等的名称的词。 注：1.专有名词是指人、地方、团体、机构等特有的名称。第一个字母必须大写。专有名词前一般不加冠词。 2、有普通名词构成的专有名词前要用定冠词―the‖，但它不大写。 3、有些不可数名词有时表示为具体的东西时，则变为可数名词，而且意思上也有了变化。 Eg：beer ----a beer 一杯啤酒 work--- a work 工厂，著作 glass---a glass 一个玻璃杯 room空间---a room一个房间 二、名词的数：表示可以计算数目的人或物称为可数名词。 可数名词有单、复数两种形式：可数名词的单数形式要在名词前加―a或an‖；复数形式是在名词后加―-s或-es‖。名词复数形式有规则变化和不规则变化两种 1 2. 可数名词复数的不规则变化 ①改变单数名词中的元音字母
eg. man--men, woman—women, tooth—teeth, foot—feet, mouse--mice ②单复数同形eg. Chinese-Chinese, deer-deer, fish-fish, sheep-sheep, ③由man 和woman构成的合成词, 每个名词都要变复数 eg. a man doctor— men doctors, a woman teacher--women teachers 注: 有些名词表示一种物体具有不可分割的相同的两部分,在使用时只有复数形式 eg. trousers, clothes, glasses, shorts, etc; 有些名词从形式上看是复数, 实际上是单数(其后的谓语动词要用单数). eg. maths , physics, politics, news 3. 不可数名词：表示不能计算数目的人或物，称为不可数名词。他们前面不能用a/an,没有复数形式。物质名词和抽象名词都属于不可数名词。不可数名词一般只有单数形式, 但有其特殊用法: (1)同一个词,变成复数形式, 意义不同。eg. food 食物--- foods 各种食物， time 时间--- times 时代，green 绿色---greens 青菜 (2)有些不可数名词用复数代指具体的事物 eg. hope ---hopes 希望hardship --- hardships 艰苦 (3)物质名词在表示数量时,常用某个量词+of来表示 eg. a cup of tea, seven pieces of bread, several bags of rice 三、名词的所有格 名词的所有格是表示名词之间的所有关系,有两种表示形式, 一种是在名词后+‘s；另一种是用of, 表示―……的‖。 1. (1) 一般词的所有格, 直接在词尾加‘s。eg. Mr. Mott‘s robot, children‘s clothes (2) 以s结尾的名词所有格只在词尾加‘ 。eg. teachers‘ books (3) 两人共有的物体, 则在第二个名词后+‘s; 如果分别是两人所有, 则在每个名词后面加‘s。eg. Lucy and Lily‘s room. (指两人共住一个房间) Mrs Green‘s and Mrs Brown‘s son. (指两人各自的儿子) (4) 表示某具体场所时, 所有格后面的名词可省略 eg. the doctor‘s (office) Mr. White‘s 2.(1) 没有生命的事物一般用of 短语来表示所属关系。 eg. the wall of the classroom，a picture of the bedroom， (2) 名词的的定语较长时,有生命的事物也可用of短语表示。 eg. a long story of a 50-year-old man (4)双重所有格eg. a friend of his, the big nose of Tom‘s (5)有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词，也可以加‘s来构成所有 格。 eg. ten minutes‘ walk, today‘s newspaper 例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！ 1. They got much _____ from those new books. A. ideas B. photos C. news D. stories 解析: much 是用来修饰不可数名词的, A B D三个选项均是可是名词的复数形式, C项为不可数名词, 因此选C. 2. I have two _______ and three bottles of _________ here. A. orange, orange B. oranges, oranges C. oranges, orange D. orange, oranges 解析: orange 有两种含义, 一种可数名词橘子, 另一种是不可数名词橘汁, 此题第一空应填
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(5) 不规则变化： well-better, much/many-more, etc. 3.可数词的复数形式 Most nouns + s a book –books Nouns ending in a consonant +y - y+ ies a story—stories Nouns ending in s, sh, ch or x + es a glass—glasses a watch-watches Nouns ending in o +s or +es a piano—pianos a mango—mangoes Nouns ending in f or fe - f or fe +ves a knife –knives a shelf-shelves 4.不可数名词(单复数形式不变) bread, rice, water ,juice etc. 5.缩略形式 I’m = I am you’re = you are she’s = she is he’s = he is it’s = it is who’s =who is can’t =can not isn’t=is not etc 6. a/an
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4.7形容词与副词的比较级 4.8as + 形容词或副词原级 + as 4.9比较级形容词或副词 + than 4.10可修饰比较级的词 4.11many,old 和 far 4.12the + 最高级 + 比较范围 4.13和more有关的词组 5.动词 5.1系动词 5.2什么是助动词 5.3助动词be的用法 5.4助动词have的用法 5.5助动词do的用法 5.6助动词shall和will的用法5.7助动词should和would的用法5.8短语动词 5.9非谓语动词 6.动名词 6.1动名词作主语、宾语和表语6.2Worth的用法 7动词不定式 7.1不定式作宾语 7.2不定式作补语 7.3不定式主语 7.4It's for sb.和 It's of sb. 7.5不定式作表语 7.6不定式作定语 7.7不定式作状语 7.8用作介词的to 7.9省to 的动词不定式 7.10动词不定式的否定式 7.11不定式的特殊句型too…to… 7.12不定式的特殊句型so as to 7.13不定式的特殊句型Why not 7.147不定式的时态和语态 7.15动名词与不定式 8.特殊词精讲 8.1stop doing/to do 8.2forget doing/to do 8.3remember doing/to do 8.4regret doing/to do 8.5cease doing/to do 8.6try doing/to do 8.7go on doing/to do
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