大学英语跨文化案例分析
Case 1:
An Interview in India
Case analysis: The case is about an interview between an American program host and an Indian interviewee. They talk about some aspects of Indian culture and the changes occurred these years. The case reflects some basic cultural elements people may find in all cultures: language, family pattern, marriage, wedding ceremony, food and the way to eat food, etc. From this case, guide the students in culture study and culture comparison. The students should realize that there are both similarities and differences in culture. Culture is in fact very dynamic and pervasive.
案例是关于美国的节目主持人和印度的受访者之间的会谈。他们谈论印度文化的某些方面的变化发生了这些年。该案件反映了一些基本的文化元素的人可能在所有文化中找到：语言，家庭模式，结婚，婚礼，食物和吃的食物等等。从这个案例中，引导学生在学习文化和文化比较的方式。学生应该认识到，有既有相似之处，文化的差异。文化其实是非常有活力的和普遍的。
Case 2:
White Dress
Case analysis: The Indian women might think the wedding ceremony is a funeral if they see the western bride in white gown. The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text. Culture is like an iceberg: we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures, but we do not know the values underneath. Culture is like the water a fish swims in: people wear dress of different colors for different context but they usually take it for granted and never ask why.
印度女人可能会认为婚礼是一个葬礼，如果他们看到白色长衫西部新娘。案件反映在文本中明喻和暗喻。文化就像一座冰山：我们可以找出妇女在不同文化所穿的衣服的颜色，但我们不知道下面的值。文化是像鱼一样游在水：人们穿着不同颜色的礼服不同的环境，但他们通常认为理所当然，从来没有问为什么。
Case 3:
The French in North America
Case analysis: The French were able to see Indian behavior only in the light of their own hierarchical social system, where it is natural for the few to command and the many to obey. Social systems that worked on other principles were literally unimaginable.
法国人只能看到印度的行为，只有在他们自己的层次的社会制度，在那里是很自然的为数不多的指挥和许多服从。在其他原则上工作的社会系统是不可想象的。
Case 4:
Coconut-skating
Case analysis: The case reflects the characteristics of culture. We can tell from the case that culture is pervasive and it’s learned. People may invent different ways for things even as simple as the issue of floor moping. The Philippine woman must have learned this way of mopping from her own culture.
案例体现了文化的特征。我们可以从文化是普遍的和它的学习的情况。人们可以发明的东西，不同的方式，即使是简单的问题，拖地。菲律宾女人必须学习这种方式拖离自己的文化
Case 5:
A Black Girl’s Identity
Case analysis: Although we may say that identities are constituted by our communication, it is obvious from the case that we cannot simply choose at any moment what our identity will be regardless of the context. First, we often do not share the recipe for certain identities with others even if we belong to the same ethnicity, gender, or nationality. Understanding this can help us avoid some of the broad assumptions made about groups of people based on the reflective way of thinking. Second, as we learned in the very first chapter, all meaning in communication is to some extent situational. Thus, the context mediates what identities we can choose. Sometimes one may have no control over, such as age or skin color, are seen as essential parts of how one communicates an identity.
尽管我们可能说,身份是由我们的沟通,很明显的情况下,我们不能简单地选择随时将不管我们的身份背景。首先,我们通常不与他人分享特定身份的秘诀即使我们属于同一种族,性别或国籍。理解这个可以帮助我们避免一些关于群体的广泛的假设基于反射的思维方式。其次,在第一章,我们学习了沟通的意义都是在某种程度上的态势。因此,调节上下文中我们可以选择什么身份。有时你可能无法控制,如年龄或肤色,被视为如何通信身份的重要部分。Case 6
Hippies
Case analysis: Hippies could be defined as a subgroup, as the hippies culture tends to be temporary. In modern American society, hippies culture could also find traits, but it has wide spread influence on American value system.
嬉皮士可以被定义为一组，如嬉皮士文化往往是暂时的。在现代美国社会，嬉皮士文化也可以找到的特征，但它具有广泛的传播美国价值观的影响。
Case 7
Clean up the Bathroom!
Case analysis: Cultural differences decide the two students are going to communicate in different ways. The Chinese student wants the American student to understand the underlying means of his words, but the American student is used to the direct style of communication. This is decided by culture. In Chinese culture, people want to save face of both themselves and others, so they would not express their ideas directly. However, in the United States, unless you express yourself clearly and directly, the others cannot understand you.
文化差异决定了两个学生以不同的方式进行交流。中国的学生希望美国的学生理解他的话的基本手段，但美国学生是用来直接的沟通方式。这是由文化决定的。在中国文化中，人们想保存自己和他人的面子，所以他们不会直接表达自己的想法。然而，在美国，除非你清楚地、直接地表达你自己，否则别人就无法理解你。
Case 8:
She Has Three Hands
This case can reflect the different communication styles between Chinese and Canadians. In western cultures, communication is the means of transmitting ideas. Western people usually communicate directly with each other. That is why the Canadian in this case says what is in his mind directly in front of the Chinese woman without hiding anything. While Chinese culture stresses harmony and emphasizes the relationships between the communicators. Chinese people view communication as a process where all parties are searching to develop and maintain a social relationship. So the Chinese woman in this case tries not to argue with the Canadian face to face to keep the “harmonious relationship” between them.
这种情况可以反映出中国人和加拿大人之间的不同的沟通方式。在西方文化中，传播
是传播思想的手段。西方人通常直接与对方交流。这就是为什么加拿大在这种情况下，说什么是在他的脑海中直接在中国女人面前，没有隐藏任何东西。而中国文化强调和谐，强调传播者之间的关系。中国人把交往视为一个各方都在寻找发展和维护社会关系的过程。因此，在这种情况下，中国女性试图不与加拿大面对面的争论，保持他们之间的“和谐关系”。Case 9:
A Piece of Cake
This case wants us to recognize some components of communication. Sender/source refers to the person who transmits a message. Receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message. Context refers to a setting or situation within which communication takes place. In this case, Marilyn and Richard are simultaneously the senders and receivers. And their room, where the communication event happens and which makes the couple feel comfortable and relaxed, is just the context.
这种情况下要我们认识沟通的一些组件。发送方/源是指传递消息的人。接收机是任何通知和给人一些意义的信息。上下文是指设置或情况的沟通。在这种情况下,玛丽莲和理查德同时发送方和接收方。和他们的房间,沟通事件发生,令这对夫妇感到舒适和放松,只是背景。
Case 10:
The Place to Have Lunch
This case reflects that communication is contextual, which means that communication does not happen in isolation and it must happen within a setting or context. Whether this context is quiet or noisy is important to the smoothness of communication. When the communication event is disturbed by noise, the communication can not go smoothly. In this case, 这种情况反映了通信是有前后联系的，这意味着通信的发生并不是独立的，它必须发生在一个环境或前后联系里。这种语境是否是安静的或嘈杂的，是重要的沟通的顺畅。当通信事件受到噪声的干扰时，在这种情况下，通信不能顺利进行。
Case 11:
Making an Appointment
This case can reflect how culture affects its communication style. Each culture encourages a particular communication style expected within it. This implies not only using correct symbols, but also applying the appropriate communication style for the occasion. Communication styles include mannerisms, phrases, rituals, and communication customs appropriate for various situations in a culture. In this case, knowing the communication style of the Americans which is characterized by direct, exacting and instrumental, the exporter manager fulfills his job successfully.
这种情况可以反映文化如何影响它的沟通风格。每种文化都鼓励一种特定的沟通风格。这意味着不仅使用正确的符号，而且还应用适当的通信风格的场合。沟通方式包括语言、短语、礼仪、沟通习惯在各种情况下的适当的文化。在这种情况下，了解美国人的沟通方式的特点是直接的，严格的和有帮助的，出口商经理履行他的工作顺利。
Case 12:
Why Don’t You Eat the Pizza?
This case can reflect the problems appearing during intercultural communication and how ignoring cultural differences can affect communication. In Malaysia, where most people are Muslims, people think the left hand is used only for cleaning the body and thus it is dirty and can not be used to pass food. Knowing nothing about the cultural difference, the American student
puts himself in an embarrassing situation.
这种情况可以反映在跨文化交际中出现的问题，以及如何忽略文化差异会影响沟通。在马来西亚，大多数人都是穆斯林，人们认为左手只用于清洁身体，因此它是脏的，不能用来传递食物。美国的学生对文化差异一无所知，把自己放在一个尴尬的境地。
Case 13:
We and They?
This case reflects that in intercultural communication, people always regard themselves as the best group in the world. This is actually inappropriate and should be avoided.
这种情况反映了在跨文化交际中，人们总是把自己视为世界上最好的群体。这实际上是不恰当的，应该避免。
Case 14:
Perception of War
This case can reflect different cultures can give different influences on human perception. People can have very different perceptions even on the same object or phenomenon because they have different cultures and are living in the different social realities. In this case, Jim and Olga have very different attitudes and perceptions towards historical events because their nations’ different experiences and histories.
这种情况可以反映不同的文化可以给人类的感知不同的影响。人们可以有非常不同的看法，即使在同一个对象或现象，因为他们有不同的文化和生活在不同的社会现实。在这种情况下，吉姆和奥尔加有非常不同的态度和对历史事件的看法，因为他们的国家的不同的经验和历史。
Case 15:
Observations on a Soldier
This case can reflect the basic model of human perception. Human being is equipped to sense the outside stimuli and perceive the outside world. And the perception follows a certain model—after being gained through the five basic senses, information is processed through selection, organization and interpretation. In this case, Sherlock Holmes and Mycroft did observations on the soldier according to the basic model of human perception. They selected some useful information which they gained from outside world through their five basic senses, organized it in a reasonable logic and then attached meanings to it.
这种情况可以反映人类感知的基本模型。人是具备感知外部刺激和感知外部世界的能力的。感知遵循一定的模型后，通过五个基本的感官，信息处理，通过选择，组织和解释。在这种情况下，福尔摩斯和Mycroft在士兵观察根据人类认知的基本模式。他们选择了一些有用的信息，他们从外部世界获得通过他们的五个基本的感官，组织在一个合理的逻辑，然后附加的意义。
Case 16:
Different Responses to Noise
This case can reflect different culture can give different influences on human sensation. No two of people can assume that their sensations are the same, especially when they come from different cultures. Different social reality and living conditions can equip them with different way to sense the world. So it is very common for them to have totally different sensations even towards the same condition. In this case, the German professor and Japanese professor have very different response to the noise produced by the same motor for the heating system because of their cultures and living habits.
这种情况可以反映不同的文化可以给人类的感觉不同的影响。没有两个人可以假设他们的感觉是一样的，尤其是当他们来自不同的文化。不同的社会现实和生活条件可以使他们用不同的方式来感知世界。因此，它是非常常见的，他们有完全不同的感觉，甚至对相同的条件。在这种情况下，德国教授和日本教授有非常不同的反应由相同的电机产生的噪音，因为他们的文化和生活习惯的加热系统。
Case 17:
What Is Black?
This case can reflect we have some barriers to accurate perception in intercultural communication. We have the ability to perceive the outside world, but we cannot always get the accurate perceptions, especially when we do the perception on other cultures, we often give the inaccurate and negative perceptions. In this case, on discussing the impersonal color “black”, we give so many bad and negative meanings while black pupils can give some objective descriptions and associations about the color. The barriers can include ignoring details, over-generalizing, holding on to preconceptions and stereotypes imposing consistency, preconnecting causes and effects, preferring simple explanations, ignoring circumstances, crediting irrelevant information and focusing on the negative.
这种情况可以反映我们在跨文化交际中的准确知觉的一些障碍。我们有感知外部世界的能力，但我们不能总是得到准确的看法，尤其是当我们对其他文化的感知，我们往往给不准确的和负面的看法。在这种情况下，讨论非个人的颜色“黑色”，我们给了这么多的坏和消极的意义，而黑人学生可以给一些客观的描述和关联的颜色。障碍包括忽略细节，过度概括，抱着先入为主的偏见和成见强加的一致性，预连接，原因和影响，更喜欢简单的解释，,忽视环境,相信无关信息和负面关注。
Case 18:
Are Perceptions Always Right?
This case can reflect our perceptions on outside world are not always right, especially when we do perceptions on other cultures. We usually perceive others according to our own culture. This can lead to ineffective intercultural communication. In this case Pat and Chris gave inaccurate and negative perceptions on Akira and Michiko just because of their.
Irresponsible judgment and they also gave completely positive perceptions on Marie just because of their simple expectations. In order to avoid the inaccurate perceptions, we need some skills, including increase your understanding of the perceptual process; increase your observational acuity; recognize the elements to which you attribute meaning; check your perceptions; increase your Awareness of perceptual inaccuracies and compensate for them ;increase your awareness of others’ perceptions of you; and develop social decentering, empathy, and other-orientation.
这种情况可以反映我们对外界的看法并不总是正确的，尤其是当我们对其他文化的看法。我们通常根据我们自己的文化去看待别人。这会导致无效的跨文化交际。在这种情况下，帕特和克里斯给了不准确的和负面的看法，对阿基拉夫妇只是因为他们的不负责任的判断。他们也给了玛丽完全积极的看法，只是因为他们简单的期望。为了避免不正确的认知，我们需要一些技巧，包括增加你的感知过程的理解；提高你的观察力；认识元素，你属性的含义；检查你的知觉；增加你的感知不准确的认识和对它们进行补偿；增加你对他人对你的认识；发展社会偏心，同情，和其他定位。
Case 20:
Chinese Hospitality — Overdone
This case reflects that sometimes people unconsciously assume that people from another culture may behave in a way which is similar to theirs. The Chinese usually attach a lot of importance to taking care of their guests. When it comes to a foreign visitor, Chinese hospitality is usually more than what can be understood by a Westerner, who is uncomfortable when he is always surrounded by people attempting to be kind. Concerning this case, Hong tried to respect her traditions and her friend by doing more than she could really afford to do for Joe's visit, having no idea that Joe ended up feeling frustrated.
这种情况反映，有时人们不自觉地认为，从另一种文化的人可能会表现在一种类似于他们的方式。中国人通常很重视照顾他们的客人。当它涉及到一个外国游客，中国酒店通常是比什么可以被西方人理解，谁不舒服时，他总是被人试图友善。在这种情况下，香港试图尊重她的传统和她的朋友做得比她真正负担得起的乔的访问，不知道乔最终感到沮丧。Case 21:
A Danish Woman in New York
This case can reflect assuming similarity instead of difference. When communicating with people from another culture, one is likely to regard and treat other people as “his people” and to assume there must be only one way of doing things: that is “his way”. In this case, the Danish woman assumes that her behavior of leaving the baby alone, which is common in Denmark, is also appropriate in New York. Here, she assumes what is suitable in her own culture is also indisputable in another culture. That is why the small conflict happens.
这种情况可以反映假设的相似性，而不是差异。当与来自另一种文化的人进行交流时，一个人很可能会把别人视为“他的人民”，并认为只有一种方式：“他的方式”。在这种情况下，丹麦妇女认为，她的行为留下婴儿独自一人，这是常见的在丹麦，也是适当的在纽约。在这里，她假设什么是适合自己的文化也是不争的另一种文化。这就是为什么小冲突发生的原因。
Case 22:
Ambiguous Time
This case can reflect ethnocentrism. Cultures train their members to use the categories of their own cultural experiences when judging the experiences of people from other cultures. They will believe that their culture is the center of the world and their standard should be the role model for the rest of the world. Concerning this case, somehow Chinese people have habitually referred 12:00 a.m. as the time around lunchtime, making 12 : 00 p.m. midnight. Fortunately, the way they tell other times are the same as that used in the States, so there's usually no misunderstanding between people from the two cultures. However, there is this one difference and Fan learns it by paying a fine since she may hold that her culture is the center of the world.
这种情况下可以反映出民族中心主义。在判断来自其他文化的人的经验时，文化训练他们的成员使用他们自己的文化经验的类别。他们会相信他们的文化是世界的中心，他们的标准应该是世界其他人的榜样。在这个例子中，不知何故，中国人习惯性地称为在中午12:00午餐时间，在下午十二点的午夜。幸运的是，他们告诉其他时间的方式是相同的，在美国，所以通常没有人之间的误解，从两种文化。然而，这是一个区别，她学习它通过支付罚款，因为她可以认为，她的文化是世界的中心。
Case 23:
Girl-ness
This case can reflect one of the translation problems: the lack of conceptual equivalence, which refers to abstract ideas that may not exist in the same fashion in different languages.
Different cultures may attach different meanings to the same thing or person. Concerning this case, we should know what young females call themselves is very different in China from the States. In China, "girl" means someone who is young and single. In a way, it makes a female sound more desirable to be called a girl rather than a woman. For most people, "woman" means someone who is married and who probably is not young. In fact, most single Chinese females, such as university students, would be insulted to be called "women". While in the West, in formal, public settings, it is customary to call any woman who is past puberty a woman, even though she may not be legally old enough to vote, marry, purchase alcoholic beverages, drive a car, or sign a contract. This terminology became widespread during the "women's liberation movement in the 1960s". The term "'girl" is sometimes interpreted to be demeaning or disrespectful.
这种情况可以反映一个翻译问题：缺乏概念上的对等，这是指抽象的想法，可能不存在在不同的语言在相同的方式。不同的文化可以对同一事物或人有不同的意义。关于这种情况，我们应该知道什么年轻女性称自己在中国是非常不同的国家。在中国，“女孩”指的是一个年轻和单身的人。在一种方式，它使一个女性的声音更可取的被称为一个女孩，而不是一个女人。对于大多数人来说，“女人”意味着有一个已婚的人，而且可能不是年轻的人。事实上，大多数单一的中国女性，如大学生，会被侮辱被称为“妇女”。而在西方，在正式的，公共的设置，它是习惯称为任何女人谁是过去的青春期一个女人，即使她可能没有合法的老投票，结婚，购买酒精饮料，开车，或签署一份合同。这一术语在20世纪60年代的“妇女解放运动”中广泛流传。术语“'girl”有时被解释为是贬低或不尊重。
Case 24:
An Unfair Decision
This case reflects prejudice, which involves an unfair, biased, or intolerant attitude towards another group of people. In this case, Mr. Bias decided to select someone else, instead of applicant from the country Levadel, for the position. That is just because he holds prejudice towards people from the country Levadel.
这种情况反映了偏见，涉及一个不公平的，有偏见的，或不宽容的态度对待另一组人。在这种情况下，偏见先生决定选择别人，而不是申请人国家levadel，的位置。那是因为他对国人的偏见，从levadel。
Case 25:
Success Story
One of the sources of the frustration and misunderstandings that occurred in this case was different notions of what was verbally relevant. In this case, Mary was expecting a much more direct response to her question. Ms. Goshima, however, was uncomfortable with the question and felt her response should be very indirect and establish a proper sense of modesty before revealing the answer to the question. If Mary had been more patient, she would have eventually heard the answer to her question, but she was not really paying attention when it finally came because she felt that Ms. Goshima's comments weren't really relevant to her query.
在这种情况下发生的挫折和误解的来源之一是不同的概念，什么是口头有关。在这种情况下，玛丽期待一个更直接的回应对她的问题。goshima女士，然而，有问题不舒服，觉得她的反应应该是非常间接揭示答案的阙前建立适当的谦逊感我的问题。如果玛丽有更多的耐心，她最终会听到回答她的问题，但她并没有真正关注当它终于来了，因为她觉得goshima 女士的评论并不是她真的相关查询。
Case 26
Slogans and the Importance of Language
The intercultural encounters we experience are not only influenced by language and perceptual differences, and language choice based on restricted and elaborated social situations, but also on language and how it is translated for members of a culture. For many reasons linguistic interpretation and semantics provide the source of numerous misunderstandings. For instance, an insurance company discovered that fires inadvertently occurred because warehouse employees acted carelessly around "empty" barrels of gasoline, although they previously had exercised great caution around "full" drums of gasoline. The terms full and empty seem to mask the real danger in working with gasoline drums. Empty drums are extremely combustible, while full drums pose far less threat. The linguistic perception of the word empty in the general culture signified null or void, but in the work culture of volatile products like gasoline the semantic "interpretation" was disastrous. A story is told of a Christian Scientist who refused to take vitamins, since the recommender described them as "medicine." However, the same person gladly took the vitamins when he was told they were "food."
我们的跨文化交际的遭遇，不仅受语言和感性的差异，和语言选择的基础上限制和阐述的社会情况，但也对语言和它是如何翻译的文化成员。因为许多原因，语言解释和语义提供了许多误解的来源。例如，一家保险公司发现，火灾不经意间发生，因为仓库员工的行为不小心围绕“空”桶的汽油，虽然他们以前曾行使极大的谨慎周围“全”的汽油桶。满是空的条款似乎掩盖了在汽油桶工作的真正危险。空鼓是非常易燃的，而充分鼓构成少得多的威胁。一般文化中“空”这个词的语言理解为“无效”或“空洞”，但在汽油等挥发性物质的工作文化中，语义的“解释”是灾难性的。一个故事是告诉一个基督教科学家拒绝服用维生素，因为推荐人说他们是“医学”，但是，同一个人很高兴地服用维生素，当他被告知他们是“食物”。
Case 28
Two Different Communication Styles
The dialogue takes place between a young couple who have been dating for a short time. The man is a U.S. student, and the woman is from an Asian culture. Note the misunderstanding that results as a consequence of the use of direct and indirect modes of communication.
In all likelihood, Jim is not going to get much of an answer from Michiko. She continues throughout the dialogue using rather general answers to Jim's very specific and direct questions about her feelings toward the United States. Michiko might believe that Jim is being far too direct and invading her privacy. Besides, the fact that she has traveled halfway around the world should lie indicative of her desire to be here, right? There must he something about the United States that attracted her. Michiko cannot possibly say some?thing critical about the United States because she would lose face, as would Jim, as a native. She relies on imprecise and indefinite answers.
对话发生在一对年轻的情侣之间，他们已经约会了很短的时间。该名男子是一名美国学生，而该女子是来自亚洲文化。注意结果的误解，结果是使用直接和间接的通信方式。
在所有的可能性，吉姆不打算从道子得到很多答案。她继续在整个对话中使用相当普遍的答案，吉姆的非常具体和直接的问题，她对美国的感情。Michiko可能认为吉姆说话太直接了，侵犯了她的隐私。此外，事实上，她已经走遍了世界各地应该躺在表示她渴望在这里，对吗？必须有一些关于美国的东西吸引了她。美智子说一些事情不可能?美国关键的因为她会丢面子，吉姆也一样，作为一个土生土长的。她依靠不精确的和不确定的答案。Case 29
Misunderstanding
Idioms are simply statements that are not strictly true, but their meaning is understood by a group of people. If you ask what happened to Martha and people say, "She kicked the bucket," it does not mean that she literally did this; it means she died. Just like in the case my student's friend did not literally mean that Shang should get out of the apartment. Idioms are common in all cultures, but when used in intercultural settings they can create a lot of confusion. One potential area of misunderstanding related to idioms is when to use them and with whom. For example, I would not use the "kick the bucket" idiom just any setting or with just any person. If I am talking with my grandmother and I am going to tell her about someone who has died, I may use what is often perceived as a gentler idiom and say the person has "passed away." Understanding the context of when an idiom is appropriate or sensible is part of intercultural knowledge.
成语是不是严格意义上的陈述，但他们的意义是由一组人理解的。如果你问玛莎和别人发生了什么，“她踢了桶，”这并不意味着她真的这样做了，这意味着她死了。就好像我的学生的朋友并没有从字面上说，上应该离开公寓。习语在所有文化中都很普遍，但是在跨文化交际中，它们会产生很多的困惑。一个潜在的误解相关的成语是什么时候使用他们和谁。例如，我不会使用“踢桶”的成语只是任何设置或与任何人。如果我与我的祖母说，我要告诉她关于人死了，我可以用什么通常被认为是一个温和的成语，说一个人已经“去世”。理解语境在成语是适当的或明智的是跨文化知识的一部分。
Case 31
Going Out to Eat
In the interaction, Jim is a student at a local university. He was born and raised in the United States. Akira is an exchange student from Japan. Jim and Akira are eating dinner together in a local restaurant. They have known each other for only a short time. Not only is Jim's style of communication overtly personal, but he's also quite direct.
Jim is trying to involve Akira in the conversation by relating to him his personal experiences and preferences. Jim uses the first person "I" no fewer than eleven times and even refers to Akira as "Buddy." Akira never refers to himself in the first person; Akira generally defers to Jim and says little, even addressing Jim as "Mr. Jim." As a foreigner, Akira probably sees Jim as socially superior and uses a formal title. Moreover, rather than talking about his per?sonal preferences, Akira mentions that Japanese people enjoy restaurants.
在互动中，吉姆是当地一所大学的学生。他出生和成长在美国。阿基拉是一个来自日本的交换学生。吉姆和阿基拉一起在当地的一家餐馆一起吃晚饭。他们已经认识了很短的时间了。不仅是吉姆的沟通方式公开的个人，但他也很直接。
吉姆试图让阿基拉在谈话中涉及到他自己的个人经验和喜好。吉姆用第一人称“我”不少于十一次，甚至称阿基拉为“朋友”。阿基拉从来没有提到自己的第一人；阿基拉一般按照吉姆说的小，甚至称呼吉姆为“吉姆先生”。作为一个外国人，阿基拉可能认为吉姆是社会上的用途一个正式的头衔。此外，而不是谈论他的每?个人喜好，阿基拉提到日本人喜欢的餐馆。
Case 32:
What Is Wrong with the Interaction?
This case can reflect different nonverbal communication patterns exist in the actual intercultural communication. Nonverbal communication differs according to different cultures. People might have different opinions about the proper space, time, body language and paralanguage. If we don’t pay attention to intercultural nonverbal communication, we will have some
misunderstanding and conflict. In this case, Jim (an American), Mitsuko and Akira (two Japanese) belong to totally different cultures; they have very different opinions about the space and body languages. Therefore, Mitsuko and Akira felt uncomfortable when Jim gave some exaggerated body language and kept close space distance in communication.
这种情况可以反映出在实际的跨文化交际中存在的不同的非语言交际模式。非语言交际根据不同的文化不同而不同。人们可能会有适当的空间，不同的意见的时候，身体语言和副语言。如果我们不注意跨文化的非言语交际，我们会有一些误解和冲突。在这种情况下，吉姆（美国）、光子和阿基拉（日本）属于完全不同的文化；他们有非常不同的观点关于空间和身体语言。因此，光子和阿基拉感到不舒服时，吉姆给了一些夸张的肢体语言和密切的空间距离的沟通。
Case 33:
Are Americans Indifferent?
This case can reflect different nonverbal communication patterns exist in the actual intercultural communication, especially facial expression differ according to different cultures. Compared to most Chinese, Americans like to smile a lot and to have causal and rich facial expressions in their daily lives, even though they have some misfortune. In this case, because of the different opinions about facial expressions in intercultural communication, the American lady talked about her father’s sickness and death in a smiling way to show she still has the optimistic way to treat the future life, which is misunderstood as being indifferent and selfish by the Chinese.
这种情况可以反映出不同的非语言交际模式在实际的跨文化交际中存在，尤其是面部表情根据不同的文化不同而存在差异。与大多数中国人相比，美国人喜欢微笑，在日常生活中有因果和丰富的面部表情，即使他们有一些不幸。在这种情况下，由于在跨文化交际中的面部表情的不同意见，美国夫人在一个微笑的方式谈论她父亲的疾病和死亡，显示她仍然有乐观的方式来对待未来的生活，这是误解为冷漠和自私的中国人。
Case 34:
What Is Sue’s Problem?
This case can reflect nonverbal intercultural communication should be according to the different context, too. Context refers to the actual setting when communication occurs and is also important in nonverbal communication. In this case, Sue knew how to wai and she knew that bowing was generally important in the Thai culture, but, as is so easy to do in a new environment, she forgot to consider the context. Relational hierarchy is very important in Thailand. Sue’s deferential actions may have appropriate in certain settings, but given her status of elder visitor such actions directed toward the children were extremely confusing and uncomfortable for the students and teachers alike.
这种情况下，也可以反映非语言的跨文化交际也应根据不同的语境，语境是指交际发生时的实际设置，在非言语交际中也很重要。在这种情况下，苏知道如何围，她知道，鞠躬在泰国文化中是非常重要的，但在一个新的环境中是很容易做的，她忘了考虑背景。关系层次在泰国是非常重要的。苏的恭敬的行为可能在某些设置恰当，但给她老年游客这种行为指向孩子的情况非常混乱和不舒服的学生和教师。
Case 35:
A Quarrel
This case can reflect the different use and understanding of silence can influence the actual intercultural communication. Different culture might have different interpretations to the silence.
The Eastern culture usually attaches more meanings to silence, while the most western cultures consider silence to be absence of communication and most rude communicative behavior. In this case, Li Hua wanted to provide the opportunity for them to calm down and think about the matters carefully and so she kept silence, while this silence was misunderstood by Smith as the absence of communication and he might think Li Hua looked down upon him and became angrier.
这种情况可以反映不同的使用和理解的沉默可以影响实际的跨文化交际。不同的文化对沉默有不同的解释。东方文化通常是在沉默中赋予更多的意义，而大多数西方文化认为沉默是没有沟通和最粗鲁的交际行为。在这种情况下，李华想要使他们冷静下来，仔细考虑一下事件，所以她保持沉默的机会，而这种沉默被Smith误解为没有沟通，他可能认为李华看不起他，更加愤怒。
Case 36:
Don’t Put Your Hand on My Arm
This case can reflect different cultures have different opinions to spatial relations. Different cultures have very different opinions about an individual’s unconsciously structuring the microspace immediately surrounding the physical body. Some cultures can have relatively close distance when communicating while other cultures cannot. Some western cultures consider body touch between people of the same gender to be cultural taboo and a symbol of being homosexual. In this case, Sam is from western cultures and knows the social taboo of body touch very clearly, so he wouldn’t let others misunderstand Mark’s close body distance and touch with him, even though Mark from Chile doesn’t know the cultural taboo at all.
这种情况可以反映不同的文化对空间关系有不同的看法。不同的文化有不同的意见，一个人的无意识结构的空间周围的身体。有些文化在交流时可以有较近的距离，而其他文化则不能。一些西方文化认为同一性别的人与同性之间的身体接触是文化禁忌，是同性恋的象征。在这种情况下，山姆是来自西方文化，知道身体接触的社会禁忌非常清楚，所以他不会让别人误解马克的身体距离和接触，即使马克从智利不知道在所有的文化禁忌。
Case 37:
What’s wrong?
This case can reflect different gestures can represent different meanings in different cultures and misuse of some gestures can lead to ineffective intercultural communication. For example, the common “OK”gesture means being good and friendly in some western countries such as USA, while in Latin America it represent something dirty and obscene. Therefore, in this case, the gesture of the American politician is really a disaster and it hurt the people in this Latin American country and also made himself to be unwelcome person.
这种情况下，可以反映不同的手势可以代表不同的含义，在不同的文化和滥用一些手势可能会导致无效的跨文化交际。例如，常见的“确定”的手势意味着在一些西方国家，如美国，是好的和友好的，而在拉丁美洲，它代表了一些肮脏和下流的东西。因此，在这种情况下，美国政治家的姿态真的是一场灾难，它伤害了这个拉美国家的人民，也使自己成为一个不受欢迎的人。
Case 38:
An American Librarian’s Puzzle
This case can reflect the meanings shown by facial expressions and gestures differ according to different cultures in intercultural communication. For example, the smile in China can convey lots of meaning, such as being friendly and attentive and nodding one’s head in China is not
always to say “yes”, sometimes it is just to say “I’m listening.”While in USA, nodding one’s head and smiling is usually to say “yes”and show agreement. Therefore, in this case, the American Librarian misunderstood the Chinese student Zhu Xiaohua’s facial expression and gesture –nodding and smiling and felt quite puzzled.
这种情况下，可以反映面部表情和手势所表现出的含义不同，根据不同的文化在跨文化交际。例如，在中国的微笑可以传达很多的意义，如在中国的友好和细心，点头是不总是说“是”，有时只是说“我在听”，而在美国，点头和微笑通常是说“是”和显示协议。因此，在这种情况下，美国的图书管理员误解了中国学生朱小华的面部表情和手势–点头微笑，感到很困惑。
Case 39:
Marriage and Social Status
Shaheed was disappointed, but he understood the problem and accepted the situation. However, in part because of different worldviews, this story really bothers .many Americans. How many differences in worldviews did you recognize in this experience? I count at least five. For example, an American would have felt that the hierarchical nature of the situation that helped to establish the concern in the first place was inherently wrong. Shaheed and the woman would be seen as equals. In addition, if there were to be any differences between the two, they should have been determined by achievement, not ascribed to the individuals by birth. Third, the decision to go with what is wanted by the families or groups involved is in line with a collectivistic approach rather than an individualistic approach, which would have encouraged each person to do what was best for him- or her-self. Fourth, Shaheed's mother's understanding of the meaning of being served bananas at tea depended entirely on lhe context rather than the verbal message. Many Americans who hear this story worry, about whether Shaheed's mother got the right message. Finally, Americans would tend to want to discuss the issue more, asking, "Why won't this work?" and trying to convince the young woman's mother that it is okay. This orientation is grounded in using communication primarily as an information source rather than as a social lubricant, which Shaheed's mother did by not threatening the face of the other person or the status quo of the current relationship.
沙希德很失望，但他理解问题和接受情况。然而，部分原因是由于不同的世界观，这个故事真的困扰。许多美国人。世界有多少差异你在这体验认识吗？我算至少五个。例如，一个美国人会觉得，有助于建立在第一个地方的关注的情况的分层性质本质上是错误的。沙希德和女人会被视为等于。此外，如果有两个之间的差异，他们应该已经确定的成就，而不是归因于个人的出生。第三、要去决定什么是要由家庭或群体的参与是与集体主义的方法，而不是一个个人主义的方法，这将鼓励每个人做什么是最适合他或她的自我。第四、沙希德的母亲的理解是香蕉在茶的含义完全取决于他背景而非语言信息。很多人听到这个故事当中的母亲担心，是否有正确的信息。最后，美国人会倾向于更多地讨论这个问题，问：“为什么不做这项工作？”并试图说服年轻的女人的母亲，这是好。这个方向接地使用通信主要作为信息源，而不是作为一个社会的润滑剂，这当中的妈妈为什么不威胁到其他人或目前的关系现状的脸。
Case 40:
How Can We Lend Money to Her?
It is not unusual for married couples to come into conflict over money or how they relate to in-laws, but in this case it is complicated because there are cultural differences in what is good and bad and what is morally appropriate in this situation. In Germany there are strong norms
against borrowing unless you absolutely have to, and then you borrow from a bank and pay it back as quickly as you can. Except for very rare occasions in which a child must borrow from a parent, you would never borrow from family members, because they have enough problems of their own. In contrast, Lao borrowing norms indicate that borrowing is a natural and ongoing part of life. No one has everything they need, so everyone will need to borrow at some time. Buddha has said, "Do good and good will be done to you," so loaning is an honor. Finally, borrowing from an institution is frowned upon because you will not get a good deal and it will look like your family does not care about you.
已婚夫妇在金钱上或如何与法律上的冲突是不寻常的，但在这种情况下，它是复杂的，因为有什么是好的和坏的文化差异，什么是在这种情况下，道德上是适当的。在德国，有强大的规范，反对借贷，除非你绝对必须，然后你从银行借钱，并尽快偿还，你可以。除了非常罕见的情况下，一个孩子必须向父母借钱，你永远不会向家庭成员借钱，因为他们有足够的问题，他们自己的。与之相反，老挝的借贷规范表明，借贷是一种自然的和正在进行的生活的一部分。没有人有他们需要的一切，所以每个人都需要在一段时间。佛说，“做的好，会给你做，所以贷款是一种荣誉。最后，从一个机构的借款是不赞成的，因为你不会得到一个很好的交易，它会看起来像你的家人不关心你。
Case 41:
Getting Frustrated
Jay was frustrated in large part because many of the norms he was used to didn't apply in Saudi Arabia, and many Saudi norms did not make sense to him. Much of the business done in Saudi Arabia depends on baksheesh, a type of kickback to a middleman (and it is a man), who facilitates contacts between potential business partners. The middleman is doing a service and expects to get paid for it. The more baksheesh the person gives, the more likely it is that the person will succeed, because the middleman will be sure to treat him very well. Giving baksheesh is a norm in the Saudi business community. In addition, Saudis believe that God gave us multifunctional hands and that the hand is our best tool for eating. However, they are also concerned with hygiene. They reserve the left hand for cleaning themselves and use the right hand for eating. Saudis have a number of norms related to restricting male and female interaction that, within the context of their religious beliefs, make perfect sense but would be very inappropriate to most Westerners.
杰在很大程度上感到沮丧，因为许多规范，他被用来不适用于在沙特阿拉伯，和许多沙特的规范没有意义上他。沙乌地阿拉伯做了很多的业务依赖于小费，一种中间人回扣（这是一个男人），谁有利于潜在的商业合作伙伴之间的联系。中间人正在做一个服务，并希望得到报酬。更多的人给小费，更可能的是，这个人会成功，因为中间商一定会很好的对待他。给小费是在沙特商业社区的规范。此外，沙特人相信上帝给了我们多功能的手，手是我们吃的最好的工具。然而，他们也关注与卫生有关的问题。他们左手拿着清洁自己的右手，用右手吃东西。沙特有许多限制男女交往，相关规范，在他们的宗教信仰的背景下，作出完美的意识，但很不适合大多数西方人。
Case 42:
Wrong Signal?
Ning Tong was not observing the house rules for watching TV, which was probably why he eventually stopped saying anything in the argument. Usually, when a Chinese chooses not to say any more things in an argument, it would mean one or both of the following: the person feels that he/she is wrong; the person wants to stop the argument by not talking any more. The latter
would often mean tolerance as one has to resist the impulse of reasoning with the other, especially when one feels he/she is right. When Ning Tong became quite, he was hoping that his silence could stop Tom since Tom would not have anything to respond to.
Tom was clearly frustrated at not being able to relax and enjoy some programs connected with what is happening back home. Tom probably thought Ning Tong’s decision to stop arguing was “passive aggression”--- making the other person look bad by pretending to be mild-mannered or even not interested---yet not yielding in an argument.
宁通没有观察看电视的房子的规则，这可能是为什么他最终停止在争论中说什么。通常情况下，当一个中国人选择不在一个争论中说什么，这将意味着一个或两个：人认为他/她是错误的，该人想停止争论，不再谈论任何。后者往往意味着宽容，因为一个人必须抵制与另一个人的推理的冲动，特别是当一个人认为他/她是正确的。当宁童沉默时，他希望他的沉默可以阻止汤姆因为汤姆不会有任何回应。
汤姆显然不能放松和享受与正在发生的事情，回到家里有些项目受挫。汤姆可能认为宁童决定停止争论是“被动攻击”，使其他人看起来很糟糕的故作温和甚至不感兴趣，但不屈服在争论。
Case 43:
The Improvement Does Not Work
Following their individualistic orientations, Mr. Patterson and Mr. Wyman were perfectly comfortable with the idea of creating team leaders within the individual sales groups. However, as Park Young Sam mentions, doing so upset the harmony of the groups, which in turn led to poor performance. In the United States, workers are often motivated by the opportunity for promotion and advancement as this serves the individualistic drive for individual achievement. In collectivistic cultures, however, workers may be motivated by being a part of a cohesive and productive team.
Individualism and collectivism are terms that describe whole cultures. But cultures are not pure. Members of collectivist cultures may practice individualistic tendencies while members of individualist cultures may value collectivist ideals. For example, Denmark is a country with both collectivistic and individualistic tendencies. In Denmark, individual freedom is nurtured through a devotion to established traditions and customs. Regarding income and social rank, Danes are staunchly egalitarian. At the same time, however, Danes consider themselves free to be nonconformist and to stand out from the group. In this way, Danes may be at the theoretical midpoint of the individualism and collectivism cultural continuum.
在他们的个人主义取向，帕特森先生和怀曼先生是完全舒适的想法创造团队领导者在个别销售团队。然而，正如山姆提到的，这样做打乱了群体的和谐，这反过来又导致表现不佳。在美国，工人往往是出于促进和进步的机会，因为这为个人成就的个人主义的驱动。然而，在集体主义文化中，员工可能出于作为一个有凝聚力和创造力的团队的一部分。
个人主义和集体主义是描述整个文化的术语。但文化是不纯洁的。集体主义文化的成员可以实行的个人主义倾向，而个人主义文化的成员可能价值的集体主义理想。例如，丹麦是一个具有集体主义和个人主义倾向的国家。在丹麦，个人自由是通过对建立的传统和习俗的奉献精神培育出来的。关于收入和社会地位，丹麦人坚定的平等。同时，然而，丹麦人认为自己可以不墨守成规，从人群中脱颖而出。在这方面，丹麦人可能在个人主义与集体主义文化连续体理论中点。
Case 44:
When Shall We Meet For Dinner?
Uncertainty avoidance orientation can be seen in this case. In the dialogue presented below, Kelly and Keiko are interacting about a dinner invitation. Kelly, from the United States, possesses a relatively low uncertainty avoidance index, while Keiko, from Japan, comes from a culture with a relatively high uncertainty avoidance index.
In the dialogue above, Keiko is confused by Kelly’s easygoing attitude toward the evening’s plans. Coming from a high uncertainty-avoidant culture, Keiko would prefer to plan ahead to avoid uncertainty and prepare her script for the evening. Kelly, on the other hand, is perfectly comfortable making plans based on how the evening progresses. Without a plan, how will Keiko know how to act?
在这种情况下，可以看到不确定性避免方向。在下面的对话中，Kelly和惠子是关于晚餐邀请交互。凯莉，来自美国，具有较低的不确定性规避指数，而惠子，来自日本，来自一个相对高不确定性规避指数文化。
在上面的对话，惠子是由凯利的随和态度，晚上的计划感到困惑。来自高不确定性回避文化，惠子宁愿去避免不确定性和准备她的剧本晚上的计划。另一方面，在晚上的进展的基础上，另一方面，是完全舒适的计划的基础上。如果没有一个计划，如何让惠子知道如何行动？
Case 45:
What Is Valued?
This student's desire for privacy and personal space became obvious in a setting that denied her the ability to achieve either one. Things we value, such as privacy, honesty, ambition, kindness, and so forth, are things we hold as important and desirable. Therefore, it is when we are unable to experience them that we most clearly understand what we value.
这个学生的隐私和个人空间的愿望变得明显，在一个设置，拒绝了她的能力，实现任何一个。我们珍视的东西，如隐私、诚实、志向、善良等等，都是我们认为重要和需要的东西。因此，当我们无法体验到的时候，我们最清楚的了解我们的价值。
Case 46:
How Do Students Learn?
The American teacher cannot adapt to the traditional Chinese way of learning and interpret the students’ behaviors as a problem. In China, being modest is a virtue and nobody wants to be special and boasting, so students would rather keep silent even though they know the right answer. Chinese people love keeping harmony, so they would not point out the mistakes in their classmates’ composition, because this is seen as a disturbance of harmony.
美国教师不能适应中国传统的学习方式，并将学生的行为理解为一个问题。在中国，谦虚是一种美德，没有人想成为特别的和吹嘘，所以学生宁愿保持沉默，即使他们知道正确的答案。中国人喜欢保持和谐，所以他们不会指出他们的同学作文中的错误，因为这被看作是一种和谐的干扰。
Case 47:
Talk or not Talk?
If you see an American friend, you can just say, "Hi, how are you?" and keep on walking without even slowing down, but with his friends from the Middle East he needs to stop and talk for awhile, no matter where he is and what he is doing. Khalid explained knew John had been in a hurry the other day and Khalid did not want to cause him to be late, so he thought it best to avoid any interaction rather than either be rude to his friend or cause John problems.
Coming from an individualistic perspective, the idea of just briefly greeting a friend from a
group I belong to and continuing on with my own plans seems like no big deal. However, these connections are much more vital to who we are from a collectivist perspective, and it is important to maintain these connections even if we are personally inconvenience in the example, Khalid recognized the predicament that he would face if he met his friend when he was with John, who was in a hurry to get to a meeting, and wisely avoided it. We cannot always avoid such predicaments, but if we understand what is involved in them, we can better manage them when they happen.
如果你看到一个美国朋友，你可以说：“嗨，你好吗？”继续走下去，甚至不放慢速度，但与他的朋友从中东，他需要停下来谈一段时间，无论他在哪里，他正在做什么。哈立德解释说，约翰曾在匆忙的前几天，哈立德不想使他迟到，所以他认为最好避免任何互动，而不是对他的朋友粗鲁或导致约翰的问题。
从个人主义的角度来看，只是简单地问候一个朋友，我属于一个朋友，并继续我自己的计划的想法似乎没有什么大不了的。然而，这些连接是更重要的是我们从集体主义的角度来看，这是即使我们个人的例子不便维护这些关系重要，哈立德认出了困境，他如果他遇到了他的朋友约翰当他的脸，他在赶去开会，和明智地避开它。我们不能总是避免这样的困境，但如果我们了解什么是参与他们，我们可以更好地管理他们的时候发生的。
Case 48:
Gift from a Chinese
Chinese people love giving gifts. Usually, the value of the gift is an indication of how important the receiver is in the sender’s eyes. Most people giving gifts are concerned about whether the gift will be seen as valuable enough. An inexpensive gift means a loss of face. Dongxie may have a practical reason in giving the ginseng to his manager, but most Chinese will take it as something usual for a subordinate to do this to a manager out of a sign of respect.
North American companies do occasionally receive gifts out of appreciation for the friendship and assistance the manager may provide. Such gifts are treasured; however, the value usually is fairly small, a bottle of wine, a music CD, a small book, or other tokens.
中国人喜欢送礼。通常情况下，礼物的价值是一个迹象是多么重要的接收器是在发件人的眼睛。大多数人给的礼物都关心礼物是否会被视为有价值的。一种廉价的礼物意味着脸上的损失。东邪可能给予人参他的经理有一个实际的原因，但大多数中国人会把它作为一个下属做这个经理不尊重的事情。
北美公司偶尔会收到礼物的赞赏，为友谊和协助经理可能会提供。这样的礼物是珍贵的，但是，价值通常是相当小的，一瓶酒，一个音乐光盘，一本小册子，或其他标志。Case 49:
Why Is He Angry?
Was Jose jealous? Jose had always been a supportive friend, so that idea didn't feel right. Maybe something had happened earlier in the day, bad news from home, perhaps? Jose had been asked to comment briefly on some of his curriculum ideas since they had finished with Andy's presentation early. Jose had been a bit hesitant, and when he had commented on a few things, Andy had jumped in with some very direct, but insightful questions. No doubt they would force Jose to think through some of the issues before he had to actually give his presentation, but it had put him on the spot in front of the whole faculty. She knew Filipinos were very sensitive about being put on the spot publicly like that. Friends just didn't do that to each other, even if it would be helpful in the long run. Jose had obviously been deeply hurt by what would seem like a betrayal by Andy.
Andy was confused because the idea of jealousy, which fit the situation, didn't seem to fit his perception of Jose as a friend. Jose was deeply hurt because Andy's public questioning of him was obviously something a friend would not do; thus, the ascription of friend no longer fit. Margaret was starting to understand the problem based on the Australian and Filipino identities of Andy and Jose. The key issue in this incident is not who was right or wrong, but to see that from whatever position we are in, direct participant or third-party observer, we use identities (friend, Jose, nationality, etc.) in understanding the actions of those around us.
若泽嫉妒了吗？若泽一直是一个支持的朋友，所以这个想法不舒服。也许在一天的早些时候发生了一些事情，从家里的坏消息，也许？若泽曾被要求简要地对他的一些课程的想法，因为他们已经完成了安迪的演讲很早。若泽有点犹豫，当他发表评论的一些事情时，安迪已经与一些非常直接的，但有见地的问题。毫无疑问，他们会迫使若泽想通过一些问题之前，他不得不实际上给他的介绍，但它已经把他在整个教师面前的位置。她知道菲律宾人被当场公开这样非常敏感。朋友们只是没有这样做，即使它会有助于从长远来看。若泽显然被安迪的背叛深深地伤害了。
安迪被混淆了，因为嫉妒的想法，适合的情况下，似乎并没有适应他对若泽作为一个朋友的看法。若泽被深深地伤害了安迪的公开质疑，因为他显然是一个朋友也不行；因此，朋友不再适合的归属。玛格丽特开始了解这个问题的基础上，澳大利亚和菲律宾的身份的安迪和若泽。在这一事件的关键问题不是谁是对的或错误的，而是要看到，无论我们是在什么位置，直接参与者或第三方观察员，我们使用身份（朋友，若泽，国籍等）在了解我们周围的行动。
Case 50:
Refuse to Be Treated?
In the case just described, the U.S. American medical team system for making sense of the situation demanded that people be seen in order of the seriousness of their injuries or illness. Each person was considered as worthwhile as the next, and so seriousness of injury appeared to be a natural way to determine who was seen first. However, the cultural system working for those on the Virgin Islands demanded that elders be seen and treated first. Their position, age, and wisdom demanded respect. For younger members of the community to go ahead of them in a time of crisis was seen as extremely disrespectful. The conflict centered on efforts by each side to do what they perceived as good and morally responsible. Because the U.S. Americans were in a better position to adapt than an entire community that had just suffered great loss and were under extreme stress, it was good that they were willing to do so. Sadly, this is not always the case.
在刚才所描述的情况下，美国的医疗队系统的情况，使人们可以看到他们的受伤或疾病的严重性的顺序。每个人都被认为是有价值的，因为下一个，所以伤害的严重性似乎是一个自然的方式来确定谁是第一个。然而，在原始岛上的文化系统的工作要求，老人被看到和治疗的第一。他们的地位、年龄和智慧要求尊重。为社区的年轻人在危机时刻走在他们前面被认为是非常无礼的。冲突集中在每一方的努力去做他们认为是好的和道义上的责任。由于美国的美国人处于一个更好的位置，以适应比整个社会刚刚遭受了巨大的损失，并在极端的压力下，这是好的，他们愿意这样做。可悲的是，这并不总是这样。
Case 51:
You Don’t Need to Show Me to the Door!
The American woman has been used to the Chinese way of “show somebody out”. In China, when a guest calling at home or a cooperator visiting a company, it is polite to show the person
out despite t he visitor’s refusal. This is a way to show care and respect. But in the United States, as “Time is money” and the woman indeed knows “her way out”, the American man takes the woman’s words seriously and does not give it a second thought. The Americans are direct and the American culture is low-context, so this is the cause of misunderstanding.
美国妇女已习惯了中国人的方式“表明某人”。在中国，当一个客人在家里或合作者参观公司，是指人的礼貌虽然客人的拒绝。这是一种表示关心和尊重的方式。但在美国，“时间就是金钱”，而女人确实知道“她出去”的时候，美国男人严肃地对待女人的话，不给它第二个想法。美国人是直接的，美国文化是低语境的，所以这是误解的原因。
Case 52:
Doubts
This case can reflect the problems one may encounter during intercultural adaptation. When an individual enters a new culture, he may first experience excitement. But later more serious problems may come to him. When facing these problems, one may fell anxious and not know how to deal with the present situation. In this case, although Wu Lian has a good command of English, she also faces a lot of learning difficulties due to cultural differences. And besides, she also meets many difficulties in daily life. All these make her feel uncomfortable and stressed. The only way out for her is to learn more knowledge and skills to conquer these hindrances and become successful in intercultural adaptation.
这种情况下可以反映出跨文化适应过程中会碰到的一个问题。当一个人进入一种新的文化时,他可能第一次经历兴奋。但后来更严重的问题可能会给他。当面对这些问题时,你可以减少焦虑和不知道如何处理的现状。在这种情况下,尽管五莲英语基础不错，但,她还面临着很多学习困难由于文化差异。除此之外,她还在日常生活中遇到了许多困难。所有这些使她感觉不舒服和紧张。她唯一的出路是学习更多的知识和技能来克服这些障碍,成为成功的跨文化适应。
Case 53:
Practicing English
This case can reflect segregation, which occurs because the more politically and economically powerful culture does not want the intercultural contact. In this case, the Chinese girl wants to integrate with the two Western guys. However, the two guys, who may consider themselves as the mainstream culture which is more powerful, refuse to communicate friendly with the Chinese girl. So the Chinese girl is segregated.
这种情况可以反映种族隔离，这是因为在政治上和经济上更强大的文化不希望跨文化接触。在这种情况下，中国女孩想融入这两个西方男人。然而，这两个家伙，谁可能认为自己是更强大的主流文化，拒绝与中国女孩友好交流。所以中国女孩是分开的。
Case 54:
A Fish out of Water
This case reflects that the boy is experiencing culture shock, which may bring him some psychological symptoms. Culture shock is virtually a communication problem which involves the depressed feelings accompanying a lack of understanding of the verbal and nonverbal communication of the host culture, its customs, as well as its value systems. Culture shock happens when people have to deal with a huge amount of new perceptual stimuli that are difficult to understand and interpret because the cultural context has changed. In this case, when the American student feels that his familiar cues from his native culture is removed, he becomes to reject the new environment and he displays some psychological symptoms due to culture
shock.
这种情况反映出，男孩正在经历文化冲击，这可能会给他带来一些心理症状。文化冲击实际上是一个沟通的问题，它涉及到沮丧的感情，伴随着缺乏了解的口头和非语言沟通的东道国文化，它的习俗，以及它的价值系统。文化冲击发生时，人们必须处理大量的新的感性刺激，是难以理解和解释，因为文化背景已经改变。在这种情况下，当美国学生认为他熟悉的来自他的本土文化的线索被删除，他成为拒绝新的环境，他表现出一些心理症状，由于文化冲击。
Case 55:
Missing China!
This case can reflect reverse culture shock. When people return home after an extended stay in a foreign culture, they experience another round of culture shock in their native culture and they must proceed through the four stages of the U-curve pattern once again. In this case, John, whose comes from Canada, has been living in China for quite a long time and he has got familiar with the Chinese culture. Therefore, when he returns to Canada, he cannot adapt well to his native culture.
这种情况可以反映反向文化冲击。当人们回家在对外文化工作一段时间后，他们的经验在他们的本土文化的又一轮的文化冲击，他们必须通过对曲线模式再次的四个阶段。在这种情况下，约翰，来自加拿大，在中国生活了很长一段时间，他已经熟悉了中国文化。因此，当他回到加拿大，他不能很好地适应他的本土文化。
Case 55:
Off to a Bad Start
This case reflects the importance of developing some strategies for avoiding culture shock and engaging in intercultural adaptation. If we want to overcome culture shock effectively and adapt well and appropriately to the new culture, we must acquire enough knowledge and develop as many skills as possible. In this case, David Hu, who comes from the Eastern culture, does not know that Westerners emphasize privacy, so his behaviors of curiosity just irritate his Western colleague. Therefore, we know that David needs to improve his knowledge of Western culture and develop some strategies for avoiding culture shock and engaging in intercultural adaptation.
这种情况反映了发展的一些策略，以避免文化冲击和从事跨文化适应的重要性。如果我们要有效地克服文化冲击，适应新的文化，我们必须获得足够的知识和发展尽可能多的技能。在这种情况下，来自东方文化的戴维胡不知道西方人强调隐私，所以他的好奇心的行为激怒了他的西方同行。因此，我们知道戴维需要提高自己对西方文化的认识，并制定避免文化冲突和从事跨文化适应的策略。
Case 56:
Wow! The First Week in Canada
This case can reflect the initial period of intercultural adaptation, the honeymoon or initial euphoria stage. In this stage, people are usually fascinated with the new culture and by the excitement about all the new things they encounter in the host culture. Also people, during this stage, may not easily notice the cultural differences and the potential problems that arise from the cultural differences. In this case, Zhangli is just experiencing the honeymoon stage.
这种情况下可以反映出跨文化适应的初期，蜜月或最初的兴奋期。在这个阶段，人们通常是着迷于新的文化和兴奋的所有新事物，他们遇到的东道国文化。在这一阶段，人们也不容易注意到文化差异和文化差异所带来的潜在的问题。在这种情况下，张力只是经历蜜月期。
跨文化交际(英文版)
Cross –cultural communication Thesis statement: This paper is mainly talking about the culture differences between several countries. Outline: Chapter 1: Language and culture in communication Chapter2: Culture shock Chapter3: What’s in a name? Chapter4: Social interaction Chapter 5: Roles and relations Chapter6: Non-verbal communication Chapter 7: In other words. Chapter 8: From a primitive Tribe to a Global Village Conclusion Chapter 1: Language and culture in communication There is no denying the fact that out daily lives depend largely on communication, without it we can’t know each other. So, we should come to realize that communication is of great importance. What is communication? In total, communication can be divided into two parts; they are verbal communication and non-verbal communication. However, different people hold different opinions about communication. In general, if there is communication, there must have 4 cases: there are at least two or more people, some contact between communicators, a language shared by communicators, an exchange of information has taken place. I just take the fist one for example. Suppose there is one person, there can’t be communication. Otherwise, he may talk to himself. Communication not just exist in human-beings There are five kinds of communications they are human communication, animal communication, human-animal communication, human machine communication, machine communication. So, Animals and machines can also communicate with each other. For human beings, how can we communicate with each other? Experts say that there are various kinds of communication. Nowadays, there are different kinds of tools for us to communicate .For people we can use telephone and computer to communicate with each other. By them, finally we can receive message. What is social situation? When there are two or more people gather to do a job or an activity, then it creates a social situation. That is to say, an individual working alone can not constitute a social s A social situation may have two definitions. One is given by the community, and the other by the participants. Finally, we should notice that being polite plays a crucial role in
(完整word版)《管理学》经典案例、实例资料分析
《管理学》经典案例、实例资料分析 焦强 四川大学工商管理
目录 1、管理前智：企业管理新思考 (1) 是什么在决定创新能力 (5) 中国企业如何进入欧美市场 (9) 2、人本管理：世界顶级企业是怎样“打造”员工的 (10) 通用电气如何挑选接班人 (15) 诺基亚“人才管理”文化的启示 (19) 3、管理论谈：管理的圆融大智：中国式管理 (24) 管理的善恶 (27) 量化未必能管理好 (31) 4、管理实务：化繁为简 (35) 企业有效管理者的十大策略 (37) 简单管理是一种智慧 (40) 5、管理艺术：如何做成功的领导者 (43) 6、管理专题：华尔街缺的是道德 (45) 7、人才管理：销售经理与鱼缸 (49) 8、管理新智：将制度贯彻到底 (53)
企业管理新思考 ——取长补短式管理方法 随着我国市场经济体系的建立和知识经济时代的到来，一种符合我国国情的新管理方法——取长补短式管理方法应运而生。建立这种新的管理方法考虑的主要因素：（一）企业管理的内容和范畴。（二）文化基础。（三）国情基础。（四）先进性和前瞻性。（五）广泛推广性。新管理的特点：1、一头看政府、一头看市场。2、一头看国内管理文化、一头看国外先进管理方式。新的管理方法是综合中西管理思想的优点和长处。一头吸取西方先进管理思想及手段，一头完善中国式管理思想、文化传统。在这个发展年代，变是永恒的，任何已有的管理模式都将被创新的管理模式所取代、管理的主旋律必然是创新。 一、建立取长补短式管理方式应考虑的因素 （一）企业管理的内容和范畴。管理涉及到生产力、生产关系、上层建筑三个层面的内容。具体讲，生产力包括自然界与人类之间的相互关系、技术与技术之间的相互关系、人与人之间的劳动协作关系，产品的终了分配关系；上层建筑方面包括企业的价值取向、企业文化层面和企业制度层面的具体内容。从以上可以看出企业管理包含内容十分丰富和广泛。 （二）文化基础。管理是一门科学、一门艺术，更是一种社会文化体现。一个国家的管理是与该国传统文化紧密相联的。管理的文化基础具体主要体现在两个方面：一方面是任何管理都植根于一种文化之上，社会文化背景是管理赖以生存的土壤、环境，有什么样的社会文化环境，就要求有什么样的管理行为和方式与之相适应、因为社会文化环境是客观的、相对稳定的、是不以人的意志为转移的客观存在。管理植根于文化之上如果能与之相适应，符合它的特征及要求，则管理效果就好，管理效率就会提高，劳动生产效率就会提高；如果管理不适应文化、则管理效果差、甚至导致管理失败。另一方面，我们可以利用文化发展，把文化背景、文化特点、文化内容借用来作为具体的管理手段，利用文化本身的系列内涵建立相应的管理方式。现代管理学的研究兴趣越来越趋向于管理文化研究，借用文化作为管理不失为最有效的管理办法之一。 （三）国情基础。由于管理的主要内容是生产力、生产关系和上层建筑，
新编跨文化交际英语教程 参考答案
Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures Reading I Intercultural Communication：An Introduction Comprehension questions 1. Is it still often the case that “everyone?s quick to blame the alien” in the contemporary world? This is still powerful in today‘s soci al and political rhetoric. For instance, it is not uncommon in today‘s society to hear people say that most, if not all, of the social and economic problems are caused by minorities and immigrants. 2. What?s the difference between today?s intercultural contact and that of any time in the past? Today‘s intercultural encounters are far more numerous and of greater importance than in any time in history. 3. What have made intercultural contact a very common phenomenon in our life today? New technology, in the form of transportation and communication systems, has accelerated intercultural contact; innovative communication systems have encouraged and facilitated cultural interaction; globalization of the economy has brought people together; changes in immigration patterns have also contributed to intercultural encounter. 4. How do you understand the sentence “culture is everything and everywhere”? Culture supplies us with the answers to questions about what the world looks like and how we live and communicate within that world. Culture teaches us how to behave in our life from the instant of birth. It is omnipresent. 5. What are the major elements that directly influence our perception and communication? The three major socio-cultural elements that directly influence perception and communication are cultural values, worldview (religion), and social organizations (family and state). 6. What does one?s family teach him or her while he or she grows up in it? The family teaches the child what the world looks like and his or her place in that world. 7. Why is it impossible to separate our use of language from our culture? Because language is not only a form of preserving culture but also a means of sharing culture. Language is an organized, generally agreed-upon, learned symbol system that is used to represent the experiences within a cultural community. 8. What are the nonverbal behaviors that people can attach meaning to? People can attach meaning to nonverbal behaviors such as gestures, postures, facial expressions,eye contact and gaze, touch, etc. 9. How can a free, culturally diverse society exist? A free, culturally diverse society can exist only if diversity is permitted to flourish without prejudice and discrimination, both of which harm all members of the society. Reading II The Challenge of Globalization Comprehension questions 1. Why does the author say that our understanding of the world has changed? Many things, such as political changes and technological advances, have changed the world very rapidly. In the past most human beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. Such an existence, however, no longer prevails in the world. Thus, all people are faced with the challenge of understanding this changed and still fast changing world in which we live.
跨文化交际案例
跨文化交际案例题(1,2) Case Studies Case One Phil is my foreign teacher. He is very nice and friendly to me and he often asks us to have free talk in his apartment. One day, I decided to give Phil a gift to express my appreciation of his help in my oral English. I called him but the line was busy. So I went to Phil’s apartment directly. He opened the door looking surprised, but didn’t let me in. I stood in the corridor and said a few words of thanks, and gave my gift to him and left quietly with great disappointment and puzzlement.. How could he be so cold to me? All my gratitude and fondness of Phil seemed to have gone. .. Case Two I could never forget my experience of an oral exam with our American teacher Mary. After reading the passage I
跨文化交际案例分析
跨文化交际案例分析 LEKIBM standardization office【IBM5AB- LEKIBMK08- LEKIBM2C】
Case Study 1 Age and Status 两位同事的矛盾使一家数据处理公司的总经理遇到了麻烦。一方是一位踌躇满志的法裔加拿大小伙子，另一方是一位有特许签证的年长的中国女性，而此前两人确实很好的合作伙伴….. Case description: A manager in a data-processing company was having difficulty dealing with a conflict between a young, ambitious French Canadian male and his co-worker, an older Chinese woman who was on a special visa from China. She had recently become uncooperative and had made it clear to the manager that she would not be willing to travel to the capital with her co-worker to hold discussion with legislators about a new product with great enthusiasm. When the manager asked her what the problem was, he received no clear explanation. When he asked her co-worker, the young man had no insights to offer. The young French Canadian was clearly annoyed, however, that the Chinese woman was refusing to share her data with him. That meant he couldn’t make the presentation to the legislators because she had all the key data on her computer disks. The manager repeated questions to her but her “problem” got nowhere. So he changed his approach. He began explaining his concerns, as manger and as spokesperson for the company, about the upcoming meeting with legislators. His explanation about his position was unemotional. In that climate she then felt she could explain her position. She revealed she felt that that as an older, and to her mind, more senior person, she should not be sent to the capitol with a younger employee who would do the presentation of material she had worked hard to develop. That would diminish her status, she felt. The general manger knew the root of his headache. Questions: 1．What do you think caused the conflict? 2. What would you do to resolve the conflict if you were the general manager? 矛盾冲突 这位年长的中国女士投入极大的热情和精力开发产品．却在最后的关键时刻拒绝与年轻的同事一同去向议员做推介：当经理和同事问其原因．她并未做任何明确的回答：而当经理改变策略，不再直接询问原因，而是迂回地讲起自己的困境时，她才道出自己的顾虑。在这位资深年长的中国女士看来，同一位比她年轻的同事一同去国会，并且由对方来做推介会影响到她的地位和威信，因此她无法同意： 原因分析 造成这一矛盾的文化因素有两方面．对地位、年龄的不同态度以及这种不同的表达方式。人对权力的认识因文化背景的不同而不同。根据霍夫斯特的调查研
跨文化交际案例分析答题技巧
汉硕案例分析答题技巧 最近很多人问关于汉语国际教育考试中的案例分析题该怎样答，我根据自己的粗浅经验，现总结如下： 1.答题思路：按照发现问题-- 分析问题-- 解决问题的思路。具体如下：（1）发现问题：也就是提出问题。在所给的案例中，某个出国教汉语的志愿者教师或来中国教外语的外教等，遇到了什么样的困难。遇到的困难可能是课堂教学时的，比如学生上课都不积极回答问题，不愿意参与老师精心设计的课堂活动，或者问老师一些可能涉及到“隐私”的问题；也可以是这位老师在生活上遇到的问题，比如无法与当地人沟通或交流（语言障碍，文化障碍），无法适应当地人的生活，或不理解当地人做某事时为什么会采取那样的方式，等等。注意：遇到的问题可能是多方面的，要从多角度分析，一般情况下，也不只是一个问题，所以，要按条来答。 （2）分析问题：要求你具体分析一下这位老师或某人遇到这种困难是什么原因引起的，主要是文化方面的原因，可能还涉及到一些他所采用的文化策略等。比如，他由于对对方国家文化不了解，对方国家可能很注重“隐私”，而在我们国家这不被看做是“隐私”。同时要求你分析出我们的母语文化具有什么样的特点，最主要的是和对方国家有什么不一样，哪里不一样，因此造成了他在文化方面的不适应，以至于教学和生活中都出现了问题或遇到了困难。关于他所使用的文化策略，主要就是他自身有没有做到尊重当地的文化，有没有试着去融入这种文化，接受这种文化，还是一味的采取排斥策略，认为自己的一切都好，别人的一切都不好。这就是分析问题了。 （3）解决问题：这是最关键的部分了。怎么解决他遇到的问题或困难？你自己提出个对策就行了，当然，要根据一些你所知道的文化常识和应对策略。比如首先尊重当地文化，多和当地人交流，努力让自己适应当地人的文化和生活方式，做到求同存异，等等。这里需要注意的就是，有些文化的知识是很灵活的，比如中国人的谦虚、中庸的思想等等，都是我们日常生活就知道的，就是稍微总结一下，理顺一下，就能答题了。关于这个，如果时间还来得及，就看一下程裕祯的《中国文化要略》，看一下中国文化的特点等，很多东西是很细致的，自己要稍加总结。如果时间不是很充分了，就把刘珣的《对外汉语教育学引论》上的关于“跨文化交际”的那个章节仔细看一下，我觉得应对这道题应该够用了。 2.答题方法：其实思路清晰了就很好弄了，老师会看你的逻辑分析能力。强烈建议大家一定要分条论述，千万别想到哪说到哪，写出一大片，阅卷老师还得自己去给你找点，这样，老师会很疲劳的，老师最不喜欢的就是这种思维混乱的。所以说，大家答题时我觉得可以按两种方法来写： 第一种：按发现问题---分析问题---解决问题来写，一共三条，然后在每条的下边分几个小点，因为发现的问题肯定不止一个，相应的分析问题和解决问题也会不止一条。 第二种：按一共出现了几个问题分条，第一条，问题1：发现问题--分析问题--解决问题；问题2：发现问题--分析问题--解决问题；问题3--以此类推。 总结一下，以上两种方法都各有利弊，因为有时不同的问题是由同一个原因产生的，或者需要同一种解决策略。所以，大家可以根据自己的喜好来选择其中一种。按以上的问题全部分析完以后，最好再来个综述，大致总结一下，字数不用太多，就是有个小结尾。 最后，要跟大家说的是，字数和字迹的问题。这个案例分析要求是1000字以上
跨文化交际案例分析(共7个)
《跨文化交际学概论》第七章社会交往五、宴请招待p132 Case One: Setting Rules for a Guest – American Hospitality 案例： When Zhang Tao traveled in America, he lived in the home of his American friend, Bill. Once after he had traveled back, he found Bill was in a bad mood. When he asked what the problem was, Bill told Zhang Tao that his son Adam got furious about the noise Zhang made when walking upstairs and also because he was using too much water in the solar powered shower and Adam had to have his shower in cold water. Bill told Zhang Tao that he should walk more softly in future, and have a fast shower to save water. Zhang Tao felt uneasy. How could the host set such rules for his guest! Question: Why did Zhang Tao feel uneasy? 分析： 1) In China, when people host someone, they put the guest in the place of honor to show hospitality. They try to take care of the guest，and try to make the guest feel comfortable and at ease. 2) In America, people tend to give the guest great freedom and treat a guest more casually, naturally and truthfully. 3) Zhang Tao knew he was a guest, and thought in terms of Chinese expectations of hospitality. He thought Bill should treat him courteously instead of setting rules for him. 4) Since Zhang Tao lived in American surroundings, he should have known about the customs there sooner. Case Two: 案例： Lin had traveled 20 hours from Beijing to New York. He needed a good meal. His American friend, Mike, met him. But Mike only offered him a plate of roasted chicken and a glass of orange juice. Lin was used to having a main course, and asked Mike if he had any rice. Mike said he only had fried noodles, and Lin had to make do with it. Though Lin knew Americans didn’t care very much about what food they ate, he still felt surprised because he had taken Mike to the most famous duck restaurant in Beijing -- Quanjude -- when he arrived in Beijing. Question: Why did Lin feel surprised? Offer some advice to him about adjusting to his new environment in America.
跨文化管理案例
摘要：跨国公司中的各类人员由于不同的文化背景，形成了不同的价值观，进而产生文化冲突，使得跨国公司内部无法有针对性地沟通管理，这时唯一的办法就是进行有效的跨文化管理。韩国三星电子在中国成功发展主要归功于它卓有成效的跨文化管理。本文分析了韩国三星电子在中国的发展及其成功的跨文化管理，以期为更多的跨国公司提供借鉴。 关键词：跨文化管理中韩文化差异跨国公司三星 0 引言 自中韩两国建交以来，许多韩国企业都在中国投资成立合资和独资企业。这既包括像三星、LG、SK、现代这样的大企业集团，也包括许多韩国的中小企业。从而极大地促进了两国贸易的发展，为两国经济发展贡献了力量。但是，中韩两国在几千年的发展中形成了各自不同的文化，而文化差异势必会引起价值观、经营理念、管理方式等方面的矛盾和冲突，令在文化、习俗、社会体系不同的外国经营的跨国企业面临许多意想不到的困难和障碍。因此，跨国公司必须要解决好促使不同文化在企业中融合这一新课题，进行有效的跨文化管理。下面对三星电子的案例进行分析。主要从它的品牌战略、营销战略及其在中国的发展看它是如何进行跨文化管理进而获得成功的。 1 三星电子的跨文化管理分析 三星(SAMSUNG)连续多年跻身于世界500强之列。三星创立于1938年，20世纪80年代后逐渐强大起来，成为了世界级大企业。三星在韩语中具有“天长地久，强大兴旺”之意。美国《时代》周刊评论：“三星凭借…简约、新奇、亲和力?的产品理念，已经在消费者心中牢固地树立起了…科技、时尚、数字先锋?的品牌形象。” 1.1 品牌战略在品牌形象塑造过程中，三星坚持走时尚路线。首先，三星在外观设计上体现出了时尚感。1998年，三星确定了新潮设计的产品策略，以此来打造其时尚品牌。三星请来了IBM的首席设计师汤姆·哈迪为三星的设计师们抛砖引玉、开拓思路，使得三星以一种全新的时尚、前卫的形象亮相于消费者面前。其次，三星的产品定位是高价位的高端产品。三星进军海外市场的初期也是从低端产品开始的。但随着不断发展，低端策略显示出了它的弊端，于是三星转型为推出高品位高价位的时尚产品，并获得了年轻的具有一定经济基础的消费者的青睐。再次，三星选择了高级专业商店（如Best Buy、Sears、Circuit City 等）销售产品，并且注重与高雅艺术相结合。三星另一个品牌策略是增加亲和力。具有良好亲和力的企业更容易得到消费者的认可。三星的口号是“三星数码世界欢迎您（Samsung Digital Everyone?s invited）”，在产品性能上为消费者考虑的很周到，满足消费者多方面的需要，在外观设计上注重品位与时尚，给消费者一种体贴亲切的感觉。在中国，三星成立了“三星中国社会公益团”，组织开展各项公益活动。这些都给三星的亲和力增加了砝码，从而提升了三星在消费者心目中的形象。 1.2 营销战略—体育营销三星精心设计了在国内外的营销策略及营销渠道。除了常规的媒体广告宣传外，三星将重点放在了体育营销上，并专门设置了体育营销部门。这是因为体育竞技的激情、动感、追求、挑战、协作意识和公平竞争精神也正是三星所追求的企业精神。三星赞助了1988年汉城奥运会、1996年亚特兰大奥运会期间的亚特兰大展示会、1998年长野冬季奥运会，并在1999年加入奥林匹克TOP计划（The Olympic Plan，全球赞助商计划），之后又赞助了2000年及以后的各届夏季和冬季奥运会。除此之外，三星还积极赞助地区性体育活动。从1986年汉城亚运会开始，三星一直赞助各届亚运会。在中国，三星积极赞助了1990年北京亚运会、北京国际马拉松比赛，并请著名乒乓球运动员刘国梁做其体育形象代表。在08年北京奥运会，三星继续其奥运赞助商的角色。“三星通过自己最先进的无线通信技术，让此届奥运会成为不同以往的心旷神怡的奥运会。”赞助TOP计划的同时，三星还投入大约3倍于赞助费的资金用于宣传三星自身的奥林匹克形象。拥有顶级赞助商头衔的三星，品牌认可度及品牌价值得到进一步的提升，销售额也将有大幅度的增长。
大学英语跨文化交际案例分析.docx
大学英语跨文化交际案例分析 Case 2 (P8) White Dress 女王的白色长裙:Case analysis: The Indian women might think the wedding ceremony is a funeral if they see the western bride in white gown. The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text. 案例分析:印度女人可能觉得婚礼是一个葬礼,如果他们看到西方的新娘的白色礼服。这个案例反映了明喻和隐喻在文本。 Culture is like an iceberg: we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures, but we do not know the values underneath. Culture is like the water a fish swims in: people wear dress of different colors for different context but they usually take it for granted and never ask why . 文化是 像冰山:我们可以辨认颜色衣服的妇女所穿不同的文化,但我们不知道下面的值。文化是像水鱼游 在: 人们穿不同颜色的衣服为不同的上下文, 但他们通常是理所当然的,从不问为什么。 Case 4 (P18) Coconut-skating 椰子-溜冰:Case analysis: The case reflects the characteristics of culture. We Can tell from the CaSe that CUItUre is PerVaSiVe and it 案例分析Ie 这个e事件反映了文化 的特点。我们可以告诉从案件,文化是普遍的,这是学习。 People may invent different ways for things even as simple as the issue of floor moping. The Philippine woman must have learned this way of mopping from her own culture. 人们可能发明东西 甚至不同的方式为这样简单的问题的地板闷闷不乐。菲律宾女人必须学习这种方式从她自己的文化的拖地。 Case 7 (P30) Clean UP the Bathroom! 清理浴室!:CaSe analySiS: CUltUral differenCeS deCide the two StUdentS are going to CommUniCate in different wayS. 案例分析:文化差异决定这两个学生要沟通的方式不同。 The Chinese student wants the American student to understand the underlying means of his words, but the American student is used to the direct style of communication. This is decided by culture. In Chinese culture, people want to save face of both themselves and others, so they would not express their ideas directly. However, in the United States, unless you express yourself clearly and directly, the OtherS CannOt Understand you.中国学生想要美国学生理解底层的手段，他的话,但是美国学生用来 直接的交流方式。这是由文化决定的。在中国文化中,人们想要挽回面子的两个自己和他人,所以 他们不会直接表达自己的想法。然而,在美国,除非你清楚地表达自己,别人不能直接理解你。 Case 8 (P34) She HaS Three HandS 她有三个指针:ThiS CaSe Can refleCt the different CommUniCation StyleS between ChineSe and CanadianS. In weStern CUltUreS, CommUniCation iS the meanS of tranSmitting ideaS. WeStern PeoPle USUally CommUniCate direCtly with eaCh other. 这种情况下可以反映出不同的沟通方式在中国和加拿大人。在西方文化中,沟通是传播方式的想法。西方的人们通常直接彼此通信。 That is why the Canadian in this Case says what is in his mind direCtly in frOnt Of the Chinese wOman withOut hiding anything. While Chinese Culture stresses harmOny and emphasizes the relatiOnships between the COmmuniCatOrs. Chinese peOple view COmmuniCatiOn as a prOCess where all parties are searChing tO develOp and maintain a sOCial relatiOnship. SO the Chinese wOman in this Case tries nOt tO argue With the Can adia n face to face to keep the “ harm OnioUS relati On Sh这就是为什betwee n them. 么加拿大在这种情况下说什么是在他的脑海里的正前方的中国女人没有隐瞒任何事。虽然中国 文化强调和谐,强调了沟通者之间的关系。中国人民视图通信作为一个过程,各方正在寻求开发和维护一个社会关系。所以中国女人在这种情况下努力不认为与加拿大面对面保持“和谐关系”他们。 Case 12 (P57) Why Don‘ tYou Eat the Pizza? 你为什么不吃比萨饼?: This case can reflect the problems appearing during intercultural communication and how ignoring cultural differences can affect communication. 种情况下可以反映
如何培养英语跨文化交际能力
如何培养英语跨文化交际能力 中宁五中张永宏 摘要：本文通过分析我国英语教学现状，探索英语教学中培养跨文化交际能力的必要性，具体分析“跨文化交际能力”的三大组成，思考培养英语跨文化交际能力的具体方法。 关键词：跨文化交际语义文化语用文化 多年来，我国的英语教学主要采用传统的教学方法，即传统的听说法“with its end less and mind-numbing repetitive drills”和古老的以教师为中心的语法—翻译法。教师往往只注重学生语言形式的正确与否或使用是否流畅，而较少注重结合语言使用的场合来培养学生综合运用的能力。学生在这种教学模式下，经过十几年的英语学习，即使是有些成绩很好的学生也不能用所学的英语同外国人进行有效地交流。为了改变这种现状，人们必然对英语教学提出新的要求。而跨文化交际能力的培养却能在一定程度上弥补传统教学的这种缺陷。 首先，何为跨文化交际呢？“跨文化交际”的英语名称是“intercultural communication”或“cross-cultural communication”，它既指本族语者与非本族语者之间的交际，也指任何在语言和社会文化背景方面有差异的人们之间的交际。由于不同的民族所处的生态、物质社会及宗教等环境的不同，因而各自的语言环境产生了不同的社会文化、风土人情和语言习惯等诸语境因素，造成人们不同的说话方式或习惯话语。这就可能使交际双方对对方的话语做出不准确地推论，从而产生冲突、误会或交际的故障。 跨文化交际能力就是针对文化冲突提出来的，它是一种在理解、掌握外国文化知识与交际技能的基础上，灵活处理跨文化交际中出现的实际问题的能力。 一、英语教学中培养跨文化交际能力的必要性。 1、近年来, 随着改革开放步伐的加快, 对外交往日益频繁, 国与国之间的交流也越来越 广泛, 特别是社会信息化提高, 国际互联网的开通使更多的人足不出户便涉及到跨 文化交际。中国成功地加入WTO后，国际市场对能用英语熟练有效地交际的复合型人才的大量需求给外语教学提出了新的挑战，所以培养跨文化交际能力有其现实意义。 2、培养跨文化交际能力有助于我们要打破以往“就语言教语言”的模式，把交际因素引 进到英语教学中来，在英语教学过程中揭示那些隐伏在语言背后的，易引起误会和冲突的文化因素。掌握语言不只是掌握语法、音位和语义规则，还必须考虑到外国社会文化背景造成的语言之外的规则。 3、培养跨文化交际能力有利于处理好语言和文化的关系。语言和文化是不可分割的，二 者相互依存、相互影响。语言是文化的载体，又是文化的重要组成部分，也是文化的