2017年考研英语阅读理解命题技巧分析

2017年考研英语阅读理解命题技巧分析阅读是考研英语复习的重要部分，文都网校考研整理了考研英语阅读命题的规律，2017年考生可以全面了解一下，希望对大家的阅读复习有所帮助。

一、《大纲》对阅读理解A部分的评价目标

命题小组在设计试题时，一方面要在试题中考[微博]查考生是否能够读懂不同类型的文字材料(生词量不超过所读材料总词汇量的3%，包括信函、书报和杂志上的文章)，而且还考查考生是否能够读懂与本人学习或工作有关的文献、技术说明、产品介绍等。根据所读材料，考生应该能够：(1)理解主旨要旨;(2)理解文中的具体信息;(3)理解文中的概念性含义;(4)进行有关的判断、推理和引申;(5)根据上下文推测生词的词义;(6)理解文章的总体结构以及上下文之间的关系;(7)理解作者的意图、观点或态度;(8)区分论点和论据。

二、命题的流程及方法

1)选材改编

在试题命制过程中，一般命题人在选好适当的文章之后，命题人要对原文进行以下几方面的改编：

第一、调整词数，将四篇文章的总词数控制在1600以内;

第二、删去文章标题。文章标题概括文章的主题，如果出现，文章大意就未睹先知。为了测试对文章主题和其他内容的理解，阅读理解原文的标题都要删去，让考生根据文章的内容去总结和把握;

第三、删减细节信息。出于把文章字数控制在要求的范围内的考虑，一些可有可无的细节、不影响文章总体结构的细节内容都要删除;

第四、替换超纲词汇。为了将超纲词汇控制在要求的范围内(全文的3%)，也为了便于考生真正发挥阅读水平，有些超纲词汇被替换。如在2009年阅读理解的第一篇文章当中将超纲词汇mediocrity替换成了commonness;在第二篇文章当中将超纲词汇algorithms替换成了programs;在第三篇文章当中将超纲词汇apex替换成了peak;在第四篇文章当中将超纲词汇aura替换成了atmosphere。

第五、合并拆分段落。为了使文章语言更加精炼，结构更加严谨，在删去部分内容后，为使上下文连贯，相邻段落被合并。为了使上下文更有层次，有时也会将统一的段落拆分。

经过以上几步改编，之后的文章不仅没有破坏原文的结构和内容，反而显得更加精炼：结构严谨，层次清晰，一篇成型的文章就完成了。

2)命制题干

在命制题干时，命题人遵循以下原则：

第一，题干应仅描述一个单一的问题，最好是一个问句或一个不完全的陈述句。题干和选项皆不宜过长，都要简洁、清楚，考点明确，尽量减少不必要的词语。在各选项中共同使用的文字或术语应该反映在题干上;

第二，题干和选项中不应含有与所考查内容无关的材料。尽量避免在题干中使用否定词。一旦在题干中出现了否定词，应该特别予以强调，如用黑体或者全大写;

第三，题干与正确选项应避免使用相同的修饰词语，以防给考生提供选择答案的线索。第四，题干与每一个选项的搭配都应该在逻辑上、形式上、语气上完整无缺。命制试题

时不能只留心题干与正确选项的搭配和表述，而忽视与干扰项的搭配，使考生得到暗示。各选项必须互不包容，否则，他们间的逻辑关系就会暗示正确选项，而使该题失去其应有的效度。

3)备选项的命制

在设计选项时，命题人遵循以下原则：

第一，各选项的长度、难度和语言结构应该大致相同。因为如果在命制这类试题时，命题者为使正确项绝对正确，致使其长度或结构异于其他选项，那么这些有异选项往往会成为考生乱猜的对象;

第二，各干扰项要有迷惑性，才能起到适当的干扰作用。一方面干扰项不能错得太明显，否则形同虚设，反而使考生比较容易利用排除法找到正确答案;另一方面，大部分考生都选择某一干扰项也不理想;

第三，同一个题目的选项的排列应按同一原则、同一逻辑顺序、同一规律和方向进行。例如可以按照时间的先后、数值的大小等规律排列。各题应该大致按从易到难的顺序排列。因为考生在临场应试时有个逐渐适应的过程。这样的排列会使他们稳定情绪，顺利进入正常的心理状态。试卷中正确选项字母序号(如[A]，[B]，[C]，[D])出现的次数应该大致相等，这样可避免某些考生因只猜某一选项而“幸运地”获取高分的可能性。

4)干扰项的特点

通过对历年考研真题的分析和研究，干扰项通常具有如下特点：

第一，看似合理，实则以偏概全、断章取义。要么利用在文章中没有提到的生活常识编造选项;要么把文章中的事实和细节当主旨，把片面的、次要的观点当成主要观点。因此考生一定要从文中找依据、找答案，“合理项”不一定就是正确选项。在主旨题和主要观点题中，应该排除细节干扰，把握文章的主题;

第二，偷梁换柱，张冠李戴。要么对原句中的细微处做了改动，要么截取原文中有的词语或类似的结构进行编造。要么在备选项中把因说成果、把别人的观点或作者反对的观点说成是作者的观点。因此考生要注意，过于相似的选项不一定正确，除非它的程度、范围等都与原文完全一致。考生要注意：“原词越多，对的可能性也就越小”;

第三，用常规含义代替偏用词义。在英语语言中，许多词或短语存在多义的现象，考生如果只掌握其常用的基本词义是不够的。在阅读实践中，更不能用已掌握的常用词义去代替偏用词义，从而导致对词或句意的误解或费解。命题者在命制词义句意题时，就通常把要考查的词或句意的常规含义作为干扰项以麻痹考生。因此，考生必须根据上下文推测其在特定语境下的含义;

第四，过度引申。备选项虽然是从原文中推理引申出来的，但是却超出了文章允许的范围。考生切勿过度发挥，一切以原文为本。

三、命题的常用手段

命题专家在命制阅读理解试题时，总是会使尽浑身解数以各种方式迷惑考生，为他们选择正确的答案设置各种障碍。以下四大原则就是考研命题专家们最常用的一些方式和手段：

1.语言简化

“语言简化”是命题专家使用语言时所必须遵守的一条重要原则。一般来说，一道题的

四个答案不仅长度差不多，语言的用词水平和语法难度也都差不多。此外，答案的文字难度一般低于文章本身，这也是对考生非常有利的一点，有时候甚至可以通过答案来帮助理解原文。

2.关键词替换

关键词替换是阅读理解题目中出现最频繁的命题原则，一般都会在正确答案中用原文某个关键词的同义词或者近义词进行替代。或者从更广的意义上来说，有时候命题者会以和原文意思相同但是遣词造句不同的方式来设计正确答案，即用不同的话把原文的某个句子重述一边，而错误答案反而往往会看上去和原文差不多，这个时候考生需要仔细阅读加以区别。

【例题】This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, receives a new form of expression。

Futurists claim that we must___。(2000年第61题)

A. increase the production of literature

B. use poetry to relieve modern stress

C. develop new modes of expression

D. avoid using adjectives and verbs

【正确答案】C

3.正话反说

即选择用否定的方式(如双重否定，或者一个否定形式加上另一个否定词如never，none等)来表述文中用肯定方式所表述的本内容，两者的意思是相同的。

【例题】How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don’t have unpredictable things, you don’t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it. (1999年第68题)

The author asserts that scientists ________。

[A] shouldn’t replace “scientific method” with imaginative thought

[B] shouldn’t neglect to speculate on unpredictable things

[C] should write more concise reports for technical journals

[D] should be confident about their research findings

【正确答案】B

4.反话正说

顾名思义，即文中用否定方式来表述一定的内容，而选项中用肯定的方式把同样的意思在表述一遍。

【例题】Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle。(2000年第54题) The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the ________。

[A] turning of the business cycle [B] restructuring of industry

[C] improved business management [D] success in education

【正确答案】A

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