一英美文化概况
?英国政府练习
? 1. It is no doubt that Britain is the oldest representative democracy in the world. T
? 2. The oldest institution of government in Britain is the Monarchy. T
? 3.The divine right of the king means the sovereign derived his authority from his subjects. F
? 4. The term ―parliament‖ was first officially used in 1066 to describe the gathering of feudal barons and representatives from counties and towns. F ? 5. Britain is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy. T ? 6. Britain, like Israel, has a written constitutions of the sort which most countries have. F
?7. Common laws are laws which have been established through common practice in the courts. T
1. Which of the following is Not a characteristic of British government?
A. It offers the Queen high political status and supreme power.
B. It is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy.
C. It is the oldest representative democracy in the world.
D. It has no written form of Constitution.
2. Which of the following kings was executed in the civil war?
A. James I
B. James II
C. Charles I
D. Charles II
3. What happened in 1215?
A. It was the year of Norman Conquest in British history.
B. Forced by barons, King John signed the Magna Carta. 大宪章
C. Henry IV granted the Commons the power to review money grants.
D. King Egbert united England under his rule.
4. Under whose reign was the Bill of Rights passed?
A. James II
B. William of Orange
C. Oliver Cromwell
D. George I
5. Which of the following is Not related to the Constitution?
A. It is a written document which lists out the basic principles for
government.
B. It is the foundation of British governance today
C. Conventions and Laws passed by Parliament are part of the Constitution.
D. The common laws are part of the Constitution.
6. Which of the following statements is NOT correct?
A. They are no legal restraints upon Parliament.
B. Strictly speaking, the Queen is part of the Parliament
C. Parliament has the supreme power of passing laws.
D. Parliament has no power to change the terms of the Constitution.
7. Which of the following is NOT a true description of the Queen’s role?
A. The Queen selects the Prime Minister and the Cabinet.
B. The Queen symbolizes the tradition and the Cabinet
C. The Queen acts as a confidante to the Prime Minister.
D. The Queen is the temporal head of the Church of England.
8. Which of the following is Not a feature of the House of Lords?
A. Lords do not receive salaries and many do not attend Parliament sittings.
B. It consists of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal.
C. The Lords are expected to present the interests of the public.
D. Most of the Lords in the House of Lords are male
? 1. The doctrine of the―divine right of kings‖ held that the soverign derived his authority from___not from___.
? 2. In 1215, some feudal barons and the church forced King ___ to sign the ___ to place some limits on the King’s power.
? 3. In 1689, Parliament passed ____ to ensure that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament
? 4. In Britain, the official head of state is ___while the real centre of political life is in___.
? 5. The British Constitution consists of statute law, ___ and ___.
? 6. The most important function of the Parliament is to___.
?7. Strictly speaking, the Parliament consists of the Queen, ___and ___.
? 1. God; his subject
? 2. John, Magna Carta
? 3. the Bill of Rights
? 4. the Queen; the House of Commons
? 5. common law, conventions
? 6. pass laws
?7. the House of Lords, the House of Commons
?英国体育运动节日练习
1The origin of Bowling lies in the victory celebration ceremony by the ancient warriors.
T
2. Tennis is usually regarded as a winter and spring sport. F
3. The game of golf was invented by the Scottish. T
4. Easter is the biggest and best loved British holiday. F
5. Christmas Pantomime is one of the three Christmas traditions that are particularly British. T
6. It is commonly believed that Boxing Day involves the sport of boxing. F
1. Which of the following sports was not invented in Britain?
A football
B tennis
C basketball
D cricket
2. Which of the following is not true about football in Britain?
A millions of people attend the FA games each season.
B ―football hooligans‖ sometimes have violent clashes.
C it was invented by the Scottish people.
D it was once described as ―beastly‖ violent
3. Where is the international tennis championships held?
A Wembley
B Wimbledon
C London
D Edinburgh
4. Which of the following is truly a sport of the royal family?
A cricket
B skiing
C golfing
D horse racing
5. Which one of the following Is not particularly British Christmas tradition?
A enjoying the Pantomime.
B the Queen broadcasting her Christmas message.
C eating chocolate eggs.
D shopping on the Boxing Day.
6. Easter commemorates
A the birth of Jesus Christ.
B the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ.
C the coming of spring.
D the Crucifixion and Resurrection of Jesus Christ.
7. Which community observes the traditional Ramadan?
A Hindu
B Sikh
C Jewish
D Muslim
8. Which celebration particularly happens on the Queen’s birthday?
A bonfires
B the Orange March
C trooping the color
D masquerades
9. Of which people is Robert Burns a national poet?
A the Welsh people
B the Irish people
C the Scottish people
D the English people
10. On which day is Halloween celebrated?
A October 31st.
B November 5th.
C March 17th.
D December 25th
英国练习
1,Britain is no longer an imperial country. T
2Great Britain includes 3 constituent countries: England, Scotland and Wales. F
3. Northern Ireland is part of Great Britain. F
4. When people outside the UK talk about England, they mistake it as Britain sometimes
5. The Scots and the Welsh have a strong sense of being British. F
6. Scotland was never conquered by the Romans. T
7.Most people in Scotland speak the old Celtic language, called “Gaelic”. F
8. Scotland was unified with England through peaceful means. F
9.Wales is rich in coal deposits. T
10. Cardiff, the capital of Wales, is a large city. F
11. The title of Prince of Wales is held by a Welsh according to tradition. F
12. Which of the following is NOT true of London?
A the cultural center
B the business center
C The financial center
D the sports center
13. Which of the following is not true about Britain?
A it used to be a powerful imperial country in the world
B it plays an active role as a member of European Union.
C it is a relatively wealthy and developed country.
D it used to be one of the superpowers in the world.
14. Which of the following can not be found in London?
A teahouses b art galleries
c museums
d theatres
15.Which of the following is not true about London?
a it’s a political, economic and cultural center of the country.
B it has a larger population than all other cities in England.
C it is not only the largest city in the country, but also the largest in the world.
D it has played a significant role in the economic construction of the country.
16. Who are the ancestors of the English and the founders of England?
A the Anglo-Saxons
B the Normans
C the Vikings
D the Romans
17. Which is the largest city in Scotland?
A Cardiff
B Edinburgh
C Glasgow
D Manchester
18. Why did the Scottish kings decide to form an independent singular Scottish state in the 9th century?
A they needed a unified independent nation to fight against Viking raids.
B they felt it necessary to develop their own industry
C they were threatened by the Anglo-Saxon’s invasion.
D they had to do it in order to resist the British.
18. Where do the majority of people in Scotland live?
A in the Highlands
B in the Lowlands
C in the Uplands
D in the west of Scotland.
19. Which of the following is not true?
A Wales was invaded by the Romans.
B Wales was invaded by the Anglo-Saxons.
C Wales was conquered by the Normans.
D Wales was threatened by the English.
20. When did Scotland join the Union by agreement of the English and Scottish Parliaments?
A in 1715
B in 1688
C in 1745
D in 1707
? 1. The full name of the United Kingdom is the ___ and ___.
? 2. Britain is a country with a history of invasions. In 43 AD Britain was invaded by____; in the late 8the century they experienced raids from Scandinavia and in the 11th century they suffered invasions from____.
? 3. The Angle-Saxons began to settle in Britain in the ___century.
? 4. Name two Scottish cities which have ancient and internationally respected universites: ____ and____.
?Keys:
? 1. the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
? 2. the Roman Empire; Normans
? 3. 5th
? 4. Edinburgh and Glasgow
1 . Ireland is part of Great Britain. F
2. Ulster, referring to Northern Ireland, was once an ancient Irish Kingdom. T
3. The capital of Belfast is a large city with half a million people. F
4. Northern Ireland is significant because of its manufacturing industry. F
5. The majority of Irish people were descendants of the original Celtic people
Who inhabited British Isles before the Romans arrived 2000 years ago. T
6. Most British people are Protestants while most Irish people are Catholics. T
7. The British government doesn’t have direct rule from London over Northern Ireland. F
8. Sinn Fein is a legal political party in Northern Ireland. T
9. The Good Friday Agreement was approved on 10 April 1998. T
10. Northern Ireland today is governed by separate jurisdictions: that of Republic of Ireland and that of Great Britain. F
1.In the 17th century, the English government encouraged people from Scotland and Northern England to emigrate to the north of Ireland, because…
A they wanted to increase its control over Ireland
B they had too many people and didn’t have enough space for them to live in Britain.
C they intended to expand their investment.
D they believed that Ireland was the best place for them.
2. In 1969, the first British soldiers were seen on Northern Ireland street. They came first…
A to maintain traffic order in Northern Ireland.
B to protect Catholics
C to protect Protestants
D to replace the Royal Ulster Constabulary since they were unable to keep social order
3. Northern Ireland is the smallest of the four nations, but is quite well-known in the world for…
A its most famous landmark, the “Giant’s Causeway‖
B its rich cultural life
C its low living standards
D its endless political problems
4.Faced with conflicting demands the British government chose a compromise and organized a partition of Ireland in 1921, because…
A the British government wouldn’t be able to control Ireland any longer by force.
B the British government intended to satisfy both sides—Catholics and Protestants
C Catholics in Ireland demanded a partition of Ireland.
D Protestants welcomed the idea of partition
5. How many counties are there in Northern Ireland?
A 26 b 6 c 32 d 20
7.Which of the following agreement is accepted by both Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland?
A the Anglo-Irish Agreement
B the Belfast agreement
C the Good Friday agreement
D the multi-party agreement
8.According to the Good Friday Agreement, Northern Ireland today should be governed by the following jurisdictions except…
A the jurisdiction of the Republic of Ireland
B the jurisdiction of loyalist ministers
C the jurisdiction of Great Britain
D the jurisdiction of Northern Ireland.
英国对外关系练习
1. When the World War II ended, Britain no longer was the largest military power in
WesternEurope. F
2. The UK was awarded a seat on the UN Security Council in recognition of its contribution in setting up the United Nations. F
3. According to the text, the most important single factor which influences British policy-makers is its history. T
4. The Prime Minister and Cabinet decide on the general direction on Britain’s foreig n policy. T
5. The main government department involved is the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FOC). T
6. Britain is a parliamentary monarch. F
7. There are about 60 members of the Commonwealth. F
8. The British host(做东道主）a large American military presence and there are 63 American military bases in the UK. T
9. Britain is not a member of the NATO due to its disagreement with some European countries on defence policy. F
1. The author holds that Britain had a big influence on the postwar international
order because
A. it used to be a great imperial power
B. it had a strong military power and prestige.
C. it defeated Hilter’s army
D. it got support from its former colonies.
2. Which countries are the permanent members of the UN Security Council?
? A. France, China, Germany, Russia and Britain
? B. The United States, France, Britain, Germany and Russia.
C. China, Russia, France, Britain and the United States.
D. China, Britain, France, the United States and Japan.
3. How much of the globe did Britain rule in its imperial prime?
A. a fourth of the globe.
B. a fifth of the globe.
C. a third of the globe.
D. two-thirds of the globe
4. The present British foreign policy is mainly influenced by some of the
following factors. Which one is an exception?
A. Its imperial history.
B. Its geopolitical traits.
C. Its special relationship with the United States.
D. Its schizophrenic[?sk?ts??fr?n?k]反复无常attitude to Europe.
5. Which of the following is not involved in making the British foreign policy?
A. The Queen of Britain
B. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office
C. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet.
D. The Ministry of Defence and the Treasury
6. Nowadays the British foreign policy is largely shaped by its participation in_____.
A. the Commonwealth
B. the European Economic Community
C. the United Nations, the EU, NATO, etc.
D. a European federal government
7. Which of the following statements is not true?
A. Britain hosts a large American military force.
B. 63 American military bases are under the command of Britain.
C. There are 63 American military bases in Britain.
D. Britain is an outpost of an American-dominated military bloc.
8. Which of the following countries does not have nuclear weapons capabilities?
? A. Britain B. the United States
? C. Italy D. Russia
9. Three of the following factors have contributed to Britain’s special relationship with the United States to a certain degree. Which is the exception?
? A. Britain and the United States share the general ideas in many respects
? B. They have common interests in every respect.
? C. They agree generally on how the world economy should be managed.
? D. They have special links in culture.
10. Why does Britain have its nuclear naval force?
? A. Because it’s one of the developed countries in the world.
? B. Because it’s a traditional sea power.
? C. Because it has an advanced industry
? D. Becaus e it’s able to produce submarines
1. The foundations of British foreign policy
The contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperial history( the most important single factor) and also by its geopolitical(地缘政治) traits. As Britain lost its empire so recently, British policy-makers frequently forget that Britain is not as influential as it used to be in world affairs. Another decisive influence upon the way Britain handles its external affairs is geopolitical [?d?i(:)?up??litik?l] （地理政治学）attitude to Europe
2. The making of Britain’s foreign policy
?The general direction of Britain’s foreign policy is mainly decided by the Prime Minister and the Cabinet. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office,（外交部）the main government department, plays a significant role in the making of Britain’s foreign policy. Many other government ministries such as the Ministry of Defence also play a part in formulating and carrying out the government’s decisions. A less obvious, but an extremely influential player in Britain’s foreign policy is the Treasury.
?[?tr???ri] The Treasury makes decisions on how much money other departments can have each year
3. Britain and the EU
?It is an important member in the EU. Britain joined the European Economic Community in 1973 which is now called the EU.
?Britain’s participa tion in the EU remains controversial. At the center of the controversy is the fact that it is not clear about what the EU is and what it will
become. The UK has always been interested in encouraging free trade between countries and is therefore very supportive of the EU as a free trade area.
Britain likes to regard the EU as a place
?where economic cooperation is possible and where a flow of trained personnel and goods are possible. But Britain has always been less enthusiastic about giving up its national sovereignty to a European government.
4. The Commonwealth
?the Commonwealth, a voluntary association of states which is made up mostly of former British colonies. There are 50 members of the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth was set up as a forum for continued cooperation and as a sort of support network.
美国政治制度练习
? 1. When the War of Independence was over, the United States was one unified nation as it is today. F
? 2. The agreement that set the plan of cooperation among different states after the War of American Independence was called the Constitution of the United States. F
? 3. The US Constitution set up a federal system with a strong central government. T
? 4. The main duty of the congress is to make laws, including those which levy taxes that pay for the work of the federal government. T
? 5. Under a constitutional Amendment passed in 1951, a president can be elected to only one term. F
? 6. The president has the authority to appoint federal judges, and all such court appointments are subject to confirmation by the House of representatives. F ?7. The 10 very short paragraphs which guarantee freedom and individual rights and forbid interference with lives of individuals by the government are called the Bill of Rights. T
?8. The idea of checks and balances as a way of restricting governmental power and preventing its abuse was first provided in the Federalist Papers. T ?9. Today, the United States has two major political parties. One is the Democratic Party, formed before 1800. The other is the Republican party, formed in the 1850s, by people in the states of the North and West. T ?10. Americans have to join a political party in order to vote or to be a candidate for public office. F
1. which of the following statements is NOT correct? When the War of Independence was over,___.
? A. each new state had its own government.
? B. each new state made its own laws and handled all of its internal affairs.
? C. the national government was called the Congress with little power.
? D. the relationships between the states and the national government were clearly defined.
2. According to the author, the Articles of Confederation failed because of the following reasons. Which is not true?
? A. The new states did not cooperate with the Congress or with each other
? B. Some new states wanted to be free from the Union.
? C. The Congress could not raise money to pay the national army and to pay debts owed to France and other nations.
? D. The Congress had no power to tax any citizen.
3. Which of the following states refused to participate in the Constitutional Convention?
? A. Virginia B. Rhode Island
? C. New York D. Maryland
4. Which of the following statements is NOT correct? When the Constitution was written, ____.
? A. there was a Bill of Rights in the Constitution.
? B. there was no Bill of Rights.
? C. the Constitution did not have any words guaranteeing the freedoms or the basic rights and privileges of citizens.
? D. a “Bill of Rights”was added to the Constitution was made.
5. Which of the following is the only branch that can make federal laws, and levy federal taxes?
? A. the executive B. the legislative
? C. the judicial D. the president
6. Which of the following is NOT a power of the president?
? A. The president can veto any bill passed by Congress.
? B. The president has the authority to appoint federal judges as vacancies occur.
? C. The president can make laws.
? D. The president broad powers, with the executive branch, to issue regulations and directives regarding the work of the federal departments.
7. The Bill of Rights consists of ___.
? A. 10 very short paragraphs in an amendment.
? B. 10 amendments adopted in 1787.
? C. 10 amendments added to the Constitution in 1791.
? D. the amendments concerning freedom of religion, of speech and of the press 8. Which of the following is NOT guaranteed in the Bill of Rights？
? A. The freedom of religion.
? B. The freedom of searching q person’s home by police.
? C. The freedom of speech and of the press.
? D. The right to own weapons if one wishes.
9. The following were NOT written into the Constitution in 1787 except___.
? A. the Bill of Rights
? B. the judicial review
? C. the political party system
? D. the powers of the president.
10. The New Deal was started by ___.
? A. Franklin Roosevelt
? B. J. F. Kennedy
? C. George Washington
? D. Thomas Jefferson
美国教育练习
? 1. Critics of the affirmative action programs are of the opinion that this results in reverse discrimination. T
? 2. The Servicemen’s Readjustment Act, or GI Bill of Rights, gave veterans priority in finding better jobs. F
? 3. American university students have always liked to get degrees that are aimed at preparing them specifically for certain professions. F ? 4. One of the things that decides whether an applicant can be accepted by a college is his/ her scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Test. T
? 5. According to the author, larger universities are always better, and more desirable universities are always more expensive. F
? 6. It takes at least four years to get a bachelor’s degree from an institution of higher learning in the US. T
?7. Segregating blacks into separate schools was unconstitutional after the decision of the Supreme Court in 1954. T
?8. Harvard College was originally founded to train government officials.
?.
? 1. Which of the following subjects are NOT offered to elementary school students?
? A. Mathematics and languages
? B. Politics and business education
? C. Science and social studies.
? D. Music and physical education
? 2. The expenditure in American public schools is guided by or decided by___ ? A. teacher B. students C. headmasters D. boards of education
? 3. In the United States school systems, which of the following divisions is true?
? A. Elementary school, grammar school
? B. Elementary school, junior high school
? C. Elementary school, secondary school
? D. Junior high school, senior high school
? 4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in American higher education?
? A. Universities and colleges B. Research institutions
? C. Technical institutions D. Undergraduate institutions
? 5. Three of the following factors have contributed to the flourishing of large universities in America, which is the exception?
? A. Large universities offer the best libraries and facilities for scientific research.
? B. Large universities provide students with ―mainframe‖computers
? C. Large universities offer scholarships to all students
?D, Large universities attract students with modern laboratories
? 6. Nearly all students want to get into more desirable institutions because____.
?A, they find it easy for them to get jobs after having gradual from one of them
? B. they enjoy the high prestige of these institutions
? C. they like the teachers and surroundings in these institutions
? D. they prefer to have the Scholastic Aptitude Tests
?7. In order to go to university, secondary school students must meet the following requirements except that_____.
? A. they have high school records and recommendations from their teachers ? B. they make good impressions during the interview
? C. they get good scores in the Scholastic Aptitude Tests
? D. they pass the college entrance examinations
?8. Three of the following universities have large endowments from wealthy benefactors. Which is the exception?
? A. Harvard University B. the State University of New York
? C. Yale University D, Princeton University
?9. Both public and private universities depend on the following sources on income except____.
? A. investment B. student tuition C. endowments D. government funding
?10. To get a bachelor’s degree, an undergraduate student is required to do the following except_____
? A. attending lectures and complete assignment
? B. passing examinations
? C. taking certain subjects such as history, language and philosophy
? D. earning a certain number of credits at the end of the four years at college
美国二战后外交关系
? 1. American foreign policy has been swinging between isolationism and interventionism since WWII. F
? 2. Pax Americana indicates American policy to create a world order dominated by the United States. T
? 3. The founding of the NATO in 1949 and the Warsaw Pact in 1955 split the world into two military blocs. And the Cold War began. T
? 4. The United States had its first test of the hydrogen bomb in 1953 after the Soviet Union in the space technology race and so initiated the Star Wars project. F
? 5. Sputniks are man-made satellites made by the Soviet Union. T
? 6. When Ronald Reagan became president in 1982, he wanted to beat the Soviet Union in the space technology race and so he initiated the Star Wars project. T
?7. In 1948 President Truman put forward the Truman Doctrine, which is generally regarded as the formal declaration of the implementation of the US containment foreign policy. T
?8. After the Korean War, the US made necessary adjustments and adopted a strategy of contraction. F
?9. At the end of the WWII, a concrete wall, separating East and West Berlin, was built which became the symbol of the Cold War. F
?10. The Clinton Administration made national security, economic prosperity and promotion of democracy the three pillars of the American foreign policy.
F
?11. After the Sept. 11 terrorist attack, anti-terrorism became a priority on the agenda of the majority of the countries all over the world. T
?12. When George W. Bush became President, his foreign policy has two prominent elements: isolationism and faith in military strength. F
1. The American foreign policy up to WWII can be described as ___.
? A. containment
? B. swinging between containment and interventionism
? C. swinging between isolationism and internationalism
? D. unilateralism
2. After the WWII, the United States became a stronger country, proved by the following facts except__.
? A. the US suffered no losses in the war.
? B. the US was the sole possessor of atomic bombs.
? C. the US had over 70% of the gold reserve of the world in its coffers.
? D. the US had over 50% of industrial production of the world in its hand.
3. When was the NATO founded?
? A. In 1945. B. in 1955
? C. In 1948 D. in 1949
4. When was the Warsaw Pact founded?
? A. In 1945. B. in 1955
? C. In 1948 D. in 1949
5. During the arms race between the Soviet Union and the US, what caused fear and anxiety on the part of the United States?
? A. In 1949, the Soviet Union detonated its first atomic device.
? B. The Warsaw Pact was founded in 1955.
? C. The Soviet Union had its first test of the bomb in 1953.
? D. in 1957, the Soviet Union into another round of arms race.
6. What did the US mean by containment?
? A. It would use whatever means to prevent the Soviet Union from breaking out of its sphere of influence.
? B. It wanted to reverse the situation in which the Soviet Union reached parity with the US in nuclear force
? C. It planned to drag the the Soviet Union into another round of arms race
? D. It intended to shift the balance of terror
7. How long did the Vietnam War last?
? A. more than 5 years
? B. about 10 years
? C. About 20 years
? D. More than 25 years
8. When did President Nixon make a trip to China to improve relations with the People’s Republic of China?
? A. In 1972 B. In 1973
? C. In 1970 D. In 1971
9. On one occasion during the Cold War period, the US and the Soviet Union were on the brink of nuclear war. What was that occasion?
? A. the US fought the Korean War
? B. the US sent 50 000 troops to Vietnam
? C. the Cuban Missile Crisis occurred in 1962.
? D. Large numbers of people fled East Berlin and East Germany to West Germany in 1961.
10. The Clinton Administration made the following elements the three pillars of American foreign policy. Which of them is not included?
? A. national security B. contraction
? C. Economic prosperity
? D. Promotion of democracy
1.What are the some of the major powers of each of the three branches of the US government? How are the three branches supposed to check and balance each other? Can political reform in China borrow anything from that?
A What are the some of the major powers of each of the three branches of the US government?
The three branches—the Executive, headed by the president; and the Judicial, headed by the Supreme Court.
The Legislative, including both houses of Congress (the Senate and the House of Representative) 。The legislative branch(立法机构）is the only branch that can make federal laws, levy federal taxes and declare war or put foreign treaties into effect.
The Executive, headed by the president;The president can appoint federal judges as vacancies occur, including members of the Supreme Court. All such court appointments are subject to confirmation by the Senate.The president has broad powers, with the executive branch, to issue regulations and directives regarding the work of the federal departments. He is the commander in chief of the armed forces. The judicial branch(司法机构) is headed by the Supreme Court with a chief justice and 8 associate justices. The Federal courts have jurisdiction over cases arising out of the Constitution and other cases which do not arise out of individual states.
The Supreme Court has the judicial review power.
B How are the three branches supposed to check and balance each other?
System of “checks and balances (制约与平衡的原则)”of the three-part national government works to keep serious mistakes from being made by one branch or another.
C Can political reform in China borrow anything from that?
China does not make the separation, but can absorb the reasonable factors. The people's congress system is a basic system suitable to China's national conditions.It directly reflects that people's democratic dictatorship is national nature in our contry, reflected the whole picture of our political life and is the basic forms and means for the people to be the masters of democratic rights.(中国不搞三权分立，但可以吸收其合理的因素。人民代表大会制度是比较符合我国国情的根本制度，它直接反映我国人民民主专政的国家性质，体现了我国政治生活的全貌，是人民实现当家作主的民主权利的基本形式和途径)
2.“British history is a history of invasion”. Please illustrate this point. How did each of the invasion influence English culture?
该题答案请见课件中的答案
3.In the late 1980s and the early 1990s the world saw great changes. What new strategy did the US form after that?
In the late1980s and early 1990s the world witnessed the most remarkable changes since the WWII. The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the change of the color of the Eastern European countries and the disintegration of the SU at the end of 1991 radically changed the balance of power in the world.
American strategic planners again brought up the idea of a Pax Americana. Its national strategy was engagement and expansion, which means the US will take a more active part in world affairs and will more actively promote market economy and American style democracy in the world.
What is preemption in the Bush Doctrine?
In an address delivered to the West Point graduates, President Bush, for the first time, put forward the strategy of preemption, which is formalized in the National Security Strategy issued in Sept. 2002.
By preemption, the US means that when it determines that a country which is repressive and hostile to the US has acquired or produced weapons of mass destruction or has the potential to possess such weapons, the US should use force to remove this threat to US security and should not wait till the danger becomes imminent or until the Us is attacked. This is known as Bush Doctrine.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1518032937.html,pare the education system in Britain and that in China. Try to illustrate it specifically.
Receiving education in Britain is kind of welfare, however, that is kind of trade in China.
A student in UK wil l have ―Streaming‖, national test and GCSE in their studying path, and they have 4 Key Stages. In China, students usually have 3 stages—primary school, junior high school and senior high school. And the fatal exam ―Gaokao‖(university entrance exam) will decide their way of life forwards.
The chance for a student to get into a university in China is much lower than that in Britain. Only 1 out of 1000 students has the access to university. In China, which decided that the education is a mean of selecting other than a way of exploring students’ potential.
Studying in Britain is tend to think, yet studying in China is tend to recite.
As to the course, comparing the three core subjects for a British student---English, Mathematics and Science, the Chinese core subjects are Chinese, Mathematics and English, of which 2/3 are linguistic. While the British are learning science, we spend 1/3 of our time learning their language, which, I think this should explain why we are inferior to British in science.
5.What are the major powers of each of the three branches of the US government? How are they supposed to check and balance（制约与平衡）each other？(这两问答案见第一题）
What are the advantages of the system?
The separation is to restrict power, avoid the abuse of power , prevent a state organ or personal dictatorship and tyranny, thus ensuring the national political stability .
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1518032937.html,pare the roles of the British queen and the US president.
In UK, the sovereign only has an ceremonial role restricted in exercise of power by convention and public opinion. the British monarch has no real power.The Queen, is primarily to symbolize the tradition and unity of the British State.
In US, the presidentthe is the head of the the executive branch(行政机构) , who is
elected to a four-year term and can be elected to only two terms .The powers of the presidency are formidable but with limitations. The president, as the chief formulator of public policy, often proposes legislation to Congress. The president can also veto any bill passed by Congress. The president can appoint federal judges as vacancies occur, including members of the Supreme Court. All such court appointments are subject to confirmation by the Senate. The president can issue regulations and directives regarding the work of the federal departments. He is the commander in chief of the armed forces and is primarily responsible for handling foreign relations.
7.How do you understand that Britain has a “special relationship” w ith the US? During World War II, the two countries were closely allied and continued to work together closely in the postwar year,.Even today, British and American policy-makers share the general ideas in many respects. However, Britain’s ―special relationship‖ with the USA has gone through ups and downs (the 1956 Suez Crisis). The British began to realize that their own foreign policy actions can be limited by the United States. But both sides have worked hard to maintain the ―special relations‖. Britain is described as an outpost[?a?t?post] 前哨, 哨兵, 哨站of an American-dominated military bloc. 集团；联盟There are 63 American military bases 基地under American control in Britain.
8.Please introduce the undergraduate curriculum and graduate study in American higher education. What can be the borrowed by us from that to improve the curriculum in Chinese Universities?
In America, the undergraduate curriculum is basically divided into three categories: the General Education , Major/Minor and Free Elective (Free Elective). In the first two years,every student has to take some courses(such as world history, writing,math or research). In the third year ,Each student must choose professional courses. At the same time, they can also choose courses which interest them,such as sports, music, dance and drama classes . This is called "free elective".
至于研究生教育有何不同，自己总结，另外What can be the borrowed by us from that to improve the curriculum in Chinese Universities?自己总结
9.How did the English Parliament come into being?
The word “parliament”comes from the verb “to parley”, that is to discuss or talk. The term was first used officially in 1236 to describe the gathering of feudal barons and representatives from counties and towns which the king occasionally summoned if he wanted to raise money
Parliament—a place for argument and debate
?Before the 13 the century—King’s Council
?In the 14 the century—Lords and Commons
?Before the 17 the century—ruled by the King
?In 1688—“Bill of Rights”shifting of the power from the monarch to parliament. Strictly speaking, the Parliament today consists of the Queen, and the two Houses.
Since the British monarch has no real power, why do the English want to remain it? Because the British monarch is the living symbol of
national unity,demonstrating stability and continuity , embodying the
development of English history,so the English want to remain it.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1518032937.html,pare the roles of the British Queen and the American President. (该题目答
案见同第六题答案）
Who has more powers in your opinion? Illustrate your point with examples. 该题目自由发挥
11.How did the Cold War begin?
By the end of WWII, The united States ,which had not suffered as much as other allied countries, became the strongest country in the world . As the sole possessor of atomic bombs and much of the world's gold reserve and industrial production in its hand, the planners of the United States wanted a world order dominated by the United States,a world market which was free and open to American goods and services and more and more countries modeling on American instuition and values.In pursuing this goal ,the US encountered determined resistance from the Soveit Union .Gradually ,the two wartime allies, fell apart and the Cold War began to unfold in Europe.
What role did the US play in this?
They were the 2 super powers of the world- and both were fighting for the top spot. The USSR represented the Communist Nations (most of which were the USA's enemies) so we could not, as a Democratic nation, let them be more powerful (at risk of showing weakness to the rest of the world). The USSR had opposing veiws to the USA.
12.What are the two political parties in the United States? Do you think they are fundamentally different?
The United States has two major political parties.One is the Democratic Party, which is thought to be more liberal and the symbol of which is the donkey. Democrats regard Thomas Jefferson as the founder of the party.
The other is the Republican Party, which is believed to be more conservative and the symbol of which is the elephant.
Although Republicans place more emphasis on private enterprise and
often accuse the Democrats of making the government too expensive
and of creating too many laws that harm individual initiative, they are
not fundamentally different.
需要更正答案的问题以及对没有答案问题的补充
1，The functions of the Parliament: to pass laws, to vote for taxation,to scrutinize（仔细审查）government policy, administration and expenditure （花费使用）and to debate the major issues of the day.
2.The four invasions in the history of Britain.
the 1st Invasion: Roman Britain，
the Second Invasion: Anglo-Saxon Invasion
the Third Invision: Viking Invasion (800–1066)
the Fourth Invision: Norman Conquest
3, The containment policy
The US put into effect the containment policy in the late 1940s.
By containment, the US would use whatever means, including military force, to prevent the SU from breaking out of its sphere of influence. In order to contain communism ,the US fought two wars in Asia:the Korean War and the Vietnam War. 4.The Servicemen’s Readjustment Act
Congress passed it in 1944, and it was soon popularly called the ―GI Bill of Rights‖ (军人重新安置法) . GI was a nickname for the American soldier, which came from the abbreviation for ―Government Issue‖—the uniforms and other articles ―issued‖ to a Soldier (免费发给士兵的军装和其他物品). The Act promised financial aid,
including aid for higher education to members of the armed forces after the end of World War II.
5.Grammar School
It is a type of secondary schools in Britain.select children at the age 11, through an examination called ―the 11-plus‖.Those children with the highest marks go to grammar schools. These schools lay emphasis on advanced academic subjects rather than the more general curriculum of the comprehensive schools and expect many of their pupils to go on to universities.
6.Declaration of Independence
It was mainly drafted by Thomas Jefferson and was adopted by the Congress on July 4, 1776, when the people of 13 English colonies in North America were fighting for their freedom and independence from the British colonial rule. The document declared that all men were equal and that they were entitled to have some unalienable (不可剥夺的) rights such as life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. It also explained the philosophy of governments: the powers of governments came from the consent of the governed and the purpose of governments was to secure the rights mentioned above. The theory of politics and the guiding principles of the American Revolution mainly came from John Locke.(约翰洛克英国哲学家)
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1518032937.html,prehensive schools
Comprehensive schools are the most popular secondary schools in Britain today. Such schools admit children without reference to their academic abilities and provide general education. Pupils can study everything from academic subject to more practical subjects like cooking.
8.The Bill of Rights (US)
The Bill of Rights (US) consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791.The Bill of Rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of religion, of speech and of the press., the right to assemble in public places, the right to own weapons and so on.
9.Puritanism
Puritans were those who followed the doctrine of John Calvin and wanted to purify the church of England. They believed that human beings were predestined by God before they were born(他们深信人的命运是生前就由上帝注定的。这是清教主义的命运天定说). Some were God’s chosen people while others were damned to hell. No church nor good works could save people. The sign of being God’s elect was the success in his work or the prosperity in his calling. (一个人工作上的成功或事业上的兴旺是上帝选民的标志) They also argued that everyone must read the Bible in order to find God’s will and establish a direct contact with God. (他们还说人人都要读?圣经?，从中探索上帝的意志，与上帝建立直接的联系).These beliefs had great impact on American culture.
10.The Making of Britain’s Foreign Policy
The general direction of Britain’s foreign policy is mainly decided by the Prime Minister and the Cabinet. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office,（外交部）the main government department, plays a significant role in the making of Brit ain’s