modelmuse地下水模拟软件教程

ModelMuse—A Graphical User Interface for MODFLOW–2005 and PHAST

By Richard B. Winston

Chapter 29 of

Section A, Ground Water—Book 6, Modeling Techniques

Techniques and Methods 6–A29

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

U.S. Department of the Interior

KEN SALAZAR, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey

Suzette M. Kimball, Acting Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2009

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Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS

Cover: View of the example model for MODFLOW–2005 described in the MODFLOW–2005 documentation. The model was imported into ModelMuse and the grid was colored with the calculated head.

Suggested citation:

Winston, R.B., 2009, ModelMuse—A graphical user interface for MODFLOW–2005 and PHAST: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6–A29, 52 p., available only online at https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1b18200341.html,/tm/tm6A29.

Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply

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Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual

copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report.

Contents Preface (vii)

Abstract (1)

Introduction (1)

Quick Start Guide (2)

MODFLOW Models (2)

PHAST Models (3)

MODFLOW and PHAST Models (3)

Basic Concepts (3)

The Grid (3)

PHAST Grid (4)

MODFLOW Grid (4)

Data Sets (5)

Data Sets in PHAST (6)

Data Sets in MODFLOW (6)

Formulas (6)

Objects (7)

Assigning Values to Data Sets (7)

Assigning Values to Data Sets in PHAST (7)

Assigning Values to Data Sets in MODFLOW (8)

Model Features (9)

Model Features in PHAST (9)

Model Features in MODFLOW (9)

Comparison of Objects and Shapefiles (10)

Initial Dialog Boxes (10)

Initial Grid Dialog Box for PHAST (10)

Initial Grid Dialog Box for MODFLOW (11)

Main Window (11)

Top, Front, and Side Views (12)

The Selection Cube (12)

The Ruler (13)

The Working Area (13)

Three-Dimensional View (13)

Hints and the Status Bar (13)

Creating, Selecting, and Editing Objects in ModelMuse (14)

Creating Objects (14)

Points (14)

Polylines (14)

Polygons (15)

Straight Lines (15)

Rectangles (16)

Selecting Objects (16)

Editing Objects (17)

Generating Grids (18)

Specifying a Uniform Initial Grid (18)

Specifying a Grid with Numbers (18)

Drawing the Grid (19)

Using Objects to Specify the Grid (19)

Interpolation Methods (23)

PHAST–Style Interpolation (26)

Formulas (28)

Importing MODFLOW Models (28)

Executing the Model (29)

Viewing Model Results (30)

Troubleshooting Data Set Values (30)

Example (32)

Define Layer Groups (33)

Define Layer Boundaries (34)

Using Objects To Define the Top of the Model (34)

Defining Parameters (36)

View Zone Definition (36)

ZoneID Object (38)

Multiplier Array (39)

Defining Stress Periods (40)

Selecting Packages (40)

CHD Objects (41)

CHD Objects With Parameters (42)

Displaying the Boundary Values (44)

Importing Shapefiles (45)

Importing Images (46)

Importing Transient Data (46)

Global Variables (47)

Executing the Model (48)

Viewing Model Results (48)

Limitations (49)

Summary (50)

Acknowledgments (50)

References Cited (51)

Appendix 1—ModelMonitor (52)

Figures

1. The grid in PHAST including nodes (black dots) and a light gray element and a dark gray cell (4)

2. Side view of a MODFLOW grid showing non-uniform layer boundaries (5)

3. Difference in grid numbering between PHAST and MODFLOW (5)

4. Example of 2–D data sets used to define the top and bottom of a geologic unit in PHAST (8)

5. The main window of ModelMuse (11)

6. The parts of the top, front, or side views of the model (12)

7. The top, front, and side selection cubes (12)

8. Ruler

ModelMuse (13)

in

9. A 3–D view of a model in ModelMuse (13)

10. Appearance of selected object, nonselected object, and an object with a selected vertex (16)

11. Unrotated and rotated grid with unmoved objects on the top and front views (19)

12. Two objects used to define the position of the grid (20)

13. The Generate Grid dialog box (21)

and objects (21)

14. Grid

15. Grid with region with smaller elements specified by polygon object (22)

16. Generate Grid dialog box with grid smoothing activated (22)

17. Grid generated with grid smoothing (23)

18. Interpolation methods (25)

19. Time required to assign values to a grid with 10,000 cells as a function of the number of points (26)

20. Global and grid coordinate systems in ModelMuse (27)

of ExampleModel.gpt (33)

21. Initial

appearance

22. Layer Groups dialog box in ExampleModel.gpt (33)

23. Data Sets dialog box in ExampleModel.gpt (34)

24. Show or Hide Objects dialog box in ExampleModel.gpt (35)

25. Objects used to define the top elevation in ExampleModel.gpt (35)

view of the grid (35)

dimensional

26. Thee

27. Parameters in the LPF package in ExampleModel.gpt (36)

28. Selecting the HK_Par1_Zone data set in the Color Grid dialog box (37)

29. The blue area represents the area where HK_Par1 applies (37)

30. Grid

Value dialog box (38)

31. Properties tab of the Object Properties dialog box (39)

32. Data Sets tab of the Object Properties dialog box (39)

33. Cells colored with the multiplier array in ExampleModel.gpt (40)

Time dialog box (40)

34. MODFLOW

35. Parameter definition in the MODFLOW CHD package (41)

36. Objects defining CHD parameter boundaries in ExampleModel.gpt (41)

of the CHD boundaries (42)

one

of

37. Properties

38. Object Properties dialog box showing the use of two parameters for one object (43)

39. Formula Editor showing a formula used for interpolating the specified head of one of the parameters (43)

40. Graph of multiplier value as a function of position for the formulas for CHD_Par1 and CHD_Par2 (44)

head

for CHD package (44)

41. Starting

42. The Import Shapefile dialog box (45)

43. Coordinate conversion in the Import Shapefile dialog box (45)

Image

dialog box (46)

44. Import

containing transient data (47)

45. Spreadsheet

46. Transient data transferred to ModelMuse (47)

Results to Import dialog box (48)

Model

47. Select

heads in ExampleModel (49)

48. Simulated

Abbreviations and Acronyms

m meter

CPU central processing unit

DXF Drawing Exchange Format

GB gigabyte

GHz gigahertz

IFACE auxiliary parameter to input boundary faces

MB megabyte

MODFLOW modular groundwater flow model

PHAST PH REEQC A nd H ST3D computer program for simulating groundwater flow, solute transport, and multicomponent geochemical reactions

Preface

This report describes the U.S. Geological Survey graphical user interface for MODFLOW and PHAST (ModelMuse). The performance of the program has been tested in a variety of applications. Future applications, however, might reveal errors that were not detected in the test simulations. Users are requested to send notification of any errors found in this report or the model program to: Office of Ground Water

U.S. Geological Survey

411 National Center

Reston, VA 20192

(703) 648-5001

The latest version of the model program and this report can be obtained using the Internet at address: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1b18200341.html,/software/.

ModelMuse—A Graphical User Interface for MODFLOW–2005 and PHAST

By Richard B. Winston

Abstract

ModelMuse is a graphical user interface (GUI) for the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) models MODFLOW–2005 and PHAST. This software package provides a GUI for creating the flow and transport input file for PHAST and the input files for MODFLOW–2005. In ModelMuse, the spatial data for the model is independent of the grid, and the temporal data is independent of the stress periods. Being able to input these data independently allows the user to redefine the spatial and temporal discretization at will. This report describes the basic concepts required to work with ModelMuse. These basic concepts include the model grid, data sets, formulas, objects, the method used to assign values to data sets, and model features.

The ModelMuse main window has a top, front, and side view of the model that can be used for editing the model, and a 3–D view of the model that can be used to display properties of the model. ModelMuse has tools to generate and edit the model grid. It also has a variety of interpolation methods and geographic functions that can be used to help define the spatial variability of the model. ModelMuse can be used to execute both MODFLOW–2005 and PHAST and can also display the results of MODFLOW–2005 models. An example of using ModelMuse with MODFLOW–2005 is included in this report. Several additional examples are described in the help system for ModelMuse, which can be accessed from the Help menu.

Introduction

ModelMuse is a graphical user interface (GUI) for MODFLOW–2005 (Harbaugh, 2005) and PHAST (Parkhurst and others, 2004). MODFLOW–2005 is a three-dimensional finite-difference groundwater model. It simulates steady and nonsteady flow in an irregularly shaped flow system in which aquifer layers can be confined, unconfined, or a combination of confined and unconfined. PHAST simulates multi-component, reactive solute transport in three-dimensional saturated groundwater flow systems.

ModelMuse is based on GoPhast (Winston, 2006). ModelMuse allows the user to define the spatial input for the models by drawing points, lines, or polygons on top, front, and side views of the model domain. These objects can have up to two associated formulas that define their extent perpendicular to the view plane, allowing the objects to be three-dimensional. Formulas are also used to specify the values of spatial data (data sets) both globally and for individual objects. Objects can be used to specify the values of data sets independent of the spatial and temporal discretization of the model. Thus, the grid and simulation periods for the model can be changed without respecifying spatial data pertaining to the hydrogeologic framework and boundary conditions. The points, lines, and polygons can assign data set properties at locations that are enclosed or intersected by them or by interpolation among objects using several interpolation algorithms. Data for the model can be imported from a variety

of data sources and model results can be viewed in ModelMuse. This report describes the basic operation of ModelMuse along with an example model. Additional information and examples are provided in the ModelMuse help system, which can be accessed from the Help menu.

Once the model has been defined in ModelMuse, the user can create the input files for the model by selecting File|Export and then export either the MODFLOW input files or the PHAST transport input files. The user has the option to execute the model immediately once the input files are exported.

In cases where the input files for MODFLOW–2000 and MODFLOW–2005 are identical, it may be possible to use ModelMuse to create input files for MODFLOW–2000. However, ModelMuse has not been extensively tested with MODFLOW–2000. Some differences between MODFLOW–2000 and MODFLOW–2005 include the formats of the input files for the observation process and the absence of the Unsaturated Zone Flow (UZF) package in MODFLOW–2000.

The current version of ModelMuse does not support all the options in MODFLOW–2005. Additional options and other programs may be supported in future versions of ModelMuse.

ModelMuse stores all its data in a single file. Several file formats are supported. Of these, the most commonly used are text files with the extension “.gpt” and compressed binary files with the extension “.mmZLib”.

In ancient Greece and Rome, the Muses were thought, by some, to provide the inspiration for music, poetry, and the arts. The composers, poets, and other artists, however, still had to do the hard work of turning that inspiration into an actual work of art. It would be great if ModelMuse could do the same for modelers—provide the key insight required to allow the system to be quickly and effectively modeled. ModelMuse can not do that; it is not smart enough. What it can do is take over some of the mundane parts of the modeling process and make them much easier and faster. By doing so, ModelMuse allows the modeler more time to think, to observe, to analyze, to experiment, and to generate the needed inspiration.

Quick Start Guide

When the user starts ModelMuse, the Start-Up dialog box will appear in which the user can choose to (1) create a new model, (2) import a model, or (3) open an existing model. If the user chooses to create a new model, the user can create a grid for the model in the Initial Grid dialog box. The user can also choose to skip creating the grid and create it later in a variety of different ways. The first time ModelMuse is started on a computer, a video will play. The video can be played again later by selecting Help|Introductory Video.

MODFLOW Models

With MODFLOW models, the user must choose which packages to use in the model in the Model|MODFLOW Packages dialog box. The packages define the types of boundary conditions that can appear in the model, the method used to solve the model equations, and various other aspects of the model.

Stress periods for the model are set up in the Model|MODFLOW Time dialog box. The stress periods define time periods in the model during which the stresses on the model are kept constant (with a few exceptions).

Layers in the model can be confined or convertible between confined and unconfined. This and other properties can be set in the Model|Layer Groups dialog box.

Objects and Formulas are used to define the spatial data such as the distribution of hydraulic conductivity and the location of boundary conditions. The objects can be drawn on the top, front, or side

views of the model or imported from external sources such as Shapefiles. It is also possible to import a background image to help when designing the model.

1.To execute the model, select File|Export|MODFLOW Input Files.

2.To view the model results, select File|Import|Model Results...

PHAST Models

If chemical reactions are to be simulated, the types of reactions to be simulated are chosen in the PHAST Chemistry Options dialog box. The time periods to be simulated in the model are specified in the PHAST Time Control dialog box. The choices related to the solution method are specified in the PHAST Solution Method dialog box.

Objects and Formulas are used to define the spatial data such as the distribution of hydraulic conductivity and the location of boundary conditions. The objects can be drawn on the top, front, or side views of the model or imported from external sources such as Shapefiles. It is also possible to import a background image to help when designing the model.

To create the flow input file for the model, select File|Export|PHAST Input File. The chemistry input file must be created outside of ModelMuse. Once all the PHAST input files are created, the user can execute PHAST from the command line or with a batch file. ModelMuse creates a batch file that can be used to execute PHAST at the same time that it creates the flow input file.

Model Viewer can be used to view the model results.

MODFLOW and PHAST Models

ModelMuse has a comprehensive help system. The help system can be accessed from the Help menu in the main window. In addition, most dialog boxes have a help button that can be used to access help on that dialog box. In addition to documenting ModelMuse, the help system also has comprehensive documentation of MODFLOW.

New users will need to understand the basic concepts behind ModelMuse to use it effectively. After learning the basic concepts behind ModelMuse, the example models may be helpful for new users. One example is presented in this documentation. Additional examples are included in the help system.

ModelMuse is a complex program and can sometimes assign values in ways that the user does not expect. If an unexpected value is assigned to an element or cell, check “Troubleshooting Data Set Values” in the documentation or in the help system.

Basic Concepts

To work effectively with ModelMuse, several basic concepts must be mastered. This section provides an introduction to those concepts and tells where more information about them may be found in this document.

The Grid

Both MODFLOW and PHAST use finite-difference techniques for spatial and temporal discretization. A grid is required for spatial discretization, but the grids in MODFLOW and PHAST differ in where data are calculated, where data are specified, and how the grid is numbered.

In ModelMuse, the grid can be rotated at an angle to the global coordinate system. The coordinate system for the grid is aligned with the grid lines, but has the same origin as the global coordinate system. The coordinates of a point in the global coordinate system are referred to as X, Y,

and Z; the coordinates of a point in the grid coordinate system are referred to as X′, Y′, and Z (XPrime, YPrime, and Z). There is no Z′ because the grid is never rotated away from the horizontal plane. Coordinate values at the cursor location in both the global and grid coordinate system are displayed on the status bar of the main window of ModelMuse. More information about the grids for PHAST and MODFLOW can be found in the PHAST documentation (Parkhurst and others, 2004) and the MODFLOW–2005 documentation (Harbaugh, 2005).

ModelMuse can be used to create the grid; rotate it; and add, move, or remove grid lines. A variety of grid functions can be used in formulas.

PHAST Grid

PHAST uses a point-distributed grid. The nodes in this grid are at the corners of elements (fig.

1). Each node is surrounded by a cell that includes parts of one to eight elements (fig. 1). Boundary and initial conditions are specified by node; aquifer properties are specified by element. PHAST uses a standard right-hand coordinate system with the 1, 1, 1 layer, row, column in the closest lower left corner of the grid (fig. 3).

Figure 1. The grid in PHAST including nodes (black dots) and a light gray element and a dark gray cell. Solid lines represent element boundaries. Dashed lines represent cell boundaries.

MODFLOW Grid

The grid in MODFLOW uses block-centered nodes; the locations at which calculations are made are at the centers of blocks. Unlike PHAST, in MODFLOW the layers are not required to be flat. Instead, the top and bottom of each cell can be different (fig. 2). In MODFLOW the grid is numbered with 1, 1, 1 in the furthest upper left corner (fig. 3).

Figure 2.Side view of a MODFLOW grid showing non-uniform layer boundaries.

Figure 3.Difference in grid numbering between PHAST and MODFLOW.

In ModelMuse, groups of layers can be defined in the MODFLOW Layer Groups dialog box. Each group of layers shares a variety of common properties. If the model is to be a quasi-3–D model, some layer groups can be designated as nonsimulated in the MODFLOW Layer Groups dialog box. Data sets (described in the next section) are used to define the bottom of each layer group. An additional data set is used to define the top of the model.

Data Sets

Data sets are used in ModelMuse to represent spatially distributed data for each cell in MODFLOW or for each node or element in PHAST. Each data set represents a two-dimensional (2–D) or three-dimensional (3–D) array of values. 3–D data sets are defined for the entire extent of the model domain. 2–D data sets are defined for a top, front, or side projection of the model domain. If the number of rows, columns, or layers in the grid changes, the sizes of the data sets are also changed.

In addition to the data sets required by MODFLOW or PHAST, the user can create additional data sets. The user-defined data sets can be used in “Formulas” to define the distribution of values in the

data sets that are required by MODFLOW or PHAST. See “Data Sets Dialog Box” in the help system for more information on data sets.

Data Sets in PHAST

Because PHAST requires that some data be assigned to elements and other data be assigned to nodes, some data sets used in PHAST will have a value for each element and others will have a value for each node. The initial water table in PHAST, which is a 2–D data set, is only defined for one layer of nodes in the model. The remaining data sets required by PHAST are 3–D.

Data Sets in MODFLOW

2–D data sets for the front and side views can not be used with MODFLOW. Data sets used in MODFLOW will always have a value for each cell. Geometrically, a MODFLOW cell is equivalent to a PHAST element.

For data sets in MODFLOW models for which parameters have been defined, the values of the data set will be determined by the parameters rather than the formula for the object. For such data sets, the phrase “(defined by parameters)” will appear after the name of the data set and the user will not be able to assign values for the data set directly. If the grid is colored with such a data set, ModelMuse will generate a formula that will mimic how the data set values are assigned by MODFLOW.

Formulas

Formulas are used to help define the distribution of values in data sets. One simple example of a formula would be just the name of another data set. For example, a valid formula for the Ky data set (which defines the hydraulic conductivity in the Y direction) would be “Kx.” (Kx is the data set that defines the hydraulic conductivity in the X direction.) Setting the formula for Ky to “Kx” would mean that the value of Ky in a given element would be equal to the value of Kx within that element.

Another simple example of a formula would be to set the formula for the Kz data set (Kz defines the hydraulic conductivity in the Z direction) to “Kx/10.” This formula would mean that in a given element, the value of Kz would be equal to the value of Kx in that element divided by 10.

Each data set has a “default formula” that is used to assign a value to each cell, node, or element when such values are not defined in some other way.

These examples only hint at the power of formulas. In addition to simple arithmetic operations, it is possible to use mathematical functions such as “sin” and “ln.” Geographic Information System (GIS) functions, logic functions, and functions related to the grid and objects are also available in formulas.

See “Formulas”, “Functions”, and “Formula Editor Dialog Box” in the help system for more information about formulas.

Formulas and MODFLOW Parameters.—In certain MODFLOW packages, such as the Layer Property Flow package, it is possible to define “parameters” that are used in combination with “multiplier arrays” and “zone arrays” to define the spatial variability of some input data such as the hydraulic conductivity. When parameters are defined, ModelMuse will not allow the user to define a formula for the related data set. Instead, it will generate a formula that reproduces what MODFLOW will do in assigning values to the input data.

Objects

Objects are collections of points, polylines (a series of connected line segments), and polygons drawn in the main window of ModelMuse or imported from external files. Objects can have one or more sections; each section is a point, polyline, or polygon. For example, a torus would be represented by an object with two concentric polygon sections. In the direction perpendicular to the plane in which it is drawn, an object can have formulas for zero, one or two surfaces. An object with zero surfaces is two-dimensional because it has only two coordinate directions defined. All objects, including point objects, with at least one surface defined are three-dimensional because they have three coordinate directions defined. Objects with two surfaces have an upper and lower surface making them three-dimensional. For example, a polygon with an upper and lower surface is a solid. The surfaces associated with an object need not be flat. The surfaces are defined by formulas that allow them to have virtually any shape. There is one limitation: none of the line segments defining an object can cross another line segment of the same section of the same object.

Objects drawn on the top view of the model that have two surfaces can apply to more than one layer at any one column-row location, whereas Objects drawn on the top view of the model that have one surface can apply to only a single layer at any one column-row location although the layer may vary among locations. Objects drawn on the front and side view behave analogously.

Objects are used to modify the default values of data sets and to set boundary conditions. Objects can be used to set values of data sets in any of three ways: (1) in two-dimensional data sets, values can be interpolated among objects (see Interpolation Methods); (2) values can be set for elements or cells whose centers or nodes are enclosed inside the object; and (3) values can be set for elements or cells intersected by the object. For the latter two methods, the order of the objects is important. Because each object overwrites previous values, only the last value applied takes effect.

See “Creating, Selecting, and Editing Objects in ModelMuse” and “Object Properties Dialog Box” in the help system for more information about Objects.

Assigning Values to Data Sets

ModelMuse assigns values to data sets using slightly different methods, depending on whether the model is a MODFLOW or PHAST model. However, in both cases formulas and objects are used to assign the values. Because values for data sets are specified using formulas and objects, the data for a given model are independent of the spatial discretization of the model. Values of a data set are needed when exporting the model input or when coloring the grid with the data set. Values for data sets are recalculated when the data are needed and the values for the data set are out of date. These values become out of date when any of the following occur:

1.The grid changes.

2.Any of the formulas used to set values of the data set change.

3.The interpolation method for the data set changes.

4.Any of the objects used to set the value of the data set are edited.

5.Any of the data sets on which the data set in question depends become out of date.

Assigning Values to Data Sets in PHAST

ModelMuse assigns values to data sets at nodes or elements in PHAST models using the following procedure.

1.First, a default value is assigned to every node or element by using either PHAST-style interpolation

or mixtures (see “PHAST–Style Interpolation”), the selected interpolation method (see

“Interpolation Methods”), or the default formula for the data set (see “Formulas” and “Data Sets Dialog Box” in the help system).

2.Next, each object that affects the data set is processed, and nodes or elements that are intersected or

enclosed by each object are assigned values on the basis of PHAST-style interpolation or mixtures or by using the object’s formula for the data set. Each object replaces values assigned previously by the default formula or by a previous object.

In PHAST, interpolation can be useful to specify the boundaries between geologic units (see example in fig. 4). To do this, the user first creates a data set for each interface between adjacent geologic units. Then the user creates point objects to specify the elevations of the interfaces at known locations. Interpolation can then be used to specify the elevations throughout the grid. These data sets for the elevations can then be used in the formulas for the upper and lower surfaces of “3D Objects” that define properties of aquifers.

Figure 4.Example of 2–D data sets used to define the top and bottom of a geologic unit in PHAST—(A) Top view, (B) Side view, (C) Front view, (D) Three-dimensional view. In the top view (A), point objects (black squares) were used to specify the top and bottom of a geologic unit by interpolation. Polygons were then used to define the value of the hydraulic conductivity of that unit. The colored cells represent the different values of hydraulic conductivity. Note the sloping surfaces of the geologic unit visible in the front (C) and side (B) views of the model. Assigning Values to Data Sets in MODFLOW

ModelMuse assigns values to data sets at cells in MODFLOW models using the following procedure.

1.First, a default value is assigned to every node or element by using either the selected interpolation

method (see “Interpolation Methods”), or the default formula for the data set (see “Formulas” and “Data Sets Dialog Box” in the help system).

2.Next, each object that affects the data set is processed, and nodes or elements that are intersected or

enclosed by each object are assigned values by using the object’s formula for the data set. Each object replaces values assigned previously by the default formula or by a previous object.

In MODFLOW, 2–D data sets are typically used to define the upper and lower surfaces of grid layers rather than for defining objects that cross layer boundaries.

Model Features

In ModelMuse, “Model Features” are data that are only defined at certain locations. Most of them also vary with time. In most cases, Model Features are used to define the boundary conditions of the model. Model Features are treated similarly to Data Sets except that there are no default formulas for Model Features. Model Features are specified only with objects (points, lines, and polygons).

For both PHAST and MODFLOW, the user can specify different times for different Model Features and the times need not correspond to the boundaries of any previously defined stress period. ModelMuse will determine what the stress periods ought to be based on the times entered by the user. Thus, the specification of the boundary conditions is independent of the time discretization specified by the user. The Time-Variant Specified Head (CHD) package in MODFLOW is different from other packages in that once a cell has been specified as a CHD cell, it can not be converted back to a cell that does not have a CHD boundary in it. (This is determined by how the CHD package is implemented in MODFLOW.)

Model Features in PHAST

In PHAST models, Model Features are used to specify the specified-head, flux, leaky, river, and well boundary conditions. The user must specify starting times for each boundary condition. The values specified for each time apply until the model run is terminated or the values are overridden by values for a later time.

Model Features in MODFLOW

In MODFLOW models, Model Features are used to define some or all of the spatial data in the following packages as well as the IFACE variable and the starting particle distribution in MODPATH. ?CHD: Time-Variant Specified-Head package

?CHOB: Specified-Head Flow Observation package

?DRN: Drain package

?DROB: Drain Observation package

?DRT: Drain Return package

?ETS: Evapotranspiration Segments package

?EVT: Evapotranspiration package

?GHB: General-Head Boundary package

?GBOB: General-Head-Boundary Observation package

?HFB: Horizontal Flow Barrier package

?HOB: Head Observation package

?LAK: Lake package

?RCH: Recharge package

?RES: Reservoir package

?RIV: River package

?RVOB: River Observation package

?SFR: Stream-Flow Routing package

?UZF: Unsaturated-Zone Flow package

?WEL: Well package

The user specifies a start and end time for the boundary condition. The user does not need to define boundary conditions by stress period because ModelMuse can determine the appropriate stress periods based on the times specified by the user.

Comparison of Objects and Shapefiles

Users of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) may find some similarities between Objects in ModelMuse and coverages in a GIS. There are, however, significant differences as well. The precise characteristics of a GIS coverage may vary among implementations in different software and formats. Shapefiles (Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc., 1998), one example of a GIS coverage, resemble Objects in that they comprise points, polylines, polygons (and some other shapes) associated with attributes. Unlike objects, however, all the shapes in a Shapefile are associated with the same kinds of attributes. In contrast, the data sets associated with one object are not necessarily the same as the data sets associated with another object. The values of the attributes associated with a shape in a Shapefile are simple types and thus do not vary from place to place within a shape. With objects, the formula for a data set is evaluated at different locations and can give a different value at each such location. Both objects and shapes have strict rules regarding what is and is not a valid geometry; however, the rules are not the same for both of them. In shapes with multiple sections, for example, no section can overlap any other section, whereas in Objects, overlapping sections are allowed. Another difference between shapes and Objects is that all the shapes in a Shapefile must be of the same type; combinations of points, polylines, and polygons in the same Shapefile are not allowed. Objects have no such restriction. In summary, shapes in a Shapefile tend to be much more homogeneous than are Objects in ModelMuse. Initial Dialog Boxes

When the user first starts ModelMuse, the Start-Up dialog box is displayed. If the user chooses to create a new model in the Start-Up dialog box, the Initial Grid dialog box is displayed. After both these dialog boxes are closed, the main window of ModelMuse is displayed (fig. 4).

The Initial Grid dialog box is used to specify the grid for a new ModelMuse project either when first starting ModelMuse or by selecting File|New. Its appearance varies slightly depending on whether the user is creating a new MODFLOW model or a new PHAST model.

Clicking the Finish button will create a grid with the dimensions and location specified. If the No grid button is clicked instead, a new project will be created without a grid. The grid can be created later using the methods described in Generating Grids.

Initial Grid Dialog Box for PHAST

With PHAST, the user specifies the dimensions of the grid (the number of columns, rows, and layers of nodes) and the spacing between nodes in the column, row, and layer directions. The user must also specify the X, Y, and Z coordinates of the grid origin. The grid origin is the location of the node in the first column, row, and layer. Columns are numbered from left to right. Rows are numbered from front to back. Layers are numbered from bottom to top. Thus the grid origin is the node at the left, front, bottom corner of the grid. The grid angle must also be specified. The angle is measured in degrees counterclockwise from the X-axis. The vertical exaggeration may also be specified. If it is not specified, a reasonable default value will be calculated.

Initial Grid Dialog Box for MODFLOW

With PHAST, the user specifies the dimensions of the grid (the number of columns, rows, and layers) and the width of the columns and rows. The user must also specify the X, Y, and Z coordinates of the grid origin. The grid origin is the location of the node in the first column, row, and layer. Columns are numbered from left to right. Rows are numbered from back to front. Layers are numbered from top to bottom. Thus the grid origin is the node at the left, back, top corner of the grid. The grid angle must also be specified. The angle is measured in degrees counterclockwise from the X-axis. The vertical exaggeration may also be specified. If it is not specified, a reasonable default value will be calculated. The user also specifies the elevation of the top of the model, the names of the aquifers, and the elevations of the bottoms of those aquifers.

Main Window

The main window of ModelMuse has several parts, as listed below and shown in figure 5: ?Main Menu and Buttons,

?Top, Front, and Side Views of the model,

?3–D View of the model, and

?Status Bar.

The menu and buttons are described in Main Menu and Buttons. The other parts are described in the following sections.

Figure 5.The main window of ModelMuse.

Top, Front, and Side Views

The main ModelMuse window includes four panes. Three of these panes contain the top, front, and side views of the model. The other pane is a 3–D view of the model. Each pane can be resized by clicking on the space between the panes, moving the mouse while holding the mouse button down, and releasing the mouse button at the new position.

The top, front, and side views of the model are each composed of several parts (fig. 6): ?Selection Cube,

?Rulers, and

?Working Area.

Figure 6.The parts of the top, front, or side views of the model.

The Selection Cube

The Selection Cube (fig. 7) shows the selected column, row, or layer. It can also be used to change the selected column, row, or layer.

A B C

Figure 7.The top, front, and side Selection Cubes.

?To change the selected column, row, or layer with the Selection Cube, click on the Selection Cube.

The selected column, row, or layer will move by one node or element toward the position that was clicked.

?

the end of the grid, whichever is less.

?

?

row or layer will start to move toward the cursor position after a wait of one second. It will then move rapidly toward the cursor.

The Ruler

The Ruler

Customize|Ruler Format...

Figure 8.Ruler in ModelMuse.

The Working Area

The Working Area is used to display and edit the model. All objects are created and edited in the Working Area. It is also possible to edit the grid in the Working Area. The Zoom, Zoom In ,

Zoom Out , and Pan buttons allow the user to navigate in the Working Area. The menu command Navigation|Restore Default 2D View will zoom in or out so that most or all of the grid is visible in the top, front, and side views. See the Grid, Object, and View menu items under Main Menu and Buttons for more details.

Three-Dimensional View

items in the View menu change the appearance of the 3–D view. The following mouse actions can be used to navigate in the 3–D view.

?To rotate the 3–D view, click in the 3–D view and drag with the mouse.

?To pan the 3–D view, hold down the shift key while dragging with the mouse.

?To change the magnification of the 3–D view, hold down the right mouse key and click in the 3–D view. Then, while holding the right mouse key down, move the mouse up or down.

Figure 9. A 3–D view of a model in ModelMuse.

Hints and the Status Bar

When the mouse is held briefly over a menu item or button in the main ModelMuse window, a hint will appear on the status bar that briefly describes the function of the menu item or button. In addition, with buttons, a shorter version of the “hint” will appear in a small window in front of the button. The hint will remain visible for a short time and then disappear.

浅析地下水对基坑稳定性的影响

浅析地下水对基坑稳定性的影响 摘要:地下水对基坑的稳定性有着极大的影响，为了控制好基坑的稳定性，就必然要了解地下水与基坑稳定性的相互关系，从而采取相应的措施来控制好基坑的稳定性。 关键词:基坑;稳定性;地下水;水土作用;强度参数 0引言 随着我国经济的快速发展，城市建设也达到了前所未有的发展，从20年前仅北京、上海等大城市才有高层和超高层建筑到现在一般的中小城市都已建有30层以上的高层建筑，而随之地下开挖深度也逐渐变深，二层、三层地下室成为很常见的事。地下开挖深度的加大对基坑支护结构的稳定性可靠性要求也越来越高，而影响基坑边坡稳定的因素有很多，比如基坑挖深、侧壁土质、周围环境、地下水分布、护类型等，其中地下水对基坑边坡的稳定性影响尤其突出，需特别加以重视。从以往的一些工程案例中可以看出，由于地下水没有控制好而引起基坑事故占有绝大多数，因此分析地下水对基坑边坡稳定性影响是非常具有工程意义。 1地下水的基本特征 与深基坑工程有关的地下水按其埋藏条件一般可分为包气带的上层滞水，饱和带的潜水和承压水三类。上层滞水分布于浅部松散填土中，无统一水面，水位随季节变化，不同场地不同季节水位各不相同，水量较小，与区域地下水无水力联系，与邻近地表水体可能有联系，但联通性差，其埋藏较浅，可针对性隔断、引渗、设泄水孔等降水措施，治水效果好。潜水分布于松散地层，基岩裂隙破碎带及岩溶等地区，具有统一自由水面，水位受气象因素影响变化明显，同一场地的水位在一定区域内基本相同或变化具有规律性，水量变化较大，地下水补给一般以降雨为主，同时接受场地外同层地下水的径流补给，可采用井点降水和管井降水，或设帷幕隔断或降水辅以回灌等进行处理。承压水分布于松散地层两个相对隔水层之间，具有一定水头压力，一般不受当地气候因素的影响，水头保持稳定，由于承压水埋深大，有一定的水头压力，水量大等，对地基稳定性的潜在危害最大。 2地下水对土体的作用 地下水是一种重要的地质营力，它与土体的相互作用改变着土体的物理性质、化学性质和力学性质，也改变着地下水本身的一些物理、化学和力学性质。按其作用来分为物理作用、化学作用和力学作用。物理作用有润滑作用、软化作用、泥化作用和结合水强化作用，化学作用有离子交换、溶解、水解、溶蚀作用，力学作用包括孔隙水动压力和静压力。地下水与岩土体的相互作用影响着岩土体的变形和强度，主要体现在三方面:l)通过物理、化学作用改变土体的值的大小。

地下水监测系统整体解决方案

陕西颐信网络科技有限责任公司 2014年9月22日 陕西颐信网络科技有限责任公司 地下水监测系统 整体解决方案

目录 一、概述.................................................................................................................................................... - 1 - 1.1项目背景...................................................................................................................................... - 1 - 1.2新产品研究.................................................................................................................................. - 2 - 二、系统简介............................................................................................................................................ - 2 - 三、系统功能............................................................................................................................................ - 3 - 四、系统方案............................................................................................................................................ - 4 - 4.1数据流程及组网.......................................................................................................................... - 4 - 4.2系统组成...................................................................................................................................... - 4 - 4.3数据采集...................................................................................................................................... - 5 - 4.4数据传输格式.............................................................................................................................. - 5 - 五、系统软件............................................................................................................................................ - 5 - 5.1软件平台...................................................................................................................................... - 5 - 5.2数据接收软件.............................................................................................................................. - 5 - 5.3数据查询分析软件...................................................................................................................... - 6 - 六、系统特点.......................................................................................................................................... - 10 - 七、产品性能.......................................................................................................................................... - 10 - 7.1一体化智能水位采集装置........................................................................................................ - 10 - 7.1.1产品特点....................................................................................................................... - 11 - 7.1.2技术指标......................................................................................................................... - 12 - 7.2无线手持参数设置仪................................................................................................................ - 12 - 八、工程实例.......................................................................................................................................... - 14 -

当前应用于地下水模拟领域内的常用软件

当前应用于地下水模拟领域内的常用软件： 1、MODFLOW (The modular finite –difference groundwater flow model)是由美国地质调查局(ＵＳＧＳ)开发的用来模拟地下水流动和污染物迁移等特性的计算机程序，MODFLOW使用有限差分方法。其局限是仅在DOS模式下运行。在MODFLOW的基础上，各国研究人员又开发了可视化的扩展型软件Visual MODFLOW。Visual MODFLOW是由加拿大waterloo hydrogeologic Inc.在MODFLOW 软件基础上,应用现代可视化技术开发研制的,1994年8月首次在国际上公开发行，该系统目前国际上流行且被各国同行一致认可的三维地下水流和溶质运移模拟的标准可视化专业软件系统。可应用于评价地下水安全供水量、评价地下水修复系统、优化灌溉抽水量等方面。 Visual MODFLOW 的最大特点是功能强大同时易学易用，合理的菜单结构，友好的可视化交互界面和强大的模型输入输出支持，使之成为许多地下水模拟专业人员的选择对象。 2、MT3D99是郑春苗博士设计开发的模拟三维地下水溶质运移程序 MT3D(1990)的升级版，MT3D99的易于使用、精确、快速的优良性能使得它获得了政府有关部门、地下水研究咨询公司以及用户的广泛认可，成为目前世界上首屈一指的溶质运移模拟软件。 MT3D99能够模拟地下水系统中的平流、扩散、衰减、溶质化学反应、线性与非线性吸附作用等现象，能够对承压含水层，不承压含水层，承压与不承压交替的含水层以及倾斜的和单元厚度变化的含水层进行空间离散。 MT3D99提供了丰富的求解方法。一个隐含求解方法是基于带高效 Lanczos/ORTHOMIN加速格式的广义共轭梯度法的迭代求解方法，能够花费比传统方法少得多的机时来求解范围广泛的问题。MT3D99采用了三阶 TVD(total-variation-diminishing)格式用于求解对流项，具有保持质量守恒和使数值弥散和人为振动最小化的特点，在其它求解技术失败时，此格式往往是有效的。MT3D99还将三种常用的运移求解技术结合在统一的代码中，这三种求解方法是：标准有限差分法、基于Eulerian-Lagrangian的粒子跟踪方法和高阶有

地下水的地质作用

地下水的地质作用 一、地下水的贮存 （一）岩土中的空隙 1、孔隙 松散岩土(如粘土、砂土、砾石等)中颗粒或颗粒集合体之间存在的空隙，称为孔隙。 岩石中孔隙体积的多少直接影响储容地下水的能力大小。孔隙体积的多少可用孔隙度(n)表示。孔隙度是孔隙体积(Vn)与包括孔隙在内的岩石总体积(V)的比值，用小数或百分数表示，即： 或 孔隙度的大小主要取决于岩土的密实程度及分选性。此外，颗粒形状和胶结程度对孔隙度也有影响。岩石越疏松、分选性越好，孔隙度越大。相反，岩石越紧密图)或分选性越差，孔隙度越小。孔隙若被胶结物充填，则孔隙度变小。

几种典型松散岩土的孔隙度的参考值 2、裂隙 固结的坚硬岩石受地壳运动及其它内外地质营力作用的影响产生的空隙，称为裂隙。 裂隙发育程度除与岩石受力条件有关外，还与岩性有关，坚脆的岩石裂隙发育，透水性好，质软具塑性的岩石裂隙不发育，透水性差。 裂隙的多少用裂隙率(Kt)表示，裂隙率是裂 隙体积(Vt)与包括裂隙体积在内的岩石总体积 的比值，用小数或百分数表示： 几中岩石裂隙的参考值

3、溶隙 可溶岩(石灰岩、白云岩等)中的裂隙经地下水长期溶蚀而形成的空隙称溶隙。 溶隙的发育程度用溶隙率(K k)表示，溶隙率 (K k )是溶隙的体积(V k )与包括溶隙在内的岩石 总体积(V)的比值，用小 数或百分数表示： 研究岩石的空隙时，不仅要研究空隙的多少，还要研究空隙的大小、空隙间的连通性和分布规律。松散土孔隙的大小和分布都比较均匀，且连通性好，所以，孔隙度可表征一定范围内孔隙的发育情况，岩石裂隙无论其宽度、长度和连通性差异都很大，分布也不均匀，因此，裂隙率只能代表被测定范围内裂隙的发育程度；溶隙大小相差悬殊，分布很不均匀，连通性更差，所以，溶隙率的代表性更差。（二）岩土中水的存在形式 1、气态水 气态水，即水蒸气，存在于未饱和的岩土空隙中。岩土中的气态水可由大气中的气态水进人地下形成，也可由地下液态水蒸发而成。气态水有极大的活动性，可随空气流动而流动，也可由绝对湿度大的

地下水模拟软件

国外地下水模拟软件的发展现状与趋势 丁继红 (吉林大学数学科学学院) 周德亮, 马生忠 (吉林大学综合信息矿产预测研究所) 通过对目前国际上最有影响的几个地下水模拟软件的分析，概述了地下水模拟软件的发展现状，指出组件化、与GIS 集成、前后处理功能强化、科学可视化的深入应用将是未来地下水模拟软件发展的主要趋势。 一、引言 利用数值模型对地下水流和溶质运移问题进行模拟的方法以其有效性、灵活性和相对廉价性逐渐成为地下水研究领域的一种不可或缺的重要方法，并受到越来越大的重视和广泛的应用。一个完整的地下水模拟过程包含3个部分：前处理、模型计算和后处理。前处理是指在进行模拟计算之前对计算过程中所需数据的整理、组织、输入及计算网格的编号与生成。模型计算是进行地下水流动或水质运移正反演计算，常用的方法主要有：有限差分法、有限元法、边界元法等。后处理是将计算所产生的结果数据，用图形或表格显示或存放起来，以供研究人员方便地进行分析和使用。传统的地下水模拟过程复杂繁琐，前后处理所花费的时间往往是计算时间的几倍，甚至是几十倍。如何获取、组织和输入模拟计算所必备的含水层复杂结构、庞大的数据与参数，如何分析和理解模拟计算过程中所产生的庞大的结果数据，如何减轻研究人员的劳动强度，缩短研究工作时间，成为传统地下水模拟研究工作面临的突出问题和困难。计算机技术的快速发展，在不断驱使研究人员对更为复杂的含水层系统中的地下水运动及溶质运移进行数值模拟的同时，又不断为解决问题提供新的技术和手段。近年来，在人机交互、计算机图形学和科学可视化等技术的推动下，国外地下水模拟软件不论是在数量还是质量上都有了巨大的发展和提高，前后处理的可视化功能日益强大。 二、最有影响的几个传统地下水模拟软件 通过近二十年的研究与发展，国际上已经形成了一批非常有影响的地下水模拟DOS版本的软件，它们今天在国际地下水模拟研究领域依旧非常活跃，如MODFLOW、MT3DMS、MT3D99、PEST、MODPATH、UCODE等。 1、MODFLOW MODFLOW是由美国地质调查局(USGS)的McDonald和Harbaugh于80年代开发出来的一套专门用于孔隙介质中三维有限差分地下水流数值模拟的软件。自从它问世以来，MODFLOW已经在全世界范围内，在科研、生产、环境保护、水资源利用等许多行业和部门得到了广泛的应用，成为最为普及的地下水运动数值模拟的计算软件。这种普及性是由其如下的特点决定的。 程序结构的模块化。MODFLOW包括一主程序和若干个相对独立的子程序包(Package)。每个子程序中有数个模块，每个模块用以完成数值模拟的一部分。例如河流子程序包用来模拟河流与含水层之间水力联系；井流子程序包用来模拟抽水井和注水井对含水层的影响。MDFLOW的这种模块化结构使得其程序易于理解、操作、修改和添加。MODFLOW问世以来，不断有新的子程序包被开发出来，例如用来模拟抽水引起地面沉降的子程序包(Leake和Prudic,1998)，用来模拟水平流动障碍(Horizontal flow-barrier)的子程序包(Hsieh和Freckleton,1993)等。新子程序的加入，使MODFLOW的应用范围不断扩大。 离散方法的简单化。MODFLOW采用有限差分法对地下水流进行数值模拟。差分法易于程序的普及和数据文件的规范。其主要缺点是当对某些单元网格加密时，会增加许多额外不必要的计算单元，延长程序的运行时间，随着计算机速度的迅速提高，计算机受网格数量的限制越来越小，差分法的优势越来越大，MODFLOW解决地下水流运动问题已经将含水层剖分到多达360×360×18个网格单元。 MODFLOW引进了应力期(Stress Period)概念，它将整个模拟时间分为若干个应力期，每个应力期又可再分为若干个时间段。在同一应力期，各时间段既可以按等步长，也可以按一个规定的几何序列逐渐增长。而在每个应力期内，所有的外部源汇项的强度应保持不变。这样就简化、规范了数据文件的输入，而且使得物理概念更为明确。 求解方法的多样化。迄今为止，MODFLOW已经含有强隐式法、逐次超松弛迭代法、预调共轭梯度法等子程序包。可以预见，MODFLOW的求解子程序包必将更加多样化，应用范围也更为广泛。大量实际工作表明，只要恰当使用，MODFLOW也可以用来解决裂隙介质中的地下水流动问题。不仅如此，经过合理的概化，MODFLOW还可以用来解决空气在土壤中的流动

地下水的基本知识

地下水的基本知识 1. 地下水的概念 地下水是指以各种形式埋藏在地壳空隙中的水，包括包气带和饱水带中的水。地下水也是参于自然界水循环过程中处于地下隐伏径流阶段的循环水。 地下水是储存和运动于岩石和土壤空隙中的水，那么地下水必然要受到地质条件的控制。地质条件包括岩石性质、空隙类型与连通性、地质地貌特征、地质历史等。 地下水环境是地质环境的组成部分，它是指地下水的物理性质、化学成分和贮存空间及其由于自然地质作用和人类工程——经济活动作用下所形成的状态总和。 2. 地下水的埋藏条件 岩石和土体空隙既是地下水的储存场所，又是运移通道。空隙的大小、多少、连通性、充填程度及其分布规律决定着地下水埋藏条件。根据成因可把空隙区分为孔隙、裂隙与溶隙三种，并可把岩层划分为孔隙岩层(松散沉积物、砂岩等)、裂隙岩层(非可溶性的坚硬岩层)与可溶岩层(可溶性的坚硬岩石)。孔隙岩层中的空隙分布比裂隙可溶岩层均匀，溶隙一般比孔隙、裂隙岩层中的空隙规模大。这三种空隙的大小分别以孔隙度、裂隙率与岩溶率表示，即某一体积岩石中孔隙、裂隙和溶隙体积与岩石总体积之比，以百分数表示。 岩石空隙中存在着各种形式的水，按其物理性质可分为气态水、吸着水、薄膜水、毛细水、重力水和固态水。此外，还有存在于矿物晶体内部及其间的沸石水、结晶水与结构水。水文地质学所研究的主要对象是饱和带的重力水，即在重力作用支配下运动的地下水。 岩石空隙是地下水储存场所和运动通道。空隙的多少、大小、形状、连通情

况和分布规律，对地下水的分布和运动具有重要影响。将岩石空隙作为地下水储存场所和运动通道研究时，可分为三类，即：松散岩石中的孔隙，坚硬岩石中的裂隙和可溶岩石中的溶穴。 (1) 孔隙。松散岩石是由大小不等的颗粒组成的。颗粒或颗粒集合体之间的空隙，称为孔隙。岩石中孔隙体积的多少是影响其储容地下水能力大小的重要因素。孔隙体积的多少可用孔隙度表示。孔隙度是指某一体积岩石(包括孔隙在内)中孔隙体积所占的比例。 由于多孔介质中并非所有的孔隙都是连通的，于是人们提出了有效孔隙度的概念。有效孔隙度为重力水流动的孔隙体积(不包括结合水占据的空间)与岩石体积之比。显然，有效孔隙度小于孔隙度。 松散岩石中的孔隙分布于颗粒之间，连通良好，分布均匀，在不同方向上，孔隙通道的大小和多少都很接近。赋存于其中的地下水分布与流动都比较均勻。 (2) 裂隙。固结的坚硬岩石，包括沉积岩、岩浆岩和变质岩，一般不存在或只保留一部分颗粒之间的孔隙，而主要发育各种应力作用下岩石破裂变形产生的裂隙。按裂隙的成因可分成岩裂隙、构造裂隙和风化裂隙。 成岩裂隙是岩石在成岩过程中由于冷凝收缩(岩衆岩)或固结干缩(沉积岩) 而产生的。岩浆岩中成岩裂隙比较发育，尤以玄武岩中柱状节理最有意义。构造裂隙是岩石在构造变动中受力而产生的。这种裂隙具有方向性，大小悬殊(由隐蔽的节理到大断层)，分布不均一。风化裂隙是风化营力作用下，岩石破坏产生的裂隙，主要分布在地表附近。 裂隙的多少以裂隙率表示。裂隙率(K)是裂隙体积(R)与包括裂隙在内的岩石体积(K)的比值，即或(V/F)100%。除了这种体积裂隙率，还可用面裂隙率或线裂

地下水系统划分导则GWI-A5(11.17)

GWI-A5地下水系统划分导则 中国地质调查局 2004年11月

1主题内容与适用范围 1.1 本导则为中国地质调查局地质调查项目《全国地下水资源及其环境问题调查评价》（以下简称“项目”）专门制定。 1.2 本导则规定了地下水系统的基本概念、地下水系统划分的原则，并阐述了地下水系统分区分级的基本原则要求。 1.3 本导则只适用于“项目”中地下水系统划分。 1.4 本导则可供有关调查评价工作参考。 2引用标准及规范 供水水文地质勘查规范GB 50027-2001 区域水文地质工程地质环境地质综合勘查规范(1﹕50 000) GB/T 14158-93 矿区水文地质工程地质勘探规范GB 12719-91 水文地质术语GB/T 14157-93 3术语与基本概念 3.1地下水系统Groundwater system 是具有水量、水质和能量输入、运移和输出的地下水基本单元及其组合。是指在时空分布上具有共同地下水循环规律的一个独立单位。它可以包括若干次一级的亚系统或更低的单位。 3.2地下水系统边界Groundwater system boundary 地下水系统边界是指两个地下水系统之间或地下水系统与其环境之间所存在的界线。地下水系统边界具有时空四维性。 3.3地下水系统环境Environment of groundwater system 地下水系统环境是指存在于地下水系统外的与之有密切联系的物质的、经济的、信息的和人际的相关因素的总称。与地下水系统有密切联系的环境分为三类：自然环境、技术经济环境和社会环境。 3.4地下水系统结构Groundwater system structure 地下水系统结构是指不同多孔介质组成的地下水补给、径流和排泄以及水化学演化的场所或由构造断裂、溶洞、裂隙、节理等组成的地下水补给、径流和排泄以及水化学演化的空间网络。地下水系统结构是地下水系统保持整体性以及具有一定功能的内在依据。 3.5 地下水系统分级Groundwater system classification 地下水系统分级是指根据地下水系统结构、水动力或水化学特征等将一个独立的地下水系统划分为不同层次的若干次级系统。 3.6地下水系统区Groundwater system section 地下水系统区是指具有相似的水循环特征且在地域上相互毗邻的地下水系统组合体。地下水系统区内的地下水系统的输入和输出受相似气候条件或地表水系等的影响，使得区内所

基于多变量时间序列(CAR)模型的 地下水埋深预测

第十届青年学术交流
基于多变量时间序列(CAR)模型的 地下水埋深预测
管孝艳 国家节水灌溉北京工程技术研究中心 中国水利水电科学研究院水利研究所
2010年11月25日

汇报提纲 1 2 3 4 5
研究背景及意义 多变量时间序列CAR模型的建模方法 地下水埋深预测的CAR模型 模型评价 结论

1
研究背景及意义
内蒙古河套灌区是我国重要的优质绿色农业产业基地和 西北干旱半干旱地区最大的人工生态绿洲
气候条件的影响 土壤 盐碱 化问 题突 出
灌区不合理的农业灌溉
阻碍了灌区生态 环境健康发展和 农业的可持续发 展
排水不畅，地下水位超 过临界水位

中国土壤盐渍化分区
我国盐渍土总面积 约1亿ha，主要分 主要分 布在西北地区。
1、滨海湿润—半湿润海水浸渍盐渍区 3、黄淮海半湿润—半干旱耕作草甸盐渍区 5、黄河中上游半干旱—半漠境盐渍区 7、青、新极端干旱漠境盐渍区
2、东北半湿润—半干旱草原—草甸盐渍区 4、蒙古高原干旱—半漠境草原盐渍区 6、甘、蒙、新干旱—漠境盐渍区 8、西藏高寒漠境盐渍区

滨海盐土
松嫩平原盐渍土
地下水埋深 较浅是导致 土壤盐渍化 的重要因素
华 华北平原盐碱土 盐碱
河套灌区土壤盐渍化
灌区水管理的重要依据

地下水系 统复杂
相关模型
多变量时间 序列模型
地下水埋深 动态是一种 动态是 种 复杂的历史 过程，受到 人类活动和 自然作用的 综合影响.
相关分析、 回归分析模 型、灰色系 统模型、人 工神经网络 分析、系统 分析方法.
多变量时间序 列分析考虑从 多变量时间序 列中提取有用 信息来刻画复 杂系统的动态 特性

地下水的地质作用

第十三章地下水的地质作用 §３.地下水的概念及其特征 一．概念：以各种形式存在于地表之下岩石和松散堆积物空隙中的水。 二、地下水的来源 （一）渗透水——大气降水、冰雪融水、地面流水（江、河、湖、海） 等从地面渗入地下积聚成。 （二）凝结水——水蒸汽凝结成水滴后渗于地下。 （三）岩浆水——（原生水）地下岩浆活动形成的水（结晶水、水气）。 （四）埋藏水——（古水）地史中沉积物空隙中的水，被封闭保存下来。 三、.地下水的赋存状态 （一）吸着水——靠分子引力及静电引力吸附在土和岩石颗粒表面 上的水。不受重力影响，不被植物吸收。 （二）薄膜水——包围在吸着水的外层，可以从原处向薄处“移动” 少部分可被植物吸收。 （三）毛细管水——受表面张力影响，保留在毛细管中，易被植物 吸收。 （四）重力水——受重力影响可自由流动。 四、岩石的空隙类型 （一）孔隙——疏松未胶结好的岩石中形成的空隙颗粒之间的 空隙。Ｑ、Ｎ地层常见，孔隙大小与碎屑颗粒有关。 颗粒磨圆差不等粒则孔隙小（图） 磨圆差好，近等粒则孔隙大（图） 孔隙度 （二）裂隙——岩石中断层、节理、缝隙等。 （三）溶洞——可溶性岩石被溶蚀形成的洞穴。 五、岩石的透水性 岩石允许水透过的能力不仅与孔隙度有关，跟孔隙绝对大小有关，空隙大、多、连通情况好，透水能力强。 （一）透水层：孔隙大、孔隙及大的砂层和砾砂层，胶结不好，砂岩、砾岩及裂隙发育的其它岩石。 透水系数：米／昼 当透水层含水时称含水层。 良透水层 透水层 (二) 不透水层:常见由泥岩，粘土层等组成 六、地下水与地表水的差异

地下水大多被限制在透水层中流动与自由流动的地表水有一定的差异。 1.流速小、机械动能小 地下水除受重力影响由高向低流，受压力影响由高压向低压流动外，在流动过程中受到透水层中岩石的阻碍，能量消耗在磨擦上，因此流速小，机械动能小。 2. 矿化度高、化学动力大 水中各种元素的离子、分子、化合物的总量。Mg/e g/e Ｎacl——咸味 ——苦味 MgSO 4 Fe——兰绿色 ——清凉可口，成为可供饮用的矿泉水。 CO 2 矿化度高，作为溶剂浓度大，成分复杂，有较强的溶解能力，化学动力强。 七、地下水的补给、径流和排泄 §２. 地下水的类型 一、按地下水的赋存空间分：孔隙水、裂隙水、岩溶水。 二、按地下水的埋藏条件分：上层滞水、潜水、承压水。 （一）上层滞水及包气带 包气带（不饱和带）——地表向下至较稳定的地下水面（潜水面）之 间的土层或岩层。 饱水带——潜水面之下称饱水带 包气带和饱水带的区别在于：包气带中空隙主要是气体；饱水带中空隙带中 空隙主要是充填了地下水。 包气带中的水主要有：气态水，结合水（吸着薄膜水）、 过路重力水及毛细管水。

水文地质学课件 08地下水系统

8.1 系统概述 一、系统概念的提出 贝塔朗菲（1901～1972），美籍奥地利生物学家，一般系统论和理论生物学创始人，50年代提出抗体系统论以及生物学和物理学中的系统论，并倡导系统、整体和计算机数学建模方法和把生物看作开放系统研究的概念，奠基了生态系统、器官系统等层次的系统生物学研究。 系统论系统概念系统思想与方法 系统思想与方法的核心是：把研究的对象看成一个有机整体（系统），并从整体的角度去考察、分析与处理事物。

二、系统相关概念（钱学森，1978年） 系统结构：系统内部各要素相互联系和作用的方式便是系统的结构。 系统方法认为：不应当将系统理解为各组成部分（要素）的简单集合，而应将其理解为诸要素以一定规则组织起来并共同行动的整体。 系统：由相互作用和相互依赖（联系）的若干组成部分结合而成的具有特定功能的（有机）整体。 系统的概念所涉及的范围广泛 1+1=21+1＞2 1+1＜2

三、系统与环境 一个系统不仅内部各个要素间存在相互作用，而且整个系统与外部环境之间还存在相互作用，即系统接受环境的物质、能量、信息的输入，然后经过系统变换，再向环境输出物质、能量和信息。即系统与环境间存在物质、能量、信息的交换。

环境对系统的作用称之为激励；系统在接受激励后对环境的反作用称之为响应；环境的输入（激励）经过系统的变换而产生对环境的输出（响应），这种变换取决于系统的结构： S=f（I，O）（INPUT，OUTPUT） 在此提供了一种研究系统内部结构的方法，即通过输入、输出研究系统内部结构

例如，在同等降水条件下，不同的地下水系统，由于其岩层、构造、地貌乃至分布范围大小不同，泉流量的变化各不相同。 系统分析的意义： 一方面，分析系统输入与输出（激励与响应）的对应关系有助于了解系统结构； 另一方面，对系统结构的了解有助于我们预测“激励——响应”关系。 再如，在不同的地下水系统中，以同种方式开采同样数量的地下水，地下水位的降低也有很大差别。 H S W ???=μ

地下水数值模拟任务、步骤及常用软件.doc

地下水数值模拟任务、步骤及常用软件 1地下水模拟任务 大多数地下水模拟主要用于预测，其模拟任务主要有 4 种： 1)水流模拟 主要模拟地下水的流向及地下水水头与时间的关系。 2)地下水运移模拟 主要模拟地下水、热和溶质组分的运移速率。这种模拟要特别考虑到“优先流”。所谓“优先流”就是局部具有高和连通性的渗透性，使得水、热、溶质组分在该处的运移速率快于周围地区，即水、热、溶质组分优先在该处流动。 3)反应模拟 模拟水中、气 -水界面、水 -岩界面所发生的物理、化学、生物反应。 4)反应运移模拟 模拟地下水运移过程中所发生的各种反应，如溶解与沉淀、吸附与解吸、 氧化与还原、配合、中和、生物降解等。这种模拟将地球化学模拟 (包括动力学模拟 )和溶质运移模拟 (包括非饱和介质二维、三维流 )有机结合，是地下水模拟的发展趋势。要成功地进行这种模拟，还需要研究许多水 -岩相互作用的化学机制和动力学模型。 2模拟步骤 对于某一模拟目标而言，模拟一般分为以下步骤： 1)建立概念模型 根据详细的地形地貌、地质、水文地质、构造地质、水文地球化学、岩石 矿物、水文、气象、工农业利用情况等，确定所模拟的区域大小，含水层层 数，维数(一维、二维、三维)，水流状态(稳定流和非稳定流、饱和流和非饱和流)，介质状况 (均质和非均质、各向同性和各向异性、孔隙、裂隙和双重介质、

流体的密度差 )，边界条件和初始条件等。必要时需进行一系列的室内试验与野 外试验，以获取有关参数，如渗透系数、弥散系数、分配系数、反应速率常数等。 2)选择数学模型 根据概念模型进行选择。如一维、二维、三维数学模型，水流模型，溶质 运移模型，反应模型，水动力 -水质耦合模型，水动力 -反应耦合模型，水动力 - 弥散 -反应耦合模型。 3)将数学模型进行数值化 绝大部分数学模型是无法用解析法求解的。数值化就是将数学模型转化为 可解的数值模型。常用数值化有有限单元法和有限差分法。 4)模型校正 将模拟结果与实测结果比较，进行参数调整，使模拟结果在给定的误差范 围内与实测结果吻合。调参过程是一个复杂而辛苦的工作，所调整的参数必须 符合模拟区的具体情况。所幸的是，最近国外已花费巨力开发研究了自动调参 程序 (如 PEST)，大大提高了模拟者的工作效率。 5)校正灵敏度分析 校正后的模型受参数值的时空分布、边界条件、水流状态等不确定度的影响。 灵敏度分析就是为了确定不确定度对校正模型的影响程度。 6)模型验证 模型验证是在模型校正的基础上，进一步调整参数，使模拟结果与第二次 实测结果吻合，以进一步提高模型的置信度。 7)预测 用校正的参数值进行预测，预测时需估算未来的水流状态。

地下水数值模拟任务、步骤及常用软件

地下水数值模拟任务、步骤及常用软件1地下水模拟任务 大多数地下水模拟主要用于预测，其模拟任务主要有4种： 1)水流模拟 主要模拟地下水的流向及地下水水头与时间的关系。 2)地下水运移模拟 主要模拟地下水、热和溶质组分的运移速率。这种模拟要特别考虑到“优先流”。所谓“优先流”就是局部具有高和连通性的渗透性，使得水、热、溶质组分在该处的运移速率快于周围地区，即水、热、溶质组分优先在该处流动。 3)反应模拟 模拟水中、气-水界面、水-岩界面所发生的物理、化学、生物反应。 4)反应运移模拟 模拟地下水运移过程中所发生的各种反应，如溶解与沉淀、吸附与解吸、氧化与还原、配合、中和、生物降解等。这种模拟将地球化学模拟(包括动力学模拟)和溶质运移模拟(包括非饱和介质二维、三维流)有机结合，是地下水模拟的发展趋势。要成功地进行这种模拟，还需要研究许多水-岩相互作用的化学机制和动力学模型。 2模拟步骤 对于某一模拟目标而言，模拟一般分为以下步骤： 1)建立概念模型 根据详细的地形地貌、地质、水文地质、构造地质、水文地球化学、岩石矿物、水文、气象、工农业利用情况等，确定所模拟的区域大小，含水层层数，维数(一维、二维、三维)，水流状态(稳定流和非稳定流、饱和流和非饱和流)，介质状况(均质和非均质、各向同性和各向异性、孔隙、裂隙和双重介质、

流体的密度差)，边界条件和初始条件等。必要时需进行一系列的室内试验与野外试验，以获取有关参数，如渗透系数、弥散系数、分配系数、反应速率常数等。 2)选择数学模型 根据概念模型进行选择。如一维、二维、三维数学模型，水流模型，溶质运移模型，反应模型，水动力-水质耦合模型，水动力-反应耦合模型，水动力-弥散-反应耦合模型。 3)将数学模型进行数值化 绝大部分数学模型是无法用解析法求解的。数值化就是将数学模型转化为可解的数值模型。常用数值化有有限单元法和有限差分法。 4)模型校正 将模拟结果与实测结果比较，进行参数调整，使模拟结果在给定的误差范围内与实测结果吻合。调参过程是一个复杂而辛苦的工作，所调整的参数必须符合模拟区的具体情况。所幸的是，最近国外已花费巨力开发研究了自动调参程序(如PEST)，大大提高了模拟者的工作效率。 5)校正灵敏度分析 校正后的模型受参数值的时空分布、边界条件、水流状态等不确定度的影响。 灵敏度分析就是为了确定不确定度对校正模型的影响程度。 6)模型验证 模型验证是在模型校正的基础上，进一步调整参数，使模拟结果与第二次实测结果吻合，以进一步提高模型的置信度。 7)预测 用校正的参数值进行预测，预测时需估算未来的水流状态。

地下水数值模拟报告

中国地质大学 研究生课程论文封面地下水数值模拟模型建立的一般步骤 课程名称：地下水数值模拟 教师： 研究生： 研究生学号： 研究生专业： 所在院系： 类别： B.硕士 日期：2014 年12月31日

注：1、无评阅人签名成绩无效； 2、必须用钢笔或圆珠笔批阅，用铅笔阅卷无效； 3、如有平时成绩，必须在上面评分表中标出，并计算入总成绩。

随着工农业生产的发展和人民生活水平的提高，水资源的供需矛盾日渐突出，大量开采地下水，产生了诸多的地质环境问题，如区域水位大幅下降，漏斗不断扩大，产生地面沉降、塌陷、水质恶化、泉水干涸等问题。因此对地下水资源的合理开发利用提出了更高的要求，即要从定量角度对地下水资源进行预测和评价，建立合理的开发利用方案。但水文地质条件客观的复杂性，限制了用地下水动力学中建立的解析法解决问题的广泛性。于是，70年代初以来，随着电子计算机的发展，地下水数值模拟技术逐渐渗透到水文地质学科，开拓了水文地质领域的定量计算。人们通过地下水数值模拟技术，来获得满足一定工程要求的数值解，尤其在水量计算、资源评价、地下水污染预测、地下水的合理开发和地下水资源管理等方面应用更加广泛。经过20年的探索和实践表明，地下水数值模拟对水文地质学科中某些理论和实际问题的解决起了很大作用，构成现代水文地质学科形成和发展的重要推动力之一，己成为人们揭示水文地质规律和资源评价与管理中必不可少的工具。 地下水系统数值模拟是定量分析地下水资源和地下水环境变化的手段。其实现过程为：在给定的地下水系统水文地质条件下，从初始状态开始，根据初始水位及地面标高等确定初始蒸发量、灌溉入渗量及泉水溢出量，再由边界附近的初水力梯度确定边界流量，然后通过上述定解条件对数学模型离散求解，得到下一时刻各点的水位（包括边界水位）。根据求得的水位，确定新的蒸发量、灌溉入渗量、泉水溢出量、边界水力梯度和边界流量，为下一步计算提供依据。不断重复上述过程，就可实现地下水动态数值模拟。此模拟过程避免了定解条件的先验给定，由具体的开采规划和开采后的水文地质环境来确定新的补排关系。 地下水数值模拟广泛应用于地下水位预测、地下水资源开发利用规划、地下水循环机制研究、地下水溶质及热运移研究、地下水资源预报与评价等，并在我国取得了巨大成就。 关键词：地下水数值模拟；溶质运移；模型建立；

地下水对地质的作用

地下水的地质作用 地下水与土石相互作用会使土体和岩体的强度和稳定性降低，产生各种不良的自然地质现象和工程地质现象，给工程的建筑和正常使用造成危害。滑坡、岩溶、潜蚀、土体盐渍化和路基盐胀、多年冻土和季节冻土中冰的富集、地基沉陷、道路冻胀和翻浆等都与地下水的存在和活动有关，地下水还常常给隧道施工和运营带来困难，甚至带来灾害。因此地下水对工程有极其重要的影响。 地下水指的是埋藏在地表下面土中孔隙、岩石孔隙和裂隙中的水。地下水的富集必须具备三个条件，有较多的储水空间，有充足的补给水源和有良好的汇水条件。地下水长期在地下运动，可从岩石中获得大量可溶性的物质成分，使之成为成分复杂的溶液。其常见成分有O、K、Na、Ca、Mg、C1等地下水中常见元素；主要离子元素有氯离子、硫酸根离子、碳酸氢根离子、钠离子、钾离子；常见的气体有O2、N2、CO2、H2S；地下水中还含有大量的胶体物质Fe(OH)3、Al(OH)3、SiO2及以胶体形式存在的有机质。多数地下水的PH在6.5到8.5之间。 地下水是自然界水的一部分。据估算，埋藏在地下17Km以内的地下水总量约为8.4×1015m3，其中有一半埋藏在地面以下1Km的范围内。地下水能在岩石中储存和运动是因为岩石具孔隙度和渗透性，地下水能否在岩石中运动取决于岩石的渗透性。 地下水据其在孔隙中的存在形式可分为吸附水、薄膜水、毛细水和重力水。吸附水是受静电引力作用以分子状态吸附于岩石表面的水。吸附水厚度大于几个到几百个水分子直径时，便形成薄膜状即薄膜水。当孔径小，水量增多时，水受表面张力作用逆重力方向运动，称毛细水。若孔径较大，水的重力大于表面张力和静电引力时，水受重力影响垂直渗流即重力水。 根据地下水的运动方向分为包气带地下水和饱气带地下水。包气带地下水是呈垂直方向运动的水。埋藏在包气带中的地下水，主要以吸附水、薄膜水和毛细水形成存在。在包气带内局部隔水层上积聚的具有自由水面的重力水称为上层滞水，它是埋藏在地面以下包气带岩土层中的水，它在距地表很近的包气带内，局部的隔水层上。它主要包括土壤水、沼泽水及局部隔水层上的重力水，主要是大气降水下渗补给，以蒸发和向隔层水边缘流动排泄。它的特征是为一局部的，暂时性集水，分布范围不大，水量少；分布区与补给区一致；受气候、水文因素影响很大动态变化极不稳定；季节性明显，雨季水量多，旱季水量少，甚至干涸，水量小，易受污染，一般不能被取出利用，但对农作物和植物有重大影响。它的工程特征是使土基强度减弱；引起道路冻胀、翻浆。对工程的危害视潜水的埋藏深度及所处岩石的土体性质决定。常引起土质边坡滑坍、黄土路基的沉陷、路基冻胀等病害。饱水带地下水是指地下水下渗时，因遇隔水层阻隔而汇聚起来，当水充满了孔隙时，称饱水带，饱水带水常沿隔水层顶面作近水平方向的运动。 据地下水的运动状态、埋藏条件，可以将地下水分为潜水和承压水。潜水埋藏于地表下第一个隔水层以上，是具有自由水面的地下水。潜水的自由水面称为潜水面，其上无稳定的隔水层，可以直接接受大气降水、地表水及其他水源的补给。潜水面至地表的距离，称为潜水的埋藏深度；潜水面的高程称为潜水位；潜水面到隔水底板的垂直距离称为潜水层厚度。潜水的特征是潜水的分布范围与补给区一致，与包气带相接，在其全部的分布范围内都可以接受补给，受气候条件影响，季节性变化明显，水质易受污染。潜水的自由表面只承受大气压力，通常

地下水系统数值模拟

目前地下水系统数值模拟方法主要有有限差分法(FDM)、有限单元法(FEM)、边界元法(BEM)和有限分析法(FAM)等。20世纪60年代中期以来，随着快速大容量电子计算机的出现和广泛应用，数值计算方法在地下水资源分析评价中得到逐步推广，具有明显的通用性和广泛的适用性。尤其近十几年，地下水系统数值模拟取得了长足进步。 一、国外地下水系统数值模拟研究现状 目前，国外该领域的研究主要针对数值模拟法的薄弱环节，提出新的思维方法，采用新的数学工具，分析不同尺度下的变化情况，合理地描述地下水系统中大量的不确定性和模糊因素。 1、该领域科学家在地下水系统数值模拟的工作程序、步骤方面达成了一致，强调对水文地质条件合理概化的重要性，并深入探讨尺度转换问题和量化不确定因素问题。 根据Anderson等提出的工作程序，要建立一个正确且有意义的地下水系统数值模型，应进行以下工作：确定模型目标，建立水文地质概念模型，建立数学模型，模型设计及模型求解，模型校正，校正灵敏度分析，模型验证和预报，预报灵敏度分析，模型设计与模型结果的给出，模型后续检查以及模型的再设计。Ewing提出地下水污染流模拟和建模需要强调3个方面的问题：①有效地模拟复杂的流体之间以及流体与岩石之间的相互作用；②必须发展准确的离散技术，保留模型重要的物理特性；③发挥计算机技术体系的潜力，提供有效的数值求解算法。针对Newman等的推测，Wood提出了二维地下水运动有限元计算的时间步长条件。Kim等对抽取地下水造成的noordbergum effect (reverse water level fluctuation)现象进行数值模拟，阐述了其机理性原因。Scheibe等分析了在不同尺度下的地下水流及其运移行为。Ghassemi指出三维模型可以详细说明含水层系统的三维边界条件以及抽水应力情况，而二维模型就不能恰当处理。Porter等指出DFM (data fusion modeling)可以量化各种各样的水文学、地质学和地球物理学的数据及模型的不确定性，可以用于地下水系统数值模拟的数据整合和模型校准。Mazzia等提出特别的数值方法用于求解重盐地下水运移模拟的二维非线性动力学控制方程，效果很好。Li Shu-guang等指出数值模型还不能解决预报的不确定性因素问题，并开创性地提出一种随机地下水模型，可以解决均值分布和小尺度过程的不同尺度问题。Mehl等提出二维局部网格细分法的有限差分地下水模型，提供了新的插值和错误分析的方法。模拟结果的可靠性得到了提高。 2、国外开发了许多功能多样的地下水系统数值模拟软件，以其模块化、可视化、交互性、求解方法多样化等特点得到广泛的使用，尤其MODFLOW，据美国地质调查局统计，MODFLOW几乎占地下水系统数值模拟软件总应用次数的一半，这些年其功能更是不断完善。地理信息系统(GIS)与地下水模型的整合强化了数据的输入、传递、方案调整和空间分析等。遥感(RS)提供了判断地质边界、地貌单元和估算地表蒸发等的工具。地