新视野研究生英语_读说写2课文加翻译及课后答案

1.College lectures: Is Anybody Listening?

大学课堂：还有人在听吗？

A former teacher of mine, Robert A. Fowkes of New Y ork University, likes to tell the story of a class he took in Old Welsh while studying in Germany during the 1930s. On the first day the professor strode up to the podium shuffled his notes, coughed, and b egan, ― Guten Tag, Meine Damen und Herren‖(―Good day, ladies and gentlemen‖). Fowkes glanced around uneasily. He was the only student in the course.

纽约大学的Robert A Fowkes是我过去的一位老师。他喜欢讲在上世纪30年代他在德国上，古威尔士语课的故事。第一天上课，教授大步走上讲台，翻了翻笔记，咳嗽了一声，开始说道：“早上好，女士们、先生们。”Fowkes不安地扫视一番。他是上这门课的唯一学生。

Toward the middle of the semester, Fowkes fell ill and missed a class. When he returned, the professor nodded vaguely and, to Fowkes‘s astonishment, began to deliver not the next lecture in the sequence but the one after. Had he, in fact, lectured to an empty hall in the absence of his solitary student? Fowkes thought it perfectly possible.

在学期中间，Fowkes因病缺了一次课。他回到课堂的时候，教授毫无表情地向他点了点头。接着令Fowkes大吃一惊的是，教授没有按照顺序讲下一课，而是讲了后面一课。难道他真的在他唯一的学生缺席的情况下对着空教室讲了一课？Fowkes认为这太有可能了。

Today American colleges and universities ( originally modeled on German ones) are under strong attack from many quarters. Teachers, it is charged, are not doing a good job of teaching, and students are not doing a good job of learning. American businesses and industries suffer from unenterprising, uncreative executives educated not to think for themselves but to mouth outdated truisms the rest of the world has long discarded. College graduates lack both basic skills and general culture. Studies are conducted and reports are issued on the status of higher education, but any changes that result either are largely cosmetic or make a bad situation worse.

今天美国的大学受到了各方面的严厉指责。人们指责老师没有教好，学生没有学好。美国的商业和工业饱受无进取心的，缺乏创造力的管理人员之苦，这些人受的教育是自己不要思考，而是说一些时时的、在世界上其他地方早已抛弃的陈词滥调。大学毕业生既没有基本技能也没有全面修养。有人对高等教育的状况做了研究并发表了报告，但由此引发的变化在很大程度上不是表面的，就是使已经糟糕的情形变得更糟。

One aspect of American education too seldom challenged is the lecture system. Professors continue to lecture and students to take notes much as they did in the thirteenth century, when books were so scarce and expensive that few students could own them. The time is long overdue for us to abandon the lecture system and turn to methods that really work.

美国教育中很少被挑战的方面是讲课制度。教授不停地讲，学生不停地记笔记，就像十三世纪时的情形一样，那时是因为书本匮乏又昂贵，很少有学生买得起。我们早就该舍弃讲课制度，开始使用真正有用的方法。

To understand the inadequacy of the present system, it is enough to follow a single imaginary first-year student —let‘s call her Mary -- through a term of lectures on. Say, introductory psychology (although any other subject would do as well ). She arrives on the first day and looks around the huge lecture hall, taken a little aback to see how large the class is. Once the hundred or more students enrolled in the course discover that the professor never takes attendance (how can he? – calling the roll would take far too much time), the class shrinks to a less imposing size.

想要了解现行体制的不足只要跟着一个假设的一年级学生就行了。我们暂且称她为玛丽，我们还是跟她去上一个学期的心理学导论。她到的第一天环顾巨大的课堂，看到班级这

么大有些吃惊。一旦一百或一百多个注册的学生发现教授从不点名，班级就缩小到不那么吓人的规模了。

Some days Mary sits in the front row, from where she can watch the professor read from a stack of yellowed notes that seem nearly as old as he is. She is bored by the lectured, and so are most of the other students, to judge by the way they are nodding off or doodling in their notebooks. Gradually she realizes the professor is as bored as his audience. At the end of each lecture he asks, ―Are there any questions?‖ in a tone of voice that makes it plain he would much rather there weren‘t. He needn‘t worry – the students are as relieved as he is that the class is over.

有几天玛丽坐在前排，她可以看到教授在读一叠几乎和他的年纪一样老的发黄的讲义。她听课烦了，其他大部分同学也听烦了，这从他们的行为中可以判断出：他们要么在打盹，要么在笔记本上涂鸦。渐渐地她意识到教授和他的听众一样感到无聊。每次课结束时他都问道：“有问题吗？”他的语气明显表明他更希望没有问题。他不必担心，学生和他一样感到下课是一种解脱。

Mary knows very well she should read an assignment before every lecture. However, as the p rofessor gives no quizzes and asks no questions, she soon realizes she needn‘t prepare. At the end of the term she catches up by skimming her notes and memorizing a list of facts and dates. After the final exam, she promptly forgets much of what she has memorized. Some of her fellow students, disappointed at the impersonality of it all. Drop out of college altogether. Others, like Mary, stick it out, grow resigned to the system and await better days when, as juniors and seniors, they will attend smaller classes and at last get the kind of personal attention real learning requires. 玛丽清楚地知道她应该在每次上课前阅读布置的作业。但是，因为教授不做小测验也不提问，她很快就认识到她不必准备。学期末她只要看看笔记，再记记一些事件、年代就可以跟上进度。期末考试后她会立刻忘掉她背下来的大部分内容。她的有些同学对这种无人情味的学习很失望，干脆辍学。其他人像玛丽一样坚持下来，无奈地接受了这种制度，等待着到大三、大四时的好日子，那时他们就会有较小的班级，最终也会得到真正的学习所需要的那种针对个人的关注。

I admit this picture is overdrawn –most universities supplement lecture courses with discussion groups, usually led by graduate students, and some classes such as first – year English, are always relatively small. Nevertheless, far too many courses rely principally or entirely on lectures, an arrangement much loved by faculty and administrators but scarcely designed to benefit the students.

我承认上面的描述言过其实。大多数大学有讨论课补充听讲课，通常讨论课是由研究生主持的。而且有些班级，如一年级的英语课，也总是相对较小的。但是，还是有太多的课主要或者完全依赖于讲课，这种安排受到教师和管理人员的青睐，但绝不是为学生的利益而设计的。

One problem with lectures is that listening intelligently is hard work. Reading the same material in a textbook is a more efficient way to learn because students can proceed as slowly as they need to until the subject matter becomes clear to them. Even simply paying attention is very difficult; people can listen at a rate of four hundred to six hundred words a minute, while the most impassioned professor talks at scarcely a third of that speed. This time lag between speech and comprehension leads to daydreaming. Many students believe years of watching television have sabotaged their attention span, but their real problem is that listening attentively is much harder than they think.

听课存在的一个问题是：会听是件很难的事。阅读课本中的相同内容是更有效的学习方

法，因为学生可以根据其需要慢慢阅读直到他们理解这些内容。甚至仅仅做到专心听讲都很难。人听的速度可以达到每分钏400-600个词，而最富有激情的教授说话的速度也很难达到这个速度的1/3。讲话的理解之间的时间差导致开小差。很多学生认为多年来看电视已经削弱了他们保持注意力的能力。但是他们真正的问题是专心听课比他们认为的要难得多。

Worse still, attending lectures is passive learning, at least for inexperienced listeners. Active learning in which students write essays or perform experiments and then have their work evaluated by an instructor, is far more beneficial for those who have not yet fully learned how to learn. While it‘s true that techniques of active listening, such as trying to anticipate the speaker‘s next point or taking notes selectively, can enhance the value of a lecture, few students possess such skills at the beginning of their college careers. More commonly, students try to write everything down and even bring tape recorders to class in a clumsy effort to capture every word. 更糟的是，听课是被动学习，至少对没有经验的听众如此。主动学习时学生写文章或做实验，然后由教师评价他们的作业，因此主动学习对那些还没有完全学会如何学习的学生来说益处要大得多。的确，积极听讲的技巧，如设法预测说话人的下一个要点或有选择地记笔记，能够提高听课的价值，但是很少有学生在大学学习的开始阶段就已经学握了这些技巧。更为常见的是学生试图写下所有内容，甚至还带着录音机去听课，以这咱笨拙的方式来记录每个词。

Students need to question their professors and to have their ideas taken seriously. Only then will they develop the analytical skills required to think intelligently and creatively. Most students learn best by engaging in frequent and even hea ted debate, not by scribbling down a professor‘s often unsatisfactory summary of complicated issues. They need small discussion classes that demand the common labors of teacher and students rather than classes in which one person, however learned propounds his or her own ideas.

学生需要向教授提问，也需要别人重视他们的想法。只有这样他们才能开发出聪明的、创造性的思考所必需的分析能力。大多数学生通过参加频繁的、甚至是激烈的辩论才会学得最好，而不是通过胡乱记下教授对复杂事件所做出的常常不能令人满意的总结。他们需要小型讨论课，这种课需要老师和学生的共同努力，他们不需要那种让一个人提出自己观点的课堂，无论这个多么有学识。

The lecture system ultimately harms professors as well. It reduces feedback to a minimum, so that the lecturer can neither judge how well students understand the material nor benefit from their questions or comments. Questions that require the speaker to clarify obscure points and comments that challenge sloppily constructed arguments are indispensable may not be able to make telling contributions very often, but lecturing insulates a professor even from the beginner‘s na?ve question that could have triggered a fruitful line of thought.

讲课制度最终会危害到教授们。反馈减少到了最低点，因此讲课者既不能判断学生对材料的了解程度，也不能受益于学生的提问或评论。学生要求说话者澄清模糊论点所提的问题，以及挑战结构松散的论据的评论，这对于学术是必不可少的。没有这些，最活跃的头脑也会萎缩。大学生或许还不能够常常做出显著的贡献，但是讲课把教授同新生天真的问题阻隔开了，而这些问题很可能会引起一系列思考。

If lectures make so little sense, why have they been allowed to continue? Administrators love them, of course. They can cram far more students into a lecture hall than into a discussion class, and for many administrators that is almost the end of the story. But the truth is that faculty members, and even students, conspire with them to keep the lecture system alive and well. Lectures are easier on everyone than debates. Professors can pretend to teach by lecturing just as

students as students can pretend to learn by attending lectures, with no one the wiser, including the participants. Moreover, if lectures afford some students an opportunity to sit back and let the professor run the show, they offer some professors an irresistible forum for showing off. In a classroom where everyone contributes, students are less able to hide and professors less tempted to engage in intellectual exhibitionism.

如果说讲课如此不通情理，为什么还一直允许继续下去呢？当然是因为教学管理者喜欢了。他们可以把更多的学生塞进演讲厅，而无法把这么学生塞进讨论班。对许多管理者而方，这基本上就是他们所关心的了。但是，事实上，老师、甚至学生和管理者联合起来使得这一制度继续存在，且运行得很好。对任何人来说，讲课都比辩论容易。教授可以通过讲课假装在教，就像学生可以通过听课假装在学，这一点没有人意识到，包括参与者。此外，如果听课给某些学生袖手旁观、而让老师唱主角的机会，这也给一些教授提供了炫耀其才学的不可抗拒的舞台。如果课堂上人人参与，学生就无法躲藏，教授也不会被吸引去进行学识上的自我表现。

Smaller classes in which students are required to involve themselves in discussion put an end to students‘ passivity. Students become actively involved when forced to question their own ideas as well as their instructor‘s. Their listening skills improve dramatically in the excitement of intellectual give-and-take with their instructors and fellow students. Such interchanges help professors do their job better because they allow them to discover who knows what – before final exams, not after. When exams are given in this type of course, they can require analysis and synthesis from the students, not empty memorization. Classes like this require energy, imagination, and commitment from professors, all of which can be exhausting. But they compel students to share responsibility for their own intellectual growth.

如果班级较小又要求学生参加讨论，这就会消除学生的被动性。学生被迫对他们的和老师的思想表示怀疑时，他们就变得主动参与了。他们听的技巧在与老师和同学的学术交流所带来的刺激中大大得到提高。这种交替互动能帮助教师做得更好，因为他们会发现谁知道什么----在期末考试前，而不是之后。这种形式的课程考试要求学生分析和综合，而不是空洞的记忆。这样的课需要教授们的活力、想象力和投入，所有这些都会令人精疲力竭的。但是，这也使得学生为他们自己的学术成长分担责任。

Lectures will never entirely disappear from the university scene both because they seem to be economically necessary and because they spring from a long tradition in a setting that values tradition for its own sake. But the lectures too frequently come at the wrong end of the students‘ educational careers –during the first two years, when they most need close, even individual, instruction. If lecture classes were restricted to juniors and seniors, who are less in need of scholarly nurturing and more able to prepare work on their own, they would be far less destructive of students‘ interests and enthusiasms than the present system. After all, students must learn to listen before they can listen to learn.

讲课这一方式不会完全从大学消失。一是因为讲课似乎从经济角度考虑是必需的，二是讲课起源于悠久的传统，而且人们又把传统本身看得很重。但是，讲课通常出现在学生接受教育生涯的错误的那一端----在大学的第一和第二年，那时他们是需要密切的，甚至是针对个体需要的指导。如果讲课这一形式局限于三四年级的学生，则对学生的兴趣和热情的破坏力会比目前的制度小得多，因为三四年级的学生不太需要学科上的指导与帮助，而且更有能力自己制定学习计划毕竟，学生在能够从听讲课中学到知识之前必须先要学会去听。

4、When MTV Goes CEO

当看音乐电视长大的一代成为首席执行官

What happens when the ―unmanageables‖ become managers?

当这些“难以驾驭的”年轻人成为经理会发生什么样的情况呢？

―Who will take the helm?‖ is one question that will keep CEOs awake at night in the next millennium. Most wonder what corporate culture in services frims will look like when the 40 million Gen Xers in the work force – now twenty-and thirty- something employeses – take over as managers.

将来谁来掌舵呢？这个问题会使很多首席执行官在21世纪的晚上辗转难眠。他们大多想知道现在被称为X一代的近4000万的20多岁、30多负的员工如果担任经理职位，服务业的公司文化将会是什么样子。

Much has been written about Gen X employees, most of it negative. Early studies accused them of being arrogant, uncommitted, unmanageable slack ers youths who ―just don‘t care.‖ Recent interpretations, however, offer some new and somewhat different insights.

关于X一代员工的描述并不鲜见，但多数是负面的评价。早期的研究指责他们傲慢、不愿承担责任、难于管理、散漫懒惰。这些年轻人不尊重权威，对通过艰苦努力获得自己应得的权利嗤之以鼻，他们纹身或穿耳洞，一副无所谓的样子。但是，最近的解读却对他们提出了一些新的、有点不一样的看法。

Arrogance or Independence?

傲慢还是独立？

Gen Xers have been characterized as the ―latchkey kids‖ of the 70‘s and 80‘s; often left on their own by divorced and / or working parents, these young people became adept at handling things in their own and in their own ways. Many became self-motivating, self-sufficient, and creative problem-solvers. Their independence. Which baby-boom managers sometimes interpret arrogance, may also reflect a need to feel trusted to get a job done.

X一代人的一个特征是，他们是七、八十年代脖子上挂钥匙的孩子，经常被已经离异或双职工的父母单独留在家里，因此这些年轻人已经习惯了独立地以自己的方式处理事情。许多人自我激励、自给自足，解决问题时颇具创造性。他们的独立性—有时会被婴儿潮时期出生的经理们认为是一种傲慢自大—也许正体现了他们需要得到别人信任，信任他们可胜任某项工作。

As employees, Gen Xers enjoy freedom to manage their own schedules. The don‘t watch a clock and don‘t want their managers to do so. Whet her work is done from nine-to-five or noon-to-eight – at home, in the office, or over lattes – is irrelevant to this group because Gen Xers are results-oriented. They seek guidance, inspiration, and vision from their managers but otherwise prefer to be left alone between goal-setting and deliverables.

作为员工，X一代人喜欢享有掌控自己时间表的自由。他们不愿意做事按部就班，也不希望他们的经理是这样的人。因为这代人更注重结果，因此对他们来说，工作的时间表是朝九晚五，还是从中午开始到晚上8点，是在家里、办公室或是在咖啡馆里都无所谓。他们会向经理们寻求指导、鼓励，听取他们的意见。但是从目标确立到完成这一过程中，他们却希望不受打扰。

Many Gen Xers excel at developing innovative solutions, but need clear, firm deadlines to set boundaries on their creative freedom. They have been known to bristle under micromanagement but flourish with coaching and feedback.

许多X一代人擅长提出创新的解决方法，但是他们需要清楚明确的期限来约束他们创

造的自由。众所周知的是：凡是必亲躬的微观管理会惹怒X一代人，但是施以指导和提供反馈信息却能使他们成功。

Techno-Babes技术时代的宝宝

Gen X grew up with rapidly changing technology and the availability of massive amounts of information. Many developed skills at parallel processing or sorting large amounts of information quickly ( which is sometimes interpreted as a short attention span ). Most are skilled at understanding and using technologies, adapt quickly to new platforms, and are practiced at learning through technological media. They value visual as well as verbal communicaiton.

X一代人的成长伴随着技术和快速变化和信息的大量涌现。他们中很多人都具有同时处理或迅速分类大量信息的技能。他们大多数都熟悉并善于使用技术，能快速适应新的技术平台，并且能熟练地通过科技媒体学习。他们对视觉和语言上的交流同等重视。

Gen X employees excel in a technologically advanced environment. They demand state-of-the-art capabilities, such as telecommuting, teleconferencing, and electronic mail, in order to work efficiently and effecticely, To baby-boom managers this may seem to be a preference for impersonal means of communicating, living and working, but Gen Xers do not see it that way; for example, they have modified electronic language and symbolism to express emotions such as surprise, anger and pleasure.

X一代员工在科技先进的环境中最能凸显自己。他们要求自己工作的地方具备最新的科这技术设施，例如远程办公、远程会义和电子邮件、这样他们工作会更有效果，也更有效率。在婴儿潮时期出生的经理们看来，这种做法似乎是对那种没有人情味的交流、生活和工作模式的偏好，但是X一代人并不这样认为，例如：他们已经修改了电子语言和符号来表达诸如吃惊、愤怒和喜悦等情感。

Get a Life

有自己的生活

Get X employees don‘t live to work, they work to live. They place a high value on prototypical family values that they feel they missed. Having pbserved their parents trade personal lives for ―the good of the company,‖ friends, an d spirituality. Gen X employees are skeptical of forgoing the needs of today for a later, uncertain payoff.

X一代员工不是活着为了工作，而是为了生活而工作。他们非常重视他们认为曾经错过的典型家庭观念。曾经目睹他们的父母为了公司的利益而牺牲了个人生活，这代人想要的是生活的平衡。他们需要时间来满足工作、玩乐、家庭、朋友以及精神的需求。对于为了将来未知的回报而放弃现在的需求，X一代员工是深表怀疑的。

When on the job market, Gen Xers will openly ask life-balance questions. This can be a turnoff for unprepared interviewers used to classic baby-boomer scripts featuring such lines as ―How can I best contribute to the company?‖and “My greatest weakness is tha t I work too hard.‖ 在找工作时，X一代人会坦率地询问关于生活能否平衡的问题。没有思想准备的面试官也许会感到反感，因为他们已习惯婴儿潮时期出生的人的经典回答版本，例如：我怎样才能最好地为公司效力呢？还有“我最大的弱点就是我工作太努力了”。

In contrast, Gen Xers want to know ―What can you do to help me balance work, life, and family?‖ They expect companies to unders tand and respect their needs as individuals with important personal lives. This focus on ―getting a life‖ causes some to label them as slackers. Viewed from another perspective, however, Gen Xers could be seen as balanced individuals who can set priorities within time limits.

恰恰相反，X一代人想知道的是：你能做什么来帮我实现工作、生活和家庭的平衡？

他们希望公司能理解并尊重他们作为个体在拥有重要的个人生活方面的需要。这种对“有自己的生活”的强调态度使得有些给他们贴上了“懒惰散漫的人”的标签。但是换一个角度，我们可以把X一代人看作是重视平衡的人，他们能够分清某一时限内事情的轻重缓急。

Just Do It讲求实干

Gen X grew up with scandals in politics ( Whitewatergate ), literatue ( The Education of Little Tree ), journalism ( Janet Cooke ), business ( Ivan Boesky, Michael Milliken ), entertainment ( Milli V analli ), professional sports ( Pete Rose, Tonya Harding ),and religion (Jim and Tammy Bakker ). It‘s not surprising that they‘re cynical about authority, irreverent about hierarchy, hate bureaucracy, Loathe hidden agendas, and disdain politicking. They demand honesty and clarity, and respect substance over style.

X一代人是在各种丑闻中长大的：政治界的、文学界的、新闻界的，商界的，娱乐界的，职业运动界的和宗教界的等各种丑闻。因此，毫不奇怪，这代人嘲讽权威、不尊敬等级制度、痛恨官僚潜规则并且鄙视政治活动。他们要求的是诚实和透明，他们尊重实质而非附庸风雅。

Gen X employees tend to focus on the big picture, to emphasize outcomes over process or protocol. They respect clear, unambiguous communication – whether good news or bad. Gen Xers prefer tangible rewards over soft words. Cash incentices, concert tickets, computer equipment, or sports outings go farther with this group than ―attaboys,‖ plaques, or promises of future rewards. X一代员关注的是整体，强调结果而不是过程或礼仪。不管消息是好是坏，他们都尊重清楚明确的交流。他们喜欢实质性的奖励而不是甜言蜜语。现金奖励、音乐会的门票、电脑设备或户外运动----这些远比夸他们是“好样的”授予勋章或许诺将来给予奖励更让他们喜欢。

Free Agents

自由人

Growing up in a period of corporate downsizing and right-sizing fostered Gen X beliefs that the future depends on their resumes rather than loyalty to any one company. Not surprisingly, Gen X employees seek challenging projects that help them develop a projects that help them develop a portfolio of skills.

在公司裁员和精简的氛围中成长起来的X一代人持有这样的信念：未来是靠自己的资历而不是靠对哪一家公司的忠诚得来的。因此，理所当然，X一代员工总是寻求具有挑战性的项目来培养自己的各项技能。

What might appear to a baby-boom manager as job-hopping can be interpreted as Gen Xer‘s pattern of skills acquisition. Similarly, arefusal to just ―do time‖ in an organization, often interpreted as disloyalty and a lack of commitment, may come from an intolerance of busywork and wasted time.

在婴儿潮期出生的经理人眼里看来跳槽的行为，对X一代人来说可以理解为是他们学习技能的方式。同样，X一代人拒绝在公司里“恪守工作时间”通常被认为是他们不忠诚和缺乏责任感的表现。但其实这是他们出于对繁忙的工作的抗议和浪费时间的不满。

Gen Xers will thrive in learning organizations where they can embrace creative challenges and acquire new skills. Smaller companies and work units will be valued for the opportunities they provide for Gen X employees to apply their diverse array of skills and, thereby, prove their individual merit.

X一代人在仍处于学习阶段的公司中会发展很快，他们可以接受有创造性的挑战并且获得新的技能。小型公司和单位会格外受到青睐，因为这们能够给X一代员工提供施展各种技能从而证明自己个体价值的机会。

Manager s who enact their roles as teachers and facilitators rather than ―bosses‖ will get the

most from their Gen X employees. Training is valued by this group but should be immediately relevant: the best training seems to be self-directed or tied to self-improvement, personal development, and skills building.

如果经理们扮演的不是老板，而是老师或辅助者的角色，他们则可以从X一休的员工身上获得最大利益。X一代人重视培训，但是培训对他们来说应该是直接相关的。最好的培训似乎是自我指导型的，或者是自我提高、个人发展和技能培养有关系的。

Some baby-boom managers hope that the differences between themselves and their Gen X employees will fade away as less-conforming behaviors are abandoned with age and experience. But what if the wished-for assimilation into corporate culture –as presently defined by baby-boomers –doesn‘t occur? Or, what if, more likely, the assimilation is less tha n complete? What vestiges of Gen X‘s culture will be maintained? What will be absorbed, what will fade away? 一些婴儿潮期出生的经理们希望看到随着年龄和经验的增长，X一代人会减少叛逆行为，他们之间的分歧也将逐步缩小。但是如果他们所希望的这种融入公司文化的方式没有发生，那怎么办呢？或者，更可能的是，这种同化不完全彻底又怎么办？X一代的文化会有哪些被保留？哪些会被吸收，又有哪些会渐渐衰退？

Unmanageable or Entrepreneurial?

难于管理还是具有创业精神？

As a group, Gen x was not predicted to become ―the establishment,‖ yet the establishment will claim them nevertheless. Having rebelled against standard business hours and micromanagement, they might find it difficult to make such demands of their subordinates. Having distained bosses, they might be uncomfortable being subordinates; having shunned hierarchy and titles, they may find their own managerial maonikers awkward to bear. 作为一个群体，X一代人并没有被指望将成为当权人物，但是权力机构总会找上他们。他们曾经抗议过标准的上下班时间和微观管理，因而他们也许会发现自己对下属很难提出此类要求。他们曾经鄙视过自己的老板，因而他们会地自己当老板不太适应；他们曾经逃避过等级制度和头衔，因而他们也许会对自己的管理头衔感到尴尬。

Their emphasis on independence, combined with technological expertise, suggested that Gen X managers will support continued growth in telecommuting. This trend could put particular stressed on services firms that require contact personnel on-site to service customers. However, the creative problem-solving excellence of Gen X managers, combined with their technological prowess, will support new approches to the issue of front-line service coverage. X一代强调独立和专业技术知识，这表明X一代经理人会支持远程通讯的持续发展。这种趋势会对服务业施加更多的压力，因为服务业要求提供服务人员现场为客户服务的业务。但是，X一代经理人擅于创造性解决问题的能力以及高超的技术能力将会使他们支持采用新的方法解决一线服务所覆盖的问题。

Their life-balance beliefs suggest that Gex X mangers will support family friendly corporate policies. Firms will experience a continued drive toward fexible work schedules and reduced hours that benefit both Gen Xers ( who strive for balance throughout their career ) and baby boomers ( who put off ―life‖ until th eir career dues were paid ). Firms will manage differences in needs for employee benefits with cafeteria plans that allow Gen Xers to select benefits that support early family concerns ( insurance, child care ) and allow baby boomers to focus on 401ks and retirement plans. X一代经理人看重生活平衡，表明他们会拥护有利于家庭的公司政策。各公司会继续努力创建灵活弹性的工作制度，并且减少工作时间，这种做法会使X一代人和婴儿潮时期出生的人双方都受益。公司将采用员工自助式福利计划以解决需求上的差异，

允许X一代人选择有利解决新家庭所关注的福利，允许婴儿潮时期出生的人专注于401K计划和退休计划。

Gen Xers‘ ―just do it‖ attitudes and impatience with corporate cultures that se em to support style over substance indicate that Gen X managers will support a more casual workplace. Expect ―dress-down Friday‖ to expand to encompass the entire workweek, with formal business attire required on an asneeded basis such as in the presence of cuustomers. ( Gen Xers will respect social niceties when they agree that there‘s a good reason. X一代人讲求实干的态度以及重视风格而非实质的公司文化的不耐烦的态度表明X一代的经理会用拥有更轻松随意的工作环境。他们期待把星期五可以着便装的规定扩展到所有工作日，希望只有在必要的场合，例如有客户在声，才穿正装。

Some ―free-agent‖ Gen Xers will ultimately be unable or unwilling to make the transition to corporate manager. As Scott Adams‘ Silbert cartoons make painfully clear, many Gen Xers fear ending up in dead-end support jobs, especially when they see the road to the top clogged with baby-boom managers. We are likely to see many choose an alternative lifestyle by becoming entrepreneurs. Indeed, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reports tha 80% of Americans starting their own businesses today are between ages 18 and 34. The trend may dilute corporate pools of promotable junior managers but provide a needed infrastruture for corporate outsourcing. 一些做自由人的X一代人最终也许不能或不愿过渡到公司经理的职位。正如dibert的卡通片中所作的痛苦的描述那样，许多X一代人，尤其是当他们看到通往高层职位的职业道路上还挤满了婴儿潮时期出生的经理们的时候，担心最终会落到从事无前途的下手工作的下场。我们很可能会看到许多人选择另外一种生活方式----成为企业家。实际，根据美国劳动统计局的报告，美国目前正在开始自主创业的群体中，有80%的人年龄在18-34岁之间。这种趋势会使公司中有提职潜力的年轻经理储备量减少，但是却为公司外包业务提供了必要的基础。

Culture Clash or Diversity文化冲突还是文化多样化？

Other Labor Bureau Statistics show that in the next decade one in three workers will be over age 55. This has tremendous implications for a burgeoning culture clash between Baby Boomers and Gen Xers within corporations. 劳动统计局其他数据表明：在未来10年中，将有1/3的员工年龄在55岁以上。这一数据对于公司内部婴儿潮时期出生的人和X一代人之间迅速加剧的文化冲突意义非凡。

Facing the issue squarely and approaching Gen X workplace issues as issues of cultural diversity are necessary to get the most from the two groups of managers. Firms must understand, respect, and respond to the needs of each group. Lines of communication must be opened and maintained. For example, mentoring programs that pair the institutional memory and experience of baby boomers with the technological prowess and creativity of Gen Xers can help to foster mutual respect between the two groups. 坦率地面对这一问题并且把X一代在工作中所产业的问题作为文化多样性的体现来处理，是挖掘这两代经理人最大潜力的必要手段。公司必须理解、尊重每个群体的不同需求并对此做出反应。沟通的渠道应该保持开放并加以维护。例如：把婴儿潮时期出生的人对传统的眷恋和他们的经验与X一代人的技术能力及创新能力结合起来形成培养计划，将会有助于培育双方的互相尊重。

The V ision Thing前景展望

Before mid-millennium, Gen Xers will be the CEOs of the future. This is a time when Gen X‘s visionary qualities will be most valued by firm. Will their anger with pollution, devastation of natural resources, and waste inspire them to responsible environmental stewardship? Will their disgust with corruption and scandal stimulate ethical corporate leadership? Will their experiences

as the forgotten generation motivate them to create supportive corporate cultures? Will their experiences as a marginal group help them to envision, and sponsor, corporate cultural diversity? Only time will tell. 到21世纪中叶，X一代人将成为未来的首席执行官。那时，X一代人的远见将最为最受到公司的重视。他们对于污染、自然资源遭到破坏及浪费等关题的愤怒是否会促使他们成为更负责任的环境保护者呢？他们对于腐败和丑闻的厌恶是否会激发他们成

为更有职业道德的公司领导者呢？他们作为被遗忘的一代的经历是否会驱使他们创造对员

工有更多支持和帮助的公司文化呢？他们作为边缘群体的经历是否会有助于他们设想并支

持公司的多样性呢？只有时间可以回答这些问题。

5. Seven T enets for Establishing New Marital Norms建立婚姻新规范的七条准则

I propose as a remedy for society‘s confusion ove r marital gender-role expectations, a pattern of late marriage followed, in the early childrearing years, by what one could call a ―modified traditional nuclear family.‖ The main elements of this pattern can be summarized as follows. ( I recognize, of course, that this pattern – being a set of normative expectations – is not something to which everyone can or should conform.) 为了解决社会对婚姻中性别角色期望的困惑，我提议一种婚姻模式：晚婚，然后在哺育小孩的前几年采纳一种可称作为“改良型传统核心家庭”的家庭模式。这个婚姻模式的主要部分可以归纳如下：

(1) Girls as well as boys should be trained according to their abilities for a socially useful paid job or career. It is important for women to be able to achieve the economic, social, and psychic rewards of the workplace that have long been reserved for men. It is important work contribution over the course of their lives. 不仅男孩而且女孩都应该根据他们的能力得到训练，以从事对社会有用的、并能获得报酬的工作或者职业。能够在长期以来是男性领地的工作获得经济的、社会的、心理的回报对女性非常重要。每个人都能够接受良好的教育并且在他们的生命历程中对所从事的工作做出重要的贡献，这对社会非常重要。

(2) Y oung people should grow up with the expectation that they will marry only once and for

a lifetime and that they will have children. Reproduction is a fundamental purpose of life, and marriage is instrumental to its success. Today, close to 90 percent of Americans actually marry, and about the same percentage of American women have children. Although these firgures have been dropping, the social expectation in these respects is currently quite will realized. Lifetime monogamy is not so well realized, however, with the divorce rate now standing at over 50 percent. 我们期望年轻人在长大成人后只结一次婚，并且这场婚姻能持续一生，我们还期望他们生儿育女。生命繁衍是人生的根本目的，而婚姻对于这一目标的实现至关重要。当前，接近90%的美国人确实结了婚，大约有相同比例的美国女性生育了孩子：虽然这些数字一直在下降，但是目前社会在这些方面的期望还是较好地得到了实现。然而对于当前的离婚率超过50%，社会对终生一夫一妻的期望就不如人意了。

(3)Y oung adults should be encouraged to marry later in life than is common now, with an average age at time of marriage in the late twenties or early thirties ( the average ages currently are twenty-six for men and twenty-four for women ). Even later might be better for men, but at older ages that this for women who want children, the ―biological clock‖ becomes a growing problem.

应该鼓励年轻人比现在的普遍婚龄再晚一些结婚，平均年龄在30岁左右（男性26岁、女性24岁）。甚至再晚一些可能对男性晚好。但是如果超过这个年龄，对于想要小孩的女性来说，“生物钟”问题将越来越突出。

From society‘s viewpoint, the most important reasons why people should be encouraged to marry relatively late in life is that they are more established in their jobs or careers, and the men have begun to ―settle down‖ sexually ( partly due to a biological diminution of their sex drive).

Age at marriage has proven to be the single most important predictor of eventual divorce, with the highest divorce rates found among those who marry in their teenage years. But we must also recognize that both women and men want to have time, when they are young, to enjoy the many opprtunities for personal expression and fulfillment that modern, affluent societies are able to provide. 从社会的角度看，鼓励人们相对晚些结婚的最重要的理由是，那时他们更成熟，更明白想从另一半那里得到什么，有更好的工作和事业基础，而且男性性生活趋于“平稳”。结婚年龄已经被证明是能够预测最终是否离婚的唯一的最重要的因素。离婚率最高的群体是那些十几岁就结婚的年轻人。但是我们也必须承认男性和女性都希望在年轻的时候有时间享有现代富裕社会所能够提供的表达自我，实现自我的诸多机会。

We should anticipate that many of these years of young adulthood will be spent in nonmarial cohabitation, an arrangement that often makes more sense than the alternatives to it, especialy living alone or continuing to live with one‘s family of origin, I am not implying, much less advocating, sexual promiscuity here, but rather serious, caring relationships which may involve cohabitation. 我们应该预料到成年期初期的不少年头将会在非婚同居中度过。比起其他选择，特别是独居或者继续生活在原来家里，这是一个更加合乎情理的生活安排。我这里不是暗示，更不是在倡导滥交，而是指严肃的、相互关爱的、可能涉及同居的恋爱关系。

(4) From the perspective of promoting eventual family life, however, the downside to late age of marriage is that people live for about a decade or more in a nonfamily, ―singles‖ environment which reinforces their personal drive for expressive individualism and conceivably reduces their impulse toward carrying out eventual family obligations, thus making the transition to marriage and childrearing more difficult. To help overcome the anti-family impact of these years, young unmarried adults should be encourage to save a substantial portion of their income for a ― family fund‖ with an eye toward offsetting the temporary loss of the wife‘s income after marriage and childbirth. 然而，从促进最终家庭生活的角度来看，结婚年龄大的缺点在于人们在10年或更长时间里生活在没有家庭的单身汉环境中，这段经历会强化他们追求表现型个人主义的倾向，还会减少他们履行最终家庭义务的愿望，从而使向婚姻和抚育小孩的过渡更加困难。为了帮助克服这些年形成的不利于家庭生活的影响，应当鼓励年轻的未婚成年人将收入的一大部分存起来作为“家庭基金”，以便抵消在结婚和生育之后妻子暂时失去收入的损失。

(5)Once children are born, wives should be encouraged to leave the labor market and become substantially full-time mothers for a period of at least a year to eighteen months per child. The reason for this is that mother-reared infants appear to have distinct advantages over those reared apart from their mothers. It is desirable for children to have full-time parenting up to at least age three, but after eighteen months –partly because children by then are more verbal –it is appropriate for fathers to become the primary caretakers, and some men may wish to avail themselves of the opportunity. At age three, there is no evidence that children in quality group care suffer any disadvantages (in fact, for most children there are significant advantages). Once children reach that age, therefore, the average mother could resume working part-time until the children are at least of school age, and preferably in their early to middle teen years, at which point she could resume work full-time. Alternatively, when the children reach the age of three the father could say home part-time, and the mother could resume work full-time. 小孩出生之后，应该鼓励妻子离开劳动力市场，为每个孩子切实地做至少一年到18个月的全职母亲。这样做的原因是母亲哺育的婴儿似乎比离开母亲抚养的婴儿具有明显的优势。至少在3岁之前儿童最了由母亲全职照料，但18个月之后----部分原因在于那时候儿童语言表达更强----可以让父亲主要承担照料工作，而且有的男人可能也希望拥有这个机会。在3岁的时候，没有证据

显示接受优良集体照看的儿童有什么不利之处。因此一旦儿童达到那个年龄，一般母亲可以重新开始做全职工作，一直到小孩至少达到入学年龄，最好是在13、14岁到15、16、17岁的时候。那时母亲就可以重新开始做全职工作了。或者在小孩3岁的时候，父亲可以做兼职工作，并在家照料孩子，而母亲可以重新开始做全职工作。

For women, this proposal is essentially the strategy known as ―sequencing.‖ The main difficulty with it, as sociologist Phyllis Moen has noted, ―is that child-nurturing years are also the career-nurturing years. What is lost in either case cannot be ?made up‘ at a later time.‖ Y et I would argue that it is possible to ―make up‖ for career loss, but impossible to make up for child-nurturing loss. To make it economically more possible for a family with young children to live on a single income, we should institute ( in addition to the ―family fund‖) what virtually every other industrialized society already has in place – parental leave and child allowance programs. And, to help compensate women for any job or career setbacks due to their time out of the labor force, we should consider the development of ―veterans benefits‖ type programs that provide mothers with financial subsidies and job priorities when they return to the paid work force. In general, women must be made to feel that caring for young children is important work, respected by the working community. 对女性来说，这个提议实质上就是被称为“人生排序”的策略。正如社会科学家菲利斯.莫恩提到的，它的主要困难“在于照料孩子的时光也正是建立事业的年纪。两者的损失都无法在以后弥补”。然而我想说事业上的损失是能够“弥补”的，而抚育孩子上的损失却是无法弥补的。为了使有幼小孩子的家庭能够只靠一份收入生活，我们应该设立家庭基金的补充，几乎其他所有工业化国家早已经有的----育儿假以及儿童补贴项目。另外，为了帮助补偿女性由于一段时间不在职场而遇到的工作或者事业挫折，我们应该考虑采纳类似“退伍军人补助金”的方法，在她们重新就业时给予母亲以经济补贴和工作优先权。总之，必须让女性感到照料幼小孩子是一项重要的工作，是受到就业群体的尊重的。

(6)According to this proposal, the mother and not the father ordinarily would be the primary caretaker of infants. This is because of fundamental biological differences betw een the sexes that assume great importance in childrearing, as discussed above. The father should be an active supporter of the mother-child bond during this period, however, as well as auxiliary homemaker and care provider. Fathers should expect to spend far more time in domestic pursuits than their own fathers did. Their work should include not only the male‘s traditional care of the house as a physical structure and of the yard and car, but in many cases cooking, cleaning, and child care, the exact distribution of such activities depending on the individual skills and talents of the partners. And, as noted above, after children reach age eighteen months it may be desirable for the father and not the mother to become the primary caretaker. This means that places of employment must make allowances for substantial flex-time and part-time job absence for fathers as well as for mothers. 根据这个提议，母亲而不是父亲通常会成为婴儿的主要照看人。这是因为，如前所述，男女性别之间的基本生理差异对育儿有重大影响。不过，父亲在这个阶段应该成为母子关系的积极支持者，同时还要帮助料理家务和照顾孩子。父亲应该要比他们自己的父辈在家庭事务上花更多的时间。他们的职责范围应该不仅包括传统上就一直由男性承担的打理房屋、庭院和汽车，在很多情况下还包括做饭、打扫卫生和照顾小孩。这些事务的具体分工取决于配偶双方的个人技巧和才能。而且，如前面提到的，在婴儿长到18个月以后可以由父亲而不是母亲充当主要照看人。这就意味着用工单位必须不仅体谅母亲而且还要体谅父亲在弹性工作时间和非全日制工作时的经常缺勤。

(7) It should be noted that there is some balancing out of domestic and paid-work roles between men and women over the course of life. Under current socioeconomic conditions,

husbands, being older, retire sooner than their wives. Also, in later life some role switching become more work-oriented and men become more domestic. Given current male-female differences in longevity, of course, the average woman can expect to spend an estimated seven years of her later life as a widow. 应该注意的是，在一生中男性和女性所承担的家务和带薪工作是基本相当的。在当前的社会经济状况下，丈夫由于年龄大，比妻子退休得早。而且，在后半生会发生一定的角色转换，部分想必是由荷尔蒙变化引起的。在这个转换过程中，女性更加倾向外出工作，而男性则变得更加乐于操持家务。当然鉴于现在的男女寿命差异，一般女性在后半生估计要寡居7年左右。

Later marriage, together with smaller families, earlier retirement, and a longer life in a society of affluence, provides both men and women in modern societies an historically unprecedented degree of freedom to pursue personal endeavors. Y et what David Gutmann has called the ―parental imperative‖ is also a necessary and important part of life, and during the parental years expressive freedom for adults must be curtailed in the interest of social values, especially the welfare of children. 晚婚，还有子女少、退休早、以及富足社会带来的长寿，为生活在现代社会的男性和女性提供了史无前例的追求个人事业的自由。然而，戴维.格特曼所说的“父母职责”也是生活中必不可少的重要组成部分，在为人父母的年代，出于社会价值观，特别是儿童的福利，必须约束成年人的追求自我实现的自由。

Male breadwinning and female childrearing have been the pattern of social life throughout history, albeit not always in quite so extreme a form as found in moder societies over the past century and a half. Except perhaps for adult pair-bonds in which no young children are involved, where much social experimentationis possible, it is foolhardy to think that the nuclear family can or should be entirely scrapped. When children are involved, where much social experimentation is possible, it is foolhardy to think that the nuclear family can or should be entirely scrapped. When children become a part of the equation, fundamental biological and social constraints come into play –such as the nuclear family are dismissed at society‘s peril. Rather than strive for androgyny and be continuously frustrated and unsetued by our lack of achievement of it, we would do much better to more readily acknowedge, accommodate, and appreciate the very different needs, sexual interests, values, and goals of each sex. And rather than the unisex pursuit of ―freedom with a male bias,‖ we should be doing more to foster a cu lture in which the traditional female values of relationship and caring are given a higher priority and respect. 男人挣钱养家、女人生儿育是有史以来天经地义的社会生活模式，虽然这种模式并不总如过去一个半世纪现代社会中表现得那样极端。也许除了在没有年幼儿童的成人伴侣中可以进行很多社会实验，认为核心家庭可以或者应该被完全抛弃是极其鲁莽的。当孩子成为综合考虑因素的一部分时，基本的生理和社会限制就开始发挥作用----比如母亲对幼小儿童的重要性----如果抛弃核心家庭的中心元素，社会将会承担极大的风险。与其努力同时承担男性挣钱养家和女性生儿育女的双重责任，并为自己不能达到目的而不断地感到失望和不安，不如我们更坦然地承认、考虑、并欣赏不同性别的截然不同的需求、性兴趣、价值观和目标，这样我们会做得更好。与其不分男女都追求“具有男性偏向的自由”，我们应该做更多的工作来促进一种社会文化：给予注重家庭亲情关系和养育子女的传统女性价值观更多的重视和尊重。

In a much modified form, then , traditional marital gender roles are necessary if the good of society – and of individuals – are to be advanced. 因此，如果要推进社会以及个人的利益，经过改良的传统婚姻性别角色是必要的。

6.Ambition and Its Enemies雄心和它的敌人

America is a nation of ambitions people. and yet ambition is a quality that is hard to praise

and easy to deplore. It‘s a great engine of American creativity, but it also can be an unrelenting oppresor, which robs us of time and peace of mind. Especially in highly prosperous periods –periods like the present – it becomes fashionable to question whether ambition has gotten out of hand and is driving us to excesses of striving and craving that are self-destructive. 美利坚是一个雄心勃勃的民族，然而雄心这种品质却很少受到赞赏，更多受到的是谴责。它是激发美国人创造力的巨大动力，但是也会是一个残酷的压迫者，剥夺我们的时间和平和的心态。特别是在高度繁荣的时期----就像现在----人们普遍质疑雄心是不是已经失去了控制，并正在驱使着我们走向导致自我毁灭的过度奋斗和过度渴望。

Ambition is not, of course, only a quest for riches. The impulse pervades every walk of life. Here is Al Gore straining to be president – campaigning earnestly without any apparent joy – to fulfill an ambition that must date back to his diaper days. And does anyone really believe that the fierce rivalry among America‘s immensely rich computer mogus is about money? What it concerns is the larger ambi tion to control the nation‘s cyberagenda.雄心当然不只是对财富的追求。这种推动力遍布社会各个行业、各个阶层。阿尔.戈尔正在竭尽全力力争当选总统----尽心竭力地参加竞选活动，毫无乐趣可言----为了实现一个准是在孩提时代就已萌发的雄心壮志。难道会有人真的相信美国极其富有的电脑巨头之间的激烈竞争只是为了金钱？这场竞争的目的是实现更大的野心----控制美国的网络世界。

One-upmanship is a national mania. Y ou see it every time a wide receiver prances into the end zone and raises his index finger in triumph. More prances into the end zone and raises his index finger in triumph. More common is the search for status symbols – a bigger house, a more exotic vacation, a niftier bike, a faster commputer – that separate us from the crowd. Money may not be the only way to satisfy this urge, but it‘s the most common because it can so easily translate itself into some other badge of identity and standing. 对胜人一筹的狂热充斥着整个民族。每当橄榄球边接应队员大步冲入球门、并怀着胜利的喜悦竖起象征第一名的拇指时，你都会看到这种狂热。更为普遍的则是对地位象征的追求----更大的房子，更有异国情调的假期，更灵

便的自行车，速度更快的电脑----这些使我们有别于一般大众。金钱不一定是满足这种渴求

的唯一途径，但它却是最常见的途径，因为它可以很容易地转化为其它某种身份和地位的象征。

For many pople, the contest seems futile. The New Y ork Times recently ran a long story on four famil ies with roughly $50000 of income who ―wonder why they have o struggle so hard just to pay the bills.‖ The answer isn‘t that their incomes are stagnating. Between 1992 and 1997, the median income of married couples rose from $48008 and $51618 in inflation-adjusted dollars, reports the Census Bureau. They are surely higher now. All he families profiled by the Times owned homes as well as things like big-screen TVs and elaborate outdoor grills. 对于许多人来说，这种竞争毫无意义。《纽约时报》最近刊登了一个长篇报道介绍4个收入约为5万美元的家庭。他们都“奇怪为什么自己必须如此努力地工作，却仅仅能够缴清帐单”。问题的答案并

不是他们的收入停滞不前。根据美国人口普查局的报告，1992到1997年间，除通货膨胀因素，已婚夫妇收入的中位数从48088美元上升到了51681美元。现在的收入水平肯定比以前高。《纽约时报》所描述的家庭都拥有住宅以及大屏幕电视和制作精良的户外烤架等高档消

费品。

The problem isn‘t that they‘re running in place but that they‘re running in the pack with everyone else. Consumer products morph from luxury to convenience to necessity. Cars, TVs and nicrowaves all followed the cycle; now it describes Internet connections and cell phones. If you don‘t buy by the final stage, you‘re considered a crank or a pauper. There‘s nothing new here. In

The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899 ), Thorstein V eblen argued that, once an item becomes widely owened, possessing it becomes a requisite for ―self-respect.‖ Peple try to cosume ―just beyond their reach‖ so they ―can outdo‖ those wi th whom they compare themselves. 问题不在于他们正跑在比赛跑道上，而在于他们正和所有其他人一起以同样的速度跑在比赛领先者的后面。消费品总是从奢侈品变为给人们带来便利的物品，再变为生活必要品。汽车、电视和微波炉都经历了这样一个过程；现在网络和手机也是一样。如果你没有购买最先进的产品，你就会被看成是怪物或者贫民。这并不是什么新鲜的现象。在1899年的著作《有闲阶级论》里，索尔斯坦.维布伦就论述到，一旦一件商品被大多数人拥有，那么拥有它就成为维持“自尊”的必要条件。人们想要购买“超过自己消费能力”的商品，这样他们就“可以胜过”那些他们用来与自己进行比较的人。

Frustration is preordained. Despite the booming economy, a Newsweek Poll in June reported that 29 percent of adults found it ―more difficult‖ to ―live the kind of life‖ they want, while only 23 percent found it less difficult. ( For 47 percent, therer was no change.) The stress can lead to tragedy. Perhaps this is the story of Mark Barton, the day trader who murdered 12 people, People routinely try to beat the system therough get-rich-quick schemes . This partly explains the explosion in legalized gambling. In 1998, Ameircans lost about $ 50 billion gambling. 人们注定会感到失望。尽管经济繁荣，《新闻周刊》6月份的份民意调查却显示29%的成年人认为要过上自己想过的生活更困难了，只有23%的人觉得更容易。这种压力可能会导致悲剧。这也许就是马克.巴顿，那个谋杀了12个人的当天买卖股票投机者的情况。人们习以为常地试图用各种爆发致富的方法钻制度的空子。这部分解释了合法化赌博急剧增加的原因。在1998年，美国人在赌博中输掉了约500亿美元。

We‘re constantly advised to subdue ambition. Search for deeper meaning in family, friends and faith, we‘re told. Money cannot buy happiness.This seems sensible –up to a point. The General Soucial Survey at the University of Chicago asks people to rate their happiness. The 1998 survey shows a somewhat stronger relation between money and happiness than earlier polls. About 34 percent of those with incomes between $30000 and $50000 w re ―very happy‖ and 58 percent wre ―pretty happy.‖ Above $110000, the ratings were 51 percent ―very happy‖ and 45 percent‖ pretty happy.‖ ( Marriage has a bigger impact than income; the ―very happy‖ rate of couples is about double that of singles. ) 我们不断地收到应该克制野心的忠告。你们奉劝我们应该从家庭、朋友和信任中寻找人生更深刻的意义。金钱买不到幸福。这似乎有一定道理。芝加哥大学展开的综合社会调查要求人们评判的幸福等级。1998年的调查显示出金钱和幸福之间的相关性略高于往年的调查。在收入为3万到5万美元之间的受访者中，大约34%感到很幸福，58%感到相当幸福。在收入为11万元以上的受访者中，结果是51%的人感到很幸福，45%的人感到相当幸福。

In a recent book ( Luxury Fever ), Cornell University economist Robert Frank urges that we penalize overambition with a progressive consumption tax. The more people spend, the higher their tac rate. Spend %5000 on a watch instead of $ 50, and your taxes go up; buy a car for $60000 instead of $20000, and pay more t aces. People wouldn‘t be worse off, Frank argues, because they‘d be shielded from the ―arms race‖ pattern of competitive consumption. Indeed, they‘d have more free time, because it wouldn‘t pay to work so hard.在最近的《奢侈品热》一书中，康乃尔大学的经济学家罗伯特.佛兰克敦促我们采用累进消费税来惩罚过度雄心勃勃的行为。人们消费得越多，他们的税率就越高。花5000美元而不是50美元买一块手表，你交的税就会增加；花6万美元而不是2万美元买一辆汽车，你就要交更多的税。佛兰克认为，人们不会因此而变得更穷，因为他们将会得以避免“军备竞赛”式的竞争性消费。实际上，他们会有

更多的空余时间，因为如此努力地工作并不划算。

Hmm, Let‘s rethink. Though unlovable, ambition is socially useful. It sustains economic vitality. It prods people to take risks and ecert themselves. The Internet is the offspring of workaholics spending eight-day weeks to invent a new world and make a fortune. When the process works well. Gains overwhelm losses –and not just in economic output. Today‘s hyper-prosperity has improved the social climate. Almate. Almost all indicators of confidence have increased. 嗯，让我们得新考虑一下。虽然不太可爱，雄心却对社会有益。它使经济保持活力。它促使人们去冒险，去努力。因特网就是工作狂为了创造一个新世界并借此发一笔大财而每周工作64小时的产物。当他们的工作进展顺利时，所得远远大于所失----而且这并不仅仅在经济产出方面。今天因特网的超级繁荣也改善了社会心态。几乎所有的信心指数都有所增加。

What people disdain as ambiton they aslo they venerate as opportunity. As Tocqueville long ago noted, America was built on the notion that – unlike in Europe, with its hereditary aristocracy – people could write their own life stories. The ideal endures. A1996 survey asked whether anyone starting poor could become rich; 78 percent of Americans thought so. And social standing is fluid everywhere. Ambition and its creative powers permeate the arts, the professions, academia, science. Because everyone can be someone, the competition to excel is unrelenting and often ruthless. 人们鄙视野心，然而同时他们又崇拜它，视其为机遇。正如托克维尔很久之前特提到的，美国是建立在----不像在具有世袭贵族的欧洲----相信人们可以书写自己的人生故事的观念基础之上的。这个理想持久存在。1996年的一项调查询问是不是所有开始时贫穷的人都可以变得富有；78%的美国人认为可以。而且在任何领域，人们的社会地位都是可以改变的。雄心和它的创造力弥漫在艺术界、职业界、学术界和科学界。因为每个人都可成名，为脱颖而出的竞争是持久的，甚至常常是残酷的。

Few of us escape ambition‘s wounds. There are damaged dreams, abandoned projects and missed promotions. Most of us face the pressures of balancing competing demands between our inner selves and outer lives. A society that peddles so many extravagant promises sows much disappointment. Ambition is bitter as often as sweet; but without it, we‘d be sunk..很少有人能逃脱雄心的伤害。有破灭的梦想，放弃的计划和失去的升迁机会。我们大多数人都要面对平衡内心思想、情感和现实生活之间矛盾的压力。一个宣扬这么多不切实际的承诺的社会导致了很多的失望。雄心往往是苦涩的，正如它往往是甜蜜的一样。但是，没有了它，我们会彻底毁灭。

7、Cyberspace: If you Don’t Love It, Leave it网络空间：如果你不喜欢它，就离开它

Something in the American psyche loves new frontiers, We hanker after wide-open spaces; we like to expolre; we like to make rules instead of follow them. But in this age of political correctness and other intrusions on our national cult of independence, it‘s hard to find a place where you can go and be yourself without worrying about the neighbors. 在灵魂深处，美国人喜欢新的疆界。我们渴望广阔的空间；我们喜欢探索；我们喜欢制定规则，而不是遵守规则。然而在现在这个时代，政治正确和其他束缚正在侵犯我们国民所崇尚的独立精神，你很难找到一个可以去放松自己而不用担心邻居打扰的地方。

There is such a place: cyberspace Lost in the furor over porn on the Net is the exhilarating sense of freedom that this new frontier once promised – and still does in some quarters. Formerly a playground for computer nerds and techies, cyberspace now embraces every conceivable constituency: schoolchildren, flirtations singles, Hungarian –Amerians, accountants along with porn fans. Can they all get along? Or will our fear of kids surfing for cyberporn behind their

bedroom doors provkes a crackdown? 网络空间就是这样的一个地方。被淹没在公众对网络色情的激愤之中的是这个新疆界曾经能、并且在一些群体中依然能带给人们一种激动人心的自由感觉。从前，网络空间是计算机爱好者和精通者的天地，而如今各种各样你可以想像得到的人都加入了进来，比如在校学生，打情骂俏的单身汉、匈牙利裔美国人、会计师、还有色情爱好者。他们能和睦相处吗？或者说，我们对于孩子们躲在自己卧室里浏览色情网页的担忧会不会引发政府严厉打击网络色情？

The first order of business is to grasp what cyberspace is. It might help to leave behind metaphors of highways and fronties and to think instead of real estate. Real estate, remember, is an intellectual, legal, artificial environment constructed on top of land. Real estate recognizes the difference between parkland and shopping mall, between red –light zone and school destrict, between church, state and drugstore. 首要的任务是要弄明白什么是网络空间。或许，抛开诸如高速公路和疆界这样的比喻，而把它看作是房屋土地财产会对我们理解网络空间有所帮助。记住，房屋土地财产是一个构建在陆地上的、理性的、合法的、人造的环境。房屋土地财产承认公园用地与购物商场的区别，承认红灯区与学校区的区别，承认教堂、政府与药店的区别。

In the same way, you could think of cyberspace as a giant and unbounded world of virtual real estate. Some property is privately owned and rented out; other property is common land; some place are sultable for children, and others are best avolded by all but the kinkiest citizens. Unfortunately, it‘s those places that are now capturing the popular imagination: places that offer bomb making instructions, pornography, advice on how to procure stolen credit cards. They make cyberspace sound like a nasty place. Good citizens jump to a conclusion: better regulate it……同样，你可以把网络空间想象一个由虚拟房屋土地财产构成的巨大无限的世界。一些财产为个人所有，并对外出租；一些财产属于公共用地；一些场所适合于儿童；而剩下的则是除了最怪僻的市民，大家最好都远远避开的地方。不幸的是，当前正是这些地方不断激发着大众的想象，比如提供炸弹制造方法的地方、提供色情内容的地方以及提供获取被盗信用卡方法的地方。它们让网络空间听起来像一个污秽的场所。善良的公民于是匆忙得出这样的结论：最好管理一下网络空间。

Regardless of how many laws of lawsuits are launched regulation won‘t work.无论颁布多少法令，进行多少诉讼，法规管理都不会奏效。

Aside from being unconstitutional, using censorship to counter indecency and other troubling ―peech‖ fundamentally misinterprets the nature of cyberspace. Cyberspace isn‘t a frontier where wicked people can grab unsuspecting children, nor is it a giant television sstem that can beam offensive messages at unwilling viewers. In this kind of real estate, users have to choose where they visit, what they see, what they do. It‘s optional, and it‘s much easier to bypass a place on the Net than it to avoid walking past an unsavory block of stores on the way to your local 7-11. 通过审查制度来抵制网络上的下流内容和其他制造麻烦的言论，不仅违反宪法，而且从根本上曲解了网络空间的本质。网络空间不是坏人可以抓走毫无戒备的儿童的疆界地带，也不是可以将冒犯性信息强加给不乐意接受的观众的庞大电视系统。在这类房屋土地财产中，用户必须选择他们要访问哪里，他们要看什么，和他们要做什么。用户可以选择避开网上的某个地方，而且与在去附近7-11便利店的路上避开一个有许多讨厌商店的街区相比，这要容易得多。

Put plainly, cyberspace is a voluntary destination – I reality, many destinations. Y ou don‘t just get ―onto the Net‖; you have to go someplace in particular. That means that people can choose where to go and what to see. Y es, community standards should be enforced, but those standards should be set by cyberspace communities themselves, not by the courts or by politicians in

Washington, What we need isn‘t Government control over all these electronic communities: We need self-rule. 简单地说，网络空间是一个可供自由选择的目的地----实际上，是可供自由选择的很多目的地。你并不仅仅是上网，而你必须要到某个地方去。也就是说，人们可以选择去哪里，看什么。是的，社区行为规范必须执行，但是这些行为规范应该由网络社区自己制定，而不是由法院或者华盛顿的政客们来制定。我们需要的不是政府对电子社区的管理，我们需要的自治。

What makes cyberspace so alluring is precisely the way in which it‘s different from shopping malls, television, highways and other terrestrial jurisdictions and require no regulation at all. 网络空间如此诱人的原因正是在于它不同于购物中心、电视、高速公路以及其他由陆地政府管辖的区域。不过让我们来界定一下网络领地：

First, there are private e-mall conversations, akin to the conversations you have over the telephone or voice mail. These are private and consensual and require no regulation at all. 首先，在网络空间，通过电子邮件可以进行私人对话，类似于你通过电话或电话留言进行的交谈。这些都是双方两厢情愿进行的私人对话，所以不需要任何汉规的管理。

Second, there are information and information and entertainment services, where people can download anything from legal texts and lists of ―great new restaurantst‖ to game software or dirt pictures. These places are like bookstores, malls and movie houses – places where you go to buy something. The customer needs to request an item or sign up for a subscription; stuff ( especiall pornography ) is not sent out to people who don‘t ask for it. Some of these service s are free or included as part of a broad service like Compusere or America Online; ohters charge and may bill their customers directly. 第二、网络空间提供信息和娱乐服务。人们可以下载从法律文书、声誉良好的新饭店名单到游戏软件、淫秽图片的任何东西。这些场所类似于你可以去买东西的地方，比如书店、购物中心和电影院。客户需要提出要求购买个商品，或者签约订阅某种刊物。否则，任何物品是不会被发送给他们的。这些服务有些是免费的，或是包含在像美联网和美国在线所提供的广泛服务之中；有些则是收费的，可以直接开列帐单要求顾客付账。

Thid, there are ―real‖ communites – groups of people who communicate among themselves. In real-estate terms, they‘re like bars or restaurants or bathhouses. Each active participant contributes to a general conversation, generally through posted messages. Other participants ma simply listen or watch. Some are supervised by a moderator; others are more like bulletin boards –anyone is free to post anyting. Many of these services started out unmoderated but are now imposing rules to keep out unwanted advertising, extraneous discussions or increasingly or increasingly rude participants. Without a moderator, the decibel level often gets too high. 第三，空间上有“真正的”社区----内部相互交流的群体。参照房屋土地财产的比喻来说，它们类似于酒吧、饭馆和公共浴室。每个积极的参与者一般通过张贴信息来参与某一个讨论。其他参与者可能只是旁听或观望。部分社区由一个版主进行监管，其他的社区则更像电子公告牌----任何人都可以自由地张贴任何东西。许多这样的服务开始时并不设版主，社会讨论常常会分贝太高，显得过于嘈杂。

Ultimately, it‘s the rules that determine the success of such places. Some of the rules are determinded by the supplier of may be simple: ―Only high-quality content about oil-industry liability and polluion legislation:$120 an hour.‖ Or: ―This forum is unmoderated, and restricted to information about copyright issues. People who insist on posting advertising or unrelated material will be asked to desist ( and may eventually be barred ).‖ Or: ―Only children 8 to 12, on schoo-related topics and only clean words. The moderator will decide what‘s acceptable.最终还是那些规章制度决定这些社区成功与否。有些规则是由内容提供者制定的；有些规则涉及到

价格与会员费。这些规章可以非常简单，如：只接受有关石油行业法律责任与环境污染法规的高质量内容：每小时120美元。或是：本论坛不设版主，仅限于有关版权问题的信息。那些坚持发布广告和不相干内容的人将被要求停止其行为。再比如:只接受8至12岁的儿童，讨论和学校相关的话题，必须使用文明语言。版主将决定什么内容是容许发布的。

Cyberspace communities evolve just the way terrestrial communities do: Peole with like-minded interests band together. Every cyberspace community has its own character. Overall the communities on Compuserve tend to be more techy or professional; those on America Online, affluent young singles; Prodigy, family oriented. Then there are independents like Echo, a hip, downtown New Y or k service, or Women‘s Wire, targeted to women who want to avoid the male culture prevalent elsewhere on the Net. There‘s Surfwatch, a new program allowing access only to locations deemed suitable for children. On the Internet itself, there are lots of passionate noncommercial discussion groups on topics ranging from Hungarian politics to copyright law. 网络社区的发展与陆地上的社会团体的发展一样：拥有相同志趣的人聚焦在一起。每一个网络社区都具有自己的特色。总的来说，美联网上的社区往往更加技术或更加专业；美国在线上的社区大多是富裕的单身青年；而天才电信上的社区则更多注重家庭。此外还有一些独立经营的服务商，比如时髦的，位于纽约市中心的服务商“东海岸沙龙”，以及以希望避开网络上盛行的男性文化的女性为对象的“妇女专线”。还有“冲浪救生员”，这种新程序只允许儿童接触被认为是适合他们的网站。在因特网上，还有许多热烈的、非盈利性质的讨论小组，讨论从匈牙利政治到版权法的各种话题。

What‘s unique about cyberspaces is that it liberates u from the tyranny of government, where everyone lives by the rule of the majority. In a democracy, minority groups and minority prefereces tend to get squeezed out, whether they are minorities of race and culture or minorities of individual taste. Cyberspace allows communities of any size and kind to flourish; in cyberspace, communities are chosen by the users, not forced on them by accidents of geography. This freedom gives the rules that preside in cyberspace a moral authority that rules their birth, but if you don‘t like the rules of a cyberspace community, you can just sign off. Love it or leave it, Likewise, if paarents don‘t like the rules of a given cyberspace community, they can restrict their children‘s access to it. 网络空间的特别之处在于，它把我们从必须遵循大多数人制定的规则而生活的政府专制中解放出来。在民主国家中，少数派和少数人的偏好往往会遭到排挤，无论他们是少数民族和文化还是少数人拥有的个人爱好。但是在网络空间，任何大小和类别的社区都能繁荣发展；在网络空间，用户选择自己的社区，而不是依据地域的偶然因素将社区强加给用户。这种选择的自由赋予主持网络空间的规章制度以一种道德权威，而这种权威是陆地环境中的规章制度所不具备的。大多数人被困于自己出生的国家无法脱身。然而如果你不喜欢某个网络社区的规章，他们可以限制自己孩子与它接触。

What‘s likely to happen in cyberspace is the formation of new communities, free of the constraints that cause conflict on earth. Instead of a global village, which is a nice dream but impossible to manage, we‘ll have invented another world of self-contained communities that cater to their own members‘ inclinations without interfering with anyone else‘s. The possibility of a real market-style evolution of governance is at hand. In cyberspace, we‘ll be able to test and evolve rules governing what needs to be governed –intellectual property, content and access control, rules about privacy and free speech. Some communities will allow anyone in; others will restrict access to members who qualify on one basis or another. Those communities that prove self-sustaining will prosper ( and perhaps grow and split into subsets with ever-more-particular interests and identities ). Those that can‘t survive –either because people lose interest or get

scared off – will simply wither away. 可以预料在网络空间将会形成不受那些在地球上导致冲突的种种约束的新社区。我们不会建立一个地球村，那只是一个美好却难以实现的梦想。我们将创造另一个由许多能满足其成员的意愿同时又不妨碍他人意愿的独立自主的社区组成的世界。社区管理方式的真正市场化演变即将成为可能。在网络空间，我们将能够通过试验和改进制度来管理那些需要管理的-----知识财产、内容和使用限制、关于隐私和言论自由的规则。有些社区将允许任何人加入，有些将只允许符合这种或那种条件的成员加入。那些能够自我维持、自我完善的社会将会昌盛起来。而那些不能生存的社区----或是因为人们对它们失去了兴趣或是因为人们被吓跑了----则将渐渐萎缩并消失。

In the near future, explorers in cyberspace will need to get better at defining and identifying their communities. They will need to put in place – and accept – their own local governments, just as the owners of expensive real estate often prefer to have their own securtiy guards rather than call in the police. But they will rarely need help from any terrestrial government. 在不远的将来，网络空间的探索者将需要更好地明确和识别他们的网络社区。他们将需要建立并接受他们自己的社区政府，就像高档房产的主人常常宁愿要自己的保安人员而不愿叫警察一样。不过他们将不会需要来自陆地政府的帮助。

In the end, our society needs to grow up . Growing up means understanding that there are no perfect answers, no all-pirpose solutions, no government sa nctioned safe haven. We haven‘t created a perfect society on earth and we won‘t have one in cyberspace either. But at least we can have individual choice – and individual responsibility.

最后，我们的社会需要成熟起来。成熟意味着认识到不存在完美的答案，不存在能够满足各类人群各种需要的解决方法，不存在政府批准的完全避风港。我们还没有在地球上建立一个完美的社会，我们同样也无法在网络空间建立一个完美的社会。但是至少我们可以拥有个人的选择和个人的责任。

Unit 8 不要让模式化遮蔽了你的判断

1、名叫Gloria的女孩一定会比名字是Bertha的女孩漂亮么？罪犯通常长得较黑而不是白么？你能通过仅仅在电话里听会某个人的声音就很好的辨别出他的个性么？一个人的国籍能十分准确的从照片上看出来么？某人戴眼镜的事实就意味着他很聪明么？

2、以上所有问题的答案是显然的：“不能”。

3、然而，从掌握的证据来看，我们大多数人却是相信这些说法的。不信可以问任何一位大学男生他更愿意和Gloria还是Bertha待在一起，或者问位女大学生她更愿意和Richard 还是Cuthbert见面。事实上根本不需要去问，接受调查的学生已经表明名字总是会毫无缘由的和某种形象联系在一起。

4、了解下会被人们认为可疑的人特点，你会发现这些可疑人士大多都会长得黑、像外国人。然而犯罪学家早已证实罪犯并不会长得更黑、更像外国人或是更野性。研究下那些在电话里进行股票欺诈的人，你会发现他们在电话里聊天都很有一手。尽管我们都认为我们知道意大利人或是瑞典人长什么样，悲哀的是，当一群内布拉斯加州的学生试图将来自15个欧洲国家的人的照片跟国籍相匹配时，他们的判断中93%都是错的。另外，尽管金光闪闪的眼镜已经成为了智慧的标志，验光师知道戴眼镜的人所具有的主要特质只是眼睛不好而已。

5、模式是关于世界的一种谣言，这种谣言让我们在观察一个人之前就形成预判。因此毫不奇怪，模式化与黑暗的偏见王国有关。注意到偏见意味着预断，追溯偏见的产生，你会发现大多数偏见的核心都是一种模式化的看法。

6、这是因为确定无疑的事实是：一旦我们已经模式化了世界，我们便倾向于用标准化的方式来看待人们。在另一个展示了模式化对我们看法影响的实验中，先向一群来自哥伦比

研究生英语综合教程(上)熊海虹课文翻译

Unit One 核心员工的特征 大卫·G．詹森1核心员工究竟是什么样子的?几乎每次进行调查时，我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。我请一位客户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理，给我解释一下。“每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工，在某个专业领域，你可以指望他们把活儿干好。 在我的小组中，有七名化工流程工程师和生物学家，其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的，”他说，“他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候，我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人：其他公司经理不想失去的员工。我们只招募核心员工。” 2这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话，目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。他们想从另一家公司招募核心员工。然而，每家公司也从新人中招人。他们要寻找的是完全一样的东西。“我们把他们和公司顶级员工表现出的特质进行对照。假如他们看起来有同样特征的话，我们就在他们身上赌一把。”只是这样有点儿冒险。 3“这是一种有根据的猜测，”我的人事经理客户说。作为未来的一名员工，你的工作是帮助人事部经理降低这种风险，你需要帮助他们认定你有潜力成为一名核心员工。 4特征1：无私的合作者 职业顾问和化学家约翰·费策尔最早提出了这个特征。关于这个特征，人们已经写了大量的文章。它之所以值得被反复谈及，是因为这一特征是学术界和企业间最明显的差别。“这里需要合作，”费策尔说，“企业的环境并不需要单打独斗，争强好胜，所以表现出合作和无私精神的员工就脱颖而出了。在企业环境中，没有这样的思维方式就不可能成功。” 5许多博士后和研究生在进行这种过渡的过程中表现得相当费力。因为生命中有那么长一段时间他们都在扮演一个独立研究者的角色，并且要表现得比其他年轻的优秀人才更出色。你可以藉此提高在公司的吸引力：为追求一个共同的目标和来自其他实验室和学科的科学家们合作——并且为你的个人履历上的内容提供事迹证明。这个方法，加上你在描述业绩时开明地使用代词“我们”，而不是“我”，能使公司对你的看法从“单干户”转变成“合作者”。更为有利的是，要在你实验室内部，以及在和你们实验室合作的人们之间，培养一个良好声誉：一个鼓励并发动合作的人——还要保证让那些会接听调查电话的人们谈及你的这个品质。 6特征2：紧迫感 唐-豪特是一位给aaas.sciencecareers@org 网站论坛频繁写稿的撰稿人。他之前是一名科学家。许多年前他转向了企业，并一直做到高级管理的职位。他在3M公司一个部门负责策略和商业开发工作，这个部门每年上缴的税收高达24亿多美元。他就是一个重视紧迫感的人。 7“一年365天，一周7天，一天24小时，生意始终在进行，那意味着一年365天，一周7天，一天24小时，竞争也同样在进行，”豪特说，“公司取胜的方法之一就是要更快地到达‘目的地’。这就是说，你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来，而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。这样，不仅对那些行动快速的人们，也对那些思维敏捷，并有勇气按自己的想法行事的人们都提出了要求。这需要全公司各部门的运作，而不仅仅是管理部门的工作。” 8特征3：风险容忍度 企业要求员工能承受风险。“一名求职者需要表现出仅凭不准确、不完整的信息就做出决策的能力。他或她必须能接纳不确定因素并冒着风险做出结论，”一位客户在职业描述中写道。 9豪特赞同这一说法。“商业成功通常有这样一个特质：那就是能接受不确定因素和风险——个人的，组织上的和财务上的。这就让许多科学家感到不适应，因为学术上的成功其实是依靠认真而严谨的研究。更进一步说，伟大的科学常常是由找寻答案的过程和答案本身两者同时来定义的。因此科学家们往往沉迷于过程。在企业里，你需要了解过程，但最终你会迷上答案，然后根据你认为该答案对你的企业所具有的意义来冒风险。像这样敢冒风险是一套技能组合，是所有雇主在他们最好的员工身上所寻找的东西。”

研究生英语系列教材下unit5原文+翻译

Unit5 An Alpine Divorce 1.John Bodman was a man who was always at one extreme or the other. This probably would have mattered little had he not married a wife whose nature was an exact duplicate of his own. 1约翰?伯德曼是一个常常走极端的人。这本来应该没什么，但可惜，他妻子的性格整个儿是他的翻版。 2.Doubtless there exists in this world precisely the right woman for any given man to marry and vice versa; but when you consider that one human being has the opportunity of being acquainted with only a few hundred people, and out of the few hundred that there are but a dozen or less whom one knows intimately, and out of the dozen, one or two close friends at most, it will easily be seen, when we remember the number of millions who inhabit this world, that probably, since the Earth was created, the right man has never yet met the right woman. The mathematical chances are all against such a meeting, and this is the reason that divorce courts exist. Marriage at best is but a compromise, and if two people happen to be united who are of an uncompromising nature there is bound to be trouble. 2毋庸置疑，对于任何一个男人，这世上总会有一个相当合适的女人能和他成家，反之亦然。但是如果你考虑一下:每个人仅有机会结识几百个人而已，在这几百个人之中熟知的只有那么干几人甚至更少，在这十几个人之中又最多只有一两个知心朋友;别忘了，居住在这世上的人有多少个百万，因此显而易见:自地球存在以来，这合适的男人极有可能从来就没有遇到过他那个合适的女人。。从概率上来讲，这样相遇的机会微乎其微，这也正是离婚法庭存在的原因。婚姻充其量不过是一种妥协，而如果恰好两个个性上互不妥协的人结合了，那就肯定会有麻烦。 3.In the lives of these two young people there was no middle distance. The result was bound to be either love or hate, and in the case of Mr. and Mrs. Bodman it was hate of the most bitter and egotistical kind. 3对于两个这样的年轻人来说，生活没有什么中间点，其结局注定要么是爱，要么是恨，而就伯德曼夫妇而言，他们到头来有的是那种最刻骨、最傲慢的恨。 4.In some parts of the world, incompatibility of temper is considered a just cause for obtaining a divorce, but in England no such subtle distinction is made, and so until the wife became criminal, or the man became both criminal and cruel, these two were linked together by a bond that only death could sever.' Nothing can be worse than this state of things, and the matter was only made the more hopeless by the fact that Mrs. Bodman lived a blameless life, while her husband was no worse than the majority of men. Perhaps, however, that statement held only up to a certain point, for John Bodman had reached a state of mind in which he resolved to get rid of his wife at all hazards. If he had been a poor man he would probably have deserted her, but he was rich, and a man cannot freely leave a prospering business because his domestic life happens not to be happy. 4在这世界上的某些地方，夫妻性情不合就能够成为离婚的正当理由，但是在英格兰，并没有如此微妙的区分，所以除非妻子犯罪，或丈夫犯罪并且为人残暴，否则两者的婚姻关系将一直维系下去，直至死神将他们分开。没有什么比这种事情更糟糕的了，而更令人绝望的是伯德曼太太为人无可厚非，而她丈夫也并不比一般男人差。然而，也许上面的表述只能说在某种程度上是正确的，因为约翰?伯德曼已经忍无可忍，下定决心不管付出什么代价也要摆脱他的妻子。如果他是个穷人，也许他会抛弃她，但是他很富有，而一个人不能因为家庭生活碰巧不幸就轻易放弃一份蒸蒸日上的事业。 5.When a man's mind dwells too much on one subject, no one can tell just how far he will go.

研究生英语系列教材上unit1-原文+翻译

研究生英语系列教材上unit1-原文+翻译

TRAITS OF THE KEY PLAYERS 核心员工的特征 What exactly is a key play？ 核心员工究竟是什么样子的? A “Key Player” is a phrase that I've heard about from employers during just about every search I've conducted. 几乎每次进行调查时，我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。 I asked a client —a hiring manager involved in recent search — to define it for me. 我请一位客户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理，给我解释一下。 “Every company has a handful of staff in a given area of expertise that you can count on to get the job done. “每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工，在某个专业领域，你可以指望他们把活儿干好。 On my team of seven process engineers and biologists, I've got two or three whom I just couldn't live without,” he said. 在我的小组中，有七名化工流程工程师和生物学

家，其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的，”他说， “Key players are essential to my organization. “他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。 And when we hire your company to recruit for us, we expect that you'll be going into other companies and finding just: 当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候，我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人： the staff that another manager will not want to see leave. 其他公司经理不想失去的员工。 We recruit only key players.” 我们只招募核心员工。” This in part of pep talk intended to send headhunters into competitor's companies to talk to the most experienced staff about making a change. 这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话，目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。

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New words tedious a. boring and continuing for too long 冗长乏味的 Telling the story has become tedious, as I have done it so many times. 讲述这个故事已变得单调乏味，因为我已经讲了这么多次了。 oblige vt. (usu. passive) make sb. feel that it is necessary to do sth. 迫使；使负有义务 He felt obliged to help his mother, even if it meant leaving college. 他觉得有责任帮助母亲，即使这意味着他要离开大学。 absorbed a. so interested or involved in sth. that you do not notice anything else 极感兴趣的；全神贯注的；专注的 Time passes quickly when you are absorbed in reading a good book. 在聚精会神地读一本好书的时候，时间过得非常快。 allergic a. 1 (be ~ to sth.) (infml.) if you are allergic to sth., you do not like it and try to avoid it 不喜欢某事；对某事反感 Most men are allergic to housework. 大多数男人都不喜欢做家务。 2 having an allergy 过敏的 I do not enjoy picnics because I am allergic to grass. 我不喜欢野餐，因为我对草过敏。excursion n. [C] a short journey you take for pleasure 短途出行；远足 It was such a wonderful day that they decided to take a day excursion to the mountain. 这么好的天气，他们决定去山上一日游。 Included in the Beijing tour is an excursion to the Great Wall. 北京之行包括了游览长城。

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