英美文学复习资料 (1)

1.Puritanism refers to the movement arising within the Church of England in the latter part of the 16th century that sought to purify, or reform, that church and establish a middle course between Roman Catholicism and the ideas of the Protestant reformers. It had a continuous life within the church until the Stuart Restoration (1660). Puritanism reached North America with the English settlers who founded Plymouth Colony in 1620. It remained the dominant religious force in New England throughout the 17th and 18th centuries.

The term Puritanism is also used in a broader sense to refer to attitudes and values considered characteristic of the Puritans. Thus, the Separatists in the 16th century, the Quakers ( see Friends, Society of) in the 17th century, and Nonconformists after the Restoration may be called Puritans, although they were no longer part of the established church. The founders of New England, for whom immigration to America constituted withdrawal from the mother church, are also commonly called Puritans.

In America, Puritan moralism and its sense of an elect people in covenant with God deeply affected the national character. The Puritan belief that communities were formed by covenants produced America 's first democratic institution, the town meeting, where every church member had the right to speak with decisions made by majority rule. The Puritan emphasis on simplicity of worship, its asceticism , and its Sabbatarianism remained influential into the 20th century. The Puritan devotion to popular education, high standards of morality, and many democratic principles had an important effect on American life.

2.Transcendentalism is a group of ideas in literature and philosophy that developed in the 1830s and 1840s as a protest against the general state of culture and society, and in particular, the state of intellectualism at Harvard University and the doctrine of the Unitarian church taught at Harvard Divinity School. Among transcendentalists' core beliefs was the belief in an ideal spirituality that "transcends" the physical and empirical and is realized only through the individual's intuition, rather than through the doctrines of established religions.

The major figures in the movement were Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, Margaret Fuller, and Amos Bronson Alcott. Other prominent

transcendentalists included Charles Timothy Brooks, Orestes Brownson, William Ellery Channing, William Henry Channing, James Freeman Clarke, Christopher Pearse Cranch, John Sullivan Dwight, Convers Francis, William Henry Furness, Frederic Henry Hedge, Sylvester Judd, Theodore Parker, Elizabeth Palmer Peabody, George Ripley, and Jones Very.

3.Symbolism is the writing technique of using symbols.A symbol is something that conveys two kinds of meaning: it is simple itself, and it stands for something other than itself.In other words, a symbol is both literal and figurative.People,places,things and even events can be used symbolically.A symbol is a way of telling a story and a way of conveying meaning.The best symbols are those that are believable in the lives of the characteristics and also convincing as they convey a meaning beyong the literal level of the story.Hawthorne and Melville were the two masters of symbolism,For example, the scarlet letter “A”on Hester’s breast can give you symbolic meanins.If the symbol is obscure or ambiguous, then the very obscurity may also be apt of the meaning of the story.

1.Discuss the symbolic meaning of “A”in Scarlet Letter.

The scarlet letter “A”, the main symbol in The Scarlet Letter ,was endowed with plentiful meanings. There are different interpretations of the symbol “A”.

1)Different periods have different meanings.

A. At the beginning, the letter “A” stands for “adultery” or “adulteress”.

B. After many years of hard work, the letter “A” means “Angel”.

C. For Hester’s kindness and honesty, the letter “A” means “Angel”.

2)Different people have their own ideas on the symbol “A”.

A. To Hester, it is the moral sin in a public way.

B. To Dimmensdale, it tortures his soul and his heart.

C. To Chillingworth, it indicates his shame and he can get unlimited power for his revenge.

3)Pearl is more of a symbol than a character. To a great extent, she is a living “A”.

A. To Hester, she is the fruit of human love and physical passion.

B. To Dimmensdale, she is a reminder of his sin.

C. To Chilingworth, she is an unforgettable shame and the motivation to take his revenge.

4) Conclusion.

Plentiful meanings of the scarlet “A” expresses the intention of writing and gives readers more space to imagine.

2.Discuss the symbolism in Moby Dick.(13points)

Moby Dick was published in 1851. Holding the theme that “all visible objects are but as pas teboard mask”, Melville strikes through the surface of his adventurous narrative to formulat e concepts of good and evil embedded as allegory in its events. Moby Dick is a symbolic voya ge of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration int o man’s deep reality and psychology. The Pequod is the microcosm of human society and the voyage becomes a search for truths. The white whale, Moby Dick, symbolizes nature, for it is complex unfathomable, malignant and beautiful as well. For Ahab, the whale repres ents only evil. For the author, the narrator Ishmael and the readers, Moby Dick is an ulti mate mystery of the universe. The voyage of the mind will forever remain a search of the t ruth.

1.How is Romanticism different from Neoclassicism?

1. 1．Neoclassicists’ thoughts: 1.) They believe in hard work, self-reliance, and self-restraint. To work, to economize and to accumulate wealth constituted the whole meaning of their life.

2.) They called for order ,reason ,and rules, which can save people from superstition, injustice and oppression. They believe that if the masses were well educated, they may be capable of perfection, the equal human society may come into being.

Literature ideas: 1. The literature is heavily didactic and moralizing .

3).They believe that the artistic ideals should be order, logic ,restrained emotion and accuracy. And that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.

4) They believe prose should be precise, direct, smooth and flexible. “A Modest Proposal”by Jonathan Swift is regarded as the best model of satire in the whole English literary history.

5). They believe poetry should be lyrical , epical ,didactic, satiric or dramatic.

6.) They believe drama should be written in Heroic Couplets .The three unities of time, space and action should be strictly observed. Regularity in construction should be adhered to .and type characters rather than individuals ,should be represented.

Romanticists tended to see the individual as the very center of all experience, including art, and thus, literary work should be “spontaneous overflow of strong feelings,” and no matter how fragmentary these experience were( Wordsworth’s “ I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” or “The Solitary Reaper”, or Coleridge’s “Kubla Khan”), the value of the work lied in the accuracy of presenting those unique feelings and particular attitude.

In a word, Neoclassicism emphasized rationality and form but Romanticism attached great importance to the individual mind(emotion, imagination, temporary experience…)

2.Analyze the character of Elizabeth in Pride and Prejudice?

Elizabeth, one of the five girls in the Bennet family, is beautiful and intelligent.Her attempt to bring down Darcy’s pround for he ever slighted her and her faith in Wickham’s story reveal her blindness, prejudice and partiality.She turned down the clergyman Collins’s proposal of marriage, which indicates that she is independent and proud.Her refusal to make compromises with Darcy’s aunt,Lady de Bourgh, shows that she is a girl with strong will and dignity.In the process of judging others, Elizabeth finds out her short-comings and gradually gives up her prejudice.In the end,her pride is humble and she accepts Darcy’s proposal of marriage.

3.What is “Stream of Consciousness”? Please list some representative works of this literary school.

During the modern period of English literature, the first three decades of this century were golden years of the modernist novel. In stimulating the technical innovations of novel creation, the theory of the Freudian and Jungian psycho-analysis levels of consciousness existed simultaneously in the human mind, that one's present was the sum of his past, present and future, and that the whole truth about human beings existed in the unique, isolated, and private world of

each individual, writers like Dorothy Richardson, James Joyce and Virginia Woolf concentrated all their efforts on digging into the human consciousness. They had created unprecedented STREAM-OF-CONSCIOUSNESS novels such as Pilgrimage(1915-1938)by Richardson, Ulysses(1922)by Joyce, and Mrs. Dalloway(1925) by Woolf. Among them, James Joyce is the most outstanding stream-of-consciousness novelist; in Ulysses, his encyclopedia-like masterpiece, Joyce presents a fantastic picture of the disjointed, illogical, illusory, and mental motional life of Leopold Bloom, who becomes the symbol of everyman in the post-World-War-I Europe.

3.The traditional and modern theme of The Merchant of Venic e

Traditional theme: an optimistic attitude toward love and youth, praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine., and Shylock as an evil figure ）

Modern theme: Regard it as a satire of the Christian hypocrisy and their false standard of friendship and love, and their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness, and their unreasonable prejudice against Jews.

英美文学选读 傲慢与偏见

英 美 文 学 选 读 论 文 《傲慢与偏见》的女性 叙事视角解读 姓名： 班级： 学号：

《傲慢与偏见》的女性叙事视角解读 摘要: 奥斯丁在《傲慢与偏见》中，通过在全知视角下具有限制性的叙述模式向我们展示了灰姑娘的浪漫爱情故事，描绘出作者所处时代的社会道德风貌，表达了作者的女性抗争意识及对当时社会婚姻观的批判。 关键词: 全知视角;有限视角 在奥斯丁的著作中，《傲慢与偏见》一直深受读者的喜爱，并经受住了时间的考验，成为文学史上不休的名著。剖析其原因，发现这与奥斯丁高超的叙事技巧是分不开的。自小说发表以来，其叙述技巧引起了广泛的评论，纵观其评论，发现对其独特的女性视角分析还是不够。在这部小说中，奥斯丁颠覆了以往男权统治下的话语权，采用了全知视角下，从女性的有限视角展示故事，从女性的角度来描写生活，并首次让小说中的女性形象第一次成为真正意义上的主角，让女性有了话语权。因而，从女性视角这一角度对小说进行解读，对于理解和把握作品具有重要的意义。申丹曾指出：叙事者的性别不同，往往会对叙事模式及其意义产生影响。把性别和视角结合在一起的女性视角是指从性别入手来审视人类的文化遗产和文化创造的一种批评观念和批评角度。本文将从女性叙事视角对小说进行解读，发掘其对于展现女性意识的意义。 叙事视角，在文学作品中是指作品叙述者或者人物从什么角度观

察故事。从小说的整体来说，奥斯丁在《傲慢与偏见》中选择了全知视角，如在交代故事背景，人物首次出场以及在每章节中奥斯丁看似无意的评述。例如：小说的第一章第一句话就是通过贝内特太太总括式的议论“有钱的单身汉总是要娶位太太，这是一条公认的真理。”使读者顷刻间就能识别人物形象。贝内特太太在全知叙述视角下，是作为被叙述对象而存在，她的那句总括式议论，与作者的价值信念是完全不同的，因而造成了读者与她的距离，读者高高在上地评判着贝内特太太，笑她的迂腐和无知。但是正是这一人物形象，却揭露了当时社会上普遍流行的婚姻价值观，正是因为当时流行的婚恋观所以贝内特太太才把嫁女儿当作自己的人生大事，读者在嘲讽贝内特太太的同时也了解了整个社会背景，实际上读者对贝内特太太的疏离也拉近了读者和隐含作者的距离，从而拉近了读者和女主人公的距离。在全知视角的应用方面还可以从小说的第二十二章中，作者那一段心酸讽刺的话语评价了夏绿蒂的婚姻看出。“大凡家境不好而又受过相当教育的青年女子，总是把结婚当作仅有的一条体面的退路。尽管结婚并不一定会叫人幸福，但总算给自己安排了一条最可靠的储藏室，日后可以不致挨冻受饥。”这句话揭示出了当时女子在婚姻方面的被动局面，在男权社会里，女性一直处于附属地位，婚姻是两个门当户对家庭的结合，爱情的有无处于次要地位。对于女性来说，她在婚姻市场的卖点取决于她能够带来的嫁妆，像夏绿蒂这样没有嫁妆的女性，在当时只有两条路可走，一条是做家庭教师，另一条就是抓住婚姻，所以当迂腐的柯林斯向她求婚时她爽快地答应了，这在夏绿蒂看来似乎

英美文学知识点总结(适用于英语专八)

Old English Literature 古英语文学 （450-1066年） Beowulf （贝奥武甫）---The first English national epic 中世纪英语文学（1066-1500） Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟，c. 1343–1400) was an English poet. He is remembered for his The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》, called the father of English litera ture―英国文学之父‖William Langland (朗格兰，1330?-1400?),the author of the 14th-century English long narrative poem Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》. 文艺复兴（16-17世纪） William Shakespeare (莎士比亚，1564-1616), English poet and playwright, his surviving works consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems Venus and Adonis 《维拉斯和阿多尼斯》The Rape of Lucrece.《鲁克丽丝受辱记》 Shakespeare‘s greatest works: greatest tragedies are King Lear 《李尔王》,Macbeth《麦克白》,Hamlet《哈姆雷特》, Othello 《奥赛罗》,Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》 grea t comedies: A Midsumme r Night‘s Dream《仲夏夜之梦》,As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》,The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》, Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》 great historical plays: Richard III 《理查三世》,Henry IV 《亨利四世》, Henry V 《亨利五世》, Henry VII 《亨利八世》 John Milton (弥尔顿, 1608-1674)was an English poet and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England. He is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost《失乐园》, Paradise Regained《复乐园》Samson 《力士参孙》. 18世纪文学和新古典主义 Alexander Pope (浦柏,1688-1744 ) is generally regarded as the greatest English poet of the eighteenth century, best known for his satirical epigram 讽刺隽语and heroic couplet英雄双韵体.His major works include mock epic satirical poem An Essay on Man 《人论》and An Essay on Criticism 《论批评》 Daniel Defoe ( 笛福，1660—1731)was an English writer who gained enduring fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》, spokesman for middle-class people Henry Fielding (菲尔丁, 1707 ---1754) ，an English novelist known for his novel:The History of Tom Jones. Jonathan Swift (斯威夫特,1667-1745), was an Anglo-Irish novelist, satirist. He is remembered for novel such as Gulliver‘s Travels《格列佛游记》. Richard Sheridan ( 谢立丹，1751—1816), Irish playwright ,known for his satirical play School of Scandal(造谣学校). He was a represntative writer of Comedies of Manners. Laurence Sterne (斯特恩,1713—1768 ), an English novelist. He is best known for his novel Tristram Shandy （《商第传》）. Oliver Goldsmith （哥尔德斯密斯，1728-1774）English novelist, known for his novel Vicar of Wakefield (《威克菲尔德牧师传记》) Thomas Gray (托马斯?格雷1716—1771 )，an English poet, author of Elegy Written in a

北京外国语大学英美文学专业初试复试备考经验及03

北外英美文学专业初试复试备考经验及 03—06真题 准备考研的时间不长，只有三个月，总结起来两大经验吧，细节和节奏。细节是说考研要做个有心人，要勤看别人的经验，即使不是一个方向的。因为虽然准备的内容不同，但过程都是一样的（讲到底也只有专二不同）。学习别人的经验自己才能避免走别人的弯路，犯别人犯过的错误。节奏是说时间的充分利用，时间不在长短而在效率的高低，要根据自己的情况制定合适的复习计划。在这里给大家小小的鼓励一下：永远不要觉得时间不够用，也永远不要觉得这是不可能完成的的任务。当然要基于自身实力和现实的考虑，我相信大家都明白我的意思。等到真正做到了，你就是那个“传说”。 政治：六十多分没什么经验。。。。。。总的感觉是过线不拉分就好因为进入复试政治和二外就不算分了，不要给自己太大的压力，不要浪费过多的时间，节省下来精力好好看专业。 法语：学校用的是很老的橘黄色皮的《法语》，先复习一遍，把忘掉的知识捡回来。然后把历年真题研究一遍，考察的知识点就那么多，有的题基本没变隔年又考一次。从图书馆借来新大学法语1-3，从头到尾梳理知识点整理笔记。因为知道考什么，所以看得有重点。借书的好处之一就是“书非借不能读也”，借来的总要还，有压力就看得快了，而且借的书都少都有点笔记，看看也是很好的。

基英：分阅读，翻译和写作三个部分。像名字一样就是考察英语的基础，所以投机取巧是不可取的，要稳扎稳打地不间断复习。阅读--每天精读一篇1500字左右的新闻，有用的词句整理出来，有兴趣的段落翻一翻，阅读是最好的输入方式，扩大阅读量不言而喻，也对写作和翻译大有益处。翻译--练了叶子南里面几个靠谱的文章，订在一起没事看看，每翻译一篇都会看到自己逐步的进步，翻译得逐渐成熟。写作—写作看的是内容、结构和语法。虽然在考场上不可能三方面都完美，但是写的时候有这样的意识在脑子里，偏也偏不到哪里去。基础自认为还是不错的，所以每天的复习就是一个routine，保持对英语的娴熟度，主要的精力都集中在复习专业上了。 专业：文学选段匹配+小说分析，今年取消了逻辑题。虽然文学的复习范围没边没沿，文学著作浩如烟海；但是恶俗的讲一句，只要是考试，它就有它的侧重点和一定的规律。文学选段匹配--本着上一原则，我把历年真题找来统计了一下每年考得上都是谁的作品，集中在哪几部作品上。统计过后发现大概十人左右而且都是大家Mark Twain, Charles Dicke ns, Wordsworth…然后就拜读他们的大作就好了。小说的话要先看看写作风格，像总考的adventures of huckleberry finn，如果没读过现读是来不及的，但只要了解马克吐温的写作风格，就会在看到南方方言的第一时间想到他老人家。诗歌

自考英美文学选读要点总结第一章

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