大学生英语六级改错下

短文改错（Error Correction）属主观题型，要求考生在15分钟内找出并改正一篇短文中的10处错误。

一、改错形式有以下三类:

1.错词（words mistaken）。在标有题号的一行中有一词在词法、搭配或词义等方面有错误，要求考生找出错误并换上正确的词（change a word），这类错误在所有错误中占绝大多数。

2.缺词（words missing）。在标有题号的一行的任何位置——包括行首词前和行末词后——缺了一词，要求考生按语法、搭配或上下文语义的需要找出缺词的位置并补上所缺的词（insert a word）。

3.多词（words redundant）。在标有题号的一行中有一词按语法、搭配或上下文语义要求纯属多余，要求考生认定该多余的词并划去（cross out a word）。短文共有10处错误，但究竟哪一行多一词，哪一行缺一词或错一词，则没有任何规律和标记。历年考题的统计资料表明，绝大多数改错设计为错词一类。其主要原因除了命题因素外，更由于这类错误形式难度较大，并更能考查考生的实际语言驾驭能力。

改错规则:不论是错词，缺词或多词，考生在改错时只能动一个词。

二、短文改错的命题考点：

（一）上下文语义方面的错误

1.反义词。这是短文改错中出现频率较高也是短文改错中最具特色的一种错误类型，这类错误必须在透彻理解上下文语义的基础上才能发现并更正。常见的这类错误有:①派生反义词。如: encourage-discourage，load-unload，satisfy-dissatisfy等。②互补性反义词。如: dead-alive，boy-girl，man-woman，male-female，brother-sister，married-single等。③换位性反义词。如: buy-sell，give-receive，lend-borrow，husband-wife，parent-child，left-right等。

④相对性反义词。如: easy-hard，big-small，cold-hot，old-young，wide-narrow，love-hate等。

⑤按上下文语义，行中多用了not或no，或必须添上not或no。

2.连接性词语。连接性词语虽属传统的语法题，但其用法主要依据上下文语义上的逻辑关系，即对上下文的理解。短文改错设计中的连接性词语的错误包括:

①并列连词。如: and，but，for，or等。②主从连词。这类词较多，如: because，（al）though，if，unless，before，after，until，as，while，whereas等。③连接性副词。如: however，moreover，besides，nevertheless，then，thus等。④连接性介词。如: because of，despite，besides，instead of等。

(二）用法搭配方面的错误

1.介词。介词主要涉及用法与搭配，是短文改错中出现频率最高，也是考生最易失分的一类题型，要在这类题型的辨错改错上有所突破，考生必须注意平时介词用法知识的积累。在改错中，请注意从以下几个方面辨认。①介词与动词的搭配。如: accuse sb.of，charge sb. with，prevent sb. from，prohibit sb.from，differ from，contribute to等。②介词与名词的搭配。如: count on，influence on，improve on，belief in，confidence in，advantage over，preference over，attitude to，solution to等。③介词与形容词的搭配。如: different from，indifferent to，dependent on，independent of，guilty of，innocent of，persistent in，proficient in等。④由介词引起的短语。如: in contrast，in turn，in the long run，by means of，in terms of，on good/bad terms with，on the contrary，by chance，by turns等。

2.成语。短文改错的命题标的也常对准各类成语，尤其是成语中的介词、冠词和名词的单复数形式等。这类错误的出现频率也较高。①介词错误。如: take pride for（→in），abide to （→by），persist on（→in），have no ear to（→for）等。②冠词错误。如: in the contrast（in contrast），all of sudden（all of a sudden），keep a pace with（keep pace with）等。③名词单

复数。如: take turn（take turns），make friend with（make friends with），keep/break one’s words （keep/ break one’s word）等。

(三）动词方面的错误

这方面的错误主要涉及:

1.分词。主要是现在分词和过去分词的误用。如: a puzzled question→a puzzling question an exciting girl→an excited girl

2.系动词。

①be以外的其他系动词被误用作行为动词，后面应该接形容词作表语，但接了副词。如: The meal smells badly.→The meal smells bad.

②系动词be在某些形容词前常受汉语影响而被遗漏。这些形容词有afraid，alive，aware，conscious，guilty，worth等。

3.动词的及物与不及物。改错中常有不及物动词被误用作及物动词（缺介词），或及物动词被误用作不及物动词（多介词）。前者如: complain the bad service there（应加of）后者如: consider of his suggestion（应删of）

4.短语动词。主要是带介词或副词的短语动词，常设计成介词或副词小品词的错误。由于这类错误主要是搭配问题，我们将它归入第二类用法搭配方面的错误一并讨论。

5.句型。这类错误主要涉及:

①动词句型。主要是带复杂宾语的动词的固定搭配模式。如: find it neccessary to do sth. /spend sometime（in）doing sth. /make sb.do sth. /leave sth.to sb. /be seen to do/doing sth.等。

②传统句型。即传统语法概念上与动词有关的句子模式。主要有以下几类:

a）省略句型。如:

While watch TV，they heard someone upstairs shout“Fire!Fire!”（watch →watching）b）动词非谓语形式作主语、宾语。有时需用it作形式主语或形式宾语。如: This is no good arguing with him.（This→It）

We think that necessary to have the bridge built first.（that→it）

在复合宾语中，有时可直接用动名词作宾语;动名词或动词不定式可以作主语，但动词原形则不能直接充当句子主语。如:

The new policy made to make our ends meet possible.（to make→making）

Know only the rules is not enough.（Knows→Knowing或To know）

6.语气、语态、时态。这类错误在数量上所占比例极少，主要是虚拟语气的用法错误、被动语态的误用及过去时与现在时的混用。

(四）其他语法方面的错误

1.词性。涉及:①名词与动词的误用。如: approval——approve，sale——sell ②名词与形容词的误用。如: medicine——medical/ medicinal，emotion——emotional ③形容词与副词的误用。如: high——highly，mere——merely 这类错误常出现在be以外的系动词后。如: feel badly→feel bad，grow uneasily→grow uneasy

2.代词。代词错误是短文改错中出现频率较高的几类错误之一，几乎每套试题中都有。主要涉及:

①指代错误。主要是第三人称代词指代的误用;不定代词one和those与人称代词you和them的混用及指人与指物的误用等。

②关系代词的误用。主要为that与which、who与which、as与which的误用;what与that 的混用;

③形式代词it与this、that的误用。如: find this important to preview the lesson（这里的this应改为形式宾语it）。

④不定代词的误用。主要为不定代词与指示代词these或人称代词的误用;somone/sombody、everyone/everybody被误用作复数指代;some-、any-类合成代词与no-类合成代词的混用等。 3.名词的数。这类错误主要涉及:①可数名词与不可数名词概念的混淆;②需用复数时误用单数;③不规则复数名词的曲折变化形式错误等。如: find a work→find a job 2 woman doctors→2 women doctors these phenomenon→these phenomena

4.冠词。主要为:①该用冠词时漏用;②不该用冠词时赘用;③the与a/ an误用;④a与an混用。如: tell truth→tell the truth give a rise to→give rise to a“s”sign→an“s”sign

5.主谓一致。这类错误常被设计在句型较为复杂的结构中，要特别小心。常见以下几种情况:

①主语较长或谓语动词离主语较远:

The child，being taken care of by its grandparents，are deaf and mute.（are →is）

②倒装句:

Standing in a line along the corridor is3groups of young pioneers who will set out on an expedition.（is→are）

③定语从句:

The book many students found interesting that were written by a famous American scientist came out only last month.（were→was）

④特殊句型:

There are no denying the facts and there are no facts that can be turned a blind eye to either.（第一个are→is）

6.形容词、副词及其比较级。形容词和副词的错误设计主要为:①两者的词性混淆;②比较级错误。前者已在前面词性部分论及，后者主要涉及比较物与被比较物之间的平行问题。如: My first daughter’s eyes are a little larger than my second daughter.（→second daughter’s）(五）近形近义类错误

1.近形。主要指在拼写上容易混淆的单词。如: adapt-adopt，crash-crush，confirm-conform，desert-dessert，formal-former，ingenious-ingenuous，instance-instant，personal-personnel，principal -principle，stationary-stationery等。

2.近义。主要指词义概念相近的词。如: besides-except，doubt-suspect，discover-invent，efficient-effective，noise-voice

3.近形近义。主要指词义概念和拼写上都容易相混的单词。这类错误比近形或近义较多见，相对难度也略大，这样的单词有: across-cross，affect-effect，econimic-economical，emigrate-immigrate，historic-historical，continual-continuous，assure-ensure-insure-sure，late -later-lately-latest-latter，medical-medicinal，rise-arise-raise-arouse，technique-technology等。

三、解题方法

1.三步法解题:

（1）通读全文，了解全文大意和主题;

（2）找错并改正;

（3）通读全文，核对检验。

2.在短文改错过程中，还须遵循以下步骤:

（1）在理解句子的基础上，先从动词、句法的角度判断有无这方面的错误以及错误的位置;

（2）确定无句法错误后，再考虑用法、搭配和近形近义方面的错误;

（3）在排除了上述两种可能后，应着重从语篇角度寻找有无上下文语义方面的错误（注意连接性词语和那些可能有反义词的词）;

（4）注意标有题号的各行与上行或下行相临处的错误;

（5）若经过以上步骤还无法判断错误所在，则应暂时放弃该行，而继续往下做，待做完全文，对全文有更深入、更完整的理解的基础上进行检验时再作判断。宜从介词及一些简单而易被忽视的语法角度的“细微处”多加考虑。

例：One major decision which faces the American student ready to begin higher education is the choice of attending a large university or a small college.The large university (provides wide range of specialized departments,as well numerous) 1.____courses within such departments.The small college，(therefore，generally provides a limited number of) 2.____ (courses and specializations but offer a better student-faculty) 3.____ (ratio,thus permit individualized attention to students.) 4.____Because of its large student body（often exceeding 20,000）(consisting in many people from different countries,) 5.____

the university exposes its students to many different (culture，social and out-of-calss programmes. On the other) 6.____ hand，the smaller，more homogeneous（同类的）student

(body of the big college affords greater opportunities in)7.____ such activities. Finally，the university closely approximates (the real world and which provides a relaxed，impersonal，)8.____

and sometimes anonymous（隐姓埋名的）existence.On (the contrast,the intimate atmosphere of the small college) 9.____ allows the student four years of structural living in which

(to expect and preparing for the real world.In making his) 10.____ choice among educational institutions the student must，therefore，consider a great many factors.

这是一篇比较综合性大学与一般学院的不同特点的说明文，从学生入学前对两类大学的选择这个角度阐述，以比较对照方式展开，共三个要点:①课程设置;②学生的社会、文化活动;③生活环境与气氛。

把握了短文的这些内容和特点后，我们应预测到短文中有较多互为反义的词语。可在改错时多加关注，现逐题解析如下:

71.as well→as well as，缺词题。属固定短语，as well as是连接性介词短语，as well可能出现在名词短语前。

72.therefore→however，错词题。连词错误，这题位于短文的第一个要点:课程设置方面两类大学的不同，要用到表示对照关系的转折词。

73.offer→offers，句子结构方面的错误。动词offer通过连词but与provides平行，同时受主语The small college支配。

74.permit→permitting，动词非谓语形式同时又是句子结构方面的错误。这里的permit 与上一行的offer在句子结构上相互干扰，使不少考生陷入圈套，但如果两者在同一句法层次上的话，则permit前必须有并列连词，因为它是并列中的最后一项（语法规则:多项并列之最后两项之间必须有并列连词），由此可知两动词不是并列关系，连接性副词thus（或hence）前若没有并列连词，则其后面的动词一定是用现在分词，表示结果。

75.consisting in→consisting of，短语动词及介词搭配。根据上下文语义，这里应是“由…组成”而不是“在于”，故应当是consist of。

76.culture→cultural，并列结构与词性错误。上下文语义应是“使学生接触许多不同的文化、社会和课外活动”。

77.big→small，反义词。根据上下文，显然college属于小的学院。

78.删去and或which，多词题。句子结构及定语从句方面的错误。which 前有and，表示前面还必须有一与之并列的定语从句，但没有。故删去and，使which从句作real world 的定语:让真实世界（作provides的逻辑主语）提供学生一种轻松的、非人格的、有时几乎是隐姓埋名的生活方式。或删去which，使provides与approximates并列。根据语义，这一改法比删去and更合逻辑。但两种改法都不算错。

79.On the contrast→On the contrary，固定短语用词错误。这题好多考生把介词On改成了In，主要想到了短词in contrast，但不能同时再删the，故无法以这一方式改动。

80.preparing→prepare，平行结构中的动词错误。在并列连词and前后显然要有形式一致的动词，但前面没有与preparing呼应的现在分词（注:同行中的living是in which中which 的先行词，故一定是名词，而不是现在分词——的干扰），故只能改动preparing使之与前面的动词不定式expect一致，这里也有考生将preparing改作prepares，用意是与句中谓语动词allows一致，但要注意，句中不定式expect是及物动词，它的宾语是“the real world”，必须与prepare for共享。

作者：张俊锋老师

综合改错(Error Correction) 自1989 年CET 6 首次采用这种主观题测试形式以来，已经历时十年。近年在职研究生学位过关考试和高校人学考试我国高校英语专业八级考试中也采用了类似的题型。

综合改错不仅检测学生对词汇、语法结构等语言基础的掌握程度，还能检测篇章理解能力，是融合读与写综合能力的训练和检测手段。然而，从全国大学英语四、六级考试委员会的统计来看，综合改错是各种题型中得分率最低的一项，平均仅为30% 多，比阅读（突破）的杀伤力还要大！

那么如何做好改错题？结合自己数年的教学经验，笔者认为要想着部分考高分，除了平时打好基础外，在应考时还要遵循谢下列四原则。

1 ．通读全文。

认真阅读短文，在做题之前确保已经弄清原文大意。根据短文大意和上下文逻辑关系，对文章进行逐字逐句的分析，检查句子的结构是否完整，语气是否连贯，启承转合是否符合文意等。

2 ．扫雷行动。

遵循着眼于单词，立足于句，放眼全篇的原则，依次分析词法、语法、逻辑。这里笔者根据教学和培训经验，制定了一个常考点的Checklist ，可以帮助大家迅速甄别错误：

Error Checklist

1. 缺词/ 多词

2. 名词：数/ 可数性

3. 形副：形式/ 级

4. 近义辨析

5. 词语搭配

6. 时态/ 语态

7. 动词性质

8. 非谓语动词

9. 虚拟语气

10. As/like 结构

11. 定语从句关系词

12. 前后照应

a. 主谓一致

b. 时态一致

c. 指代一致

d. 修辞一致

13. 逻辑关系：

a. 连词

b. 连接性副词

c. 反义词/ 其它

3 ．验证答案

改完后，要回过头来重读一遍全文，查看改过后是否能使语气通顺，时态一致，合乎逻辑。再次通读可以在初改时感觉不顺的地方集中精力，仔细推敲，使答案更加准确。

4 ．标准改错题，以替换原文的词为主，约占60% ～70% ，以去掉原文的词和加词为辅，约占30% ～40%; 从三种错误所占比例来看，语法和词汇为7 ～8 个，而上下文逻辑错误为 2 ～ 3 个。

上面是改错的大致解题思路和原则。然而仅知道这些还远远不够，还需要过硬的英语基础，对英语语法结构有着全面系统的了解，对改错常考点有个清晰地认识。这里也为大家准备好了一个PPT ，希望能助大家一臂之力。

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专八改错题技巧

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