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Section 2 Summary notes and examples

高中数学平面解析几何知识点总结

平面解析几何 一、直线与圆 1.斜率公式 2121 y y k x x -=-(111(,)P x y 、222(,)P x y ). 2.直线的五种方程 (1)点斜式 11()y y k x x -=- (直线l 过点111(,)P x y ,且斜率为k ). (2)斜截式 y kx b =+(b 为直线l 在y 轴上的截距). (3)两点式 112121 y y x x y y x x --=--(12y y ≠)(111(,)P x y 、222(,)P x y (12x x ≠)). < (4)截距式 1x y a b +=(a b 、分别为直线的横、纵截距,0a b ≠、). (5)一般式 0Ax By C ++=(其中A 、B 不同时为0). 3.两条直线的平行和垂直 (1)若111:l y k x b =+,222:l y k x b =+ ①121212||,l l k k b b ?=≠; ②12121l l k k ⊥?=-. (2)若1111:0l A x B y C ++=,2222:0l A x B y C ++=,且A 1、A 2、B 1、B 2都不为零, ①11112222 ||A B C l l A B C ? =≠; < ②1212120l l A A B B ⊥?+=; 4.点到直线的距离 d =(点00(,)P x y ,直线l :0Ax By C ++=). 5.圆的四种方程 (1)圆的标准方程 222()()x a y b r -+-=. (2)圆的一般方程 220x y Dx Ey F ++++=(224D E F +->0).圆心??? ??--2,2E D ,半径r=2 422F E D -+. 6.点与圆的位置关系 点00(,)P x y 与圆2 22)()(r b y a x =-+-的位置关系有三种: . 若d =d r >?点P 在圆外;d r =?点P 在圆上;d r 相离r d ; 0=???=相切r d ; 0>???<相交r d . 其中22B A C Bb Aa d +++=. 8.两圆位置关系的判定方法 # 设两圆圆心分别为O 1,O 2,半径分别为r 1,r 2,d O O =21 条公切线外离421??+>r r d ; 条公切线外切321??+=r r d ;

英文道歉信格式及范文

英文道歉信格式及范文 因迟复来信致歉Because of answering one’s letter late Dear David: I am afraid that you will think me unpardonably negligent in not having answered your letter dated 7, December sooner, but when I have told you the reason, I trust you will be convinced that the neglect was excusable. When your letter arrived, I was just in Hong Kong. As my family could not forward it to me during my absence, it has been, therefore, lying on my desk until the moment when I took it up. Now the first thing I have to hasten to do is to write to you these few lines to express my deep regret. I enjoyed many pleasant sights during my trip. I shall be pleased to give you an account to of them when I see you next. Sincerely yours, Tom

高中平面解析几何知识点总结

高中平面解析几何知识点总结 一.直线部分 1.直线的倾斜角与斜率: (1)直线的倾斜角:在平面直角坐标系中,对于一条与x 轴相交的直线,如果把x 轴绕着交点按逆时针方向旋转到和直线重合时所转的最小正角记为α叫做直线的倾斜角. 倾斜角)180,0[?∈α,?=90α斜率不存在. (2)直线的斜率: αtan ),(21121 2=≠--= k x x x x y y k .两点坐标为111(,)P x y 、222(,)P x y . 2.直线方程的五种形式: (1)点斜式:)(11x x k y y -=- (直线l 过点),(111y x P ,且斜率为k ). 注:当直线斜率不存在时,不能用点斜式表示,此时方程为0x x =. (2)斜截式:b kx y += (b 为直线l 在y 轴上的截距). (3)两点式:121121x x x x y y y y --= -- (12y y ≠,12x x ≠). 注:① 不能表示与x 轴和y 轴垂直的直线; ② 方程形式为:0))(())((112112=-----x x y y y y x x 时,方程可以表示任意直线. (4)截距式:1 =+b y a x (b a ,分别为x 轴y 轴上的截距,且0,0≠≠b a ). 注:不能表示与x 轴垂直的直线,也不能表示与y 轴垂直的直线,特别是不能表示过原点的直线. (5)一般式:0=++C By Ax (其中A 、B 不同时为0). 一般式化为斜截式: B C x B A y - - =,即,直线的斜率: B A k -=. 注:(1)已知直线纵截距b ,常设其方程为y kx b =+或0x =. 已知直线横截距0x ,常设其方程为0x my x =+(直线斜率k 存在时,m 为k 的倒数)或0y =. 已知直线过点00(,)x y ,常设其方程为00()y k x x y =-+或0x x =. (2)解析几何中研究两条直线位置关系时,两条直线有可能重合;立体几何中两条直 线一般不重合.

英语道歉信格式

篇一:英文道歉信格式及范文 英文道歉信格式及范文 因迟复来信致歉because of answering one’s letter late dear david: i am afraid that you will think me unpardonably negligent in not having answered your letter dated 7, december sooner, but when i have told you the reason, i trust you will be convinced that the neglect was excusable. when your letter arrived, i was just in hong kong. as my family could not forward it to me during my absence, it has been, therefore, lying on my desk until the moment when i took it up. now the first thing i have to hasten to do is to write to you these few lines to express my deep regret. i enjoyed many pleasant sights during my trip. i shall be pleased to give you an account to of them when i see you next. sincerely yours, tom篇二:英文致歉信_范文 道歉信 letter of apology 我们在工作或生活中,有时难免会犯一些错误,写封致歉信就显得很有必要。道歉信通常包括以下内容:表示歉意;道歉的原由;出现差错的原因;提出弥补措施;请求原谅。写道歉信的语言要诚挚,解释的理由要真实,不要显出丝毫的虚情假意。好的道歉信不仅会取得对方的谅解,还会增进彼此的感情。 写作三步走: 表示歉意->说明具体原因、提出补救办法->再次致歉、希望得到理解 tips: 在写作过程中,尽可能提供比较合理的理由。如果违反生活常识将导致扣分。 在解释完原因后,尽量提供一个合适的补救办法,使行文更加完满。 订阅收藏《考研英语写作范文100篇》系列文章 (1)directions: you should write about 100 words on answer sheet 2. do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. use li ming instead. do not write the address. 范文: dear anne, please allow me to say sorry again. regards, li ming 译文: 亲爱的安: 感谢你邀请我于明日晚上与你和你的家人共进午餐。可是,我非常遗憾地告诉你我无法赴约,因为我将忙于准备后天的一门重要考试。错过了这么一个欢乐的聚会我深感遗憾,我希望你们能度过一个愉快的时光。对了,在我考试后我们可以见一面么?如果可以的话请随时给我打电话,我非常期待能和你愉快地聊天。 请允许我再一次致歉。 您真诚的, 李明

英文道歉信的写法

英文道歉信的写法 ppointment that we made last friday. now, i am writing you this letter of apology to show my deep regret. please accept my sincere apology. i hope you will understand me and excuse me for my failure to turn up. 第一句是本段的中心句,直接道出道歉的原因。 (积累:i am excessively sorry to do …; fail to do …; make an appointment) 第二句展开道歉,真诚的表达自己的歉意。 (积累: letter of apology) 第三、四句表达自己希望对方接受歉意。 (积累:excuse … for …; turn up) the reason for my absence was that my mother fell ill at that time. i had no way out because i had to send her to hospital and look after her. therefore, it’s not in my power to meet you. 第一句是本段的中心句,综述写信人出现过失的原因。(积累:the reason for … was that…; fall ill) 第二句是本段中心句的展开,讲述当时的处境和情况。

第三句承接上一句,表述事实面前的不可抗力。进一步澄清 出现过失的原因。 (积累:in one’s power) naturally, i want to suggest that we should make another appointment next time. i shall be obliged if you will kindly write and tell me when and where you will be at convenience. we may meet again and i hope to see you soon. 第一句提出下次见面的建议。 (积累:suggest表示“建议”,后接从句用should+动词原形) 第二句是征询对方下次见面的具体地点和时间。 (积累:be obliged; at convenience) 最后一句期待下次见面。礼貌收尾 yours sincerely, li ming 信件结尾和署名

英语道歉信格式

英文道歉信格式及范文 因迟复来信致歉because of answering one’s letter late dear david: i am afraid that you will think me unpardonably negligent in not having answered your letter dated 7, december sooner, but when i have told you the reason, i trust you will be convinced that the neglect was excusable. when your letter arrived, i was just in hong kong. as my family could not forward it to me during my absence, it has been, therefore, lying on my desk until the moment when i took it up. now the first thing i have to hasten to do is to write to you these few lines to express my deep regret. i enjoyed many pleasant sights during my trip. i shall be pleased to give you an account to of them when i see you next. sincerely yours, tom篇二:英语道歉信范文1 范文1 dear john, i am eagerly looking forward to your visit to our city. after all these years of writing to each other, i can not wait to see you. however, i regret to inform you that i will not be able to meet you at the airport on time. the reason is that your flight will arrive early in the morning, and the earliest i can reach the airport will be about an hour after you land. will you please wait for me in the arrival lounge? you can have breakfast while you wait. by the way, as we have never met i must tell you home to identify me: i am of 165cm tall and have a long hair. in addition, i will wear a white skirt and carry a china daily at hand. hope we can meet soon. sincerely yours, alice 译文 亲爱的约翰: 我非常期待着你来参观我们的城市。这么多年来我们一直通信,我早就想见到你了。但是很抱歉我不能按时到机场接你。 因为你的飞机是一大早就到达机场,而我最早也要1小时后才能到。你能不能在旅客休息室等我,你可以利用这段时间吃早饭。 随便说一句,因为我们没过面,我得告诉你怎么找我:我大概1.65米,长发。另外我会穿一件白色的裙子,手上拿一份中国日报。 希望早点见到你。 你真挚的:艾丽丝 范文2 you should write about 100 words on answer sheet 2. do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. use “li ming” instead. do not write the address. dear anne, thank you for your invitation to dinner at your home tomorrow evening. please allow me to say sorry again. regards, li ming 译文:

高中数学平面解析几何知识点

平面解析几何 1.直线的倾斜角与斜率: (1)直线的倾斜角:在平面直角坐标系中,对于一条与x 轴相交的直线,如果把x 轴绕着交点按逆时针 方向旋转到和直线重合时所转的最小正角记为α叫做直线的倾斜角. 倾斜角)180,0[?∈α,?=90α斜率不存在. (2)直线的斜率:αtan ),(211 212=≠--=k x x x x y y k .(111(,)P x y 、222(,)P x y ). 2.直线方程的五种形式: (1)点斜式:)(11x x k y y -=- (直线l 过点),(111y x P ,且斜率为k ). 注:当直线斜率不存在时,不能用点斜式表示,此时方程为0x x =. (2)斜截式:b kx y += (b 为直线l 在y 轴上的截距). (3)两点式:1 21121x x x x y y y y --=-- (12y y ≠,12x x ≠). 注:① 不能表示与x 轴和y 轴垂直的直线; ② 方程形式为:0))(())((112112=-----x x y y y y x x 时,方程可以表示任意直线. (4)截距式:1=+b y a x (b a ,分别为x 轴y 轴上的截距,且0,0≠≠b a ). 注:不能表示与x 轴垂直的直线,也不能表示与y 轴垂直的直线,特别是不能表示过原点的直线. (5)一般式:0=++C By Ax (其中A 、B 不同时为0). 一般式化为斜截式:B C x B A y -- =,即,直线的斜率:B A k -=. 注:(1)已知直线纵截距b ,常设其方程为y kx b =+或0x =. 已知直线横截距0x ,常设其方程为0x my x =+(直线斜率k 存在时,m 为k 的倒数)或0y =. 已知直线过点00(,)x y ,常设其方程为00()y k x x y =-+或0x x =. (2)解析几何中研究两条直线位置关系时,两条直线有可能重合;立体几何中两条直线一般不重合. 3.直线在坐标轴上的截矩可正,可负,也可为0. (1)直线在两坐标轴上的截距相等....?直线的斜率为1-或直线过原点. (2)直线两截距互为相反数.......?直线的斜率为1或直线过原点. (3)直线两截距绝对值相等.......?直线的斜率为1±或直线过原点. 4.两条直线的平行和垂直: (1)若111:l y k x b =+,222:l y k x b =+ ① 212121,//b b k k l l ≠=?; ② 12121l l k k ⊥?=-. (2)若0:1111=++C y B x A l ,0:2222=++C y B x A l ,有 ① 1221122121//C A C A B A B A l l ≠=?且.② 0212121=+?⊥B B A A l l . 5.平面两点距离公式: (111(,)P x y 、222(,)P x y ),22122121)()(y y x x P P -+-=.x 轴上两点间距离:A B x x AB -=. 线段21P P 的中点是),(00y x M ,则??? ????+=+=2221 0210y y y x x x .

英文道歉信标题

英文道歉信标题 【篇一:英文道歉信标题】 道歉信 letter of apology我们在工作或生活中,有时难免会犯一些错误,写封致歉信就显得很有必要。道歉信通 常包括以下内容:表示歉意;道歉的原由;出现差错的原因;提出 弥补措施;请求原谅。写 道歉信的语言要诚挚,解释的理由要真实,不要显出丝毫的虚情假意。好的道歉信不仅会取 得对方的谅解,还会增进彼此的感情。写作三步走: 表示歉意-说明具体原因、提出补救办法-再次致歉、希望得到理解tips: 在写作过程中,尽可能提供比较合理的理由。如果违反生活常识将 导致扣分。在解释完原因后,尽量提供一个合适的补救办法,使行文更加完满。订阅收藏《考研英语写作范文100篇》系列文章 (1)directions: you should write about 100 words on answer sheet 2. do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. use li ming instead. do not write the address.范文: dear anne, please allow me to say sorry again. regards, li ming译文: 亲爱的安: 感谢你邀请我于明日晚上与你和你的家人共进午餐。可是,我非常 遗憾地告诉你我无法 赴约,因为我将忙于准备后天的一门重要考试。错过了这么一个欢 乐的聚会我深感遗憾,我 希望你们能度过一个愉快的时光。对了,在我考试后我们可以见一 面么?如果可以的话请随时给我打电话,我非常期待能和你愉快地 聊天。请允许我再一次致歉。您真诚的, 李明闪光词汇及词组: occupy: v. 占用,占 get-together: n. 聚会,联欢会 hesitate: v. 犹豫,踌躇 drop sb. a line: 给某人打一个电话 preferable: adj. 更好的,更可 取的 long for sth: 渴望万能句型:

平面解析几何知识点归纳

平面解析几何知识点归纳 ◆知识点归纳 直线与方程 1.直线的倾斜角 规定:当直线l 与x 轴平行或重合时,它的倾斜角为0 范围:直线的倾斜角α的取值范围为),0[π 2.斜率:)2 (tan π α≠ =a k ,R k ∈ 斜率公式:经过两点),(111y x P ,),(222y x P )(21x x ≠的直线的斜率公式为1 21 22 1x x y y k P P --= 3.直线方程的几种形式

能力提升 斜率应用 例1.已知函数)1(log )(2+=x x f 且0>>>c b a ,则c c f b b f a a f ) (, )(,)(的大小关系 例2.已知实数y x ,满足)11(222 ≤≤-+-=x x x y ,试求 2 3 ++x y 的最大值和最小值 两直线位置关系 两条直线的位置关系 设两直线的方程分别为: 222111:b x k y l +=或0 :22221111=++C y B x A l ;当21k k ≠或1221B A B A ≠时它们 相交,交点坐标为方程组?? ?+=+=2211b x k y b x k y 或???=++=++00 222 111C y B x A C y B x A

直线间的夹角: ①若θ为1l 到2l 的角,12121tan k k k k +-= θ或2 1211 221tan B B A A B A B A +-=θ; ②若θ为1l 和2l 的夹角,则12121tan k k k k +-= θ或2 1211 221tan B B A A B A B A +-=θ; ③当0121=+k k 或02121=+B B A A 时,o 90=θ;直线1l 到2l 的角θ与1l 和2l 的夹角α:) 2 (π θθα≤ =或 )2 (π θθπα>-=; 距离问题 1.平面上两点间的距离公式),(),,(222111y x P y x P 则 )()(121221y y x x P P -+-= 2.点到直线距离公式 点),(00y x P 到直线0:=++C By Ax l 的距离为:2 2 00B A C By Ax d +++= 3.两平行线间的距离公式 已知两条平行线直线1l 和2l 的一般式方程为1l :01=++C By Ax , 2l :02=++C By Ax ,则1l 与2l 的距离为2 2 21B A C C d +-= 4.直线系方程:若两条直线1l :0111=++C y B x A ,2l :0222=++C y B x A 有交点,则过1l 与2l 交点的直线系方程为)(111C y B x A +++0)(222=++C y B x A λ或 )(222C y B x A +++0)(111=++C y B x A λ (λ为常数) 对称问题 1.中点坐标公式:已知点),(),,(2 211y x B y x A ,则B A ,中点),(y x H 的坐标公式为??? ???? +=+=222121y y y x x x 点),(00y x P 关于),(b a A 的对称点为)2,2(00y b x a Q --,直线关于点对称问题可以化为点关于点对称问

英文致歉信_范文

道歉信Letter of Apology 我们在工作或生活中,有时难免会犯一些错误,写封致歉信就显得很有必要。道歉信通常包括以下内容:表示歉意;道歉的原由;出现差错的原因;提出弥补措施;请求原谅。写道歉信的语言要诚挚,解释的理由要真实,不要显出丝毫的虚情假意。好的道歉信不仅会取得对方的谅解,还会增进彼此的感情。 写作"三步走": 表示歉意->说明具体原因、提出补救办法->再次致歉、希望得到理解 Tips: 在写作过程中,尽可能提供比较合理的理由。如果违反生活常识将导致扣分。在解释完原因后,尽量提供一个合适的补救办法,使行文更加完满。 订阅收藏《考研英语写作范文100篇》系列文章 (1)Directions: You are invited to a dinner at a friend's house, but you are not able to attend because of the preparation for a coming examination. Write a letter to your friends to express your apology, explain your reason, and suggest a meeting at another time. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address. 范文: Dear Anne, Thank you for your invitation to dinner at your home tomorrow evening.

英语道歉信范文(共6篇)

篇一:英语道歉信范文 范文1 directions: suppose that sarah, a friend of yours, has invited you to her birthday party, but you cannot go for some reason. write a letter in about 100 words to make an apology to her. do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using “li ming” instead. 【经典范文】 dear sarah, i am terribly sorry to tell you that i am unable to attend your birthday part next thursday evening. that is owing to the fact that my younger brother suddenly fell ill and was taken to a hospital this morning. i have to go there immediately and take care of him. as told by the doctor in charge, it will take around five days for him to recover and i have asked my boss for a leave. i really regret that i cannot go to celebrate your birthday personally and would miss the perfect chance of enjoying myself with all our old friends. i have chosen a small gift for you and will send it to you tomorrow to show my best wishes. besides, please give my regards to our friends when you meet them at the party. cordially, li ming 范文2 directions: suppose you cannot see your younger brother off at the airport as expected for some reason. write a letter in about 100 words to make an apology to him. do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using “li ming” instead. 【经典范文】 dear charlie, kindly excuse me for my not being able to see you off at the airport this saturday as i have promised. how i wish i could have the chance to share with you my personal feelings and suggestions before you are away! i hereby send you a gift to wish you good luck. please forgive me. cordially, li ming 范文3 directions: you were unable to attend mr. smith’s examination on international business english writing because you got sick that morning. write a letter to express the reasons for not being able to attend it and apologize. write the letter with no less than 100 words. do not sign your own name at end of the letter. use “wang hua”instead. do not write the address. 【经典范文】 dear mr. smith, i am indeed very sorry that i missed the examination on international business english writing you gave last friday. i feel awful about it and want you to know what happened that day. i suddenly fell sick early that morning and my parents had to send me to the

平面解析几何(圆的方程)

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