大三下高级英语2期末复习资料unit1-8

I．Explain the following sentences in your own words, bringing out any implied meanings.

（20*2’=40’）

II．Translate the following sentences into Chinese. （10*2’=20’）

III．Point out what figure of speech is used in each of the following sentences.（5*2’=10’）IV．Find explanations of the italicized words in each sentence from the list that followed (A to J) and put the right letter in the bracket before each sentence（10*1’=10’）

V．Read the following two passages and choose the best answer to each question. Put the answers in the following two forms.（10*2’=20’）

Lesson one Pub Talk and the King’s English

1.And it is an activity only of humans.

And conversation is an activity which is found only among human beings.

2.Conversation is not for making a point.

Conversation is not for persuading others to accept our idea or point of view.In a conversation we should not try to establish the force of an idea or argument.

3.In fact,the best conversationalists are those who are prepared to lose.

In fact a person who really enjoys and is skilled at conversation will not argue to win or force others to accept his point of view.

4.Bar friends are not deeply involved in each other’s lives.

People who meet each other for a drink in the bar of a pub are not intimate friends for they are not deeply absorbed or engrossed in each other’s lives.

5….it could still go ignorantly on.

The conversation could go on without anybody knowing who was right or wrong.

6.They are cattle in the fields,but we sit down to beef(boeuf).

These animals are called cattle when they are alive and feeding in the fields;but when we sit down at the table to eat,we call their meat beef.

7.The new ruling class had built a cultural barrier against him by building their French against his own language.

The new ruling class by using French instead of English made it difficult for the English to accept or absorb the culture of the rulers.

8….English had come royally into its own.

The English language received proper recognition and was used by the king once more.

9.The phrase has always been used a little pejoratively and even facetiously by the lower classes. The phrase,the King’s English,has always been used disparagingly and jokingly by the lower classes.The working people very often make fun of the proper and formal language of the educated people.

10.The rebellion against a cultural dominance is still there.

There still exists in the working people,as in the early Saxon peasants,a spirit of opposition to the cultural authority of the ruling class.

11.There is always a great danger,as Carlyle put it,that”words will harden into things for us.”There is always a great danger that we might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to represent.

1….their marriage may be on the rocks…

On the rocks:(colloquial) in or into a condition of ruin or catastrophe.

2….they got out of bed on the wrong side…

Get out of bed on the wrong side:to be cross or in a bad temper for the day.

3.The conversation was on wings.

On wings (on the wing): flying or while flying;in motion or while moving or traveling.

4….the Norman lords of course turned up their noses at it.

Turn up one’s nose at:sneer at,scorn.

5…we ought to think ourselves back into the shoes of the Saxon peasant.

In another’s shoes: in another’s position.

6….English had come royally into its own.

Come into its own:to receive what properly belongs to one,especially acclaim or recognition.

7….we sit up at the vividness of the phrase…

Sit up at:(colloquial) to become suddenly alert.

1.However intricate the ways in which animals communicate with each other,they do not indulge in anything that deserves the name of conversation.

动物之间的信息交流，不论其方式何等复杂，也称不上谈话。

2.Argument may often be a part of it,but the purpose of the argument is not to convince.There is no winning in conversation.

闲聊中常有争论，不过其目的并不是为了说服对方。闲聊之中不存在输赢胜负。

3.Perhaps it is because of my upbringing in English pubs that I think bar conversation has a charm of its own.

或许是由于我年轻时常常光顾英国小酒馆的缘故，我觉得酒馆里的闲聊别有一番韵味。

4.I do not remember what made one of our companions say it—she clearly had not come into the bar to say it,it was not something that was pressing on her mind—but her remark fell quite

naturally into the talk.

我不记得一起聊天的人是在什么情况下说出那句话来的——显然她不是有备而来，那也不是什么非说不可的要紧话——但是她那句话十分自然地融进了我们的闲谈里。

5.There is always resistance in the lower classes to any attempt by an upper class to lay down rules for ―English as it should be spoken.‖

每当上流社会想给“规范英语”制定一些条条框框时，总会遭到来自下层人民的抵制。

6.Words are not themselves a reality,but only representations of it,and the King’s English,like the Anglo-French of the Normans,is a class representation of reality.

词语本身并不是现实，它不过是用以表达现实的一种形式而已。标准英语就像诺曼人的盎格鲁式法语一样，也是一种对现实的阶级表达。

7.Perhaps it is worth trying to speak it,but it should not be laid down as an edict,and made immune to change from below.

让人们学着去讲规范英语也许不错，但不应当把它当做一条必须执行的法令，也不应当使它完全拒绝来自下层的改变。

8.There is no worse conversationalist than the one who punctuates his words as he speaks as if he were wrting,or even who tries to use words as if he were composing a piece of prose for print.

要使有谁闲聊时像写文章那样标点分明，或者像写一篇要发表的散文一样咬文嚼字的话，那他一定是个最糟糕的聊天者。

9.When E.M. Forster writes of ―the sinister corridor of our age,‖we sit up at the vividness of the phrase,the force and even terror in the image.

看到福斯特笔下写出“当今时代的阴森可怖的长廊”时，其用于之生动及有其所产生的有力甚至可怖的形象不禁令我们心头一震。

10.There would have been no conversation the other evening if we had been able to settle at once the meaning of ―the King’s English.‖

那天晚上，如果我们当场弄清了“标准英语”的定义，也就不可能有那一场交谈了。

Lesson two Marrakech

1.The burying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth,like a derelict building-lot.

The burying-ground is nothing more than a huge piece of wasteland full of mounds of earth looking like a deserted and abandoned piece of land on which a building was going to be put up.

2.All colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact.

All the imperialists build up their empires by treating the people in the colonies like animals (by not treating the people in the colonies as human beings).

3.They rise out of the earth,they sweat and starve for a few years,and then they sink back into the nameless mounds of the graveyard…

They are born.Then for a few years they work,toil and starve.Finally they die and are buried in

graves without a name,and nobody notices that they are dead.

4.A carpenter sits cross-legged at a prehistoric lathe,turning chair-legs at lightning speed.

Sitting with his legs crossed and using a very old-fashioned lathe,a carpenter quickly gives a round shape to the chair-legs he is making.

5.Instantly,from the dark holes all round,there was a frenzied rush of Jews…

Immediately from their dark hole-like cells everywhere a great number of Jews rushed out wildly excited,all loudly demanding a cigarette.

6….every one of them looks on a cigarette as a more or less impossible luxury.

Every one of these poor Jews looks on the cigarette as a piece of luxury which they could not possibly afford.

7.Still,a white skin is always fairly conspicuous.

However,a white-skinned European is always quite noticeable./However,people always notice any one with a white skin.

8.In a tropical landscape one’s eye takes in everything except the human beings.

If you take a look at the natural scenery in a tropical region,you see everything but the human beings.

9.No one would think of running cheap trips to the Distressed Areas.

No one would think of organizing cheap trips for the tourists to visit the poor slum areas (for these trips would not be interesting).

10….for nine-tenths of the people the reality of life is an endless,backbreaking struggle to wring a little food out of an eroded soil.

Life is very hard for ninety percent of the people.They can produce a little food on the poor soil only with hard backbreaking toil

11.She accepted her status as an old woman,that is to say,as a beast of burden.

She took it for granted that as an old woman she was the lowest in the community,that she was only fit for doing heavy work like an animal.

12.People with brown skins are next door to invisible.

People with brown skins are almost invisible.

13.Their splendid bodies were hidden in reach-me-down khaki uniforms…

The Senegalese soldiers were wearing second-hand ready-made khaki uniforms which hid their beautiful,well-built bodies.

14.How long before they turn their guns in the other direction?

How much longer before they turn their guns around and attack the colonialist rulers?

15.Every white man there had this thought stowed somewhere or other in his mind.

Every white man had this thought hidden somewhere in his mind.

1….then lowered its head and tried to butt me.

..butt:to strike or push with the head or horns.

2.An Arab navy working on the path nearby…

..navvy:abbreviation of “navigator”,a British word meaning an unskilled laborer,as on canals,roads,etc.

3.When you go through the Jewish quarter…

…quarter:an area of a town or city where a particular kind of people typically live or work.

4….his left leg is warped out of shape.

.warp:to bend or twist and to be no longer in the correct shape.

5.As the Jews live in a self-contained community…

.self-contained:having within oneself or itself all that is necessary;self-sufficient,as a community.

6….they could not even work enough magic to get themselves a square meal.

.square: (colloquial) satisfying;solid;substantial.

7.The plough is a wretched wooden thing…

.wertched:poor in quality;very inferior.

8.All of them are mummified with age and the sun…

.mummified:thin and withered,looking like a mummy.

9.There is no question the the donkeys are damnably treated.

.damnably:outrageously,detestably.

10.Their splendid bodies were hidden in reach-me-down khaki uniforms…

.reach-me-down: ready-made,secondhand.

11.It was the shy,wide-eyed Negro look…

.wide-eyed:with the eyes opened widely,as because of surprise,fear,lack of sophistication,etc.

12….so had the officers on their sweating chargers…

.charger:a horse ridden in battle or on parade.

1.When you walk through a town like this-two hundred thousand inhabitants of whom at least twenty thousand own literally nothing except the rags they stand up in—when you see how the people live,and still more how easily they die,it is always difficult to believe that you are walking

among human beings.

当你穿行在这样的城镇——其20万居民中至少有两万是除了一身勉强蔽体的破烂衫之外完全一无所有——当你看到那些人的生活是如此艰难，而其死亡又是多么容易时，你很难相信自己身处在人类之中。

2.When you go through the Jewish quarters you gather some idea of what the medieval ghettoes were probably like.

当你走过这儿的犹太人聚居区时，你就会知道中世纪贫民区大概是个什么样子。

3.Many of the streets are a good deal less than six feet wide,the houses are completely windowless,and sore-eyed children cluster everywhere in unbelievable numbers,like clouds of flies.

这儿很多街道十分狭窄，宽不到6英尺，房屋根本没有窗户，眼睛红肿的孩子随处可见，多得像一群群苍蝇，数也数不清。

4.Even a blind man somewhere at the back of one of the booths heard a rumour of cigarettes and came crawling out,groping in the air with his hand.

甚至一个住在后排窝棚里的盲人也听到有人在发烟的消息，于是急忙爬出来，伸手在空中乱摸。

5.Ah,that’s only for show!The y’re all money lenders really.

“噢！那不过是做出样子来给人看的。事实上他们都是些放贷者。”

6.In just the same way,a couple of hundred years ago,poor old women used to be burned for witchcraft when they could not even work enough magic to get themselves a square meal.

恰恰相似的是，一二百年前，常常也有些贫穷的老太婆被当成巫婆给活活烧死，然而事实上她们就连为自己变出一顿像样饭菜的魔法都没有。

7.It takes in te dried-up soil,the prickly pear,the palm tree and the distant mountain,but it always misses the peasant hoeing at his patch.

那干巴巴的土壤、仙人掌、棕榈树和远方的山岭都可以尽收眼底，但那些在土地上耕作的农夫却往往每人看得见。

8.Most of Morocco is so desolate that no wild animal bigger than a hare can live on it.

摩洛哥的土地多半一片荒凉，那里最大的野生动物就是野兔了。

9.Except for a day or two after the rare rainstorms there is never enough water.

除了较为罕见的暴雨之后紧接着的那一两天外，这地方总是缺水。

10.It seems to be generally the case in primitive communities that the women,when they get beyond a certain age,shrink to the size of children.

在原始社会里，妇女超过了一定的年纪后，身体便萎缩得如孩童般大小，这似乎是一种普遍的现象。

Lesson 3 Inaugural Address ( January 20,1961)

1.And yet the same revolutionary belief for which our forebears fought is still at issue around the globe.

Our ancestors fought a revolutionary war to maintain that all men were created equal and God had given them certain unalienable rights which no state or ruler could take away from them.But today this issue has not yet been settled in many countries around the world.

2.This much we pledge—and more.

We promise to do this much and we promise to do more.

3.United,there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperatve ventures.

United and working together we can accomplish a lot of things in a great number of joint bold undertakings.

4…our last best hope in an age where the instrumens of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace…

The United Nations is our last and best hpe of survival in an age where the tools to wage war have far surpassed and exceeded the tools to keep peace.

5….to enlarge the area in which its writ may run.

We pledge to help the United Nations enlarge the areas in which its authority and mandate could continue to be in effect or in force.

6….before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidental self-destruction.

Before the terrible forces of destruction,which atomic bombs can now release,wipe out mankind,which may be planned or brought about by an accident.

7….yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of mankind’s final war.

Yet both groups of nations are trying to change as quickly as possible this uncertain balance of terrible military power which restrains each group from launching mankind’s final war.

8.So let us begin anew,remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness…

Let us start over again.We must bear in mind that being polite does not mean one is weak.

9.Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors.

Let both sides try to use science to produce good and beneficial things for man instead of employing it to bring frightful destruction.

10….each generation of Americans has been summoned to give testimony to its national loyalty.

Americans of every generation have been called upon to prove their loyalty to their country (by fighting and dying for their country’s cause).

11.With a good conscience our only sure reward,with history the final judge of our deeds,let us go forth to lead the land we love…

We will lead the country we love,knowing our sure reward will be a good conscience,and history will finally judge whether we have done our task well or not.

1….the same solemn oath our forebears prescribed nearly a century and three-quarters ago.

.prescribed:set down as a rule,direction;ordered;ordained.

2.For man holds in his mortal hands the power…

.mortal:that must eventually die.

3….disciplined by a hard and bitter peace…

.disciplined:subjected to the result of much training or control,especially self-control.

4….to witness or permit the slow undoing of these human rights…

.undoing:reversing the doing of something accomplished;doing away with .

5….we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder.

.at odds:in disagreement;quarreling.

6….to be replaced by a far more iron tyranny.

.iron:cruel,merciless.

7…struggling to break the bonds of mass misery.

.bond:anything that binds,fastens,or restrains.

8….to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective…

.invective:a violent verbal attack;strong criticism,insults,curses,etc.

9….to enlarge the area in which its writ may run.

.run:to continue in effect or force.

10….that stays the hands of mankind’s final war.

.stay:to stop,halt,or check;to hinder,impede,restrain or detain.

11….tap the ocean depths…

,tap:to explore.

12. ..not as a call to bear arms…but a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle…

.a.to bear arms:to join the army;to become combatant in the armed forces;

.b.to bear the burden:to sustain the burden,to take on the burden.

1.We observe today not a victory of party but a celebration of freedom,symbolizing an end as well

as a beginning,signifying renewal as well as change.

今天我们庆祝的不是政党的胜利，而是自由的胜利。这胜利象征着一个结束，也象征着一个开端；意味着延续，也意味着变革。

2.Let the word go forth from this time and place,to friend and foe alike,that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans,born in this century,tempered by war,disciplined by a hard and bitter peace,pround of our ancient heritage,and unwiliing to witness or permit the slow undoing of these human rights to which this nation has always been committed,and to which we are committed today at home and around the world.

让我们的朋友和敌人同样听见我此时此地的讲话：火炬已经传给新一代美国人。这一代人出生于本世纪，经受了战火的洗礼，在来之不易的和平中受到考验；他们为我国悠久的传统感到自豪，他们不愿目睹或听任我国一向保证的、今天仍在国内外做出保证的人权渐趋毁灭。

3.Let every nation know,whether it wishes us well or ill,that we shall pay any price,bear any burden,meet any hardship,support any friend,oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.

让每个国家都知道——不论它期盼着我们繁荣还是希望我们衰落——为确保自由的存在和自由的胜利，我们将付出任何代价，承受任何负担，应付任何艰难，支持任何朋友，反抗任何敌人。

4.United,there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures.

我们如果团结一致，就能在众多合作事业中无往不胜。

5.Divided,there is little we can do,for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder.

我们如果分歧对立，就会一事无成——如果我们在争吵不休中迎接强大的挑战，其结果只能是四分五裂。

6.If a free society cannot help the many who are poor,it cannot save the few who are rich.

倘若自由社会不能帮助众多的穷人，也就无法保护少数富人。

7.We dare not tempt them with weakness.For only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed.

我们不敢以怯弱来引诱他们。只有当我们毫无疑问地拥有足够的军备威慑敌人时，我们才能确保这些军备永远不会被使用。

8.In your hands,my fellow citizens,more than mine,will rest the final success or failure of our course.

公民们，我们事业的最终成败与其说掌握在我手中，不如说掌握在你们手中。

9.Now the trumpet summons us again—not as a call to bear arms, though arms we need;not as a call to battle,though embatteled we are;but a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle,year in and year out, “rejoicing in hope,patient in tribulation,”a struggle against the common enemies of man:tyranny,poverty,disease and war itself.

现在，号角已再次吹响——不是召唤我们拿起武器，虽然我们需要武器，不是召唤我们去作战，虽然我们严阵以待。它召唤我们为迎接黎明而肩起漫长斗争的重任，年复一年，“在希望中得到欢乐，在磨难中保持耐性”，对人类共同的敌人——专制、贫困、疾病和战争本身——展开不懈的战斗。

10.With a good conscience our onl sure reward,with history the final judge of our deeds,let us go forth to lead the land we love,asking His blessing and His help,but knowing that here on earth God’s work must truly be our own.

问心无愧是我们唯一可靠的奖赏，历史是我们行动的最终裁判。让我们走向前去，引导我们所热爱的国家。我们祈求上帝的福佑和帮助，但我们知道，上帝在尘世的工作必须由我们自己努力去完成。

Lesson 4 Love Is a Fallacy

1.A nice enough young fellow,you understand,but nothing upstairs.

He is a nice enough young fellow, you know, but he is empty-headed.

2.Eads,I submit,are the very negation of reason.

A passing fashion or craze, in my opinion, shoes a complete lack of reason.

3.I should have know they’d come back when the Charleston came back.

I ought to have known that reccoon coats would come back to fashion when the Charleston dance,which was popular in the 1920s,came back.

4.‖All the Big Men on Campus are wearing them.Where’ve you been?‖

All the important and fashionable men on campus are wearing them.How come you don’t know?

5.My brain,that precision instrument,slipped into high gear.

My brain, which is a precision instrument, began to work at a high speed.

6.With one omission,Polly fitted these specifications perfectly.

Except for one thing (intelligence) polly had all other requirements.

7.She was not yet of pin-up proportions,but I felt sure that time would supply the lack.

She was not as beautiful as those girls in posters but I felt sure she would become beautiful enough after some time.

8.In fact,she veered in the opposite direction.

In fact, she was in the opposite direction, that is, she is not intelligent but rather stupid.

9.‖In other words,if you were out of the picture,the field would be open.Is that right?‖

If you were no longer involved with her (if you stopped dating her) others would be free to compete to get her as a girlfriend.

10.Back and forth his head swiveled,desire waxing,resolution waning.

His head turned back and forth (looking at the coat then looking away from the coat).Every time he looked his desire for the coat grew stronger and his resolution not to give away Polly became weaker.

11.This loomed as a project of no small dimensions…

To teach her to think appeared to be rather big task.

12.Admittedly it was not a prospect fraught with hope,but I decided to give it one more try.

One must admit the outcome does not look very hopeful, but i decided to try one more time.

13.There is a limit to what flesh and blood can bear.

There is a limit to what any human being can bear.

14.I was not Pygmalion;I was Frankenstein,and my monster had me by the throat.

I planned to be Pygmalion,to fashion an ideal wife for myself,but I turned out to be Frankenstein because Polly (the result/product of my hard work)ultimately rejected me and ruined my plan.

15.Frantically I fought back the tide of panic surging through me.

Desperately i tried to stop the feeling of panic that was overwhelming me.

1.My brain was as powerful as a dynamo…

dynamo: a machine that changes some other form of power directly into electricity

2….pausing in my flight.

flight : fleeing or running away from

3….when the Charleston came back.

Charleston:a lively dance in 4/4 time,characterized by a twisting step and popular during the 1920s.

4.They shed.

shed: cast off or lose hair

5.Don’t you want to be in the swim?

in the swim: conforming to the current fashions or active in the main current of affairs

6….I would be out in practice.

practice: the exercise of a profession of occupation

7.She was not yet of pin-up proportions…

.pin-up:designating a girl whose sexual attractiveness makes her a subject for the kind of pictures often pinned up on walls.

8.She already had the makings.

makings: the material or qualities needed for the making or development of something

9.She had an erectness of carriage,an ease of bearing…

.a.carriage: manner of carrying the head boddy;physical posture

.b.bearing:way of carrying oneself;manner

10….are you going seady…

.go steady:dating someone of the opposite sex regularly and exclusively;being sweethearts.

11….if you were out of the picture…

out of the picture: not considered as involved in a situation

12.I deposited her at the girl s’ dormitory…

. deposit: (facetious)put，lay or set down

13…lawyers have briefs to guide them…

.brief:a concise statement of the main points of a law case,usually filed by counsel for the information of the court.

14…hammering away without let-up.

. 1et—up: stopping; relaxing

1.My brain was as powerful as a dynamo,as precise as a chemist’s scales,as penetrating as a scalpel.

我的大脑像发电机一样给力，像化学家的天平一样精确，像手术刀一样锋利。

2.To be swept up in every new craze that comes along,to surrender yourself to idiocy just because everybody else is doing it—this,to me,is the acme of mindlessness.

遇到一个新潮流就紧跟，沉溺于愚蠢之事，仅仅因为别人都在那么干——这在我看来，简直愚蠢透顶。

3.Let me emphasize that my desire for this yound woman was not emotional in nature.

我要特别说明的是，我想得到这妙龄女子并非感情的驱使。

4.It is,after all,easier to make a beautiful dumb girl smart than to make an ugly smart girl beautiful.

毕竟，使一个漂亮的傻姑娘变得聪明比使一个聪明的丑姑娘变得漂亮要容易些。

5.He was a torn man.First he looked at the coat with the expression of a waif at a bakery window.Then he turned away and set his jaw resolutely.

他的心情极其矛盾，犹豫不决。他先是用面包店窗前的流浪儿哪种馋涎欲滴的神情望着那件皮大衣，接着扭过头去，坚定地咬紧牙关。

6.Maybe somewhere in the extinct crater of her mind,a few embers still smoldered.

说不定在她头脑里死火山口中的什么地方，还留有一些残余的火星呢。

7.After all,surgeons have X-rays to guide them during an operation,lawyers have briefs to gude them during a trial,carpenters have blueprints to guide hem when they are building a house.

毕竟，医生在做手术时可以看X光片，律师在审案时可以看案由，木匠在造房子时可以看蓝图。

8.If Madame Curie had not happened to have a photographic plate in a drawer with a chunk of pitchblende,the world today would not know about radium.

假若居里夫人没有碰巧把一张底片放在装有一块沥青铀矿石的抽屉里，那么世人今天就不会知道什么是镭。

9.Suddenly,a glimmer of intelligence—the first I had seen—came into her eyes.

突然，一道智慧之光——这时我从未看到过的——闪现在她的眼中。

10.Heartened by the knowledge that Polly was not altogether a cretin,I began a long,patient review of all I had told her.

看到波莉并不那么傻，我的信心大增。于是，我便开始把对她讲过的一切，长时间地、耐心地复习了一遍。

Lesson 5 The Sad Young Men

1.Tho slightest mention of the decade brings nostalgic recollections to the middle-aged…

At the very mention of this post-war period,middle-aged people begin to think about it longingly and yound people become curious and start asking all kinds of questions.

2. The rejection of Victorian gentility was, in any case, inevitable.

In any case,America could no avoid casting aside its middle-class respectability and affected refinement.

3. The war acted merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of the V ictorian social structure…

The war only helped to speed up the breakdown of the Victorian social structure.

4… it was tempted, in America at least, to escape its responsibilities and retreat behind an air of

naughty alcoholic sophistication …(para4)

In America the young people did not seriously take up the responsibility of changing the traditional customs of society;instead they lived unconventional lives and,by drinking and behaving indecently in many ways,they broke the moral code of the community.

5. Prohibition afforded the young the additional opportunity of making the ir pleasures illicit…

The young people found greater pleasure in their drinking because Prohibition,by making drinking unlawful,added a sense of adventure.

6. ..our young men began to enlist under foreign flags (para5)

As a result,the young men began to join the arimies of foreign countries to fight in the war.

7. …they "wanted to get into the fun before the whole thing turned belly up" .(para5)

The young people wanted to take part in the glorious adventure before the war ended.

8…. they had outgrown towns and families …(para6)

These young people could no longer adapt to lives in their home towns or their families.

9…. the returning veteran also had to face ... the hypocritical do-goodism of Prohibition… (para6) The returning veteran soldiers also had to face the stupid cynicism of the victorious allies in Versailles who acted as cynically as Napoleon did.They had to face Prohibition which the lawmakers hypocritically assumed would be good for the people.

10. Something in the tension-ridden youth of America had to "give" (para6)

(Under all this force and pressure)something in the youth of America,who were already very tense,had to break down.

11. …it was only natural that hopeful young writers, their minds and pens inflamed against war, Babbittry, and "Puritanical" gentility, should flock to the traditional artistic center …(para7) Is was only natural that hopeful young writers,whose minds and writings were filled with violent anger against war,Babbittry,and “Puritanical”gentility,should come in great numbers to live in Greenwich Village,the traditional artistic centre.

12. Each town had its "fast" set which prided itself on its unconventionality… (para8)

Each town was proud that it had a group of wild,reckless people,who lived unconventional lives.

1…the first visit to a speakeasy…

.speakeasy:a place where alcoholic drinks are sold illegally,esp.such a place in the U.S. during Prohibition (the period 1923-1933)

2….the flask-toting “sheik”…

.sheik:a masterful man to whom women are supposed to be irresistibly attracted.

3….the moral and stylistic vagaries of the “flapper”…

.flapper:in the 1920s,a yound woman considered bold and unconventional in action and dress.

4….and the “drugstore cowboy.”

.drugstore cowboy:a)cowboy depicted in a Western who loafs in a drugstore;b)a person who gets their high by way of prescription drugs,most likely obtained illegally.

5….Prohibition afforded the young the additional opportunity…

.Prohibition:the forbidding by law of the manufacture,transportation,and sale of alcoholic liquors for beverage purposes;specifically in the US,the period (1920-1933)of Prohibition by federal laws.

6….the much-publicized orgies…

.orgy:any wild merrymaking in a group,especially with sexual activity.

7….a magnolia-scented soap opera…

.soap opera:a daytime radio or television serial drama of a highly melodramatic,sentimental nature,so called since many original sponsors were soap companies.

8….who had generally seen a considerable amount of action.

.action:military combat in general

9.Their energies had been whipped up…

.whip up:to rouse;to excite.

10.Something in the tension-ridden youth of America had to “give”…

.give:to bend,sink,move,break down,yield,etc.from force or pressure.

11.The burden of the volume was that…

.burden:repeated,central idea.

12…money-making and keeping up with the Joneses…

.keeping up with the Joneses:striving to get all the material things one’s neighbors or associates have.

13…innumerable others could never be written off as sterile…

.wirte off:to drop from consideration;to write off a debt;to write off a car is to damage it so that it cannot be repaired.

1.No aspect of life in the Twenties has been more commented upon and sensationally romanticized than the so-called Revolt of the Younger Generation.

二十年代社会生活的各个方面中，被人们评论得最多、渲染得最厉害的莫过于所谓青年一代的叛逆行为了。

2.The answers to such inquiries must of necessity be ―yes‖and ―no‖–-―yes‖because the business of growing up is always accompanied by a Younger Generation Problem; ―no‖because what seemed so wild,irresponsible,and immoral in social behavior at the time can now be seen in perspective as being something considerably less sensational than the degeneration of our jazz mad youth.

对这类问题的回答必然只能是既“是”又“不是”——说“是”，是因为人的成长过程中一贯就存在着所谓青年一代的问题；说“不是”，因为在当时的社会看来似乎是那么狂野、那么不负责任、那么不道德的行为，若是用今天的眼光去看的话，远远没有迷恋爵士乐的那一代青年那样堕落。

3.War or no war,as the generation passed,it became increasingly difficult for our young people to accept standards of behavior that bore no relationship to the bustling business medium in which they were expected to battle for success.

无论是否发生战争，随着时代的变化，我们的年轻一代越来越难以接受这类行为准则，因其与他们身处其中拼搏求胜的喧嚣的商业化社会格格不入。

4.The faddishness,the wild spending of money on transitory pleasures and momentary novelties,the hectic ar of gaiety,the experimentation in sensation—sex,drugs,alcohol,perversion—were all part of the pattern of escape,an escape made possible by a general prosperity and a post-war fatigue with politics,economic restrictions,and international responsibilities.

追求时尚，为了短暂的快乐和一时的新奇而大肆挥霍，纵情地狂欢，寻求各种各样的感官刺激——性行为、吸毒、酗酒以及各种各样的堕落行为——这些都是他们逃避责任的表现形式，这种逃避源于社会的普遍繁荣及战后人们对于政治、经济限制和国际义务所产生的厌烦情绪。

5.Meanwhile,the true intellectuals were far from flattered.

与此同时，真正的知识分子对此现象非常不满。

6.Flaming diatribes poured from their pens denouncing the materialism and what they considered to be the cultural boobery of our society.

于是，他们的笔猛烈地抨击着美国社会中的物质主义以及他们所认为的文化市侩。

7.It was in their defiant,but generally short-lived,European expatriation that our leading writers of the Twenties learned to think of themselves,in the words of Gertrude Stein,as the ―lost generation‖.

正是在那段短暂的、具有反叛性质的侨居欧洲期间，二十年代的那些主要作家开始认识到自己——用格特鲁德·斯坦因的话说——就是所谓“迷惘的一代”。

8.In no sense a movement in itself,the “lost generation”attitude nevertheless acted as a common denominator of the writing of the times.

“迷惘的一代”本身不是一场什么文学运动，但属于“迷惘的一代”的作家们的态度却构成了那个时代文学作品的共同特征。

9.It was shocked,uprooted for a time,bitter,critical,rebellious,iconoclastic,experimental,often absurd,more often misdirected—but never “lost”.

他们被现实所震惊，一度感到无所归依；他们尖刻、批判社会、反叛、标新立异，甚至往往有些荒唐，更常常近于胡闹——但他们从未“迷惘”过。

10.The intellectuals of the Twenties,the “sad young men”,as F.Scott Fitzgerald called them,cursed their luck but didn’t die;escaped but voluntarily returned;flayed the Babbitts but loved their country,and in so doing gave the nation the liveliest,freshest,most stimulating writing in its literary experience.

二十年代的知识分子，也就是菲茨杰拉德所称的“悲哀的青年一代”，诅咒过自己的命运，但并未就此沉沦；他们曾试图逃避，但又自动回归；他们痛斥美国社会的市侩，却又热爱自己的祖国。正是在这样的过程中，他们创作出了美国文学史上最朝气勃勃、最令人耳目一新、最激动人心的文学作品。

Lesson 6 Loving and Hating New York

1.Nowadays New York is out of phase with American taste…

Nowadays New York cannot understand nor follow the taste of the American people and is often in disagreement with American politics.

2.New York even prides itself on being a holdout from prevailing American trends…

New York now boasts that it is a city that resists the prevailing trends (styles,fashion)of America and it is a place where people can escape from uniformity and commonness.

3…sitcoms cloned and canned in Hollywood,and the Johnny Carson show live,preempt the airways from California…

Situation comedies made in Hollywood and the live talk show by Johnny Carson are on all channels,filling the airwaves.

4….it is making something of a comeback as a tourist attraction…

New York is regaining somewhat its status as a city that attracts tourists.

5.To win in New York is to be uneasy…

A person who wins in New York is constantly disturbed by fear and anxiety (because he is afraid of losing what he has won in the fierce competition).

6.Nature’ pleasures are much qualified in New York.

Being a large and crowded city with many tall buildings,etc,the chance to enjoy the pleasures of

nature is very limited in New York.

7….the city’s bright glow arrogantly obsxures the heavens.

At night the city of New York is aglow with lights and seems haughtily to dim the light of the stars.

8.But the purity of a bohemian dedication can be exaggerated.

But a pure and wholehearted devotion to a Bohemian life style can be exaggerated.

9.In both these roles it ratifies more than it creates.

In both these roles ,of banking and communications headquarters, New York starts or originates very few things but gives its stamp of approval to many things created by people elsewhere.

10.The television generation grew up in the insistent presence of hype…

The television generation was constantly and strongly influenced by extravagant promotional advertising.

11….those who are writing ambitious novels sustain themselves on the magazines.

Authors writing long serious novels earn their living in the meantime by also writing articles for popular magazines.

12.Broadway,which seemed to be succumbing to the tawdriness of its environment,is astir again.

Broadway, which seemed unable to resist the cheap, gaudy shows put on in the surrounding areas, is once again busy and active.

13.The defeated are not hidden away somewhere else on the wrong side of town.

Those who failed in the struggle of life, the down-and-outs, are not hidden away in slums or ghettoes where other people can't see them.

14.The place constantly exasperates,at times exhilarates.

New York constantly irritates and annoys very much but at times it also invigorates and stimulates .

1….New York even prides itself on being a holdout…

holdout: a place that holds out

2….the Johnny Carson show live…

live: transmitted during the actual performance

3….the city’s charged,nervous atmosphere…

charged : tense intense

4….it is also about mockery,the put-down…

put-down: a belittling remark or crushing retort

5.I wasn’t even sure how I’d measure up against others…

measure up: to prove to be competent or qualified

6….devising the catchy jingles…

jingle: a verse that jingles; jingling arrangement of words or syllables with similar sounds

7…in Manhattan’s expense-account French restaurant

expense-account: an arrangement whereby certain expenses of an employee in connection with his work are paid for by his employer

8….those whose paintings don’t sell do illustrations…

Illustration:a picture, design, diagram, etc. used to decorate or explain something

9….those who can’t get acting jobs do commercials…

commercial: (radio and TV) a paid advertisement

10.This distancing,this uncaring in ordinary encounters…

distancing: (same as “keeping at a distance”) being reserved or cool toward; treating aloofly

11…avenues of high-rise luxury in New York…

high-rise:designating or of a tall apartment house, office building, etc., of many stories

12…never far from poverty and mean streets.

mean: poor in appearance; shabby.

1.Those ad campaigns celebrating the Big Apple,those T-shirts with a heart design proclaiming “I love New York,” are signs,pathetic in their desperation,of how the mighty has fallen.

那些赞美“大苹果”的广告宣传，还有那些印着带有“我爱纽约”字样的心形图案的T恤衫，是纽约这一巨人衰落的信号，人们绝望之下采取的行动令人同情。

2.Nowadays New York is out of phase with American taste as often as it is out of step with American politics.

今日的纽约非但常常跟不上美国政治的步伐，而且与美国人的生活情趣也不合拍。

3.A dozen other cities have buildings more inspired architecturally than any built in New York City in the past twenty years.

其他十几座城市都拥有一些极富创意的建筑物，而纽约近20年来建造的建筑无一能与之匹敌。

4.New York was never a good convention city—being regarded as unfriendly,unsafe,overcrowded,and expensive—but it is making something of a comeback as

a tourist attraction.

纽约从来都不适宜召开会议——因为不够友好、不安全、人口拥挤、消费高昂——但现在它似乎又逐渐成为旅游胜地了。

5.They take more readily than do most Americans to its cosmopolitan complexities,its surviving,aloof,European standards,its alien mixtures.

与美国人不同，他们更喜欢大都市的纷繁复杂，喜欢这里残存的、冷淡疏离的欧洲处事标准，以及众多外来风格的混合杂陈。

6.But all in all,I can’t think of many places in the world I’d rather live.

但总的来说，我倒还想不出这世界上还有其他什么地方我更愿意居住的。

7.It has become less a tranquil park than an untidy carnival.

这里已经不再是宁静的公园了，倒更像是一个乱哄哄的游乐场。

8.A testing of oneself,a fear of giving in to the most banal and marketable of one’s talents,still draws many of the young to New York.

许多年轻人愿意来纽约，因为他们想证实自己的价值，担心自己的才能浪费在平庸而易于出卖的事情上。

9.In time the newcomers find or form their own worlds;Manhattan is many such worlds,huddled together but rarely interacting.

初来纽约的人迟早会找到或形成他们自己的小圈子，而曼哈顿有许多这类小圈子，各自抱团，互不往来。

10.The newcomers are never fully absorbed,but are added precariously to the undigested many.

新来者永远不会被完全同化，只是与众多未被同化的人组成不牢靠的圈子。

Lesson 8 The Future of the English

1….below the noisy arguments,the abuse and the quarrels,there is a reservoir of instinctive fellow-felling…

The English people may hotly argue and abuse and quarrel with each other on the surface,but there still exists a lot of natural sympathetic feeling for each other in their hearts.

2….at heart they would like to take a whip to the whole idle troublesome mob of them.

What the wealthy employers would really like to do is to whip all the workers,whom they consider to be lazy and troublesome.

3…there are not many of these men,either on the board or the shop floor…

There are not many snarling shop stewards in the workshop,nor are there many cruel wealthy empoyers on the board of directors.