Unit 2练习答案

Unit 2

VI.

Text A

Warm-up Exercise

1)to

2)so late → as late

3)on

4)are determined → is determined

5)from

6)how

7)great influ ence → greatly infl uence

8)despite of → d espite

9)of

10)to

11)likely

12)flight

13)in

14)than do → than did

15)on

16)keep us health → keep us healthy

17)which most of medicine → that most medicine

18)to

19)for

20)It

21)in

22)less

23)ahead

24)keep people health → keep people healthy

25)health-enhanced → health-enhancing

26)place

Exercises

Part I Understanding the Text

1 D

2 D

3 C

4 D

5 C

6 C

7 C

8 D Part II Oral English Practice (omitted)

Part III Vocabulary Exercises

Section A

1. live out one’s life

2. depend largely on others’ help

3. so aptly put it

4. facial features

5. genetic predisposition

6. a diet high in energy

7. enjoy a healthy life

8. the social mainstream

9. at the turn of century

10. health-enhancing activity

11. routine checkups

12. well-informed

13. responsibility and obligation

14. task finished ahead of time

15. a flight of stairs

16. take one’s own responsibility

17. prone to cold

18. succumb to other’s opinion

19. motivate the students’ creativity

20. the more you learn the less you know

●Section B

1. tendency

2. hazards

3. susceptible

4. diminishes

5. heritage

6.depression

7. routine

8. obscure

9. succumb

10. lethal

11. chronic

12. sanitation

13. obligation

14. reinforce

15. miracle

●Section C

1-5 A A A B D 6-10 C A A A A 11-15 A A B A A

Part IV Cloze Test

●Section A

1-5 B A D B C 6-10 D A B D A 11-15 D A B C B 16-20 A A C C D

Section B

BOELGKAHDI

Part V Reading Comprehension

Passage 1

1-5 A B C B C

Passage 2

6-10 B C C B D

Part VI English-Chinese Translation

1.相同的道理，如果只有痛苦而没有恐惧，一个孩子会一次又一次的用火烧自己，因为恐

惧不会警告他远离曾经烧到他自己的火。

2.例如，若因害怕被车撞倒，横尸街头，你从不走出家门，你就受到了恐惧的过分的束缚。

3.即便在家中你也不是完全安全的：一架飞机可能会撞到你的房子，或者蚂蚁吃光了你家

房顶大梁的某一部分，结果木头掉下来砸到你身上，或者你有可能得癌症。

4.重要的是不要让你被恐惧所控制，而是要把恐惧当作你的仆人和向导来驾驭。

5.在这种情况下，恐惧已经向你发出警告，你对此考虑后决定你要采取的一系列行动，所

以因为这种特别的危险产生的恐惧不再对你有任何用处，你必须尽力克服它。

Part VII Chinese- English Translation

1.but few of us die that way / healthy / naturally

2. results from factors beyo nd medicine’s control

3. it rarely is a direct cause of illness

4. will reduce his or her chances of developing this lethal disease by 75%

5. help make you an informed consumer

Part VIII Writing Practice

Health or Wealth, which to Prefer?

Most people nowadays are aware of the vital importance of good health in leading a happy life. They realize that energetic people who are enthusiastic in dealing with everything are more likely to achieve success. So instead of watching TV at home they spend much of their spare time doing exercises. And rather than have feasts in restaurants, they prefer to go to the fitness center and regard this as a fashion.

Of course, good health alone cannot ensure a happy life. Actually one of the purposes of maintaining good health is to build up wealth, which, in turn, provides people with better living conditions, more delicious food and more luxurious recreational facilities.

However, some people hold the belief that “Money is the key that opens all doors.” Therefore, they are so busy pursuing wealth that they ignore their health. They mistake the material comforts for happiness. But can we imagine that a millionaire who is troubled by heart disease or high

blood pressure enjoys life as much as an average man who is “sound in mind and sound in body”? So if I were to choose between the two, I wouldn’t hesitate to choose health because a healthy person can become wealthy but the reverse is not necessarily true.

Text B

Part I Understanding the Text

1. It has long been recognized that disease might be communicated from one individual to another; however the nature of the infecting material was not determined.

2. He divided the contagious diseases into two groups: those transmitted per contactum,i.e. from person to person, and those transmitted per fomitem, i.e. through the agency of some outside object.

3. Kircher. In 1671, using simple lenses of low magnification, Kircher stated that he had observed peculiar worms in the blood of persons suffering from plague.

What did he actually observe in the blood of victims of plague were arrangements of the red blood corpuscles.

4. There seems to be no doubt that Leeuwenhoek actually saw the large bacteria, which are normally present in water and in the mouth.

5. He heated meat-broth at temperatures, as he thought, sufficient to destroy living things and left it tightly sealed for some days. On subsequent examination, he found that the broth was swarming with animalcules..

6. Spallanzani prepared similar flasks of meat-broth and boiled them for varying periods of time. Needham was not convinced by Spallanzani’s experiments.

Needham thought by the prolonged heating of the meatbroth some hypothetical substance, “vegetative force” necessary for production of animalcules, had been destroyed.

7.Pasteur's experiment was to test the theory of spontaneous generation (that living things can come from nonliving things) by putting boiling broth in some flasks and leaving some open and some sealed. The conclusion he drew from this is that living things can only "appear" on the broth if they are let in. They do not come from the broth

Part II Term Explanation

1. bacteria: any of the unicellular, prokaryotic microorganisms of the class Schizomycetes, which

vary in terms of morphology, oxygen and nutritional requirements, and motility, and may be free-living, saprophytic, or pathogenic, the latter causing disease in plants or animals

2. parasite:an organism that grows, feeds, and is sheltered on or in a different organism while

contributing nothing to the survival of its host

3. plague: a highly infectious, usually fatal, epidemic disease, especially bubonic

4. pathogen: an agent that causes disease, especially a living microorganism such as a bacterium or fungus

5. smallpox: an acute, highly infectious, often fatal disease caused by a poxvirus and characterized by high fever and aches with subsequent widespread eruption of pimples that blister, produce pus, and form pockmarks

6. species: a fundamental category of taxonomic classification, ranking below a genus or subgenus and consisting of related organisms capable of interbreeding

7. saprophyte:an organism, especially a fungus or bacterium, that grows on and derives its

nourishment from dead or decaying organic matter

Part III Translation

1. spontaneous generation

2. contagious diseases; infectious diseases; communicable diseases

3. production of diseases

4. pathogens; agents responsible for the disease;

5. defense mechanisms of the body

6 . epidemic disease

7. living things

8. pathological changes

9. hypothetical substance

10. red blood cells; red blood corpuscles

11. lenses of low magnification

12. be present in considerable number

13. development of the science of bacteriology

14. prolonged heating

Part IV Translation＆Summary Writing

Louis Pasteur, a French chemist, almost 100 years ago, established bacteria result in the production of disease. Previous to this period much had been written about the nature of disease and spontaneous generation of living things, but these views were largely the speculations of philosopher and in only a few cases were they subsequently proved to be correct. Nevertheless, these speculations were mainly responsible for the development of the science of bacteriology.

Fracastor of Verona (1546) put forward the view that disease was spread by particles too small to be seen and he named the responsible agent a contagium vivum. Kicher, a monk, in 1671, using simple lenses of low magnification, stated that he had observed peculiar “worms”in the blood of persons suffering from plague. A short time afterwards the existence of minute living bodies was definitely established. Leeuwenhoek, introduced the simple microscope. Using these instruments, he observed minute bodies which he named “animalcules”. These were present in considerable number in rain water, but he didn’t appreciate that the animalcules might have some connection with the production of disease. The middle of the eighteenth century, Needham still claimed spontaneous generation and confirmed his point by the result of the experiment. Spallanzani considered that spontaneous generation had not taken place. Finally, Louis Pasteur not only distorted spontaneous generation but proved that animalcules present in various situations.

VII. Translation of the Text

Text A

你可以健康幸福

—简·E·布罗迪

世人皆知良好健康的重要性。没有健康，获取成功和享受生活的能力就会大打折扣。99%

的人生来健康，但却很少有人寿终正寝。与大众广为传播的观点相反，我们并不一定要死于某种疾病。大多数都可以在不受慢性疾病或伤残的折磨下过完一生。同目前相比，更多的人可以不因疾病而亡，而是寿终正寝。

正如美国健康基金会主席恩斯特·温德恰如其分地描述，我们的目标应该是：“当寿终之日到来时，我们仍和年轻时一样健康。”（即“尽量保持年轻，直到生命的终结”。）能否实现这个目标，这在很大程度上取决于你自己，取决于你的生活方式，取决于你对身心的呵护。任何俩个美国人之间的健康差异，只有不到10%取决于医生的治疗，而90%以上的差异是医疗所不能左右的。基因遗传，环境好坏，最重要的是，生活方式---吃什么，吃多少，是否有饮酒抽烟习惯，运动量的大小以及休闲方式---都会影响到人与人之间的健康差异。

遗传基因可以决定一个人的体型和面部特征（五官），但它却几乎不是造成疾病的直接原因。虽然基因通常有致病的倾向，但如果你不给它们提供致病诱因的话，这种倾向就可能永无机会表现。你的生活方式会大大影响着遗传因素表达为疾病或导致早亡的几率。

因此，遗传基因易患心脏病的人，如果不抽烟，不肥胖，不乏锻炼，免食高脂高盐食品，不过分地为实现生活目标而拼命工作的话，有可能一生充实、健康。

同样，遗传基因易患肺癌的人，如果不抽烟的话，患这种致命疾病的几率就会减少75%。遗传基因易患高血压的人，如果保持低钠饮食和正常体重的话，就可能不患高血压。遗传基因易患乳腺癌的女性如果定期体检的话，就可能在近乎100%治愈期内查出该病。即使遗传基因易患抑郁症的人，也可通过参加一些有助于增强自信心的活动走出悲观的藩篱。

我们的生活方式把我们送进坟墓

现在，大多数美国人享受的“幸福生活”已经成为了我们的死亡之路。美国每年3/4的死亡都是由充满浮华和诱惑的富裕生活所导致或引发的。作为美国主流的生活方式，幸福生活正在引发脂肪致损心脏、骨质疏松、酒精饱和大脑和肝脏、烟草堵塞肺、事故致残身体、爬一段楼梯就疲惫不堪的松驰肌肉。

20世纪美国人寿命的延长主要是婴儿、幼儿和产妇死亡率下降的结果，这应归因于卫生条件、免疫接种以及抗生素的改善。然而，在当今美国中年人中，男性寿命仅仅比20世纪初延长了四年，女性也只延长了七年。今天，我们当中太多的人过分地寄希望于医生和现代医学奇迹以保持身体健康，而对自身保健的依赖却显得不足。

我们生活在一个充满奇迹疗法的时代，心脏重病监护室、肾心移植术以及抗生素和其它特效药应有尽有。大众媒体使得这些奇迹几乎家喻户晓，但却掩盖（忽略）了一个事实，那就是大多数医疗措施只是权宜之计（起补救作用），而不能根治疾病。医生可以修补天花板上破损的石灰膏，但却不能修补引起石灰膏破损的长期渗漏（医生只能缓解我们的病痛，却不能根治疾病）。大肆报道的心脏重病监护室也仅仅能够多挽救5%的心脏病患者（半数以上的病人死在前往医院的途中）。即使排除所有的癌症死亡（所有的癌症被治愈，死亡率为零），美国人平均寿命也只能增加两年。

如何应对

如果你对自己与生具有的健康负责的话，你就可以延长自己的生命，提高自己的生活质量。这就意味着你要：

避免危险行为：比如抽烟、酗酒、营养过剩、服用改变心态（神经麻痹药）、不安

全驾驶、参加危险娱乐活动、滥用危险工具。

致力于有益健康活动：比如定期运动、合理饮食以及医疗保护措施，例如免疫接种

和常规体检。

获取适当的诊断和治疗：在预防措施失败或者难以避免的疾病发生时，要信息灵通，身心机警、敢于质问，不畏惧身着白色大褂、兜插听诊器的医生。

参与自身的护理是每个患者的权利和义务。如果你是机警的病人，那么医生或许不会盛气凌人地对待你，或许你能避免不良药物反应和不必要的手术。疾病使大多数人都变成了认为只有妈妈（医生）才能使我们康复的孩子。如果我们事先不掌握一些办法以保证获得优质医疗服务，那么一旦真正需要的时候，就很难发挥其作用了。

目前，美国医务工作主要提供的是“治病”而不是“保健”。几乎没有医生靠从事保健工作挣薪水，而且大多数医生厌烦咨询保健知识的病人。甚至定期检查也被设计为查找疾病，然后进行治疗，而不是灌输和强调预防疾病、增进健康的措施。但是，目前情况正在发生变化，一场“健康”运动正在席卷全国。医疗保健的未来特点是医疗护理提供者（医生和他们所就职医院）的作用逐渐减小，而医疗保健消费者---你的作用日益增大。本书旨在助你成为信息灵通的消费者，医疗保健的积极参与者。

VIII. Additional Material

Happiness Is a Simple Thing

If you look around at the men and women whom you can call happy, you will see that they all have certain things in common. The most important of these things is an activity which at most gradually builds up something that you are glad to see coming into existence. Women who take an instinctive pleasure in their children can get this kind of satisfaction out of bringing up a family. Artists and authors and men of science get happiness in this way if their own work seems good to them. But there are many humbler forms of the same kind of pleasure. Many men who spend their working life in the city devote their weekends to voluntary and unremunerated toil in their gardens, and when the spring comes, they experience all the joys of having created beauty.

The whole subject of happiness has, in my opinion, been treated too solemnly. It had been thought that man cannot be happy without a theory of life or a religion. Perhaps those who have been rendered unhappy by a bad theory may need a better theory to help them to recovery, just as you may need a tonic when you have been ill. But when things are normal a man should be healthy without a tonic and happy without a theory. It is the simple things that really matter.

选自《白领英语晨读365篇》161课

Text B

细菌学

毫无疑问，人们在将近300年前就观察到了细菌，但它们的致病性直到100年前一位名叫路易??巴斯德的化学家做出了杰出工作才得以证实。在这之前，人们对疾病的本质和无生源说做出了大量阐述，但这些观点大多是哲学家们的推测，只有极少数在后来被证实是正确的。然而，正是这些推测推动了细菌学的发展。

长期以来，人们就已经观察到疾病可能是由一个个体传染给另一个个体的。前人的著作中也多次提到这一点，尤其谈到瘟疫与天花时。这两种疾病在中世纪成为传染性疾病。然而，传染性物质的本质却未能确定。意大利维罗纳城的佛罗卡斯托罗在1564年提出：疾病是由肉眼无法看见的小微粒传播的，同时他把这些微粒称作“传染物”。并且，他把传染性疾病分作两类: 通过接触传染性疾病，即通过人传染给人；另一种是通过传染物传染性疾病，即通过一些外在物质传染。一位名叫Kircher的传教士是第一个通过实验提出疾病是由可视物质所引起的人。1671年，Kircher 声称用低倍数简单透镜观察到了瘟疫患者血液中奇怪的“蠕虫”。尽管他认为是这些物质导致了疾病的产生，但看起来似乎可以确定，他看到的只是红细胞的排列而已。

不久，有人确切的证实了这些微小生物体的存在。列文胡克，一位荷兰布料商爱好制作镜头，在17世纪最后20多年里，他发明了一种单式显微镜。利用这些能够放大40到300倍的显微镜，他观察到了微小物体，他称之为“微生物”。水中和牙垢中大量存在这种生物。有些形状如弯曲的棍子，有些如螺旋，然而大部分却非常活跃。列文胡克把他的研究结果写进给伦敦皇家学会的信中，但他却没有意识到这些微生物可能和疾病有关。列文胡克看到的可能是较大细菌，这似乎可以确定。因为正常情况下，这些细菌大量存在于水中和口腔中。

18世纪中期，对于生物自生论，人们存在很大的争议。列文胡克描述了那些奇怪的微小物体，即微生物，之后，在很多情况下人们都很容易的证实了它们的存在。支持生物自生论的人认为，通过研究这些微生物，肯定能找到这一理论的证据。大约1750年，尼达母把他的关于微生物繁殖的实验结果告知了皇家学会。他用自认为能够杀死生物的不同温度来煮沸肉汤，然后密封起来，保存几天。后来，尼达母观察到肉汤中充满了微生物。通过这一实验以及相关实验，他认为生物自生论得以证实。但这些观点并不能让一位意大利牧师满意。这位名叫斯帕兰让尼的牧师准备了灌满肉汤的细颈瓶，并且用不同时间煮沸肉汤。一组密封好，其他用塞子塞上，然后储存几天。结果发现，除了煮了很久并且密封起来的一组，其他几组都有微生物存在。斯认为微生物可以抵制短时间的煮沸，因此生物也就不是自生的，只是从介质中现有的微生物繁殖而来的。尼达母回击了这些批评，说斯帕兰让尼的实验毫无价值，因为长时间煮沸肉汤后，某种假设物质，即产生微生物必需的“生产力”，被破坏了。然而，斯帕兰让尼证实了微生物却能够在经过长时间煮沸的肉汤中生长。因为这些实验和其他实验，生物自生论这一理论逐渐的被人们所抛弃。

尽管细菌导致人类和动物得了许多种疾病，但我们有必要认识到只有相对少数的细菌是致病的。大部分细菌不能在组织中繁殖，并且很容易被身体正常的防御机制所除掉。

如前所述，细菌可以泛泛的被分为两类-------寄生在活的生命体上的细菌和在坏死组织以及其他组织上的死物寄生菌。另一种不太客观的分法可以把细菌分为致病菌和非致病菌。这种分法只是相对的，因为对一种动物致病的生物可能对其他动物是非致病的。同时，许多正常情况下不致病的细菌如大量存在于某些组织中也可能会致病。

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