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20151120外国语学院本科毕业论文引文及参考文献格式规范(2015版)

20151120外国语学院本科毕业论文引文及参考文献格式规范(2015版)
20151120外国语学院本科毕业论文引文及参考文献格式规范(2015版)

西南大学外国语学院

英语专业本科毕业论文(设计)引文与参考文献格式规范

APA and MLA Styles: Academic Writing Essentials

College of International Studies

Southwest University

November 10, 2015

Contents

1. Introduction (1)

2. APA Style Essentials (1)

2.1 In-text Citation (1)

2.1.1 Essential Information (1)

2.1.2 Author in Formal Structure of the Sentence (2)

2.1.3 Ampersand Used in Parentheses (2)

2.1.4 Multiple Sources in Parentheses (2)

2.1.5 Authors with the Same Surname (2)

2.1.6 Works by Same Author(s) and Year (3)

2.1.7 Separation of Major and Other Citations (3)

2.1.8 Background Information Signal (3)

2.1.9 Secondary Source (3)

2.1.10 Two Authors (3)

2.1.11 Three, Four, and Five Authors (4)

2.1.12 Six or More Authors (4)

2.1.13 Two Author Teams with Similar Shortened Forms (4)

2.1.14 Corporate Author (4)

2.1.15 No Identified Author (4)

2.1.16 Anonymous as Author’s Name (5)

2.1.17 Citing Specific Parts of a Source (5)

2.1.18 Original and New Publication Dates (5)

2.1.19 Personal Communication (6)

2.1.20 Wording for Non-empirical Sources (6)

2.2 Direct Quotation (6)

2.2.1 Quotation of Fewer than 40 Words (6)

2.2.2 Quotation in Mid-sentence (7)

2.2.3 Quotation at End of Sentence (7)

2.2.4 Quotation of 40 or More Words (7)

2.2.5 Quoted Source Cited in Sentence (8)

2.2.6 Single Quotation Marks within Double Ones (8)

2.2.7 Use of Ellipsis Points (9)

2.2.8 Quotation Marks with Other Punctuation Marks (9)

2.2.9 Inserted Elements in Brackets (9)

2.3 References List (9)

2.3.1 Rules for References List (9)

2.3.1.1 Pagination (9)

2.3.1.2 Heading (9)

2.3.1.3 Format (10)

2.3.1.4 Authors (10)

2.3.1.5 Publication date (12)

2.3.1.6 Source reference (13)

2.3.1.7 Publishers’ locations (13)

2.3.1.8 Publisher (14)

2.3.1.9 Locator information of electronic sources (14)

2.3.1.10 Publication data for electronic sources (14)

2.3.2 Examples for References List (15)

2.3.2.1 Book (15)

2.3.2.2 Multivolume work (15)

2.3.2.3 Book with no author or editor (15)

2.3.2.4 Book with author and publisher being identical (16)

2.3.2.5 Article or chapter in an edited book (16)

2.3.2.6 Book chapter in a volume in a series (16)

2.3.2.7 Electronic version of republished book (16)

2.3.2.8 Title within a title (17)

2.3.2.9 Journal article (17)

2.3.2.10 Citing an entire special issue or section in a journal (17)

2.3.2.11 Newspaper article (18)

2.3.2.12 Encyclopedia article (18)

2.3.2.13 Web document on university program or department website (18)

2.3.2.14 Data file, available from a website (19)

2.3.2.15 Stand-alone web document (no date) (19)

2.3.2.16 Stand-alone web document (no author, no date) (19)

2.3.2.17 Journal article from database (19)

2.3.2.18 Abstract from secondary database (19)

2.3.2.19 Journal article, internet-only journal (20)

2.3.2.20 Unpublished paper presented at a meeting (20)

2.3.2.21 Unpublished doctoral dissertation and master’s thesis (20)

2.3.2.22 Master's thesis, from a commercial database (20)

2.3.2.23 Doctoral dissertation, from an institutional database (21)

2.3.2.24 Doctoral dissertation, from the web (21)

2.3.2.25 Doctoral dissertation, abstracted from DAI (21)

2.3.2.26 Doctoral thesis, from a university outside the United States (21)

2.3.2.27 Book chapter, English translation, republished work (21)

2.3.2.28 Book chapter, English translation, reprinted from another source (21)

2.3.2.29 English translation of a non-English book (22)

2.3.2.30 English translation of a non-English journal article (22)

2.3.2.31 Original version of a non-English and non-Chinese article (22)

2.3.2.32 Original version of a non-English and non-Chinese book (22)

2.3.2.33 Original version of a Chinese work (23)

2.3.2.34 Chinese translation of a non-Chinese work (23)

2.4 Tables and Figures (23)

2.4.1 Tables (23)

2.4.2 Figures (25)

2.5 Appendixes (25)

3. MLA Style Essentials (26)

3.1 Parenthetical Documentation (26)

3.1.1 Rules for Parenthetical Documentation (26)

3.1.1.1 Essential information (26)

3.1.1.2 Two or three authors (26)

3.1.1.3 More than three authors (26)

3.1.1.4 Authors with same surname (27)

3.1.1.5 Multiple sources by same author(s) (27)

3.1.1.6 Page range and omission (27)

3.1.1.7 Abbreviations of division words in text (27)

3.1.1.8 Abbreviations of division words in parentheses (27)

3.1.1.9 Multi-volume sources (29)

3.1.1.10 Indirect sources (29)

3.1.1.11 Anonymous works (30)

3.1.1.12 Unpaginated web sources (31)

3.1.1.13 Common scholarly abbreviations (31)

3.1.2 Examples for Parenthetical Documentation (33)

3.1.2.1 Author’s name in text, and page number in parentheses (33)

3.1.2.2 Author’s name and page number in parentheses (33)

3.1.2.3 Citing a work by a corporate author (33)

3.1.2.4 Citing two or more works by the same author (33)

3.1.2.5 Citing a multi-volume work (33)

3.1.2.6 Citing an indirect source (34)

3.1.2.7 Citing a work listed by title (34)

3.1.2.8 Citing more than one work in a single parenthetical reference (34)

3.1.2.9 Citing a novel (35)

3.1.2.10 Citing a play (35)

3.1.2.11 Citing a poem (35)

3.2 Quotation (35)

3.2.1 Accuracy of Quotation (35)

3.2.2 Prose Quotation with No More than Four Lines (36)

3.2.3 Prose Quotation with More than Four Lines (36)

3.2.4 Poetry Quotation with No More than Three Lines (37)

3.2.5 Poetry Quotation with More than Three Lines (37)

3.2.6 Parenthetical Reference for Block Quotation (38)

3.2.7 Ellipsis within Quotation (38)

3.3 List of Works Cited (39)

3.3.1 Rules for Works Cited List (39)

3.3.1.1 Author (39)

3.3.1.2 Title and subtitle (44)

3.3.1.3 Place of publication -- for books only (46)

3.3.1.4 Publisher -- for books only (47)

3.3.1.5 Date of publication (48)

3.3.1.6 Page number(s) (49)

3.3.1.7 Cross-references (51)

3.3.1.8 Date of access and URL (52)

3.3.1.9 Medium of publication and the like (52)

3.3.1.10 Elements for a work only on the web (57)

3.3.1.11 Elements for a work on the web cited with print publication data (57)

3.3.1.12 Reprints and excerpts (58)

3.3.2 Examples for Works Cited List (59)

3.3.2.1 A book by a single author (59)

3.3.2.2 An anthology, a compilation, and/or a translation (59)

3.3.2.3 A book by two or three authors (60)

3.3.2.4 A book by four or more authors (60)

3.3.2.5 A book by a corporate author (60)

3.3.2.6 A work in an anthology (60)

3.3.2.7 An article in a reference book (61)

3.3.2.8 Cross-references: Two or more articles from the same work (62)

3.3.2.9 An introduction, a preface, a foreword, or an afterword (62)

3.3.2.10 An anonymous work (63)

3.3.2.11 A scholarly edition (63)

3.3.2.12 An English translation (64)

3.3.2.13 Translator’s comments or choice of wording (64)

3.3.2.14 Two or more works by the same author(s) (65)

3.3.2.15 A book in a second or subsequent edition (65)

3.3.2.16 A multi-volume work (66)

3.3.2.17 A book published before 1900 (67)

2.3.2.18 A republished book (67)

3.3.2.19 Reprints of or excerpts from previously published works (67)

2.3.2.20 A book with multiple publishers (68)

3.3.2.21 An article in a scholarly journal (69)

3.3.2.22 An article in a scholarly journal with only issue numbers (69)

3.3.2.23 An article in a scholarly journal with more than one series (70)

3.3.2.24 An article in a newspaper (70)

3.3.2.25 An article in a magazine (72)

3.3.2.26 An abstract in an abstracts journal (73)

3.3.2.27 An online book (73)

3.3.2.28 A scholarly journal article available online (73)

3.3.2.29 A journal article from a database (74)

3.3.2.30 An abstract on the internet (75)

3.3.2.31 An unpublished dissertation (75)

3.3.2.32 A published dissertation (75)

3.3.2.33 A lecture, a speech, an address, or a reading (76)

3.3.2.34 A non-English and non-Chinese work (76)

3.3.2.35 The original version of a Chinese work (77)

3.3.2.36 The Chinese translation of a non-Chinese work (77)

1. Introduction

In academic writing, the author needs to give credit when he or she uses research resources by other authors. Otherwise, the author is considered to have committed the academic misconduct called plagiarism. Plagiarism is the use of a quotation from another author’s academic work, or the use of his or her ideas, concepts, facts, evidence, data, tables, figures, suggested research projects, etc., in academic writing, without acknowledgment or credit properly given in a generally accepted and expected format. Similarly, self-plagiarism refers to the practice of p resenting one’s own previously published work as though it were new. To avoid self-plagiarism, the core of the new document must constitute an original contribution to knowledge, and only the amount of previously published material necessary to understand that contribution should be included.

Thus, academic resources used in an academic work need to be credited to their original authors. To do so, an academic writer may follow the style of the American Psychological Association (APA), the style of the Modern Language Association (MLA), the Chicago Style, and so on. However,the APA style and the MLA style are the two most widely used ones. Both can be found in “style manuals” bearing their names,for example, APA’s Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association(6th edition, 2010) and MLA’s MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th edition, 2009).

The choice as to which style is appropriate for a given paper may be determined by three factors: the requirements of the particular course, the standard for the discipline in which the author is studying, or the au thor’s individual preference. A safe way is to consider which style will be most appropriate for the author’s area of specialization. If the author is pursuing a major in the humanities, he or she may consider learning the MLA style. If behavioral or social sciences are likely to be the author’s interest, then the APA style may be most appropriate. Generally, humanities disciplines may include literary, philosophical, cultural, artistic, historical, legal, political, translation studies, and the like. Social sciences may include applied linguistics, psycholinguistics, pedagogy, second language acquisition research, corpus linguistics, language testing, educational measurement and evaluation, and the like, which are mostly empirical studies involving statistic analyses.

Whatever is to be used, all citations in the main body of the academic work must appear in the references or works-cited list, and all sources in the references or works-cited list must have actually be cited in the text.

2. APA Style Essentials

2.1 In-text Citation

2.1.1 Essential Information

Source material must be documented in the body of the paper by citing the author(s) and date(s) of the sources. Even if the reference includes month and year, include only the year in the text citation. The reader can obtain the full source citation from the list of references that follows the body of the paper.

2.1.2 Author in Formal Structure of the Sentence

When the names of the authors of a source are part of the formal structure of the sentence, the year of publication appears in parentheses following the identification of the authors. The word “and” is used before the last author when multiple authors are identified as part of the formal structure of the sentence. Commas are only used to separate the names of three or more (but not two) authors for a source.

Wirth and Mitchell (1994) found

2.1.3 Ampersand Used in Parentheses

When the authors of a source are not part of the formal structure of the sentence, both the authors and years of publication appear in parentheses. The ampersand & is used before the last author when multiple authors for a source are identified and commas are only used to separate the names of three or more (but not two) authors for a source.

(Gartner, Larson, & Allen, 1991)

(Levin & Vanderpool, 1991)

2.1.4 Multiple Sources in Parentheses

When more than two sources are cited parenthetically, they are ordered alphabetically by first authors' surnames, and separated and joined by semicolons in the parentheses.

Reviews of research on religion and health have concluded that at least some types of religious behaviors are related to higher levels of physical and

mental health (Gartner, Larson, & Allen, 1991; Koenig, 1990; Levin &

Vanderpool, 1991; Maton & Pargament, 1987; Paloma & Pendleton, 1991;

Payne, Bergin, Bielema, & Jenkins, 1991).

2.1.5 Authors with the Same Surname

If publications by two or more primary authors with the same surname are cited, include the first authors’ initials in all text citations, even if the publication dates differ.

R. D. Luce (1959) and P. A. Luce (1986) also found

J. M. Goldberg and Neff (1961) and M. E. Goldberg and Wurtz (1972) studied

2.1.6 Works by Same Author(s) and Year

Identify works by the same author (or by the same two or more authors in the same order) with the same publication date by the suffixes a, b, c, and so forth, after the year; repeat the year; separate the year-plus-suffixes with commas. The suffixes are assigned in the reference list, where these kinds of references are ordered alphabetically by the titles (of the article, chapter, or complete work), with the articles (if any) at the beginning of the titles ignored.

Several studies (Johnson, 1991a, 1991b, 1991c; Singh, 1983, in press-a, in

press-b) indicated

2.1.7 Separation of Major and Other Citations

A major citation is separated from other citations within parentheses by a phrase, such as “see also” used after a semicolon and before the first of the remaining citations, which are arranged in alphabetical order.

(Minor, 2001; see also Adams, 1999; Storandt, 1997)

2.1.8 Background Information Signal

When you want to direct the reader to background information, signal the reader with phrases as follows.

For a review, see Raykov, Tomer, and Nesselroade (1991)

(e.g., see Raykov, Tomer, & Nesselroade, 1991) (APA, 2001, p. 23)

2.1.9 Secondary Source

Every effort should be made to cite only sources that you have actually read. Use secondary sources sparingly, for instance, when the original work is out of print, unavailable through usual sources, or not available in English. Give the secondary source in the reference list; in text, name the original work and give a citation for the secondary source.

Allport's diary (as cited in Nicholson, 2003).

In his diary, Allport reported his observation that “the dog responded only to the

bell” (as cited in Nicholson, 2003, p. 123).

2.1.10 Two Authors

When a work has two authors, cite both names every time the reference occurs in text.

2.1.11 Three, Four, and Five Authors

When a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs; in subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by et al.(not italicized and with a period after al) and the year if it is the first citation of the reference within a paragraph.

Payne, Bergin, Bielema, and Jenkins (1991) showed [Use as first citation in text.]

Payne et al. (1991) showed [Use as subsequent first citation per paragraph

thereafter.]

Payne et al. showed [Omit year from subsequent citations after first citation

within a paragraph.]

2.1.12 Six or More Authors

When a source has six or more authors, cite only the first author's surname followed by et al. and the year for the first and subsequent citations.

2.1.13 Two Author Teams with Similar Shortened Forms

If two references with the same year shorten to the same form, cite the surnames of the first authors and of as many of the subsequent authors as necessary to distinguish the two references, followed by a comma and et al.

Bradley, Ramirez, and Soo (1994) and Bradley, Soo, et al. (1994)

Kosslyn, Koenig, Barrett, et al. (1996) and Kosslyn, Koenig, Gabrieli, et al. (1996) 2.1.14 Corporate Author

When identifying corporate authors, use the same format as noted for single authors above, but substitute the company name. If the name is easy to abbreviate, then write out the full name in the first citation, and abbreviate it in all subsequent citations. If it is difficult to abbreviate, write out the full name each time.

first citation--(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1999)

subsequent citation--(NIMH, 1999)

2.1.15 No Identified Author

When a work has no identified author, cite in text the first few words of the reference list entry (usually the title) and the year. Use double quotation marks around the title of an article, a chapter, or a web page, and italicize the title of a periodical, a book, a brochure, or a report.

If you were working w ith a study called “The Effects of Aspirin on Heart Attack Victims,” you might use the following:

(“The Effects,” 1995)

on free care (“Study Finds,” 2007)

If you were working with an entire book with no author called Aspirin and Heart Attacks, you might use:

(Aspirin, 1991)

the book College Bound Seniors (2008)

2.1.16 Anonymous as Author’s Name

When a work’s author is designated as“Anonymous,” then use the following format: (Anonymous, 1999)

2.1.17 Citing Specific Parts of a Source

To cite a specific part of a source, indicate the page, chapter, figure, table, or equation at the appropriate point in text. Always give page numbers for quotations and note that page, but not chapter, is abbreviated in such text citations.

(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2005, p. 10)

(Shimamura, 1989, Chapter 3)

2.1.18 Original and New Publication Dates

For classical works, when a date of publication is inapplicable, such as for some very old works, cite the year of the translation you used, preceded by trans., or the year of the version you used, followed by version. When you know the original date of publication, include it in the citation.

(Aristotle, trans. 1931)

(Lewis, 1997 version)

James (1890/1983)

Similarly, for the electronic version of a republished book, the in-text citation can be written as (Freud, 1900/1953), giving both the original and new publication years.

2.1.19 Personal Communication

Personal communications may be private letters, memos, some electronic communications (e.g., e-mail or messages from nonarchived discussion groups or electronic bulletin boards), personal interviews, telephone conversations, and the like. Personal communications are not included in the reference list. Cite personal communications in text only. Give the initials as well as the surname of the communicator, and provide as exact a date as possible.

B. F. Skinner (personal communication, February 12, 1978)

(H. J. Simpson, personal communication, September 29, 1999)

2.1.20 Wording for Non-empirical Sources

Whenever possible, support your statements by citing empirical work, such as method and results of an empirical study or a review of empirical studies. When you cite non-empirical work, make this clear in your narrative.

Cho (1991) theorized that

Audoh (in press) argued that

(see discussion in Ginsburg, 1993)

2.2 Direct Quotation

When a direct quotation is used, always include the author, year, and page number as part of the citation.

2.2.1 Quotation of Fewer than 40 Words

A quotation of fewer than 40 words should be enclosed in double quotation marks and should be incorporated into the formal structure of the sentence.

Patients receiving prayer had ?less congestive heart failure, required less diuretic and antibiotic therapy, had fewer episodes of pneumonia, had fewer cardiac arrests, and

were less frequently intubated and ventilated? (Byrd, 1988, p. 829).

Miele (1993) found that ?the ‘placebo effect,’ which had been verified in previous studies, disappe ared when [only the first group’s] behaviors were studied in this manner?

(p. 276).

2.2.2 Quotation in Mid-sentence

If the quotation appears in mid-sentence, end the passage with quotation marks, cite the source in parentheses immediately after the quotation marks, and continue the sentence. Use no other punctuation unless the meaning of the sentence requires such punctuation.

Interpreting these results, Robbins et al. (2003) suggested that the ?therapists in dropout cases may have inadvertently validated parental negativity about the adolescent without adequately

responding to the adolescent's needs or concerns? (p. 541), contributing to an overall climate of

negativity.

2.2.3 Quotation at End of Sentence

If the quotation appears at the end of a sentence, close the quoted passage with quotation marks, cite the source in parentheses immediately after the quotation marks, and end with a period or other punctuation outside the final parenthesis.

Confusing this issue is the overlapping nature of roles in palliative care whereby ?medical needs are met by those in the medical disciplines; nonmedical needs may be addressed by anyone on the

team? (Csikai & Chaitin, 2006, p. 112).

2.2.4 Quotation of 40 or More Words

A lengthier quotation of 40 or more words should appear apart from the surrounding text, in a freestanding block, without quotation marks, with each line indented a half inch from the left margin (in the same position as a new paragraph) but without the usual opening paragraph indent. This is called a block quotation.

In recent studies on heart attack patient, it was claimed that patients receiving prayer had

less congestive heart failure, required less diuretic and antibiotic therapy, had fewer

episodes of pneumonia, had fewer cardiac arrests, and were less frequently intubated

and ventilated. But when they were made excited, the results were actually the

opposite. They might behave violently. (Byrd, 1988, p. 829)

If there are additional paragraphs within the block quotation, indent the first line of each an additional half inch.

Byrd (1988) reported that patients receiving prayer had less congestive heart failure, required less diuretic and antibiotic therapy, had fewer episodes of

pneumonia, had fewer cardiac arrests, and were less frequently intubated and

ventilated. Others have contradicted this view:

Co-presence does not ensure intimate interaction among all group members. Consider

large-scale social gatherings in which hundreds or thousands of people gather in a

location to perform a ritual or celebrate an event.

In these instances, participants are able to see the visible manifestation of the group, the physical gathering, yet their ability to make direct intimate connections with

those around them is limited by the sheer magnitude of the assembly. (Percell, 1997,

pp. 111-112)

2.2.5 Quoted Source Cited in Sentence

If the quoted source is cited in the sentence introducing the block quote, only the page or paragraph number is needed at the end of the quotation.

Byrd (1988) reported that patients receiving prayer had less congestive heart failure, required less diuretic and antibiotic therapy, had fewer episodes of

pneumonia, had fewer cardiac arrests, and were less frequently intubated and

ventilated. Percell (1997) (or In 1997, Percell) contradicted this view:

Co-presence does not ensure intimate interaction among all group members. Consider

large-scale social gatherings in which hundreds or thousands of people gather in a

location to perform a ritual or celebrate an event.

In these instances, participants are able to see the visible manifestation of the group, the physical gathering, yet their ability to make direct intimate connections with

those around them is limited by the sheer magnitude of the assembly. (pp. 111-112)

2.2.6 Single Quotation Marks within Double Ones

Use double quotation marks to enclose quotations in text. Use single quotation marks within double quotation marks to set off material that in the original source was enclosed in double quotation marks.

Miele (1993) found that ?the ‘placebo effect,’ which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when [only the first group’s] behaviors were studied in this manner? (p.

276).

Do not use quotation marks to enclose block quotations. Do use double quotation marks to enclose any quoted material within a block quotation.

Byrd (1988) reported that patients receiving prayer had less congestive heart failure, required less diuretic and antibiotic therapy, had fewer episodes of

pneumonia, had fewer cardiac arrests, and were less frequently intubated and

ventilated. Miele (1993) found the following:

The ?placebo effect,? which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when

behaviors were studied in this manner. Furthermore, the behaviors were never

exhibited again[emphasis added], even when reel [sic] drugs were administered.

Earlier studies (e.g., Abdullah, 1984; Fox, 1979) were clearly premature in attributing

the results to a placebo effect. (p. 276)

2.2.7 Use of Ellipsis Points

Type three spaced ellipsis points [points with a space before and after each] to indicate an omission within a sentence. Type four points to indicate an omission between two sentences. The first point indicates the period at the end of the first sentence quoted, and the three spaced ellipsis points follow. Do not use ellipsis points at the beginning or end of any quotation unless, to prevent misinterpretation, you need to emphasize that the quotation begins or ends in midsentence.

2.2.8 Quotation Marks with Other Punctuation Marks

When a period or comma occurs with closing quotation marks, place the period or comma before rather than after the quotation marks. Put other punctuation marks (e.g., colon, semicolon) outside quotation marks unless they are part of the quoted material.

2.2.9 Inserted Elements in Brackets

Use brackets, not parentheses, to enclose material such as an addition or explanation inserted in a quotation by some person other than the original author.

?They are studying, from an evolutionary perspective, to what extent [children’s] play is

a luxury that can be dispensed with when there are too many other competing claims on the

growing brain? (Henig, 2008, p. 40).

2.3 References List

2.3.1 Rules for References List

All sources included in the References section must be cited in the body of the paper and all sources cited in the paper must be included in the References section.

2.3.1.1 Pagination

The References section begins on a new page.

2.3.1.2 Heading

References is centered on the first line below the manuscript page header.

2.3.1.3 Format

The references (with hanging indent) begin on the line following the References heading. Entries are organized alphabetically by surnames of first authors.

2.3.1.4 Authors

●Authors are listed in the same order as specified in the source.

●Full surnames and the initials of first names are used, and their order is inverted.

●Use commas to separate authors, to separate surnames and initials, and to separate

initials and suffixes (e.g., Jr. and III).

Strong, E. K., Jr., & Uhrbrock, R. S. (1923). Bibliography on job analysis. In L.

Outhwaite (Series Ed.), Personnel Research Series: Vol. 1.Job analysis and

the curriculum (pp. 140-146). doi:1 0.1 037/1 0762-000

●If an author’s first name is hyphenated, retain the hyphen and include a period after

each initial.

Lamour, J.-B. is for Jean-Baptiste Lamour.

●If the reference list includes different authors with the same surname and first initial,

the authors’ full first name may be given in brackets.

Janet, P. [Paul]. (1876). La notion de la personnalite [The notion of personality].

Revue Scientifique, 10, 574-575.

Janet, P. [Pierre]. (1906). The pathogenesis of some impulsions. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1, 1-17.

In text, cite as follows:

(Paul Janet, 1876)

(Pierre Janet, 1906)

●If authors are listed with the word, with, include them in the reference in parentheses,

e.g., Bulatao, E. (with Winford, C.A.). The in-text citation, however, refers to the

primary author only.

●Give surnames and initials for up to and including seven authors, and use the

ampersand & after a comma and before the last author for two to seven authors.

Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L., & Smith, B. (2000).

●When there are eight or more authors, list the first six, then insert three ellipses, and add

the last author’s name.

Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L.,...Botros, N. (2010). The geographic expansion of Mexican

immigration in the United States and its implications for local law

enforcement. Law Enforcement Executive Forum Journal, 8(1), 73-82.

●Arrange entries in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author in normal cases.

●Alphabetize letter by letter. Remember, however, that “nothing precedes something”:

Brown, J. R., precedes Browning, A. R., even though i precedes j in the alphabet.

●Alphabetize the prefixes M’, Mc and Mac literally, not as if they were all spelled Mac.

Disregard the apostrophe.

MacArthur precedes McAllister,

MacNeil precedes M’Carthy.

●Alphabetize surnames that contain articles and prepositions (de, la, du, von, etc.)

according to the rules of the language of origin. If you know that a prefix is commonly part of the surname (e.g., De Vries), treat the prefix as part of the last name and alphabetize by the prefix (e.g., DeBase precedes De Vries). If the prefix is not customarily used (e.g., Helmholtz rather than von Helmholtz), disregard it in the alphabetization and place the prefix following the initials (e.g., Helmholtz, H. L. F.

von). The biographical section of Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary is a helpful guide on surnames with articles or prepositions.

●Alphabetize entries with numerals as if the numerals were spelled out.

●When ordering several works by the same first author, give the author's name in the

first and all subsequent references.

●One-author entries by the same author are arranged by year of publication, the earliest

first.

Hewlett, L. S. (1996).

Hewlett, L. S. (1999).

●References with exactly the same authors in the same order are arranged by year of

publication, the earliest first.

Cabading, J. R., & Wright, K. (2000).

Cabading, J. R., & Wright, K. (2001).

●One-author entries precede multiple-author entries beginning with the same surname.

Alleyne, R. L. (2001).

Alleyne, R. L., & Evans, A. J. (1999).

●References with the same first author and different second or third authors are arranged

alphabetically by the surname of the second author or, if the second author is the same, the surname of the third author, and so on.

Gosling, J. R., Jerald, K., & Belfar, S. F. (2000).

Gosling, J. R., & Tevlin, D. F. (1996).

Hayward, D., Firsching, A., & Brown, I. (1999).

Hayward, D., Firsching, A., & Smigel., J. (1999).

●References by the same author (or by the same two or more authors in the same order)

with the same publication date are arranged alphabetically by the title (ignoring A, An or The)that follows the date. However, if the references with the same authors published in the same year are identified as articles in a series (e.g., Part 1 and Part 2), order the references in the series order, not alphabetically by title. Lowercase letters -- a, b, c, and so on -- are placed immediately after the year, within the parentheses.

Baheti, J. R. (2001a). Control

Baheti, J. R. (2001b). Roles of

●Works by different authors with the same surname are arranged alphabetically by the

first initial.

Mathur, A. L., & Wallston, J. (1999).

Mathur, S. E., & Ahlers, R. J. (1998).

Note: Include initials with the surname of the first author in the in-text citations.

●Alphabetize group authors, such as associations or government agencies, by the first

significant word of the name. Full official names should be used (e.g., American Psychological Association, not APA). A parent body precedes a subdivision (e.g., University of Michigan, Department of Psychology).

●If, and only if, the work is signed "Anonymous," the entry begins with the word

Anonymous spelled out, and the entry is alphabetized as if Anonymous were a true name.

●If there is no author, the title moves to the author position, followed by a period, before

the date of publication. The entry is alphabetized by the first significant word of the title.

2.3.1.5 Publication date

Publication date is put in parentheses following authors, with a period following the closing parenthesis. If no publication date is identified, use “n.d.” in parentheses following

the authors. For any work accepted for publication but not yet printed, use “in press” in parentheses following the authors.

2.3.1.6 Source reference

Include title, journal, volume, pages (for journal article), or title, city of publication, publisher (for book). Italicize titles of books, titles of periodicals, and periodical volume numbers but not titles of articles. Capitalize the major words of periodical names but not the major words of titles of books or articles.

2.3.1.7 Publishers’ locations

Give the location (city and state or if outside of the United States, city and country) where the publisher is located as noted on the title page for books, reports, brochures, and other separate, nonperiodical publications.

If the publisher is a university and the name of the state (or province) is included in the name of the university, do not repeat the name in the publisher location.

The names of U.S. states and territories are abbreviated in the reference list and in the Method section (suppliers’locations); use the official two-letter U.S. Postal Service abbreviations. To cite locations outside the United States, spell out the city and the country names.

The official two-letter U.S. Postal Service abbreviations can be found in Table 4.1 of APA Publication Manual (2001, p. 218).

The publisher’s location is followed by a colon.

New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Washington, DC: Author.

Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Cambridge: MIT Press.

Pretoria, South Africa: Unisa.

Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

If two or more publisher locations are given in the book, give the location listed first or, if specified, the location of the publisher's home office.

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3.2毕业论文的构成(按毕业论文中先后顺序排列): 前置部分: 封面 中文摘要,关键词 英文摘要,关键词 目次页(必要时) 主体部分: 引言(或绪论) 正文 结论 致谢(必要时) 参考文献 附录(必要时) 4.前置部分 4.1封面:封面格式按浙江广播电视大学财经类本科毕业论文封面统1格式要求。封面内容各项必须如实填写完整。其中论文题目是以最恰当、最简明的词语反映毕业论文中最重要的特定内容的逻辑组合;论文题目所用每1词必须考虑到有助于选定关键词和编制题录、索引等2次文献可以提供检索的特定实用信息;论文题目1般不宜超过30字。论文题目应该避免使用不常见的缩写词、首字缩写字、字符、代号和公式等;论文题目语意未尽,可用副标题补充说明论文中的特定内容。 具体内容依次列示如下内容: 中央广播电视大学“人才培养模式改革和开放教育试点” ××××专业本科毕业论文(小2号黑体,居中) 论文题名:(2号黑体,居中) 学生姓名:(××××××××3号黑体) 学号:(××××××××3号黑体) 指导教师:(××××××××3号黑体) 专业:(××××××××3号黑体) 年级:(××××××××3号黑体) 学校:(××××××××3号黑体) 4.2摘要:摘要是论文内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述,应以第3人称陈述。它应具有独立性和自含性,即不阅读论文的全文,就能获得必要的信息。摘要的内容应包含与论文同等量的主要信息,供读者确定有无必要阅读全文,也供文摘等2次文献采用。 摘要1般应说明研究工作目的、实验研究方法、结果和最终结论等,而重点是结果和结论。

本科生毕业论文格式

本科生毕业论文格式 题目 (居中三号黑体) 摘□□要 (“摘要”之间空两格,居中三号黑体,与内容空一行) □□××××(小四号宋体) 关键词:×××××□□×××××□□×××××□□×××× 小四号宋体,3—5个,各关键词间空一格 顶格、小四号黑体 ABSTRACT (另起一页,居中三号Times New Roman加黑,与内容空一行) □□×××××××××(小四号Times New Roman) Key words:×××××□□×××××□□×××××□□×××××小四号Times New Roman字体 顶格、小四号Times New Roman加黑 目□□录 (另起一页,“目录”两字中间空两格,居中三号黑体、与正文空一行)□□一☆☆☆(空两格、小三号宋体)…………………………………× □□1.1☆☆☆☆(四号宋体)………………………………………………×□□1.2☆☆☆☆………………………………………………………………×……………… □□谢辞(小三号宋体)………………………………………………× □□参考文献(小三号宋体)…………………………………………× □□注释(小三号宋体)………………………………………………× □□附录(小三号宋体)………………………………………………× (目录中行距多倍行距,设置值为1.25倍,目录不标页码)

一□□☆☆☆☆☆(另起一页、居中小三号黑体) 1.1☆☆☆(顶格、四号黑体) 1.1.1☆☆☆(顶格、四号黑体) □□☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆正文(空两格、小四号宋体) 图1-2□□×××试验中心组织结构图 □□☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆ (一级层次之间另起一页) 二□□☆☆☆☆☆(居中、小三号、黑体) 2.1☆☆☆(顶格、四号黑体) 2.1.1☆☆☆(顶格、四号黑体) □□☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆正文(空两格、小四号宋体) 表2-3□□☆☆☆ ××× ××× ××× ××× ××× ××× (宋体五号,水平、垂直居中)××× ××× ××× ××× (表与正文空一行) □□☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆ 谢□□辞 (居中小三号黑体、“谢辞”两字中间空两格) □□☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆☆正文(小四号宋体,内容限1页) 参考文献(顶格、四号黑体) 文献是期刊时,书写格式为: [编号] □□作者.文章题目.期刊名(外文可缩写),年份,卷号,期号:起~止页码 文献是图书时,书写格式为: [编号] □□作者.书名(译音). 出版地:出版单位,出版年,起~止页码

毕业论文格式规范

商学院毕业论文文本格式规范(试行) 为了提高本科毕业论文教学工作的规范化水平,需要对毕业论文的文本表述细节做出统一规定,特制订本规范。 一、幅面 毕业论文成果资料的文本,一律用A4幅面纸张。 二、封面与装订 1.封面上最醒目的(最大字体)是该资料的名称 毕业论文的封面上最醒目的(最大字体)必须是课题名称,同时不得出现“课题名称”或“题目”的字样,并且封面上的课题名称必须和内页、任务书上的课题名称完全一致。 2.封面上还应当有以下信息:学生姓名、学院、专业、班级、学号、指导老师、完成年月。 3.毕业论文的装订顺序规定依次为:封面、中英文摘要、目录、正文、参考文献。 三、摘要及关键词 1.摘要是论文主要内容的体现,关键词是摘要主要内容的体现。中文“摘要”规定用黑体三号加粗,居中,中间空1个字符,段前1行、段后1行;英文“摘要”规定用Times New Roman体三号加粗,居中,中间空1个字符,段前1行、段后1行。 2.中文摘要内容用宋体小四,英文摘要内容Times New Roman体小四,行间距不超过固定值22磅,可根据内容自行调整。 3.关键词三—四个,每个关键词之间用分号隔开。 四、目录 1.“目录”规定用黑体三号加粗,居中,中间空1个字符,段前

1行、段后1行;

2.目录内容五号,第一级标题黑体,其它一律为宋体。行间距不超过固定值22磅,行间距可根据内容自行调整。 五、正文 1.正文的全部标题层次,应有条不紊、整齐清晰。相同的层次应采用统一的表示体例(相同的字体、字号等)。 2.各层次标题下的内容应同各自的标题对应,不应有与标题无关的内容。 3.正文的标题层次 (1)标题层次 第一级:“一、”、“二、”、“三、”等;第一级标题规定用黑体四号,段前、段后各1行; 第二级:“㈠”、“㈡”、“㈢”等;第二级标题规定用黑体小四号,段前、段后各0.5行; 第三级:“1.”、“2.”、“3.”等;第三级标题规定用宋体小四号加粗,段前、段后各0.5行; 第四级:“(1)”、“(2)”、“(3)”等;第四级标题规定用楷体GB2312小四号,段前、段后各0.5行; 第五级:“①”、“②”、“③”等。第五级标题规定用宋体小四号,段前、段后各0.5行; 特殊情况下,可以增加大写字母、小写字母两个层次。 (2)根据文本的内容,可以选用上述五个层次级别中的一种或几种序号。 4.正文的行间距为固定值22磅,图表除外。 六、参考文献 1.“参考文献”规定用黑体三号加粗,居中,段前1行、段后1行;

大学本科毕业论文标准格式

大学本科毕业论文标准格式 标题xxxxx(三号黑体) 学号:(xxxxxxxx三号黑体) 指导教师:(xxxxxxxx三号黑体) 专业:(xxxxxxxx三号黑体) 年级:(xxxxxxxx三号黑体) 学校:(xxxxxxxx三号黑体) 4.2论文摘要:摘要是论文内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述,应以第三人称陈述。它应具有独立性和自含性,即不阅读论文的全文,就能获得必要的信息。摘要的内容应包含与论文同等量的主要信息,供读者确定有无必要阅读全文,也供文摘等二次文献采用。 摘要一般应说明研究工作目的、实验研究方法、结果和最终结论等,而重点是结果和结论。摘要中一般不用图、表、公式等,不用非公知公用的符号、术语和非法定的计量单位。 摘要页置于封面页后。 中文摘要一般为300汉字左右,用5号宋体,摘要应包括关键词。 英文摘要是中文摘要的英文译文,英文摘要页置于中文摘要页之后。申请学位者必须有,不申请学位者可不使用英文摘要。 关键词:关键词是为了文献标引工作从论文中选取出来用以表示全文主题内容信息款目的单词或术语。一般每篇论文应选取3~5个词作为关键词。关键词间用逗号分隔,最后一个词后不打标点符号。以显著的字符排在同种语言摘要的下方。如有可能,尽量用《汉语主题词表》等词表提供的规范词。 4.3目次页:目次页由论文的章、节、条、附录、题录等的序号、名称和页码组成,另起一页排在摘要页之后,章、节、小节分别以1.1.1、 1.1.2等数字依次标出,也可不使用目次页 5.主体部分

5.1格式:主体部分的编写格式由引言(绪论)开始,以结论结束。主体部分必须另页开始。 5.2序号 毕业论文各章应有序号,序号用阿拉伯数字编码,层次格式为: 1xxxx(三号黑体,居中) xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx(内容用小四号宋体)。 1.1xxxx(小三号黑体,居左) xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx(内容用小四号宋体)。 1.1.1xxxx(四号黑体,居左) xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx(内容用小四号宋体)。 xxxxx三号黑体) 学号:(xxxxxxxx三号黑体) 指导教师:(xxxxxxxx三号黑体) 专业:(xxxxxxxx三号黑体) 年级:(xxxxxxxx三号黑体) 学校:(xxxxxxxx三号黑体) 4.2论文摘要:摘要是论文内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述,应以第三人称陈述。它应具有独立性和自含性,即不阅读论文的全文,就能获得必要的信息。摘要的内容应包含与论文同等量的主要信息,供读者确定有无必要阅读全文,也供文摘等二次文献采用。 摘要一般应说明研究工作目的、实验研究方法、结果和最终结论等,而重点是结果和结论。摘要中一般不用图、表、公式等,不用非公知公用的符号、术语和非法定的计量单位。 摘要页置于封面页后。 中文摘要一般为300汉字左右,用5号宋体,摘要应包括关键词。 英文摘要是中文摘要的英文译文,英文摘要页置于中文摘要页之后。申请学位者必须有,不申请学位者可不使用英文摘要。

大学生毕业论文格式超有用

大学生毕业论文格式超有 用 Newly compiled on November 23, 2020

××××大学 毕业设计(论文) (页面设置:论文版心大小为155mm×245mm,页边距:上2.6cm,下2.6cm,左2.5cm,右2cm,行间距20磅,装订线位置左,装订线1cm,) 此处为论文题目,黑体2号字 (以下各项居中列,黑体小四号) 年级: 学号: 姓名: 专业: 指导老师: (填写时间要用中文) 二零一二年六月

院系专业 年级姓名 题目 指导教师 评语 指导教师 (签章)评阅人 评语 评阅人 (签章)成绩 答辩委员会主任 (签章) 年月日 毕业设计任务书 班级学生姓名学号专业 发题日期:年月日完成日期:年月日 题目 题目类型:工程设计技术专题研究理论研究软硬件产品开发 一、设计任务及要求 二、应完成的硬件或软件实验 三、应交出的设计文件及实物(包括设计论文、程序清单或磁盘、实验装置或产 品等) 四、指导教师提供的设计资料 五、要求学生搜集的技术资料(指出搜集资料的技术领域) 六、设计进度安排

第一部分(4 周) 第二部分 (6 周) 第三部分(2 周) 评阅及答辩(1 周) 指导教师:年月日 系主任审查意见: 审批人:年月日 注:设计任务书审查合格后,发到学生手上。 ××××大学××××××××学院 20XX年制

摘要正文略 关键词:关键词;关键词;关键词;关键词(关键词之间分号隔开,并加一个空格)

Abstract 正文略 Keywords: keyword; keyword; keyword; keyword

毕业论文论文格式规范

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2.英语本科毕业论文格式规范说明

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内容摘要 (1) 关键词 (1) Abstract (1) Key words (1) 一、××××(一级标题) (2) (一)××××(二级标题) (2)

(二)×××× (6) 二、×××× (8) (一)×××× (8) (二)×××× (9) (三)××××…………………………………………………

(10) 三、×××× (12) (一)×××× (12) (二)×××× (14) (三)×××× (16)

参考文献 (17) 致谢 (18) [说明:在本页中,“目录”二字居中,宋体小二号,加黑,其它统一由宋体小四号,不加黑排版打印、行间距为1.5] 内容摘要:(宋体,小四号,加黑,缩进两格)××××××××& times;×××××××&time s;××××××××&ti mes;×××××××× ××××××××&tim es;××××××××& times;×××××××&time s;××。(宋体,小四号,不加黑)

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