雅思OG test 2 passage 1

READING

READING PASSAGE 1 ( 35 points)

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

The Flavor of Pleasure

When it comes to celebrating the flavor of food, our mouth gets all the credit. But in truth, it is the nose that knows.

No matter how much we talk about tasting our favorite flavors, relishing them really depends on a combined input from our senses that we experience through mouth, tongue and nose. The taste, texture, and feel of food are what we tend to focus on, but most important are the slight puffs of air as we chew our food - what scientists call ‘retronasal smell’.

Certainly our mouths and tongues have taste buds, which are receptors for the five basic flavors: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami, or what is more commonly referred to as savory. But our tongues are inaccurate instruments as far as flavor is concerned. They evolved to recognize only a few basic tastes in order to quickly identify toxins, which in nature are often quite bitter or acidly sour.

All the complexity, nuance, and pleasure of flavor come from the sense of smell operating in the back of the nose. It is there that a kind of alchemy occurs when we breathe up and out the passing whiffs of our chewed food. Unlike a hound’s skull with its extra long nose, which evolved specifically to detect external smells, our noses have evolved to detect internal scents. Primates specialise in savoring the many millions of flavor combinations that they can create for their mouths.

Taste without retronasal smell is not much help in recognizing flavor. Smell has been the most poorly understood of our senses, and only recently has neuroscience, led by Yale University’s Gordon Shepherd, begun to shed light on its workings. Shepherd has come up with the term ‘neurogastronomy’ to link the disciplines of food science, neurology, psychology, and anthropology with the savory elements of eating, one of the most enjoyed of human experiences.

In many ways, he is discovering that smell is rather like face recognition. The visual system detects patterns of light and dark and, building on experience, the brain creates a spatial map. It uses this to interpret the interrelationship of the patterns and draw conclusions that allow us to identify people and places. In the same way, we use patterns and ratios to detect both new and familiar flavors. As we eat, specialized receptors in the back of the nose detect the air molecules in our meals. From signals sent by the receptors, the brain understands smells as complex spatial patterns. Using these, as well as input from the other senses, it constructs the idea of specific flavors.

This ability to appreciate specific aromas turns out to be central to the pleasure we get from food, much as our ability to recognize individuals is central to the pleasures of social life. The process is so embedded in our brains that our sense of smell is critical to our enjoyment of life at large. Recent studies show that people who lose the ability to smell become socially insecure, and their overall level of happiness plummets.

Working out the role of smell in flavor interests food scientists, psychologists,and cooks alike. The relatively new discipline of molecular gastronomy, especially, relies on understanding the mechanics of aroma to manipulate flavor for maximum impact. In this discipline, chefs use their knowledge of the chemical changes that take place during cooking to produce eating pleasures that go beyond the ‘ordinary’.

However, whereas molecular gastronomy is concerned primarily with the food or ‘smell’ molecules, neurogastronomy is more focused on the receptor molecules and the brain’s spatial images for smell. Smell stimuli form what Shepherd terms ‘odor objects’, stored as memories, and these have a direct link with our emotions. The brain creates images of unfamiliar smells by relating them to other more familiar smells. Go back in history and this was part of our survival repertoire, like most animals, we drew on our sense of smell, when visual information was scarce, to single out prey.

Thus the brain’s flavor- recognition system is a highly complex perceptual mechanism that puts all five senses to work in various combinations. Visual and sound cues contribute, such as crunching, as does touch, including the texture and feel of food on our lips and in our mouths. Then there are the taste receptors, and finally, the smell, activated when we inhale. The engagement of our emotions can be readily illustrated when we picture some of the wide-ranging facial expressions that are elicited by various foods- many of them hard- wired into our brains at birth. Consider the response to the sharpness of lemon and compare that with the face that is welcoming the smooth wonder of chocolate.

The flavor-sensing system, ever receptive to new combinations, helps to keep our brains active and flexible. It also has the power to shape our desires and ultimately our bodies. On the horizon we have the positive application of neurogastronomy: manipulating flavor to curb our appetites.

Questions 1 - 5

Questions 6 - 9

Questions 10 - 13

雅思历年真题口语题目汇总

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剑桥雅思5 口语 Test4 Part3

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2015年雅思写作大作文真题解析

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剑桥雅思口语真题解析

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雅思历年真题口语题目汇总

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3.都有那些著名建筑 4.你想为这个城市做些什么？ 5.有哪些现象有待提高或者那些提倡 version03room part2: 1.what's your favorite room in your home 2.what it likes you live 3.what you do in the room normally and explain why you like it part3: 1.你认识你的邻居吗？ 2.城市里的房子和乡村有什么不同？ 2003年9月换题后的口语topic Old person Describe a older person you know You should say:Who he or she is How you know him or her How he or she is And explain what infection he or she give you and in what aspect Further question： 1、你们国家对老年人是什么态度？ 2、你认为这个社会在哪些方面对老年人不太好？ 3、老人在你们家有什么影响？ 新东方批改网（https://www.wendangku.net/doc/267155200.html,）,在线雅思作文批改，雅思口语批改。语法纠错、恶补，制定考试计划，

雅思阅读SUMMARY题型解答

今天给大家介绍雅思阅读SUMMARY题型该如何解答 一、SUMMARY题型要求 雅思阅读该类题目是一小段文字，是原文或原文中的几个段落主要内容的缩写或改写，称之为摘要。摘要中有几个空白部分要求考生填空。 SUMMARY要求考生要对原文的内容结构有精确的把握，更需要考生运用一定的综合概括能力，将原文和缩写文章进行词句、词语的比较，提取原文信息。 按照范围，摘要可分为两种： 全文摘要（8－10题）和部分段落摘要（涉及2－3段，5－6题）。 全文摘要，摘要信息来自全文，题目空格的数目较多。 部分段落摘要，摘要信息来自原文某几个连续的段落，题目空格的数目较少。 最近雅思考试中出现的大部分是部分段落摘要，信息来自原文连续的两到三段，题目空格的数量在5 题左右。对于部分段落摘要，有的在题目要求中会指出它来自原文的哪些段落，如complete the summary below of the first two paragraphs of the reading passage。 但大部分的部分段落摘要只是在题目要求中说它是原文的一个摘要或部分段落摘要，并不指出它来自原文的哪些段落。 按照填空内容，摘要也可分为三种：原文原词、从多个选项中选词和自己写词。 原文原词的题目要求中常有from the reading passage 的字样。从多个选项中选词，选项的数目常常超过题目空格的数目。从多个选项 中选词或自己写词的题目要求中没有from the reading passage 的字样，有时会有using the information in the passage 的字样。 先看选项，按词性归类。注意是否有同根异性词选项（其中可能一个是答案）。以先猜后找方法解题：猜——用语法；找——回原文。 最近雅思考试中，绝大部分是原文原词或从多个选项中选词，很少有自己写词的。这类题在A类和G类考试中出现的频率一般都是每两次考一次， 每次考一组，共五题左右。 二、SUMMARY解题步骤 （1）雅思考试该类题型，要求仔细读摘要的第一句话，找出它在原文中的出处，通常是和原文某段话的 第一句相对应。确定填空部分是所给阅读文章的全篇还是部分的SUMMARY，确定是用题目所提供的单词表填空，还是需要自己从原文中挑选 单词填空。如果题目要求中已经指出了摘要的出处，则此步可以略去不做。 （2）略读缩写文章，了解大致内容，迅速回原文定位，确定是哪一段落的SUMMARY，或是涉及哪些段落的内容。 把空格前后的词作为signal words，到原文中去找这些词的对应词。 对应词的特点如下： a．原词 b．词性变化；如空格前的词为threatening, 形容词，原文中的词为threat, 名词。

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