2005普通语言学A

外国语学院

英语专业2005 －2006 学年第一学期《语言学》

期末考试试卷 (A)

I. Define the following terms. (15%)

1.design features

2.hyponymy

3.predicate

4.lexeme

5.inflectional morpheme

II. Decide which of the following statements is TRUE and which is FALSE. (10%)

1.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of

the creative nature of language.

2.Both lexicology and morphology study words, but the former is concerned with the internal

organization of words and the latter deals with external relationship among words.

3.Linguistic studies before this century are largely prescriptive while modern linguistics is mostly

descriptive.

4.Sound [t] in the word “stop? is an aspirated [t], in the word “top” is an unaspirated [t].

5.A phonetician would be more interested in such difference as [p] and [p h] than a phonologist,

because such difference will not cause differences in meaning.

6.“Flat” and “apartment” are two stylistic synonyms.

7.The noun “editor” is obtained from its verb “edit”, which involves the process of derivation.

8.In grammatical analysis, the basic unit is sentence; in semantic analysis, the basic unit is called

predication.

9.The structural approach to the analysis of language was started by the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de

Saussure; the most important advocator of generative approach is the American linguist Noam Chomsky.

10.In the dialogu e “A: Shall I get something for the kids? B: Y es, but I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.”, B

is violating the maxim of quality.

III. Finish the following items according to the requirements (50%)

1. Write out the phonetic alphabet based on the given phonetic features (10%)

1). [voiced alveolar fricative]

2). [voiceless labio-dental fricative]

3). [high front long vowel]

4). [bilabial nasal]

5). [voiced dental fricative]

6). [alveolar lateral]

7). [low front vowel]

8). [bilabial approximant]

9). [voiceless alveolar plosive]

10). [glottal fricative]

2. Please identify the word-formation processes (in some cases more than one) involved in producing the italicized forms in the following sentences. (10%)

1). Laura parties every Saturday night.

2). Tom was worried that he might have AIDS.

3). Zee described the new toy as fantabulous.

4). They met in a motel.

5). We have croissant and milk at breakfast.

6).Shiel wants to be a footballer.

7).The negotiators blueprinted a new peace proposal.

8).Y ou?d better prepare for your exam as early as possible.

9).Mary babysits at Mr. Smith?s on weekends.

10).Too much aspirin is bad to your health.

3. In the following examples from T urkish, there is some variation in the form of the inflectional

morpheme for marking plural.

(1) Can you provide the missing forms in the table? (5%)

( “man” ) adam - adamlar ( “men” )

( “gun” ) ________ - toplar ( “guns” )

( “lesson”) ders - _______ ( “leassons”)

( “road” ) ________ - yollar ( “roads” )

( “hand” ) el -________ ( “hands” )

( “bell” ) ________ - ziller ( “bells” )

(2) How would you describe the translation equivalents of yours in the following expressions.

(2%)

dishin (“ your tooth) ; topun (”your gun”); okun (“your arrow”)

kushun (“your bird”); kibritlerin (“your matches”)

(3) Can you identify the three versions of the “location” suffix in the following expressions? (3%)

(“book”) kitap - kitapta (“in a book”)

(“chair”) koltuk - koltukta (“in a chair”)

(“room”) oda - odada (“in a room”)

(“house”) ev - evde (“in a house”)

(“place”) yer -yerlerde (“in places”)

(“restaurant”) lokanta -lokantada (in a restaurant”)

4. Identify the sense relations between the following pairs of linguistic items.(10%)

1). shallow / deep

2) .wife / husband

3). move / run

4). a. The king of France is bald.

b. There is a king of France.

5). a. That person is a bachelor.

b. That person is a man.

5.What kind of inference is involved in interpreting these utterances? (4%)

a.Professor: Bring your Plato to class tomorrow.

b.Nurse: The broken leg in room 5 wants to talk to the doctor.

6. Which maxim of the cooperative principle do the following sentences violate? And for what purpose? (6%)

a.--- What do you think of Smith?s term paper?

--- Well, I think it was well-typed.

b. --- Can you tell me where the nearest post office is?

--- I think it is somewhere around.

c. --- John has just borrowed your car.

--- Well, I like that.

IV. Answer the following questions briefly. (15%)

1.What is the difference between phonetics and phonology?

2.What is the difference between competence and performance?

3.What is …face? in pragmatics? Give examples to illustrate a face-threatening act and a face-saving

act.

V. Please prepare a tree diagram for the following sentences (10%)

a.The dog he bought likes young children.

b. George saw the dog with Mary.

:

Key to paper A

I 15%

1. Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any

animal system of communication. The frequently mentioned features are arbitrariness, duality,

creativity, displacement, cultural transmission.

1.Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more

specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the

more specific words are called its hyponyms.

2.A predicate is something said about an argument or it states the logical relation linking the

arguments in a sentence.

3.Lexeme is the smallest unit in the meaning system of a language that can be distinguished from

other similar units. A lexeme is an abstract unit. It can occur in many different forms in actual

spoken or written sentences, and is regarded as the same lexeme even when inflected.

4.Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as

number, tense, degree, and case. That is, they are not used to produce new words in the English

language, but rather to indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word.

II. 10%

FFTFT FFTTF

III. Finish following items according requirements. 50%

1. 10%

1) /z/ 2) /f/ 3) /i:/ 4) /m/ 5) /

6) /l/ 7) /? / 8) /w/ 9) t/ 10) /h/

2. 10%

1) conversion from n to v then inflected with -s.

2). acronym

3). blending fantastic + fabulous

4). blending motor+ hotel

5). borrowing

6). compound foot+ball then derivation –er

7). compound blue+print conversion n inflection –ed

8.) clipping

9.) backformation

10.) invention/coinage

3.10%

1). top

derslar

yol

ellar

zil

2). –in -un

3). –ta -da -de

4. 10%

1.gradable antonymy 2 relational antonymy. 3. hyponymy

4. presupposition

5. entailment

5.4%

a. The name of the writer can be used to refer to a book by that name.

b A person with an injury in the hospital can be identified by the name of that injury.

6. 6%

a. maxim of relation. For the purpose of politeness.

b. maxim of quantity. Perhaps the speaker really does not know.

c. maxim of quality. Out of politeness or respect for the speaker A or John.

IV. 15%

1.Phonetics is of a general nature: it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human

languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified. Phonology is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language: it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. It is language specific. 2.The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by Chomsky. He defines

competence as the ideal user?s knowledge of the rules of his language and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.

3.Face is one?s public self-image in public. This if the emotional and social sense of self that every

person has and expects everyone else to recognize.

If you say something that represents a threat to another person?s self image, that is called a face-threatening act. For example, Give me that paper.

If you say something that lessens the possible threat to another?s face, it?s called a face-saving act. For example, Could you pass me that paper, please?

V 10%

a. The dog he bought likes young children.

S

NP VP

NP S V NP

Det N NP VP

Adj N

PN V

The dog he bought likes young children

b. George saw the dog with Mary.

S

NP VP

V NP PP

PN Det N Prep NP

PN

George saw the dog with Mary.

S

NP VP

V NP

PN Det N PP

Prep NP

PN

George saw the dog with Mary.

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