英语语言学填空题及答案
Chapter one
1.Linguistics is generally defined as the .
2.The study of language as a whole is often called .
3.The study of_ used in linguistic communication led to the
establishment of phonetics.
4.The study of is known as semantics.
5.Psycholinguistics relates the study of language to .
6. The study of is generally known as applied linguistics.
7. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be .
8. The description of a language at some point of time in is a synchronic study the description of a language as it through time is
a diachronic.
9. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is to writing.
10. _ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the member of a speech community, and refers to the realization of langue in actual use.
11. Linguistic is descriptive while traditional grammer is .
12. Modern linguistic regards the language as primary, not the written.
13. Many of the rules of traditional grammer apply only to the
language.
14. When the study of meaning is ,not in isdation ,but in the context of language use, it becomes another branch of linguistic study called pragmatics.
15. Prescriptive and descriptive represent two different of linguistic study.
答案：
1.scientific study of language
2.general linguistics
3.sounds
4.meaning
5.psychology
6.applications
7.descriptive
8.history; changes
9.prior
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/208537467.html,ngue; parole
11.prescriptive
12.spoken
13.written
14.conducted
15.types
Chapter Two
1. Phonetics is defined as the study of the of language; if is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s language.
2. The three branches of phonetics are_ , auditory phonetics and acousfic phonetics respectively.
3. English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of _ and the other is in terms of _ .
4. Both phonology and phonetics are concerned with the same aspect of language-_______.
5. The different throes which can represent a phoneme in different phonetics envronments are called the _ of that phoneme.
6. The assimulation rules assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a_______; thus making the two phones similate.
7. The assimulation rule also accounts for the _______ of the alvedar nasal in some sound combinations.
8. The deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is______.
9. Language is first ______through its sounds.
10. The letter [P] in terms of place of articulation______ in terms of manner of articulation is _______.
11. _______, not phonetic identity is the ctciterion with which we operate the phonological analysis of language .
12. The greatest source of modification of the air stream is founding the _______.
13. Corresponding to the distinction of long and short vowels is the distinction of _____and______ vowels .
14. A phoneme is further analyzable because it consists of a set of______.
15. Similar alteration of stress also occurs between a ______and a phrase consisting of the same elements.
答案:
1.phonic medium
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/208537467.html,beled articulation phonetics
3.manner of articulation; place of articulation
4.the speech sounds
5.allo phones
6.sequential phoneme
7.varying pronunciation
8.orthographically represented
9.perceived
10.bilabial; stops
11.phonetic similarity
12.oral cavity
13.tense; lox
14.simultaneous distinctive features
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/208537467.html,pound noun
Chapter Three
1.Linguists define the word as the smallest ______found in language.
2.Morpheme is the_______________ that carries information about
meaning or function.
3.The root consistutes the _____ of the word and carries the major
components of its meaning .
4.Morpheme are usually ______: there is no nature connection between
their sound and meaning.
5.When _______ are conjoined to other morpheme （or words）, a new
words are derived , or formed.
6.Derivation is an _______ that form a word with meaning and category
distinct from that of its bases.
7.Unlike phonemes and syllables which are the elements of sound ,
words_______.
8.______ are the foundation building blocks of a language .
9.Linguists use the term morphology to refer to the part of the grammer
that is concerned with ______ and ________.
10.T he content words of language , such as ____,_____,_____and adverbs,
are sometimes called open class words.
11.Affixes______ belong to a lexical category and are always bound
morpheme.
12.Bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical
makers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case are called_________.
13._______, ________ and free morphemes combine are the major ways to
produce new words.
14.The ways word are formed are called _______.
15.When two words are in the same _______, the compound will be in
this category.
答案：
1.free form
2.smallest unit of language
3.core
4.arbitrary
5.derivational morphemes
6.affixational process
7.carry meaning
8.words
9.word formation; word structure
10.nouns; verbs; adjectives
11.do not
12.inflectional morphemes
13.derivation; compounds
14.morphological rules
15.grammatical category
Chapter four
1.To determine a word's category，three criteria are usually employed: , , .
2. The XP rule is .
3.Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that .
4.The S rule is
5.The first, formed by the in accordance with the subcategorization properties, is called deep structure.
6.questions begin with a wh- word are called .
7.Corresponding to the final syntactic form of sentence which results from appropriate transformations , is called .
8.If the head is a verb, then the specifier is .
9.Word level categories are divided into two kinds: and .
10.Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called .
11. The structures which formed by joining two or more elements of the some type with the help of a conjunction are .
12.The information about is included in the head and termed subcategorization.
13.The element which specifies optionally expressible properties of hand is .
14.A special type of rule that can move an element from one position to another is .
15.The construction in which the complement phrases is embedded is called .
答案
1.meaning，inflection, distribution
2.XP→(specifier)X(complement)
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/208537467.html,ern the formation of sentences
4.S→NP VP
5.XP rule , head’s
6.questions
7.suffice structure
8.qualifier
9.major lexical categories , minor lexical categories
10.phrases
11.coordinate structures
12.a word’s complement
13.modifiers
14.transformation
15.matrix clause
Chapter five
1.According to the naming theory , words are just or labeis for things .
2.
3.Two kinds of context are recognized :the situational context and
the .
4.In the English vocabulary there are two category of words:
and .
5.Synonyms can be divided into the ,
stylistic synonyms, and collocational synonyms.
6.When two words are identical in ,they are .When two words are identical in ,they are homographs.
7.swperordinate is more general in meaning, but hyponyms is
more .
8.three kinds of antonymy are recognized：Gradable antonymys, ,
and .
9.There are four certain relations between sentences,they
are: , , and preswpposes.
10.There are two aspects to sentence meaning: grammatical meaning and meaning .
11.In terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y is true ,if X is false,Y may be true or false, we called the relation is
12.A polysemic word is the result of the evolution of the meaning of the word. The various meaning of the word are to some degree. Complete homonyms are often brought into being by . 13. Reference deals with the relationship between the element and word of experience.
14. held the view that “we shall know a word by the company it keeps
15.semantics canbe simply defined as the study of .
答案：
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/208537467.html,s
2.referent
3.linguistic context
4.native words, borrowed words
5.Dialectal synonyms ,emotive synonyms
6.homophones, spelling
7.specific
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/208537467.html,plementary antonyms, relational opposites
9.synonymous , inconsistence , entails
10.semantic
11.entails
12.primary , related , coincidence
13.linguistic ,non-linguistic
14.J.R.Firth
15.meaning
2016-英语语言学期末试题练习-+答案
英语语言学练习题 Ⅰ. Matching Match each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitions in Column B. Column A 1.displacement https://www.wendangku.net/doc/208537467.html,ngue 3.suprasegmental feature 4.deep structure 5.predication analysis 6.idiolect 7.pidgin 8.mistakes 9.interlanguage 10.motivation 11.arbitrariness https://www.wendangku.net/doc/208537467.html,petence 13.broad transcription 14.morphology 15.category 16.errors https://www.wendangku.net/doc/208537467.html,ponential analysis 18.context 19.blending 20.culture 21.learning strategies 22.selectional restrictions 23.phrase structure rules 24.culture diffusion Column B A.Learners’ independent system of the second language, which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language. 9 B.Learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive, having a strong impact on his efforts n learning a second language. 21 C.The rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories. 23 D.Through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B. 24 E. A personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. 6 F. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 7 G.The kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predications into their constituents- ---- arguments and predicates. 5 H.They refer to constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. 22 I.The structure formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties. 4 J.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. 3 K.The study of the internal structure of words, and the rules that govern the rule of word formation. 14 L.The abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 2 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/208537467.html,nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. It is one of the distinctive features of human language. 1 N.Learner’s conscious, goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. 10 O.The total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. 20 P.The common knowledge shared by both the speaker and hearer. 18
英语语言学概论精选试题学生版
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英语语言学期末考试试卷及答案
英语语言学期末考试试卷 第一部分选择题 I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%X10=20%) 1. Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, but they differ in that ____________. A. Saussure took a sociological view of language while Chomsky took a psychological point of view B. Saussure took a psychological view of language while Chomsky took a sociological point of view C. Saussure took a pragmatic view of language while Chomsky took a semantic point of view D. Saussure took a structural view of language while Chomsky took a pragmatic point of view 2. Language is a system of ____________ vocal symbols used for human communication. A. unnatural B. artificial C. superficial D. arbitrary 3. We are born with the ability to acquire language, _______________. A. and the details of any language system are genetically transmitted B. therefore, we needn’t learn the details of our mother tongue C. but the details of language have to be learnt. D. and the details are acquired by instinct 4. A(n)________ is a phonological unit of distinctive value. It is a collection of distinctive phonetic features. A. phone B. allophone C. phoneme D. sound 5. The morpheme –ed in the word “worked” is a(n) __________ morpheme. A. derivational B. inflectional C. free D. word-forming 6. WH-movement is __________ in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative. A. obligatory B. optional C. selectional D. arbitrary 7. Naming theory, one of the oldest notions concerning meaning, was proposed by _________. A. Grice B. Plato C. Saussure D. Ogden and Richards 8. “John married a blond heiress.”__________ “John married a blond.” A. is synonymous with B. is inconsistent with C. entails D. presupposes 9. In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called _______, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. A. utterance B. reference C. predication D. morpheme 10. In Austin’s speech act theory, ___________ is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something. A. a perlocutionary act B. a locutionary act
英语语言学概论期末复习【通用】.docx
第一章绪论 1.1什么是语言 1.2语言的性质 （1）语言具有系统性（systematic） （2）语言是一个符号系统 语言符号是一种象征符号。 （3）语言符号的任意性（arbitrariness）与理据性（motivation） （4）口头性 （5）语言是人类特有的 （6）语言是用于交际的 寒暄交谈（phatic communion）马林诺夫斯基提出的，认为语言除了用于表达思想、交流感情外，还可以用语言营造一种气氛或保持社会接触。这种不用于表达思想、交流感情的语言使用，叫寒暄交谈。 1.3语言的起源 1.4语言的分类 1.4.1系属分类（Genetic Classification） 历史比较语言学通过比较各种语言在不同时期语音、词性、曲折变化、语法结构上的相同特点来建立语言族系。 将语言分为语系（family）——语族（group）——语支（branch）——语言 英语、德语属印欧语系日耳曼语族西日耳曼语支。法语属印欧语系罗曼语族中罗曼语支。 汉语属汉藏语系汉语族。 1.4.2 类型分类（Typological Classifacation） 根据词的结构类型，可分为 （1）孤立语（isolating language）又叫词根语，一个词代表一个意思，缺少形态变化，语序和虚词是表达语法意义的主要手段。汉语是典型的孤立语。 （2）粘着语（agglutinative language）简单词组成复合词，而词性和意义不变。在词根前、中、后粘贴不同的词缀实现语法功能。日语、韩语、土耳其语是典型的黏着语。 （3）屈折语（inflectional language）词形变化表语法关系的语言。英语是不太典型的屈折语。 （4）多式综合语（polysynthesis language）把主、宾和其它语法项结合到动词词干上以构成一个单独的词，但表达一个句子的意思。因纽特语是典型的多式综合语。 根据句子的语序类型，可分为SVO、SOV、OSV、OVS等 1.5语言的功能 1.5.1 一般功能 1.5.2元功能（metafunction） 1.6什么是语言学（linguistics）
英语语言文学专业基础
英语语言文学专业基础 本科目包括英语语言学基础、英美文学基础知识、英语国家概况、英汉互译四部分内容，总分150分，其中英语语言学基础15分，英美文学基础知识70分，英语国家概况15分，英汉互译50分。 I、英语语言学基础（15分） 一、考试要求和内容 该部分主要考查普通语言学的基本概念和基本理论。 二、考试题型 填空题、选择题、判断题、名词解释题。 三、参考书 《新编简明英语语言学教程》，戴炜栋、何兆熊主编，上海外语教育出版社，2002。 II、英美文学基础知识（70分） 一、考试要求 本部分考试旨在考查考生对有关英美文学的基本概念、主要流派、基础知识的理解和掌握情况，以及运用所学的基础理论知识分析、评论简单的文学文本。 二、考试内容 1、英国文学部分 1）古英语诗歌的形成、发展及主要文本。 2）英国中世纪文学的形成和发展、主要诗人及其作品。 3）英国文艺复兴时期的文学：“文艺复兴”产生的历史背景、定义及其主要特征、对英国文学的影响、主要作家及其作品。 4）新古典主义时期（十八世纪）英国文学：启蒙运动形成的原因、启蒙运动的定义、特征及其对英国文学的影响、这一时期主要的作家及其作品。 5）浪漫主义时期（十九世纪早期）英国文学：英国浪漫主义文学形成的历史背景、浪漫主义诗歌的主要作家及其作品、浪漫主义小说的主要作家及其作家品、浪漫主义散文的主要作家及其作品。 6）维多利亚时期（十九世纪中后期）英国文学：英国现实主义文学形成发展的历史背景、这一时期主要的作家及其作品。 7）现代时期（二十世纪）英国文学：英国现代主义文学形成的历史背景、现代主义文学的主要流派、这一时期主要作家及其作品。 2、美国文学部分 1）早期的美国文学：清教主义文学形成与发展、早期美国文学的主要作家及其作品。 2）浪漫主义时期的美国文学：早期浪漫主义文学的主要作家及作品、超验主义时期的主要作家几作品、后期浪漫主义文学的主要作家及作品。 3）现实主义时期的美国文学：美国现实主义文学的形成与发展及主要流派、美国现实主义文学与自然主义文学的异同、这一时期主要的作家及作品。 4）现代时期的美国文学：美国现代主义文学的形成与发展及主要流派、战后美国文学的形成与发展、现代时期美国文学的主要作家及作品。 三、考试题型 填空题、单项选择题、匹配题、名词解释题、文本分析题。 四、参考书 《英国文学简史》（新增订本），刘炳善，河南人民出版社，2007； 《美国文学简史》（第2版），常耀信，南开大学出版社，2003 III、英语国家概况（15分） 一、考试要求 本部分考试旨在考查考生对英美国家的地理、历史、政治、文化、社会习俗、宗教群体、价值观念以及该国人民的思想态度和生活方式的掌握情况。 二、考试题型 填空题、判断题、名词解释题。 三、参考书 《英美概况》（上、下册），张奎武主编，吉林科学技术出版社，2003 IV、英汉互译（50分）
《语言学概论》作业参考答案
《语言学概论》作业参考答案 一、名词解释 1.音位：最小的可以区别意义的语音单位，通常由一簇互相不区别意义的音素构成。如|A|音位里就有前A、后A、央A等几个音素。 2.塞擦音：辅音的发音方式之一。其特点是发音时，两个发音部位紧靠在一起形成阻碍，在保持这个阻碍的同时，留出一个窄缝，让气流从窄缝中磨擦成声，最后除去这个阻碍。如：b‘ｐ‘ｋ‘就是。 3.递归性：语言的递归性是指，组合结构中的某个单位，可以不断地被一个同功能的短语替换，从而使基本结构里的某个扩展为非常复杂的结构，但其作用仍然等于原始项。也即语言的整体结构与基本框架不变。语法结构的这种性质，我们称之为语言结构的递归性。语言的递归性是语言结构一种非常重要的特性。如：人打倒了|敌人/凶恶的敌人/盘踞在中国大陆的敌人/曾经盘踞在中国大陆的不可以一世的敌人/曾经盘踞在中国大陆不可一世但最终被人民打倒的敌人 4.复综语：语言类型之一。这种语言的动词内有用不同的形态表示各种复杂的语法成分。多见于美洲印第安人的语言。举例。 5.自由变体：音位变体的一种类型。通常指对出现的组合条件没有硬性要求的音位变体。举例。 6.元音：音素的类型之一。即发音时气流在口腔中不受阻碍而形成的音。举例。 7.语法形式：表示语法意义方式与材料。举例。 8.词干：一个词的主要部分，词汇意义的承担者。举例。 9.音色：语音四要素之一，又叫音质，指声音的特色。由物体振动的不同形式所决定。举例。 10.塞音：辅音的发音方式之一。其特征发音时两个发音部位紧靠在一起，保持一段时间，然后突然除阻，爆破成声。也叫爆破音。举例。 11.共同语：随着社会政治经济集中，会以一种方言为基础形成共同语，以满足整个社会交际往来。共同语又叫天下通语、雅言。举例。 12.数：语法范畴之一。指是用一个词的不同形态表示出来的词语数的语法意义。在单数、复数、双数等。举例。 二、谈谈语言符号的特点 答案要点： 1.单位明晰性 2.任意性 3.结构二层性 4.开放性 5. 传授性 答：（1）.语言是一种工具，即交际工具和思维工具；而思维是一种能力和过程，即人脑能动地反映客观现实的能力和过程。 （2）.概念用词语表达，判断用句子表达，但概念按照逻辑规律构成的种种判断和词语按语法规则构成的啊、种种句子是有区别的。如：语言中的每个词不一定都表示一个概念，每个句子不一定都表示判断。 （3）.思维过程是运用概念按照逻辑规律构成种种判断，语言运用过程则是运用词语，按照句法构成各种句子。 （4）.语言是具有民族特点的，各民族都有自己的语言特点，世界上有许多种语言。但思维是各民族共同的，全人类具有共同的思维形式和思维规律。 三、试分析汉字跨越方言交际的特点与原因
英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结.doc
英语语言学一、名词解释 第一课 共时性 : Said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical“point\A kind”inoftimedescription. which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind. 语言 : The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. : Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication. 任意性 : One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. 第二课 音位 : Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 音位变体 : The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme. pair 最小对立体 : When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. 第三课 形态学 : Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed . morphemes派生词素: Some morphemes which change the category or grammatical class of words are ca lled morphemes 曲折词素 : Some bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on. 第四课 语法句法: A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences. categories 句法范畴 : Words can be grouped together into a relatively small number of classes, called syntactic categories. structure 深层结构 : Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’ s subcategorizationrties,iscalledprope deep structure or D- structure. structure 表层结构 : Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called Surface structure or S- structure. 第五课 指称 : Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. 同音异义 : Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, . different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. 上下义关系 : Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. 第六课 语用学 : Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. 话语 : a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication. meaning 话语意义 : Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context. act 言外行为 : An illocutionary act is the act expressing the speaker it is the’acts performedintention; in saying something.
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